49

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory Observation Note Book

By

Mr.B.Ramesh,

M.E.,(Ph.D),

Associate professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, St. Josephs College of Engineering, Jeppiaar Trust, Chennai-119 Ph.D. Research Scholar, College of Engineering Guindy Campus, Anna University, Chennai.

50 Observation: Constant speed of the pump , N = Area of the collecting tank , A = Energy meter constant , EMC = Distance between the centres of vacuum gauge and pressure gauge , X= Lubricating oil used = 1440 rpm 0.3 x 0.3 ,m2 1200 , rev / kwhr 0.2 ,m SAE 40

Total Head H

Time for 5 revolutions Tn.

Actual discharge, Qact

Output Power ,Po w

Input Power ,Pi

Pressure gauge ,G Vacuum gauge ,V

Time for h=10 cm rise ,t

Sl.No.

pump

Units

Kgf/ cm2 0.4

mm Hg

m of oil

sec

m3/s x 10-4

sec

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

51 Exp. No. :

Characteristic tests on gear oil pump at constant speed

Date :

Aim: To study the characteristics of the gear pump at constant speed. Apparatus required: i) Description: The gear pump is a positive displacement type of pump and consists of a pair of helical or spur gears, housed closely in a casing. The pressure gauge is fitted to the delivery side and a vacuum gauge to the suction side. The energy input to the pump can be measured through an energy meter. There is a collecting tank with a level indicator and a gate valve at the drain. Procedure: i) ii) iii) iv) Formulae: a) Total head, H where, G V X b) = [ G x 11.33 ] + [ V x 0.0179 ] + X , m of oil Keeping the gate valve in the delivery side fully open the experiment is started. The pressure gauge reading ,vacuum gauge reading ,the time taken for 5 revolutions of the energy meter disc , time taken for 10 cm rise of oil level are noted. By closing the delivery valve gradually, the flow rate is varied. For each valve setting the above readings are noted and tabulated. Gear oil pump set up and ii) Stop watch.

= Pressure head ,kg/cm2 = Vacuum head ,mmHg = distance between pressure gauge and vacuum gauge ,m [ Ah ] / t ,m3/s

Actual discharge, Qact = where, A = h = t =

Area of collecting tank ,m2 Rise of oil in the collecting tank = 0.1 m Time for 10 cm rise of oil in collecting tank , sec

c)

Input power, pi

= [ 3600 x n x motor x 1000 ] / [ Tn x EMC ]

,w

52 Model calculation:

53 where, n = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc = 5

motor = 0.75 Tn = Time for 5 revolutions of energy meter disc , sec

EMC = Energy meter constant , rev / kwhr

d)

Output power , Po where, g

= gQact H

,w

= Density of the oil = 882 ,Kg / m3 = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 , m/s2 = [ Po / Pi ] x 100 ,%

e)

Efficiency of the gear oil pump , pump

Graphs: The following graphs are drawn taking head(H) on X axis: i) Head vs Actual discharge ii) Head vs Efficiency of pump iii) Head vs Output power

54 Model calculation:

55

Result: The characteristic test was conducted on the gear oil pump and the following graphs were drawn: ii) H vs pump and iii) H vs Po i) H vs Qact i) ii) iii) iv) Maximum efficiency of gear oil pump, pump = Actual discharge , Qact Output power from the pump , Po Total head, H = = = ,% ,m3/s ,w ,m of oil

56 Observation: Diameter at inlet of venturimeter ,d1 Diameter at throat of venturimeter ,d2 Manometer readings Sl.No units 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mean cd = h1 cm h2 cm Time taken for 20 litre ,t sec = = 25.4 ,mm 12.5 ,mm

Total head ,H m of water

H m of water

Qact m3/sec x 10-4

Qtheo m3/sec x 10-4

Cd

57 Exp. No. Date Aim: To find the co-efficient of discharge of the given venturimeter. Apparatus required: i) iii) Description: i) ii) iii) Procedure: i) ii) iii) iv) Formulae: a) b) Co-efficient of discharge ,Cd = Actual discharge , Qact = Qact /Qtheo Volume of water collected / time taken for collection of 20 litres of water , m3/sec. The pump is primed and started. Keeping the gate valve fully open the experiment is started. The manometer readings and the time taken for 20 litre of water are noted. The gate valve is gradually closed; for each valve setting the readings are noted and the values are tabulated. The arrangement is of closed type. Water is circulated through the venturimeter from reservoir to collecting tank by means of a monoblock pump. The collecting tank of the venturimeter is connected to a mercury manometer. Venturimeter pipe set up Stop watch. ii) Mercury manometer and :

