100RT001

RadiographicExaminationinAccordancewith
ASMESectionV,Article2

Revision

Date

ApprovedBy

QAApproval

Original

01/19/2008

EmeryRoberts,ASNTLevelIII

DonaldSmith,QAManager

03/11/2008

RichardGerhard,RTLevelIII

DonaldSmith,QAManager

04/07/2008

RichardGerhard,RTLevelIII

DonaldSmith,QAManager

08/29/2008

JonWard,RTLevelIII

DonaldSmith,QAManager

10/06/2009

JonWard,RTLevelIII

DonaldSmith,
QualityAssuranceDirector

01/11/2010
JonWard,RTLevelIII

DonaldSmith,
QualityAssuranceDirector

DocumentID:100RT001

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Revised:01/11/2010

RadiographicExaminationinAccordancewithASMESectionV,Article2

TableofContents
1.0

Scope....................................................................................................................................................................................................4

2.0

DocumentsandSpecifications..................................................................................................................................................4

3.0

ReferencedDocuments................................................................................................................................................................4

4.0

PersonnelRequirements.............................................................................................................................................................5

5.0

SurfacePreparation.......................................................................................................................................................................5

6.0

BackScatterRadiationProtection..........................................................................................................................................6

7.0

IdentificationandLocationMarkers......................................................................................................................................6

8.0

EquipmentandMaterials............................................................................................................................................................7

9.0

Calibration.........................................................................................................................................................................................8

10.0

Examination......................................................................................................................................................................................9

11.0

SelectionofRadiationEnergy................................................................................................................................................10

12.0

DirectionofRadiation................................................................................................................................................................10

13.0

GeometricUnSharpnessandLimitations........................................................................................................................10

14.0

IQISelection...................................................................................................................................................................................11

15.0

PlacementofIQIs........................................................................................................................................................................12

16.0

NumberofIQIs.............................................................................................................................................................................12

17.0

ShimsunderIQIs.........................................................................................................................................................................13

18.0

QualityofRadiographs..............................................................................................................................................................13

19.0

RadiographicDensity.................................................................................................................................................................14

20.0

IQISensitivity................................................................................................................................................................................14

21.0

Documentation.............................................................................................................................................................................14

22.0

Evaluation.......................................................................................................................................................................................15
23.1

ASMESectionI,2007Edition,LatestAddenda.............................................................................................15

23.2

ASMESectionVIII,DivisionI,2007Edition,LatestAddenda................................................................17

23.3

ASMESectionIX,2007Edition,LatestAddenda..........................................................................................19

23.4

ASMEB31.1,2007Edition,LatestAddenda..................................................................................................20

23.5

ASMESectionIIISubsectionNB,NCandNE,2007Edition,LatestAddenda..................................20

23.6

ASMESectionIIISubsectionND,2007Edition,LatestAddenda..........................................................22

23.7

ASMESectionIIISubsectionNF,2007Edition,LatestAddenda..........................................................24

23.8

ASMEB31.3,2008Edition,LatestAddenda..................................................................................................25

23.9

API65010thEdition,LatestAddenda.............................................................................................................26

Table1:HoleTypeIQIDesignation,Thickness,andHoleDiameters....................................................................................27
Table1A:WireIQISizesandWireIdentityNumbers...................................................................................................................28
Table2:MaterialThickness,PenetrameterDesignationsandEssentialHoles.................................................................28
Table2A:EquivalentHoleTypeIQISensitivity..............................................................................................................................29

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Table3:MaterialThickness,IQIDesignationsandEssentialHoles/WiresDiameters..................................................29
Table4:MaximumPermissibleSizeofRoundedIndication(ExamplesOnly)..................................................................30
Figure1:LocationMarkerSketches.....................................................................................................................................................31
Figure2:SuggestedSingleWallRadiographicTechniques........................................................................................................32
Figure3:SuggestedDoubleWallRadiographicTechniques.....................................................................................................32
Figure3A:SuggestedDoubleWallRadiographicTechniques(continued)........................................................................34
Figure4:AlignedRoundedIndications...............................................................................................................................................35
Figure5:GroupsofAlignedRoundedIndications..........................................................................................................................35
Figure6.0..........................................................................................................................................................................................................36
Figure6.1..........................................................................................................................................................................................................37
Figure6.2..........................................................................................................................................................................................................38
Figure6.3..........................................................................................................................................................................................................39
Figure6.4..........................................................................................................................................................................................................40
Figure6.5..........................................................................................................................................................................................................41
Figure7.0..........................................................................................................................................................................................................42
Figure7.1..........................................................................................................................................................................................................43
Figure7.2..........................................................................................................................................................................................................44
Figure7.3..........................................................................................................................................................................................................45
Figure7.4..........................................................................................................................................................................................................46
Figure8.0..........................................................................................................................................................................................................47

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1.0

2.0

Scope
1.1

Thisdocumentprovidestheminimumrequirementsforradiographicexaminationofferrousor
nonferrousmaterialonvessels,tanks,boilers,nuclearcomponents,powerandpetroleumpiping
usingfilmtechniques.

1.2

MaterialthicknessrangeandsourceofradiationarereferencedinSection11.0Selectionof
RadiationEnergy.Inmotionradiography,nonfilmtechniquesandmetalliccastingsareaddressed
inaddendatothisprocedure.

1.3

Safetyhazardsassociatedwiththeuseofmaterialcontainedinthisprocedureandapplications
commensuratewithuseofthisprocedureareaddressedinMistrasServicesRadiationSafety
Operating&EmergencyProceduresManual.

DocumentsandSpecifications
2.1

Documentsreferenced,asmodifiedherein,shallbeconsideredpartofthisstandardprocedure.
2.1.1 Whereaconflictexistsbetweenadocumentreferencedinthisprocedureandthecontents
ofthisstandardprocedure,thenthisstandardprocedureshallgovern,exceptasrequiredin
2.2.1.

2.2

Otherapplicabledocumentslistedhereinareforinformativepurposesonlyanddonotformapart
oftheserequirementsexceptwhenincludedondrawingsandorders.
2.2.1 Documentsshownondrawingsandorders,whichcontainrequirementsinconflictwiththis
standardprocedure,shallgovern,wherethedrawingrequirementwillresultingreater
qualityassurance.

2.3

Specificationsandstandardsnotedonapplicabledrawings,contractsorpurchaseordersshallbe
consideredasapplyingtoandareinadditiontothisstandardprocedureforthespecificjob.

2.4

Wherenootherrequirementsformethodofradiographictestingareshownonthedrawingor
order,thenthisdocumentistherequirementasnotedinthescopeofthisdocument.

2.5

Drawings,contractsorpurchaseordersshallspecifytheextentofradiographicinspectionrequired
foreachitem,theacceptancestandards,theradiographictestqualitylevelandadditionalcustomer
requirementsifany.

2.6

ItisrequiredthattheRadiographicTechnicianandtheInspectorshallhaveattheirdisposal,and
understandthecontentsofthisdocument,referenceddocumentsinSection3,documentsnotedon
applicabledrawings,contractsandpurchaseorders.

2.7

Allfacilitiesperformingradiographyarerequiredtoconformtotherecommendationsand
requirementsoftheNationalBureauofStandards,NationalCommitteeonRadiationProtection,
UnitedStatesNuclearRegulatoryCommissionandStateorLocalCodeswhereapplicable
2.7.1 AlllaboratoriesperformingradiographictestingshallhaveaRadiationSafetyProcedurein
accordancewith2.7.

3.0

ReferencedDocuments
3.1

ASTME94:StandardPracticeforRadiographicTesting

3.2

ASMESectionV,Article2,2007LatestAddenda

3.3

ASTME999:StandardGuideforControllingtheQualityofIndustrialRadiographicFilmProcessing

3.4

ASTME1025:StandardPracticeforHoleTypeImageQualityIndicatorsUsedforRadiography

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4.0

5.0

3.5

ASTME147:StandardPracticeforWireTypeImageQualityIndicatorsUsedforRadiography

3.6

ASTME52:IndustrialRadiographicTerminologyforUseinRadiographicInspection

3.7

MRCIGPNo.5.1.4:InspectionguidelinesandproceduresforRadiographicExamination

3.8

ASMESectionI,PartPWandAppendixA250,2007,LatestAddenda

3.9

ASMESectionIII,SubsectionNB,NC,NDandNF,2007EditionLatestAddenda.

3.10

ASMESectionVIII,DivisionI,PartUWandAppendix4,2007LatestAddenda.

3.11

ASMESectionIX,PartQW,2007Edition,LatestAddenda

3.12

ASMEB31.12007EditionLatestAddenda,ChapterVIExamination,InspectionandTesting

3.13

ASMEB31.3,2008Edition,LatestAddenda,ChapterVFabrication,AssemblyandErection

3.14

API650,11thEdition,LatestAddendum

3.15

ASNTRecommendedPracticeSNTTC1A:QualificationandCertificationofNondestructiveTesting
Personnel

3.16

99CNTP005,ProcedurefortheCertificationofNonDestructiveTestPersonnel

3.17

MistrasServicesRadiationSafetyOperating&EmergencyProceduresManual

PersonnelRequirements
4.1

PersonalcertificationsshallasaminimumincludeMistrasServiceswrittenpractice99CNTP005.

4.2

NDTpersonnelaretobequalifiedbytrainingandexperienceandcertifiedtoperformthenecessary
calibrationsandtestsandtointerpretandevaluateindicationsinaccordancewiththetermsofthe
specificationofeachinspectionmethod.Personnelshallbecertifiedinaccordancewitha
recognizedstandardfortraining,qualificationandcertificationofNDTpersonnel.Onlyqualified
andcertifiedLevelIIorIIIRadiographicTechniciansshallberesponsiblefortheinterpretationof
radiographicresults,theimplementationanddevelopmentofXRayandgammaraytechniquesin
accordancewithapplicablestandardsandspecifications.

4.3

LevelIpersonnelmayoperateequipmentandperformradiographyunderthedirectsupervisionof
personnelqualifiedasLevelIIorLevelIII.

4.4

Onlyrecognizedinternational/nationalcertifyingprogramsaretobeusedforqualificationofNDT
personnel

SurfacePreparation
5.1

Materials
5.1.1 Surfacesshallsatisfytherequirementsoftheapplicablematerialsspecifications,with
additionalconditioning,ifnecessary,byanysuitableprocesstoadegreethatsurface
irregularitiescannotmaskorbeconfusedwiththeimageofanydiscontinuities.

5.2

Welds
5.2.1 Theweldripplesorweldsurfaceirregularitiesonboththeinside(whereaccessible)and
outsideshallberemovedbyanysuitableprocesstosuchadegreethattheresulting
radiographicimageduetoanyirregularitiescannotmaskorbeconfusedwiththeimageof
anydiscontinuity.

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5.3

SurfaceFinish
5.3.1 Thefinishedsurfaceofallbuttweldedjointsmaybeflushwiththebasematerialormay
havereasonablyuniformcrowns,withreinforcementnottoexceedthatspecifiedinthe
referencingcodesection.

6.0

BackScatterRadiationProtection
6.1

BackScatterRadiationCheck
6.1.1 Asacheckonbackscatteredradiation,aleadsymbol"B"withminimumdimensionsof
inheightand116inthicknessshallbeattachedtothebackofeachfilmholderduringeach
exposure.
6.1.2 Ifalightimageofthe"B"appearsonadarkerbackgroundoftheradiograph,protection
frombackscatterisinsufficient.Theradiographshallbeconsideredunacceptable.
6.1.3 AdarkimageoftheBonalighterbackgroundisacceptableprovidedthattheresulting
imagedoesnotinterferewiththefinalinterpretation.

7.0

IdentificationandLocationMarkers
7.1

IdentificationofRadiograph
7.1.1 Eachradiographshallbeidentifieduniquelysothatthereisapermanentcorrelation
betweenthepartradiographedandthefilm.Thetypeofidentificationandmethodby
whichidentificationisachievedshallbeasagreedbetweenthecustomerandinspector.
7.1.2 Theminimumidentificationshallatleastincludethemanufacturer'sname,thedate,the
laboratoryperformingtheradiographyandapartorserialnumberforunmistakable
identificationofradiographswithspecimen.Theletter"R"shallbeusedtodesignatea
radiographofarepairareaandshallinclude1,2,etc.,fornumberofrepair.
7.1.3 Inallcases,theinformationshallnotobscuretheareaofinterest.

7.2

LocationMarkers
7.2.1 Locationmarkers(seeFigure1)whicharetoappearasradiographicimagesonthefilm,
shallbeplacedonthepartnotontheexposureholder/cassetteandtheirlocationsshall
bepermanentlymarkedonthesurfaceofthepartbeingradiographedwhenpermitted,or
onamap,inamannerpermittingtheareaofinterestontheradiographtobeaccurately
traceabletoitslocationonthepartfortherequiredretentionperiodoftheradiograph.The
firstlocationshallbeidentifiedwitha0.Locationmarkersshouldnotbecloserthanin
totheweld.
7.2.2 Evidenceshallalsobeprovidedontheradiographthatrequiredcoverageoftheregion
beingexaminedhasbeenobtained.Locationmarkersshallbeplacedasfollows:

7.3

SingleWallViewing
7.3.1 SourceSideMarkers:Locationmarkersshallbeplacedonthesourcesidewhen
radiographingthefollowing:
A.

Flatcomponentsorlongitudinaljointsincylindricalorconicalcomponents;(See
Figure1,A)

B.

Curvedorsphericalcomponentswhoseconcavesideistowardthesourceandwhen
thesourcetomaterialdistanceislessthantheinsideradiusofthecomponent;and
(SeeFigure1,B)

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C.

Curvedorsphericalcomponentswhoseconvexsideistowardthesource.(See
Figure1,C)

7.3.2 FilmSideMarkers
A.

Locationmarkersshallbeplacedonthefilmsidewhenradiographingcurvedor
sphericalcomponentswhoseconcavesideistowardthesourceandwhenthe
sourcetomaterialdistanceisgreaterthantheinsideradius.(SeeFigure1,D)

B.

Asanalternativetosourcesideplacementin7.3.1(A),locationmarkersmaybe
placedonthefilmsidewhentheradiographshowscoveragebeyondthelocation
markerstotheextentdemonstratedbyFigure1(E)andwhenthisalternateis
documentedinaccordancewith21.0.

7.3.3 EitherSideMarkers:Locationmarkersmaybeplacedoneitherthesourcesideorfilmside
whenradiographingcurvedorsphericalcomponentswhoseconcavesideistowardthe
sourceandthesourcetomaterialdistanceequalstheinsideradiusofthecomponent.(See
Figure1,F)

8.0

7.4

DoubleWallViewing:Fordoublewallviewing,atleastonelocationmarkershallbeplacedonthe
outsidesurfaceadjacenttotheweld(oronthematerialintheareaofinterest)foreachradiograph.

7.5

MappingthePlacementofLocationMarkers:Wheninaccessibilityorotherlimitationspreventthe
placementofmarkersasstipulatedin(7.3and7.4)adimensionedmapoftheactualmarker
placementshallaccompanytheradiographsandshallshowthatfullcoveragehasbeenobtained.

EquipmentandMaterials
8.1

FilmSelection
8.1.1 Radiographsshallbemadeusingindustrialradiographicfilm.Whenrequiredbycontractual
agreementthemanufacturerandfilmtypeshall,asaminimum,bestatedontheJob
TravelerorProjectPlan.Declarationofthefilmusedshallbedocumentedinaccordance
withsection21.0.
8.1.2 Unlessotherwiserequiredbycontractualagreement,selectionoffilmshallbemadewith
considerationtotheradiographicqualitylevelandthemaximumeconomicallypermissible
exposuretime.
8.1.3 Thesourcetofilmdistance(SFD)isnottobelessthanthetotallengthoftheradiographic
filmbeingexposed.

8.2

StorageofFilm
8.2.1 Unexposedfilmsshallbestoredinsuchamannerthattheyareprotectedfromtheeffectsof
light,pressure,excessiveheat,excessivehumidity,damagingfumesorvaporsand
penetratingradiation.
8.2.2 Filmsshallbehandledonlyattheiredges,andwithdry,cleanhands.
8.2.3 Sharpbending,excessivepressureandroughhandlingofanykindshallbeavoided.

8.3

Screens
8.3.1 Exceptwhenrestrictedbyreferencingcodesection,intensifyingscreensmaybeused.Lead
foilscreensofappropriatethicknessshouldbeusedwhenevertheyimproveradiographic
qualityorpenetrametersensitivityorboth.Forradioactivesources,theminimumthickness
shouldbe0.005in.forIR192and0.010in.forCo60

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8.3.2 Allscreensshallbehandledcarefullytoavoiddentsandscratches,dirtorgreaseonactive
surfaces.Greasesandlintmayberemovedfromleadscreenswithasolvent.Screens
showingevidenceofphysicaldamageshallbediscarded.
8.4

ImageQualityIndicator(IQI)Design
8.4.1 IQIsshallbeeithertheholeorwiretype.HoletypeIQIsshallbemanufacturedand
identifiedinaccordancewiththerequirementsoralternatesallowedinSE1025.Wiretype
IQIsshallbemanufacturedinaccordancewiththerequirementsoralternatesallowedin
SE747,exceptthatthelargestwirenumberortheidentitynumbermaybeomitted.ASME
standardIQIsshallconsistofthosespecifiedinTable1forholetypeIQIsandTable1Afor
wiretype.