Venturimeter
:

c)

Theoretical discharge ,Qtheo = [ a1a22gH ] / [ a12- a22 ] , m3/sec. where, ,m2 a1 = cross sectional area of inlet = d12/4 ,m2 a2 = cross sectional area of throat = d22/4 d1 = diameter at inlet of the venturimeter ,m d2 = diameter at throat of the venturimeter ,m g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 ,m/sec2. Total head ,H where, = [ (h1- h2) /100 ] [ ( SH / SL ) 1 ] ,m of water = [ (h1- h2) /100 ] [ ( 13.6 / 1 ) 1 ] ,m of water h1- h2 = difference of mercury level in the manometer. = specific gravity of mercury = 13.6 SH SL = specific gravity of water = 1

d)

58 Model calculation:

59

60

61 Graphs: The following graph is drawn: i) Qact vs Qtheo

Result : The co-efficient of discharge( cd ) of the given venturimeter is : i) ii) Experimentally Graphically = =

3 h1 h1 Manometer readings Manometer readings cm cm h2 h2 Observation: cm cm Copper (Cu) : Galvanized iron pipe (GI) : sec sec Time taken for 20 litre ,t m of water Loss of head ,Hf Time taken for 20 litre ,t Loss of head ,Hf m of water d = 12.5 mm m3 / s x 10-4 m3 / s x 10-4 Actual discharge, Qact Velocity of water, v Actual discharge, Qact Velocity of water, v m/s d = 12.5 mm m/s v2 v2 Mean i i f1= f2 = Co-efficient of friction, f1 Co-efficient of friction, f2 Co-efficient of friction, f1 Co-efficient of friction, f2

units

Sl.No.

units

Sl.No.

Mean

f1=

f2 =

62

63 Exp. No. Date Aim: To determine the co-efficient of friction for flow of water through the given pipes. Apparatus required: i) Pipe line set up Description: The given arrangement is closed type fitted with a reservoir and a collecting tank. A monoblock pump which is fitted on the reservoir can pass water through any one of the four pipes of different materials ( Galvanized iron, Aluminium, Copper and Stainless steel). Two tapping at a distance of 60 cm are connected to a water manometer. Procedure: i) ii) iii) iv) v) Formulae: a) Darcy-weisbachs formula: co-efficient of friction , f1 = [ Hf g d ] / [ 2Lv2 ] where, Loss of head ,Hf = [ (h1- h2) /100 ] [ ( SH / SL ) 1 ] ,m of water = [ (h1- h2) /100 ] [ ( 13.6 / 1 ) 1 ] ,m of water where, h1- h2 = difference of mercury level in the manometer. SH = specific gravity of mercury = 13.6 = specific gravity of water = 1 SL d L g = diameter of pipe line ,m = length of the pipe = 0.6 ,m = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 ,m/s2 The pump is primed & started. The discharge valve of the required pipe is fully opened and values in the manometer are noted. Time taken for 20 litre of water collection is also noted. By closing the discharge valve gradually the flow rate is varied. For each position of the discharge valve, the above readings are noted. and ii) Stop watch. :

Losses due to pipe friction

:

velocity of flow ,v = Actual discharge / area of cross section of the pipe ,m/s = Qact / a Actual discharge , Qact = Volume of water collected / time taken for collection of 20 litres of water , m3/sec.

64 Model calculation:

65

66

67 b) Chezys formula: = [ mig ] / [ 4v2 ] co-efficient of friction , f2 where, Hydraulic radius , m = area of flow / wetted perimeter = [ d2 / 4 ] / [ d ] = d / 4 ,m Loss of head per unit length of pipe ,i = Hf / L = density of water = 1000 ,kg/m3

Graphs: The following graphs (for both GI & Cu) are drawn taking (velocity of flow)2 on X axis: i) ii) Velocity of flow2 vs Loss of head and Velocity of flow2 vs Loss of head per unit length of pipe.