8.5

FacilitiesforViewingRadiographs
8.5.1 Viewingfacilitiesshallprovidesubduedbackgroundlightingofanintensitythatwillnot
causetroublesomereflections,shadowsorglareontheradiograph.Equipmentusedto
viewradiographsforinterpretationshallprovideavariablelightsourcesufficientforthe
essentialIQIholeordesignatedwiretobevisibleforthespecifieddensityrange.The
viewingconditionsshallbesuchthatlightfromaroundtheouteredgeoftheradiographor
comingthroughlowdensityportionsoftheradiographdoesnotinterferewith
interpretation.

9.0

Calibration
9.1

VerificationofSourceSize
9.1.1 Theequipmentmanufacturer'sorsupplier'spublications,suchastechnicalmanuals,decay
curvesorwrittenstatementsdocumentingtheactualormaximumsourcesizeorfocalspot,
shallbeacceptableassourcesizeverification.

9.2

DeterminationofSourceSize
9.2.1 ForXRaymachines500kVandless,thefocalspotsizemaybedeterminedbythepinhole
method,orinaccordancewithSE1165.ForIR192sources,themethodfoundinASTME
111486maybeused.

9.3

Densitometer
9.3.1 Densitometersshallbecalibratedatleastevery90daysduringuseasfollows:
9.3.1.1 Anationalstandardsteptabletorastepwedgecalibrationfilm,traceabletoa
nationalstandardsteptabletandhavingatleast5stepswithneutraldensitiesfrom
atleast1.0through4.0,shallbeused.Thestepwedgecalibrationfilmshallhave
beenverifiedwithinthepastyearbycomparisonwithanationalstandardstep
tablet.
9.3.1.2 Thedensitometermanufacturersstepbystepinstructionsfortheoperationofthe
densitometershallbefollowed.
9.3.1.3 Thedensitystepsclosestto1.0,2.03.0and4.0onthenationalstandardsteptablet
orstepwedgecalibrationfilmshallberead.
9.3.1.4 Thedensitometerisacceptableifthedensityreadingsdonotvarybymorethan
0.05densityunitsfromtheactualdensitystatedonthenationalstandardstep
tabletorstepwedgecalibrationfilm.
9.3.2 Thebasedensityofunexposedradiographicfilmisnottoexceed0.30H&D.

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9.4

StepWedgeComparisonFilm
9.4.1 Stepwedgecomparisonfilmsshallbeverifiedpriortofirstuse,unlessperformedbythe
manufacturer,asfollows:
9.4.1.1 Thedensityofthestepsonastepwedgecomparisonfilmshallbeverifiedbya
calibrateddensitometer.
9.4.1.2 Thestepwedgecomparisonfilmisacceptableifthedensityreadingsdonotvaryby
morethan0.1densityunitsfromthedensitystatedonthestepwedgecomparison
film.

9.5

PeriodicVerification
9.5.1 Densitometers:periodiccalibrationverificationchecksshallbeperformedasdescribedin
9.3aboveatthebeginningofeachshift,after8hoursofcontinuoususeorafterchangeof
apertures,whichevercomesfirst.Thedensitometerisacceptableifthedensityreadingsare
within0.05ofthecalibrationreadingsdeterminedin9.3.
9.5.2 Stepwedgecomparisonfilms.Verificationchecksshallbeperformedannuallyasdescribed
in9.4.
9.6

Documentation
9.6.1 Densitometercalibrationreadingsrequiredby9.3.1.3shallberecordedinanappropriate
log.
9.6.2 Periodicverificationrequiredby9.5shallbedocumented.Theactualreadingsforeachstep
donothavetoberecordedunlessrequiredbycontract.

10.0

Examination
10.1

RadiographicTechnique
10.1.1 Asinglewallexposuretechniqueshallbeusedforradiographywheneverpractical.Whenit
isnotpracticaltouseasinglewalltechnique,adoublewalltechniqueshallbeused.
10.1.2 Unlessspotradiographyisspecifiedincontractdocuments100%oftheweld(s)shallbe
radiographed.

10.2

SingleWallTechnique
10.2.1 Inthesinglewalltechnique,theradiationpassesthroughonlyonewalloftheweld
(material),whichisviewedforacceptanceontheradiograph.Anadequatenumberof
exposuresshallbemadetodemonstratethattherequiredcoveragehasbeenobtained.(See
Figure2)

10.3

DoubleWallTechnique
10.3.1 Whenitisnotpracticaltouseasinglewalltechnique,oneofthefollowingdoublewall
techniquesshallbeused.(SeeFigure3and3A)
A.

SingleWallViewing:Formaterialsandforweldsincomponents,atechniquemaybe
usedinwhichtheradiationpassesthroughtwowallsandonlytheweld(material)
onthefilmsidewallisviewedforacceptance.Anadequatenumberofexposures
shallbemadetodemonstratethattherequiredcoveragehasbeenobtained.When
completecoverageisrequiredforcircumferentialwelds(materials),aminimumof
threeexposurestaken120Otoeachothershallbemade.

B.

DoubleWallViewing:Formaterialsandforweldsincomponents312inorlessin
nominaloutsidediameter,atechniquemaybeusedinwhichtheradiationpasses
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throughtwowallsandtheweld(material)inbothwallsisviewedforacceptanceon
thesameradiograph.Fordoublewallviewing,onlyasourcesideIQIshallbeused.
Careshouldbeexercisedtoensurethattherequiredgeometricunsharpnessisnot
exceeded.Ifthegeometricunsharpnessrequirementcannotbemet,thensingle
wallviewingshallbeused.

11.0

1.

Forwelds,theradiationbeammaybeoffsetfromtheplaneoftheweldatan
anglesufficienttoseparatetheimagesofthesourcesideandfilmside
portionsoftheweldsothatthereisnooverlapoftheareastobe
interpreted.Whencompletecoverageisrequired,aminimumoftwo
exposurestaken90Otoeachothershallbemadeforeachjoint.

2.

Asanalternative,theweldmayberadiographedwiththeradiationbeam
positionedsothattheimagesofbothwallsaresuperimposed.When
completecoverageisrequired,aminimumofthreeexposurestakenat
either60or120toeachothershallbemadeforeachjoint.

3.

Additionalexposuresshallbemadeiftherequiredradiographiccoverage
cannotbeobtainedusingtheminimumnumberofexposuresindicatedin
(B)(1)or(B)(2)above.

SelectionofRadiationEnergy
11.1

TheradiationenergyemployedforanyradiographictechniqueshallachievethedensityandIQI
imagerequirementsofthisprocedure.

11.2

Theselectionoftheradiationmaybefromanysuitablesourcesuchas,XrayMachine,Iridium192,
Cobalt60orSelenium75aslongastherequirementsof11.1aremet.

11.3

Foraparticularenergy,arangeofthicknessmayberadiographedtoanacceptablequalitylevel
utilizingaparticularXraymachineorGammaraysource.Thefollowthicknessrangeversesa
particularenergyrangeisshownasaguideonly.
Materialthickness

Energyrange

From0.100to3.5

100Kvto400Kv(IR192)

From1.5to9

500Kvto2Mv(Co60)

Theabovethicknessrangesmaybereducedorincreasedprovidingtherequirementsof11.1are
met.
12.0

DirectionofRadiation
12.1

13.0

Theradiationsourceistobecenteredwithrespecttothelengthandwidthoftheareaofinterest
beingradiographed.

GeometricUnSharpnessandLimitations
13.1

Geometricunsharpnessoftheradiographshallbedeterminedinaccordancewith:
Ug=Fd/D
Where
Ug=

GeometricUnsharpness

F=

Sourcesize:Themaximumprojecteddimensionoftheradiatingsource(orfocalspot)in
theplaneperpendiculartothedistanceDfromtheweldorobjectbeingradiographedin
inches.
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D=

Distancefromsourceofradiationtoweldorobjectbeingradiographedininches.

d=

Distancefromsourcesideofweldorobjectbeingradiographedtothefilmininches

NOTE:Danddshallbedeterminedattheapproximatecenteroftheareaofinterest.
13.2

Forthefollowingcodesections:ASMEB31.3;ASMESecIIISubsectionsNB,NC,ND,NE,&NF,the
geometricunsharpnessoftheradiographshallnotexceedthefollowing:
MaterialThicknessinInches(mm)
Under2(50.8)

UgMaximuminInches(mm)
0.020(0.51)

2through3(50.876.2)

0.030(0.76)

Over3through4(76.2101.6)

0.040(1.02)

Greaterthan4(101.6)
0.070(1.78)
NOTE: MaterialthicknessisthethicknessonwhichtheIQIisbased.

14.0

13.3

ForASMESectionsVIII;&IX,thelimitssetin13.2aretobeusedonlyasaguideunlessotherwise
requiredbycontractdocuments.Finalacceptanceoftheradiographisbasedontheabilitytosee
theprescribedIQIimageandspecifiedholeorthedesignatedwireonawiretypeIQI.

13.4

ForASMEB31.1thelimitssetin13.2aretobeusedonlyasaguidebutnotforrejectionofthe
radiographunlessthegeometricunsharpnessexceeds0.07in.

IQISelection
14.1

Material:IQIsshallbeselectedfromeitherthesamealloygrouporgradeasidentifiedinSE1025
orSE747orfromanalloymaterialgrouporgradewithlessradiationabsorptionthanthematerial
beingradiographed.

14.2

Size:ThedesignatedholesizeIQIordesignatedwirediametershallbeasspecifiedinTable2.
WhenradiographicexaminationisbeingconductedinaccordancewithASMESectionIIIsubsection
NB,orNC,theessentialholesizeanddesignatedIQIshallbeasspecifiedinTable3.Athickeror
thinnerholetypeIQImaybesubstitutedforanysectionthicknesslistedinTable2a,provided
equivalentIQIsensitivity(EPS)ismaintainedandallotherrequirementsforradiographyaremet.
14.2.1 WeldswithReinforcements
14.2.1.1 ThethicknessonwhichtheIQIisbasedisthenominalsinglewallthicknessplus
theestimatedweldreinforcementnottoexceedthemaximumpermittedbythe
referencingcodesection.Backingringsorstripsarenottobeconsideredaspart
ofthethicknessinIQIselection.Theactualmeasurementoftheweld
reinforcementisnotrequired.
14.2.2 WeldswithoutReinforcements
14.2.2.1 ThethicknessonwhichtheIQIisbasedisonthenominalsinglewallthickness.
BackingringsorstripsarenottobeconsideredaspartoftheweldthicknessinIQI
selection.

14.3

WeldsJoiningDissimilarMaterials
14.3.1 Whentheweldmetalisofanalloygrouporgradewhichhasaradiationattenuationthat
differsfromthebasematerial,theIQImaterialselectionshallbebasedontheweldmetal
andbeinaccordancewith14.1.Whenthedensitylimitsof19.0cannotbemetwithoneIQI,
andtheexceptionaldensityarea(s)isattheinterfaceoftheweldmetalandbasemetal,the

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materialselectionfortheadditionalIQI(s)shallbebasedonthebasemetalandbein
accordancewith14.1.
15.0

PlacementofIQIs
15.1

SourceSideIQI(s)
15.1.1 TheIQI(s)shallbeplacedonthesourcesideofthepartbeingexamined,exceptinthe
conditiondescribedinparagraph15.2.

15.2

FilmSideIQI(s)
15.2

15.3

WhereinaccessibilitypreventshandplacingtheIQI(s)onthesourceside,theIQIshallbe
placedonthefilmsideincontactwiththepartbeingexamined.Aleadletter"F",atleastas
highastheIQIidentificationnumber(s),shallbeplacedadjacenttoorontheIQI(s)butshall
notmasktheessentialholewhenholetypeIQIsareused.

IQILocationforWelds
15.3.1 HoleTypeIQIs:TheIQI(s)maybeplacedadjacenttoorontheweld.Theidentification
number(s)andtheleadletter"F",whenusedshallnotbeintheareaofinterest,except
whenthegeometricconfigurationmakesitimpractical.
15.3.2 WireTypeIQIs:TheIQI(s)shallbeplacedontheweldsothatthelengthofthewiresis
perpendiculartothelengthoftheweld.Theidentificationnumbersand,whenused,the
leadletterF,shallnotbeintheareaofinterest,exceptwhengeometricconfiguration
makesitimpractical.

15.4

IQILocationforMaterialsOtherThanWelds
15.4.1 TheIQI(s)withtheIQIidentificationnumber(s),andtheleadletter"F",ifused,maybe
placedintheareaofinterest.

15.5

AlternativeLocationforIQI(s)
15.5.1 WhenconfigurationorsizepreventsplacingtheIQI(s)asdescribedabove,itmaybeplaced
onaseparateblock(orlikepart/product)asprovidedherein.Theseparateblockshallbe
madeofthesameorradiographicallysimilarmaterialandmaybeusedtofacilitatetheIQI
positioning.ThereisnolimitationontheseparateblockthicknessprovidedtheIQI/areaof
interestdensitytolerancesaremaintained.TheIQIonthesourcesideoftheseparateblock
shallbeplacednoclosertothefilmthanthesourcesideoftheobjectbeingradiographed.
Theseparateblockshallbeplacedascloseaspossibletotheobjectbeingradiographed.
WhenholetypeIQIsareused,theblockdimensionsshallexceedtheIQIdimensionssuch
thattheoutlineofatleastthreesidesoftheIQIimageshallbevisibleontheradiograph.

16.0

NumberofIQIs
16.1

Forcomponentswhereoneormorefilmholdersareusedforanexposure,atleastoneIQIimage
shallappearoneachradiographexceptasoutlinedin16.3.

16.2

MultipleIQIs
16.2.1 Iftherequirementsof19.0aremetbyusingmorethanoneIQI,oneshallberepresentative
ofthelightestareaofinterestandtheotherthedarkestareaofinterest.Theintervening
densitiesontheradiographshallbeconsideredashavingacceptabledensity

16.3

SpecialCases
16.3.1 Forcylindricalvesselswherethesourceisplacedontheaxisoftheobjectandoneormore
filmholdersareusedforasingleexposureofacompletecircumference,atleastthreeIQIs
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shallbespacedapproximately120apart.Wheresectionsoflongitudinalweldsadjointhe
circumferentialweldareradiographedsimultaneouslywiththecircumferentialweld,an
additionalIQIshallbeplacedoneachlongitudinalweldattheendofeachsectionmost
remotefromthejunctionwiththecircumferentialweldbeingradiographed.
16.3.2 Forcylindricalvesselswherethesourceisplacedontheaxisoftheobjectandfourormore
filmholdersareusedforasingleexposureofasectionofthecircumference,atleastthree
IQIsshallbeused.OneIQIshallbeintheapproximatecenterofthesectionexposedand
oneateachend.Whenthesectionofthecircumferenceexposedexceeds240O,therulesof
16.3.1apply.Ineachcase,additionalfilmlocationsmayberequiredtoestablishproperIQI
spacing,otherwiseatleastoneIQIimageshallappearoneachradiograph.
16.3.3 Forsphericalvessels,wherethesourceislocatedatthecenterofthevesselandoneor
morefilmholdersareusedforasingleexposureofacompletecircumference,atleastthree
IQIsshallbespacedapproximately120Oapart.Forotherweldsradiographed
simultaneously,oneadditionalIQIshallbeplacedoneachotherweld.
16.3.4 Forsegmentsofsphericalvesselswherethesourceislocatedatthecenterofthevesseland
fourormorefilmholdersareusedforanexposureofacircumferentialweld,atleastthree
IQIsshallbeused.OneIQIshallbeintheapproximatecenteroftheportionexposedand
oneateachend.Whentheportionexposedexceeds240O,theratesof16.3.3apply.Ineach
case,additionalfilmlocationsmayberequiredtoestablishproperIQIspacing,otherwiseat
leastoneIQIimageshallappearoneachradiograph.
16.3.5 Whenanarrayofobjectsinacircleisradiographed,atleastoneIQIshallshowoneach
objectimage.
16.3.6 Inordertomaintainthecontinuityofrecordsinvolvingsubsequentexposures,all
radiographsexhibitingIQIsthatverifythetechniquespermittedinaccordancewith16.3.1,
16.3.2,16.3.3and16.3.4mustberetained.
17.0

18.0

ShimsunderIQIs
17.1

AshimofmaterialradiographicallysimilartotheweldmetalshallbeplacedundertheIQI,if
needed,sothattheradiographicdensitythroughouttheareaofinterestisnotmorethanminus15
percentfrom(lighterthan)theradiographicdensitythroughtheIQI.

17.2

TheshimdimensionsshallexceedtheIQIdimensionssuchthattheoutlineofatleastthreesidesof
theIQIimageshallbevisibleintheradiograph.

QualityofRadiographs
18.1

Allradiographsshallbefreefrommechanical,chemicalorotherblemishestotheextentthatthey
cannotmaskorbeconfusedwiththeimageofanydiscontinuityintheareaofinterestoftheobject
beingradiographed.Suchblemishesinclude,butarenotlimitedto:
A.

Fogging;

B.

Processingdefectssuchasstreaks,watermarksorchemicalstains;

C.

Scratches,fingermarks,crimps,dirtiness,staticmarks,smudgesortears;

D.

Lossofdetailduetopoorscreentofilmcontact;and

E.