Result : The test was conducted on the given pipe lines and the following graphs were drawn: and ii) v2 vs i i) v2 vs Hf Pipe f1 GI f2 f1 Cu f2 Experimentally Graphically

68 Observation: Constant speed of the pump , N = Area of the collecting tank , A = Energy meter constant , EMC = Distance between the centres of vacuum gauge and pressure gauge , X= 1200 rpm 0.7 x 0.7 ,m2 750 , rev / kwhr 0.31 ,m

Time for 10 revolutions Tn.

Actual discharge, Qact

Output Power ,Po w

Input Power ,Pi

Total Head , H

Pressure gauge ,G Vacuum gauge ,V

Time for h=10 cm rise ,t

Sl.No.

pump

Units

Kgf/ cm2 0.2

mm Hg

m of
water

sec

m3/s x 10-3

sec

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

69 Exp. No. :

Characteristic tests on centrifugal pump at constant speed

Date Aim: : To study the characteristics of the centrifugal pump at constant speed.

Apparatus required: i) Description: i) ii) iii) iv) Procedure: i) ii) iii) iv) Prime the pump with water. Close the gate valve. Start the motor. Note: a) The pressure gauge reading , G. b) The vacuum gauge reading, V c) Time for 10 revolutions in the energy meter by means of stopwatch. d) Time for 10cm. rise in the collecting tank by means of stopwatch e) Difference of level between the pressure and vacuum gauge. Take atleast 6 sets of readings by varying the head from minimum when the gate valve is fully open to maximum at shut off. This can be done by throttling the delivery valve. The pump is run by a single phase motor. The pressure gauge is fitted to the delivery side and a vacuum gauge to the suction side. The energy input to the pump can be measured through an energy meter. There is a collecting tank with a level indicator. Centrifugal pump setup & ii) Stop watch

v)

Formulae: a) b) Efficiency of the pump , pump = [Output power / Input power ] x 100 = [ Po / Pi ] x 100 Output power , Po = gQactH ,w where, Density of water , = 1000 ,kg / m3 Acceleration due to gravity ,g = 9.81 ,m / s2 = Ah / t ,m3 / s Actual discharge , Qact Where, A = area of collecting tank ,m2 h = rise of water level in collecting tank = 0.1 ,m t = time taken for 10 cm rise in collecting tank , sec

70 Model calculation:

71 c) Total head , H where, G V X d) Input power, pi where, n = [ G x 10 ] + [ V x 0.0136 ] + X ,m of water = pressure head ,kg/cm2 = vacuum head ,mmHg = distance between pressure gauge and vacuum gauge ,m = [ 3600 x n x motor x 1000 ] / [ Tn x EMC ] ,w

= Number of revolutions of energy meter disc = 10

motor = 0.75 Tn = Time for 10 revolutions of energy meter disc,sec

EMC = Energy meter constant , rev / kwhr

Graphs: The following graphs are drawn taking head(H) on X axis: i) Head vs Actual discharge ii) Head vs Efficiency of pump iii) Head vs Output power

72

73

Result: The characteristic test was conducted on the centrifugal pump and the following graphs were drawn: ii) H vs pump and iii) H vs Po i) H vs Qact i) ii) iii) iv) Maximum efficiency of centrifugal pump, pump Actual discharge , Qact Output power from the pump , Po Total head, H = = = = ,m3/s ,w ,m of water ,%

74 Observation: Constant speed of the pump , N = Area of the collecting tank , A = Energy meter constant , EMC = Distance between the centres of vacuum gauge and pressure gauge , X= 1440 rpm 0.495 x 0.495 ,m2 1200 , rev / kwhr 0.35 ,m

Time for 10 revolutions Tn.

Total Head H

Actual discharge, Qact

Output Power ,Po

Input Power ,Pi

Pressure gauge ,G Vacuum gauge ,V

Time for h=10 cm rise ,t

Sl.No.

pump

cd

% slip

Units

Kgf/ cm2 0.4

mm Hg

m of
water

sec

m3/s x 10-4

sec

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4

75 Exp. No. :

Characteristic tests on reciprocating pump at constant speed

Date :