Falseindicationsduetodefectivescreens

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19.0

20.0

21.0

RadiographicDensity
19.1

DensityLimitations:Thetransmittedfilmdensitythroughtheradiographicimageofthebodyofthe
appropriateholeIQIoradjacenttothedesignatedwireofawireIQIandtheareaofinterestshallbe
1.8minimumforsinglefilmviewingforradiographsmadewithanXRaysourceand2.0minimum
forradiographsmadewithagammaraysource.Forcompositeviewingofmultiplefilmexposures,
eachfilmofthecompositesetshallhaveaminimumdensityof1.3.Themaximumdensityshallbe
4.0foreithersingleorcompositeviewing.Atoleranceof0.05densityunitsindensityisallowedfor
variationsbetweendensitometerreadings

19.2

General:Ifthedensityoftheradiographanywherethroughtheareaofinterestvariesbymorethan
minus15percentorplus30percentfromthedensitythroughthebodyoftheholeIQIoradjacent
tothedesignatedwireofawireIQI,withintheminimum/maximumallowabledensityranges
specifiedin19.1thenanadditionalIQIshallbeusedforeachexceptionalareaandtheradiograph
retaken.Whencalculatingtheallowablevariationindensity,thecalculationmayberoundedtothe
nearest0.1withintherangespecifiedin19.1.

19.3

WithShims:WhenshimsareusedwithholetypeIQIs,theplus30%densityrestrictionof19.2may
beexceeded,andtheminimumdensityrequirementsof19.1donotapplyfortheIQI,providedthe
requiredIQIsensitivityof20.0ismet.

IQISensitivity
20.1

Radiographyshallbeperformedwithatechniqueofsufficientsensitivitytodisplaythedesignated
holeIQIimageandthe2Thole,ortheessentialwireofawireIQI.Theradiographsshallalso
displaytheIQIidentifyingnumbersandletters.IfthedesignatedholeIQIimageand2Thole,or
designatedwireofawireIQI,donotshowonanyfilminamultiplefilmtechnique,butdoshowin
compositefilmviewing,interpretationshallbepermittedonlybycompositefilmviewing.

20.2

EquivalentHoleTypesensitivity:ifathinnerorthickerholetypeIQIthanlistedinTables1or2was
substituted,anequivalentIQIsensitivity,asspecifiedintable2A,shallhavebeenmaintainedas
wellasallotherrequirementsforradiographyhavingbeenmet.Ifrequired,IQIandHolearenot
representedinthetable,thenextthinnerIQIrowfromTableA2maybeusedtoestablish
equivalentIQIsensitivity.

Documentation
21.1

Toaidinproperinterpretationofradiographs,detailsoftheradiographicexaminationtechnique
usedshallaccompanyeachgroupofradiographs.Asaminimum,theinformationshallinclude:
A.

Identification,e.g.,joborheatnumber;

B.

Numberofexposures;

C.

IsotopeormaximumXRayvoltageused;

D.

Effectivefocalspotsizes;

E.

Materialtypeandthicknessrange,weldthickness,reinforcement(TheCustomershall
providetheSpecificationoftheMaterialandthicknessasapplicablewithASMESecII
Standardand/orASTMMaterialSpecifications).

F.

Minimumsourcetoobjectdistance;

G.

Filmbrandanddesignation/type;

H.

Numberoffilmspercassette;

I.

Singleordoublewallexposure;
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22.0

Singleordoublewallviewing;and;

K.

Thedimensionmap(ifused)ofmarkerplacementinaccordancewith7.5;

L.

Distancefromsourcesideofobjecttothefilmattheminimumsourcetoobjectdistance.

Evaluation
22.1

PriortobeingpresentedtotheInspectorforacceptancetheradiographsshall,asacourtesy,be
examinedforqualityandinterpretedbyMistrasServices.MistrasServicesshallrecordthe
interpretationofeachradiographanddispositionofthematerialexaminedontheradiographic
interpretationreviewformaccompanyingtheradiographs.(SeeFigure9foranexampleofatypical
reviewform).

22.2

Themanufactureshallberesponsibleforthereview,interpretation,evaluationandacceptanceof
thecompletedradiographstoassurethecompliancewiththerequirementsofthereferencingcode
sections.

22.3

Report

22.4
23.0

J.

A.

Alistingofeachradiographlocation(weldnumberand/orview,etc.)

B.

Theinformationrequiredin21.1byinclusionorbyreference

C.

Evaluationanddispositionofthematerial(s)orweld(s)examined

D.

Identification(name)ofthetechnicianwhoperformedtheevaluationoftheradiographs
andtheirNDTlevel

E.

Dateofevaluation

F.

Eachsetofradiographswillbeaccompaniedbythetechniqueinformationlistedin21.1.

G.

Referencetoacommontechniquemaybemadeforsimilarradiographicsetupsifno
changestothesetuparemadeandacopyaccompaniestheradiographicpackage.

H.

Procedurenameandrevisionnumber

I.

Acceptancecriteriaofthereferencingcode.

Retentionofradiographsandreportsshallbeasspecifiedincontractdocumentsbutnotlessthan5
yearsforASMESectionI.

AcceptanceStandards
23.1

ASMESectionI,2007Edition,LatestAddenda
23.1.1 Indicationsshownontheradiographsofweldsandcharacterizedasimperfectionsare
unacceptableunderthefollowingconditions:
A.

Anyindicationcharacterizedasacrackorzoneofincompletefusionorpenetration.

B.

Anyotherelongatedindicationontheradiographwhichhasalengthgreaterthan:
1
t

3
4infortupto 4in;

3
3fortfrom 4into2in;

infortover2in,wheretisthethicknessoftheweld
C.

infortover2in,wheretisthethicknessoftheweldbeingexamined.Ifthe
weldjoinstwomembershavingdifferentthicknessesattheweld,tisthethinnerof
thesetwothicknesses.

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D.

Roundedindicationsinexcessofthoseshownasfollows:
1.

RelevantIndications(seeTable4forexamples).Onlythoserounded
indicationswhichexceedthefollowingdimensionsshallbeconsidered
relevant:
t

1
10fortlessthan 8in;

1
64infort 8intoininclusive;

32infortinto2ininclusive;

16infortgreaterthan2in

2.

MaximumSizeofRoundedIndication(seeTable4forexamples):The
maximumpermissiblesizeofanyindicationshallbeatt4,or532in
whicheverissmaller,exceptthatanisolatedindicationseparatedfroman
adjacentindicationby1inormoremaybet3,orin,whicheverisless.For
tgreaterthan2in,themaximumpermissiblesizeofanisolatedindication
shallbeincreasedto38in.

3.

AlignedRoundedIndications:Alignedroundedindicationsareacceptable
whenthesummationofthediametersoftheindicationsislessthantina
lengthof12t(seeFigure4).Thelengthofgroupsofalignedrounded
indicationsandthespacingbetweenthegroupsshallmeettherequirements
ofFigure5.

Spacing:Thedistancebetweenadjacentroundedindicationsisnotafactor
indeterminingacceptanceorrejection,exceptasrequiredforisolated
indicationsorgroupsofalignedindications.

5.

RoundedIndicationCharts:Theroundedindicationscharacterizedas
imperfectionsshallnotexceedthatshowninthecharts.
A.

ThechartsinFigure6through6.5illustratevarioustypesof
assorted,randomlydispersedandclusteredroundedindicationsfor
differentweldthicknessesgreaterthan18in.Thesechartsrepresent
themaximumacceptableconcentrationlimitsforrounded
indications.

B.

Thechartforeachthicknessrangerepresentsfullscale6inin
radiographs,andshallnotbeenlargedorreduced.Thedistributions
shownarenotnecessarilythepatternsthatmayappearonthe
radiograph,butaretypicaloftheconcentrationandsizeof
indicationspermitted

6.

WeldThicknesstLessThan18in.Fortlessthan18inthemaximumnumber
ofroundedindicationsshallnotexceed12poresa6inlengthofweld.A
proportionallyfewernumberofindicationsshallbepermittedinweldsless
than6ininlength.

7.

ClusteredIndications.Theillustrationsforclusteredindicationsshowupto
fourtimesasmanyindicationsinalocalarea,asthatshowninthe
illustrationsforrandomindications.Thelengthofanacceptablecluster
shallnotexceedthelesserof1inor2t.Wheremorethanoneclusteris
present,thesumofthelengthsoftheclustersshallnotexceed1inina6in
lengthofweld.

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NOTE: Thicknesstisthethicknessoftheweld,excludinganyallowable
reinforcement.Forabuttweldjoiningtwomembershavingdifferent
thicknessesattheweld,tisthethinnerofthesetwothicknesses.Ifafull
penetrationweldincludesafilletweld,thethicknessofthethroatofthe
filletshallbeincludedint.
23.2

ASMESectionVIII,DivisionI,2007Edition,LatestAddenda.
23.2.1 WeldsFullyRadiographed(UW51)
23.2.1.1 Indicationsshownontheradiographsofweldsandcharacterizedasimperfections
areunacceptableunderthefollowingconditions:
1.