Aim: To study the characteristics of the reciprocating pump at a constant speed. Apparatus required: i) Description: The reciprocating pump is a displacement type of pump and consists of a piston or a plunger working inside a cylinder. The cylinder has got two valves, one allowing water into the cylinder from the suction pipe and the other allowing water from the cylinder into the delivery pipe. During the suction stroke, a petrol vacuum is created inside the cylinder, the suction valve opens and water enters into the cylinder. During the return stroke the suction valve closes and the water inside the cylinder is displaced into the delivery pipe through the delivery valve. In case of double acting pump two sets of delivery and suction valves are provided. So for each stroke one set of valves are operated and there is a continuous flow of water. Specification of the pump : Type of the pump : Double acting cylinder Piston stroke : 4.5 cm Piston diameter : 5 cm Suction pipe : 1 Delivery pipe : 3/4 An energy meter is provided for determination of input to the motor. The pump is belt driven by a A.C motor .The pump can be run at three different speeds by the use of V- belt and differential pulley system. The belt can be put in different grooves of pulleys for different speeds. A set of pressure gauge are provided and the required pipe lines are also provided. Procedure: i) ii) iii) iv) v) Select the required speed. Open the gate valve in the delivery pipe fully. Start the motor. Throttle the gate valve to get the required head. Note the following : a) Pressure gauge (G) and vacuum gauge (V) readings. b) Time taken for : 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank and 10 revolutions of the energy meter. Repeat the experiment for different heads. Take atleast 6 set of readings. Reciprocating pump set up & ii) Stop watch.

vi)

76 Model calculation:

77 Formulae: a) = [ Ah ] / t Actual discharge of water , Qact where, A = Area of collecting tank ,m2 h = Rise of water in collecting tank = 0.1 ,m t = Time taken for 0.1 m rise of water ,sec ,m3 / s

b)

Theoretical discharge of water , Qtheo = [ kalNp ] / 60 ,m3 / s where, K = No. of strokes of the pump = 2 l = Stroke length = 0.045 ,m d = Diameter of cylinder = 0.05 ,m a = Cross sectional area of cylinder = [ d2 ] / 4 ,m2 Np= Pump speed = 300 ,rpm Co-efficient of discharge ,cd Slip % Slip = = = Qact / Qtheo ,%

c) d) e)

Qtheo - Qact [ Qtheo - Qact ] / [Qtheo ] x 100

Power input to the pump , Pi = [ 3600 x n x motor x 1000 ] / [ EMC x Tn ] where, n = No. of revolutions of the energy meter disc = 10 motor = 1 EMC = Energy meter constant ,rev / kwhr = Time taken for n revolutions of the energy meter disc ,sec Tn Power output from the pump , Po = gQactH ,w where, = Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 ,m / s2 H = Total head , m of water Total head , H where, G = V = X = = [ G x 10 ] + [ V x 0.0136 ] + X , m of water

f)

g)

Pressure gauge reading , kgf / cm2 Vacuum gauge reading , mmHg Distance between the centres of pressure gauge and vacuum gauge , m = [ Po / Pi ] x 100 ,%

h)

Efficiency of the pump , pump

78

79 Graphs : The following graphs are drawn taking Total head on X axis: i) Total head vs Actual discharge ii) Total head vs Efficiency of the pump iii) Total head vs Power output iv) Total head vs % Slip

Result : The characteristic test was conducted on the reciprocating pump and the following graphs were drawn: ii) H vs pump iii) H vs Po i) H vs Qact iv) H vs % S i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) Maximum efficiency of reciprocating pump, pump = Actual discharge , Qact Output power from the pump , Po Total head, H % Slip, S Co-efficient of discharge ,cd = = = = = ,m3/s ,w ,m of water ,%

and ,%

80 Observation: No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 P1 P2 Gauge Pr. G Total Head H Dead Wt. T1 Sp. Wt To Kg T1 -T2 +T0 Kg Speed N Q m3/s Input Power watts Output Power watts %

81 Exp. No. Date Aim : To conduct a test on the pelton wheel (turbine) at constant head. Apparatus required: i) Description: Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine, which is used to utilise high heads for generation of electricity. All the available head is converted into velocity energy by means of spear and nozzle arrangement. The water leaves the nozzle in jet formation. The jet of water then strikes the buckets of the pelton wheel runner. The buckets are in the shape of double cups, joined at the middle portion. The jet strikes the knife edge of the buckets with least resistance and shock. Then the jet glides along the path of the cup, and the jet is deflected through more than 160 to 170. While passing along the buckets, the velocity of the water is reduced and hence an impulsive force is supplied to the cups which in turn are moved and hence the shaft is rotated. The specific speed of the pelton wheel changes from 10 to 100. Procedure : i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) Formulae: To find discharge The venturimeter and the manometer has been calibrated. Keep the nozzle opening at the required position. i.e. full opening or 3/4 opening. Start the pump. Allow water in to the turbine, then the turbine rotates. Note the speed of the turbine. Take readings in manometer. Note the pressure of water in the pressure gauge. Load the turbine by putting weights. Note dead weight T1 and spring weight T2 Note the head. Repeat the experiment for different loadings. Tabulate the readings. Pelton wheel set up & ii) Stop watch. :