Anyindicationcharacterizedasacrackzoneorincompletefusionor
penetration;

2.

Anyotherelongatedindicationontheradiographwhichhaslengthgreater
than:
infortuptoin;
t

3fortfrominto2in;

infortover2in,
wheretisthethicknessoftheweldexcludinganyallowablereinforcement.
Forabuttweldjoiningtwomembershavingdifferentthicknessesatthe
weld,tisthethinnerofthesetwothicknesses.Ifafullpenetrationweld
includesafilletweld,thethicknessofthethroatofthefilletshallbeincluded
int.
3.

Anygroupofalignedindicationsthathaveanaggregatelengthgreaterthant
inalengthof12t,exceptwhenthedistancebetweenthesuccessive
imperfectionsexceeds6LwhereListhelengthofthelongestimperfection
inthegroup.

4.

Roundedindicationsintheexcessofthatspecifiedbytheacceptance
standardsasfollows:
a.

RelevantIndications(seeTable4forexamples).Onlythoserounded
indicationswhichexceedthefollowingdimensionsshallbeconsidered
relevant.
1

1
10fortlessthan 8in;

1
64infort 8inchtoin,inclusive;

32infortgreaterthaninto2ininclusive;

16inchfortgreaterthan2in

b.

MaximumSizeofRoundedIndication.(SeeTable4forexamples).The
maximumpermissiblesizeofanyindicationshallbet4,or532inch
whicheverissmaller,exceptthatanisolatedindicationseparatedfrom
anadjacentindicationby1inormoremaybet/3,orinwhicheveris
less.Fortgreaterthan2inthemaximumpermissiblesizeofan
isolatedindicationshallbeincreasedto38in.

c.

AlignedRoundedIndications.Alignedroundedindicationsare
acceptablewhenthesummationofthediametersoftheindicationsis
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lessthantinalengthof12t.(SeeFigure4)Thelengthofgroupsof
alignedroundedindicationsandthespacingbetweenthegroupsshall
meettherequirementsofFigure5.
d.

Spacing.Thedistancebetweenadjacentroundedindicationsisnota
factorindeterminingacceptanceorrejection,exceptasrequiredfor
isolatedindicationsorgroupsoralignedindications.

e.

RoundedIndicationCharts.Theroundedindicationscharacterizedas
imperfectionsshallnotexceedthatshowninthecharts.Thechartsin
Figures7through7.4illustratevarioustypesofassorted,randomly
dispersedandclusteredroundedindicationsfordifferentweld
thicknessesgreaterthan18in.Thesechartsrepresentconcentration
limitsforroundedindications.Thechartsforeachthicknessrange
representfullscale6inradiographsandshallnotbeenlargedor
reduced.Thedistributionsshownarenotnecessarilythepatternsthat
mayappearontheradiograph,butaretypicaloftheconcentrationand
sizeofindicationspermitted.

f.

WeldThicknesstLessThan18in.Fortlessthan18inthemaximum
numberofroundedindicationsshallnotexceed12poresina6in
lengthofweld.Aproportionallyfewernumberofindicationsshallbe
permittedinweldslessthan6inlength.

g.

ClusteredIndications.Theillustrationsforclusteredindicationsshow
uptofourtimesasmanyindicationsinalocalareaasthatshownin
theillustrationsforrandomindications.Thelengthofanacceptable
clustershallnotexceedthelesserof1inor2t.Wheremorethanone
clusterispresent,thesumofthelengthsoftheclustersshallnot
exceed1inina6inlengthweld.

23.2.2 Buttweldedjointswhicharetobespotradiographedshallbeexaminedlocallyasfollows:
a.

b.

MinimumExtentofSpotRadiographicExamination.Theminimumlengthofspot
radiographshallbe6in.
1.

Whenaspotradiographisacceptabletheentireweldincrement
representedbythisradiographisacceptable.

2.

Whenaspotradiographhasbeenexaminedandtheradiographdiscloses
weldingwhichdoesnotcomplywiththeminimumqualityrequirementsof
23.2.3,twoadditionalspotsshallberadiographicallyexaminedinthesame
weldincrementatlocationsawayfromtheoriginalspot.Thelocationsof
theseadditionalspotsshallbedeterminedbytheInspectororfabricator.
Therepairedareashallberadiographicallyexaminedinaccordancewiththe
foregoingrequirementsof23.2.3.

Ifeitherofthetwoadditionalspotsexaminedshowsweldingwhichdoesnotcomply
withtheminimumqualityrequirementsof23.2.3,theentireincrementofweld
representedbytheradiograph(s)shallberejected.Theentirerejectedweldshallbe
removedandthejointshallbereweldedor,atthefabricatorsoption,theentire
incrementofweldrepresentedshallbecompletelyradiographedandonlydefects
needbecorrected.

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c.

Repairweldingshallbeperformedusingaqualifiedprocedureandinamanner
acceptabletotheInspector.Thereweldedjoint,ortheweldrepairedareas,shallbe
spotradiographicallyexaminedatonelocationinaccordancewiththeforegoing
requirementsof23.2.3.

23.2.3 Theacceptabilityofweldsexaminedbyspotradiographyshallbejudgedbythefollowing
standards.
a.

Weldsinwhichindicationsarecharacterizedascracksorzonesofincomplete
fusionorpenetrationshallbeunacceptable.

b.

Weldsinwhichindicationsarecharacterizedasslaginclusionsorcavitiesshallbe
unacceptableifthelengthofanysuchindicationisgreaterthan23twheretisthe
thicknessoftheweldexcludinganyallowablereinforcement.Forabuttweldjoining
twomembershavingdifferentthicknessesattheweld,tisthethinnerofthesetwo
thicknesses.Ifafullpenetrationweldincludesafilletweld,thethicknessofthe
throatofthefilletshallbeincludedint.Ifseveralindicationswithintheabove
limitationsexistinline,theweldsshallbejudgedacceptableifthesumofthe
longestdimensionsofallsuchindicationsisnotmorethantinalengthof6t(or
proportionatelyforradiographsshorterthan6t)andifthelongestindications
consideredareseparatedbyatleast3LofacceptableweldmetalwhereListhe
lengthofthelongestindication.Themaximumlengthofacceptableindicationsshall
bein.Anysuchindicationsshorterthaninshallbeacceptableforanyplate
thickness.

c.

Roundedindicationsarenotafactorintheacceptabilityofweldsnotrequiredtobe
fullyradiographed.
Note:t=thethicknessoftheweldexcludinganyallowablereinforcement.Forabutt
weldjoiningtwomembershavingdifferentthicknessesattheweld,tisthethinner
ofthesetwothicknesses.Ifafullpenetrationweldincludesafilletweld,the
thicknessofthethroatofthefilletshallbeincludedint.

23.3

ASMESectionIX,2007Edition,LatestAddenda
23.3.1 AcceptanceStandards.Welderandweldingoperatorperformancetestsbyradiographyof
weldsintestassembliesshallbejudgedunacceptablewhentheradiographexhibitsany
imperfectionsinexcessofthelimitsspecifiedbelow.
23.3.2 LinearIndications
a.

Anytypeofcrackorzoneofincompletefusionorpenetration;

b.

Anyelongatedslaginclusionwhichhasalengthgreaterthan:
1
t

3
8infortupto 8inch,inclusive;

3
3fortover 8to2in,inclusive;

infortover2in
c.

Anygroupofslaginclusionsinlinethathaveanaggregatelengthgreaterthantina
lengthof12t,exceptwhenthedistancebetweenthesuccessiveimperfections
exceeds6LwhereListhelengthofthelongestimperfectioninthegroup

d.

RoundedIndications
1.

Themaximumpermissibledimensionforroundedindicationsshallbe0.2t
or18in,whicheverissmaller.
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2.

Forweldsinmateriallessthan18inthickness,themaximumnumberof
acceptableroundedindicationsshallnotexceednottoexceed12ina6inch
lengthofweld.Aproportionatelyfewernumberofroundedindicationsshall
bepermittedinweldslessthan6ininlength.

3.

Forweldsinmaterial18inorgreaterinthickness,thechartsinFigure8
representthemaximumacceptabletypesofroundedindicationsillustrated
intypicallyclustered,assortedandrandomlydispersedconfigurations.
Roundedindicationslessthan132ininmaximumdiametershallnotbe
consideredintheradiographicacceptancetestsofweldersandwelding
operationsintheserangesofmaterialthicknesses.

23.3.3 ProductionWelds.Theacceptancestandardforweldingoperatorswhoqualifyon
productionweldsshallbethatspecifiedinthereferencingCodeSection.
23.4

ASMEB31.1,2007Edition,LatestAddenda
23.4.1 Weldsthatareshownbyradiographytohaveanyofthefollowingtypesofdiscontinuities
areunacceptable:
A.