Pelton wheel
:

82 Model calculation:

83 d Venturimeter , D a1 a2 Qa = = Where, K. 1.72 a1 H1 K. 0.36 a1 2g H1 1 - (0.36) = 0.6

0.36

K = Coefficient of the venturimeter D = 0.065 m a1 = 0.00332 m2 Qa = K 0.0057 H1 K = 0.962 ----------------------------------------------Qa = 0.0055 H1 m3/s ----------------------------------------------= = = h1 -h2 = 12.6 h m m m m

Manometer Reading: The height of mercury column in left arm, h1 The height of mercury column in right arm, h2 Difference of level , h Equivalent water column, H1 Calculation of input power : Discharge Head Input power Calculation of output power : Dead weight, T1 Spring weight , Weight of hanger Resultant load Speed, Dia. of brake drum Thickness of pipe Resultant dia. output. power T2 T0 W N D =

= Q m3/s = Hm = 1000 X gQH

= = = = = = = =

kg kg kg kg T1 - T2 + T0 RPM 0.40 m 0.015 m 0.415 m 2 N (W*R)*9.81 60

84 Pelton wheel

85

Result: A test is conducted on Pelton wheel (turbine) and the following graphs were drawn. i) Output power Vs N & ii) Efficiency Vs N

86 Observation : Gate Opening: Sl. No G V Head G+V Weight of Hanger T0 = 1Kg. Pr.Gauge P1 P2 H1 `m Discharge Q m3/s I P Speed (W) N T1 K g T2 Kg W OP (W) %

87 Exp. No. Date Aim: To study the characteristics of Francis Turbine at constant head. Apparatus required: i) Description: Francis turbine is a prime mover. It converts the hydraulic energy (head of water) into mechanical energy, which in turn can be transformed into electrical energy by coupling a generator to the turbine. Francis Turbine is a radial inward flow reaction turbine. This has the advantage of centrifugal force acting against the flow, thus reducing the tendency of the wheel to race. The turbine consists essentially of runner (G.M.), a ring of adjustable guide vanes, a volute casing(spiral casing) , draft tube. Francis turbines are best suited for medium heads, say 40m to 300m. The specific speed ranges from 25 to 300. Procedure: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) Formulae: I. Discharge: Keep the guide vanes fully opened or 6/8 opening. Prime the pump Start the pump Vent the manometer Note the pressure gauge reading (G) and vacuum gauge reading (V). Adjust the gate valve so that G +V reads = 15m. Note the readings in the pressure gauge Left limb reading = P1 m Right limb reading = P2 m. Measure the speed of the turbine by tachometer Load the turbine by putting weights in the weights hanger. Take all readings. Repeat the experiments for various loadings and take 6 readings. Experiment can be repeated for different guide vane opening. Francis turbine set up & ii) Stop watch. :

Francis turbine
:

Pressure gauge readings: Left limb reading = P1m. Right limb reading = P2m. Difference of levels H1 = (P1 -P2) 10 m of water

88 Model calculation:

Venturimeter equation Q II. Head:

= 0.0131 H1 m /s

89

Pressure gauge = G m. Vaccuum gauge = V m. Total Head = G + V + X ,(X = Difference of levels pressure & vacuum gauge) = H III. Input to the turbine: I. H. P. IV. Output: = 1000 QH 75 Brake drum diameter = 0.30m. Rope diameter = 0.015m Equivalent drum diameter = 0.315m. Hanger weight = T0 Kg = 1 kg. Dead Weight = T1 kg. Spring Load = T2 kg. Resultant load = T1 -T2 + T0 = T kg. Speed of the turbine = N RPM Output power = 2N (w x R) watts 60 Output Efficiency = Input x 100 m.

90

91

Result: The characteristics of Francis turbine following graphs were drawn.

at constant head is studied and the

i) Output power Vs Speed ii) Output power Vs Input power and iii) Output power Vs Efficiency Calculate specific speed.

92

93

94

95

96

97