Anytypeofcrackorzoneofincompletefusionofpenetration;

B.

Anyotherelongatedindicationwhichhasalengthgreaterthan:
infortuptoin,inclusive;
t

3fortfrominto2in,inclusive;

infortover2inwheretisthethicknessofthethinnerportionoftheweld.
C.

Anygroupofindicationsinlinethathaveanaggregatelengthgreaterthantina
lengthof12t,exceptwherethedistancebetweenthesuccessiveindicationsexceeds
6L,whereListhelongestindicationinthegroup;

D.

PorosityinexcessofthatshownasacceptableinAppendixA250ofSectionIofthe
ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode

E.

Rootconcavitywhenthereisanabruptchangeindensityasshownonthe
radiograph

Note: tpertainstothethicknessoftheweldbeingexamined;ifaweldjoinstwomembers
havingdifferentthicknessattheweld,tisthethinnerofthese2thicknesses
23.5 ASMESectionIIISubsectionNB,NCandNE,2007Edition,LatestAddenda
23.5.1 Indicationsshownontheradiographsofweldsandcharacterizedasimperfectionsare
unacceptableunderthefollowingconditions:
A.

Anyindicationcharacterizedasacrackorzoneorincompletefusionorpenetration;

B.

Anyotherelongatedindicationwhichhasalengthgreaterthan:
infortuptoin,inclusive;
t

3fortfrominto2in,inclusive;

infortover2in,
wheretisthethicknessofthethinnerportionoftheweld.

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C.

Internalrootweldconditionsareacceptablewhenthedensitychangeasindicated
intheradiographisnotabrupt;elongatedindicationsontheradiographateither
edgeofsuchconditionsshallbeunacceptableasprovidedin(B)above;

D.

Anygroupofalignedindicationshavinganaggregatelengthgreaterthantina
lengthof12t,unlesstheminimumdistancebetweensuccessiveindicationsexceeds
6L,inwhichcasetheaggregatelengthisunlimited,Lbeingthelengthofthelargest
indication;

E.

Roundedindicationsinexcessofthatshownasfollows:
1.

RelevantIndications(seeTable4forexamples).Onlythoserounded
indicationswhichexceedthefollowingdimensionsshallbeconsidered
relevant:
t

1
10fortlessthan 8in;

1
64infortequalto 8intoin,inclusive;

32inchfortgreaterthaninto2in,inclusive;

16infortgreaterthan2in

2.

MaximumSizeofRoundedIndication(seeTable4forexamples).The
maximumpermissiblesizeofanyindicationshallbet4or532in,whicheveris
less,exceptthananisolatedindicationseparatedfromanadjacent
indicationby1inormoremaybet3orin,whicheverisless.Fortgreater
than2in,themaximumpermissiblesizeofanisolatedindicationshallbe
increasedto38in.

3.

AlignedRoundedIndications.Alignedroundedindicationsareacceptable
whenthesummationofthediametersoftheindicationsislessthantina
lengthof12t(seeFigure4).Thelengthofgroupsofalignedrounded
indicationsandthespacingbetweenthegroupsshallmeettherequirements
ofFigure5.

4.

Spacing.Thedistancebetweenadjacentroundedindicationsisnotafactor
indeterminingacceptanceorrejection,exceptasrequiredforisolated
indicationsorgroupsofalignedindications.

5.

RoundedIndicationCharts.Theroundedindicationsasdeterminedfromthe
radiographicfilmshallnotexceedthatshowninthecharts.
a.

ThechartsinFigures6through6.5illustratevarioustypesof
assorted,randomlydispersedandclusteredroundedindicationsfor
differentweldthicknessesgreaterthan18in.Thesechartsrepresent
themaximumacceptableconcentrationlimitsforrounded
indications.

b.

Thechartforeachthicknessrangerepresentsfullscale6inin
radiographsandshallnotbeenlargedorreduced.Thedistributions
shownarenotnecessarilythepatternsthatmayappearonthe
radiograph,butaretypicaloftheconcentrationandsizeof
indicationspermitted.

6.

WeldThicknesstLessThan18in.Fortlessthan18inthemaximum
numberofroundedindicationsshallnotexceed12poresina6in

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lengthofweld.Aproportionallyfewernumberofindicationsshallbe
permittedinweldslessthan6inchesinlength.
7.

23.6

ClusteredIndications.Theillustrationsforclusteredindicationsshowupto
fourtimesasmanyindicationsinalocalareaasthatshowninthe
illustrationsforrandomindications.Thelengthofanacceptableclustershall
notexceedthelesserof1inor2t.Wheremorethanoneclusterispresent,
thesumofthelengthsoftheclustersshallnotexceed1inina6inlengthof
weld.

ASMESectionIIISubsectionND,2007Edition,LatestAddenda
23.6.1 EvaluationofIndications(fullorpartialradiography)
A.

Indicationsshownontheradiographsofweldsandcharacterizedasimperfections
areunacceptableunderthefollowingconditions:
1.

Anyindicationcharacterizedasacrackorzoneorincompletefusionor
penetration;

2.

Anyotherelongatedindicationwhichhasalengthgreaterthan:
a.

infortuptoin,inclusive;

b.

c.

infortover2in,

3fortfrominto2in,inclusive;

wheretisthethicknessofthethinnerportionoftheweld.
3.

Internalrootweldconditionsareacceptablewhenthedensitychangeas
indicatedintheradiographisnotabrupt;elongatedindicationsonthe
radiographateitheredgeofsuchconditionsshallbeunacceptableas
providedin(b)above.

4.

Anygroupofalignedindicationshavinganaggregatelengthgreaterthantin
alengthof12tunlesstheminimumdistancebetweensuccessiveindications
exceeds6L,inwhichcasetheaggregatelengthisunlimited,Lbeingthe
lengthofthelargestindication.

5.

RoundedIndicationCharts.Theroundedindicationsasdeterminedfromthe
radiographicfilmshallnotexceedthatshowninthecharts.
a.

ThechartsinFigures6through6.5illustratevarioustypesof
assorted,randomlydispersedandclusteredroundedindicationsfor
differentweldthicknessesgreaterthan18in.Thesechartsrepresent
themaximumacceptableconcentrationlimitsforrounded
indications.

b.

Thechartforeachthicknessrangerepresentsfullscale6inchesin
radiographsandshallnotbeenlargedorreduced.Thedistributions
shownarenotnecessarilythepatternsthatmayappearonthe
radiograph,butaretypicaloftheconcentrationandsizeof
indicationspermitted.

6.

WeldThicknesstLessThan18in.Fortlessthan1/8inchthe
maximumnumberofroundedindicationsshallnotexceed12pores
ina6inlengthofweld.Aproportionallyfewernumberof
indicationsshallbepermittedinweldslessthan6ininlength.
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7.

ClusteredIndications.Theillustrationsforclusteredindications
showuptofourtimesasmanyindicationsinalocalareaasthat
shownintheillustrationsforrandomindications.Thelengthofan
acceptableclustershallnotexceedthelesserof1inor2t.Where
morethanoneclusterispresent,thesumofthelengthsofthe
clustersshallnotexceed1inina6inchlengthofweld.

23.6.2 EvaluationofIndications(SpotRadiography)
A.

Theacceptabilityofweldsexaminedbyspotradiographyshallbedeterminedas
follows:
1.

Weldsinwhichtheradiographshowsanytypeofcrackorzoneof
incompletefusionorpenetrationshallbeunacceptable.

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2.

3.
23.7

Weldsinwhichtheradiographsshowslaginclusionsorcavitiesshallbe
unacceptableifthelengthofanysuchimperfectionisgreaterthan2t3where
tisthethicknessofthethinnerplatewelded.Ifseveralimperfectionswithin
theabovelimitationsexistinline,theweldsshallbejudgedacceptableifthe
sumofthelongestdimensionsofallsuchimperfectionsisnotmorethantin
alengthof6torproportionatelyforradiographsshorterthan6torthe
longestimperfectionsconsideredareseparatedbyatleast3Lofacceptable
weldmetal,whereListhelengthofthelongestimperfection.Themaximum
lengthofacceptableimperfectionsshallbein.Anysuchimperfections
shorterthaninshallbeacceptableforanyplatethickness.

Roundedindicationsarenotafactorintheacceptabilityofweldsnotrequiredtobe
fullyradiographed.

ASMESectionIIISubsectionNF,2007Edition,LatestAddenda
23.7.1 Indicationsshownontheradiographsofweldsandcharacterizedasimperfectionsare
unacceptableunderthefollowingconditions:
A.

Anyindicationcharacterizedasacrackorzoneorincompletefusionorpenetration;

B.

Anyotherelongatedindicationswhichhavealengthgreaterthan:
infortuptoin,inclusive;
3fortfrominto21/4inches,inclusive;
infortover2in,
wheretisthethicknessofthethinnerportionoftheweld;

C.

Internalrootweldconditionsareacceptablewhenthedensitychangeasindicated
intheradiographisnotabrupt;elongatedindicationsontheradiographateither
edgeofsuchconditionsshallbeunacceptable,asprovidedin(B)above;

D.

Anygroupofalignedindicationshavinganaggregatelengthgreaterthantina
lengthof12tunlesstheminimumdistancebetweensuccessiveindicationsexceeds
6L,inwhichcasetheaggregatelengthisunlimited,Lbeingthelengthofthelargest
indication;

E.

Roundedindicationsarenotafactorintheacceptabilityofweldsthatare
radiographed.

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23.8

ASMEB31.3,2008Edition,LatestAddenda

Criteria(AtoM)forTypesofWelds,forServiceConditions,andforRequiredExaminationMethods[Note(1)]

LongitudinalGroove[Note(2)]

Fillet[Note(3)]

BranchConnection[Note(4)]

A
A
A
D

A
A
A
D

A
A
NA
NA

A
C
C
N/A

A
A
A
N/A

A
NA
NA
N/A

A
A
B
N/A

G
H

G
A

NA
H

F
A

F
A

NA
A

N/A
I

N/A
A

N/A
H

N/A
H

A
N/A
K
L

A
N/A
K
L

A
N/A
NA
L

A
J
K
L

A
J
K
L

A
J
NA
L

A
N/A
K
M

A
N/A
K
M

A
N/A
NA
M

A
N/A
K
M

Crack
LackofFusion
IncompletePenetration
InternalPorosity
SlagInclusionTungstenInclusion,or
ElongatedIndication
Undercutting
SurfacePorosityorExposedSlagInclusion
[Note(5)]
SurfaceFinish
ConcaveRootSurface(suckup)
ReinforcementorInternalProtrusion

LiquidPenetrant

Girth&MiterGroove

A
A
NA
NA

MagneticParticle

Fillet[Note(3)]

A
A
A
E

WeldImperfections

Radiography

LongitudinalGroove[Note(2)]

A
A
B
E

ExaminationMethods

Visual

Girth&MiterGroove&Branch
Connection[Note(4)]

TypesofWeld

Fillet[Note(3)]

CategoryDFluidService

TypesofWeld

LongitudinalGroove[Note(2)]

SevereCyclicConditions

TypesofWeld
Girth&MiterGroove&Branch
Connection[Note(4)]

NormalandCategoryM
FluidService

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X

GeneralNotes:
(a) Weldimperfectionsareevaluatedbyoneormoreofthetypesofexaminationmethodsgiven,asspecifiedinB31.3paragraphs.341.4.1,341.4.2,341.4.3,
andM341.4,orbytheengineeringdesign.
(b) N/AindicatestheCodedoesnotestablishacceptancecriteriaordoesnotrequireevaluationofthiskindofimperfectionforthistypeofweld.
(c) Check()indicatesexaminationmethodgenerallyusedforevaluatingthiskindofweldimperfection.
(d) Ellipsis(...)indicatesexaminationmethodnotgenerallyusedforevaluatingthiskindofweldimperfection.

Criterion
Symbol
A
B
C
D
E
F

H
I
J
K
L

Measure
Extentofimperfection
Depthofincompletepenetration
Cumulativelengthofincompletepenetration
Depthoflackoffusionandincompletepenetration
Cumulativelengthoflackoffusionandincompletepenetration[Note(7)]
Sizeanddistributionofinternalporosity
Sizeanddistributionofinternalporosity
Slaginclusion,tungsteninclusion,orelongatedindication
Individuallength
Individualwidth
Cumulativelength
Slaginclusion,tungsteninclusion,orelongatedindication
Individuallength
Individualwidth
Cumulativelength
Depthofundercut
Depthofundercut
SurfaceRoughness
Depthofrootconcavity
Heightofreinforcementorinternalprotrusion[Note(8)]inanyplanethroughtheweldshall
bewithinlimitsoftheapplicableheightvalueinthetabulationatright,exceptasprovidedin
Note(9).Weldmetalshallmergesmoothlyintothecomponentsurfaces.

AcceptableValueLimits[Note(6)]
Zero(noevidentimperfection)
1m(1/32in)and0.2TW
38mm(1.5in)inany150mm(6in)weldlength
0.2TW
38mm(1.5in)inany150mm(6in)weldlength
SeeBPVCode,SectionVIII,Division1,Appendix4
ForTW6mm(1/4in),limitissameasD
ForTW>6mm(1/4in),limitis1.5D
TW/3
2.5mm(332in.)andTW/3
TWinany12TWweldlength
2TW
3mm(18in.)andTW/2
4TWinany150mm(6in.)weldlength
1mm(132in.)andTW/4
1.5mm(116in.)and[TW/4or1mm(132in.)]
500min.RaperASMEB46.1
Totaljointthickness,includingweldreinforcementTW
Height,mm(in.)
ForTW,mm(in.)

6(14)
1.5(116)
>6(14),13(12)
3(18)
>13(12),25(1)
4(532)
>25(1)

5(316)

NOTES:
(1) Criteriagivenareforrequiredexamination.Morestringentcriteriamaybespecifiedintheengineeringdesign.SeealsoB31.3paragraphs
341.5and341.5.3.
(2) Branchconnectionweldincludespressurecontainingweldsinbranchesandfabricatedlaps.
(3) Longitudinalgrooveweldincludesstraightandspiralseam.Criteriaarenotintendedtoapplytoweldsmadeinaccordancewithastandard
listedinB31.3TableA1orTable326.1.AlternativeLeakTestrequiresexaminationofthesewelds;seeB31.3paragraph345.9.
(4) Filletweldincludessocketandsealwelds,andattachmentweldsforsliponflanges,branchreinforcement,andsupports.
(5) Theseimperfectionsareevaluatedonlyforwelds5mm(316in.)innominalthickness.
(6) Wheretwolimitingvaluesareseparatedbyand,thelesserofthevaluesdeterminesacceptance.Wheretwosetsofvaluesareseparatedby
or,thelargervalueisacceptable.Twisthenominalwallthicknessofthethinneroftwocomponentsjoinedbyabuttweld.

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(7) Tightlybuttedunfusedrootfacesareunacceptable.
(8) Forgroovewelds,heightisthelesserofthemeasurementsmadefromthesurfacesoftheadjacentcomponents;bothreinforcementand
internalprotrusionarepermittedinaweld.Forfilletwelds,heightismeasuredfromthetheoreticalthroat,Fig.328.5.2A;internalprotrusion
doesnotapply.
(9) Forweldsinaluminumalloyonly,internalprotrusionshallnotexceedthefollowingvalues:
(a) 1.5mm(116in.)forthickness2mm(564in.)
(b) 2.5mm(332in.)forthickness>2mmand6mm(14in.)
Forexternalreinforcementandforgreaterthicknesses,seethetabulationforsymbolL.

23.9

API65010thEdition,LatestAddenda
23.9.1

Criteriaasspecifiedin23.2.1(ASMESectionVIII,Division1UW51,LatestEdition)willbe
used.

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Table1:HoleTypeIQIDesignation,Thickness,andHoleDiameters

Penetrameter
Designation
5
7
10
12
15
17
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
100
120
140
160
200
240
280

Penetrameter
Thickness,in.
0.005
0.0075
0.010
0.0125
0.015
0.0175
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.200
0.240
0.280

1THole
Diameter,in.
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.0125
0.015
0.0175
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.200
0.240
0.280

2THole
Diameter,in.
0.020
0.020
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.200
0.240
0.280
0.320
0.400
0.480
0.560

4THole
Diameter,in.
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.050
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.100
0.120
0.140
0.160
0.180
0.200
0.240
0.280
0.320
0.400
0.480
0.560
0.640
...
...
...

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Table1A:WireIQISizesandWireIdentityNumbers

SetA
WireDiameter,
in.
0.0032
0.0040
0.0050
0.0063
0.0080
0.0100

WireDiameter,
in.
0.032
0.040
0.050
0.063
0.080
0.100

SetB

(mm)

WireIdentity

(0.08)
(0.10)
(0.13)
(0.16)
(0.20)
(0.25)

SetC

1
2
3
4
5
6

WireDiameter,
in.
0.010
0.013
0.016
0.020
0.025
0.032

(mm)

WireIdentity

(0.25)
(0.33)
(0.41)
(0.51)
(0.64)
(0.81)

6
7
8
9
10
11

SetD

(mm)

WireIdentity

(0.81)
(1.02)
(1.27)
(1.60)
(2.03)
(2.54)

11
12
13
14
15
16

WireDiameter,
in.
0.100
0.126
0.160
0.200
0.250
0.320

(mm)

WireIdentity

(2.54)
(3.20)
(4.06)
(5.08)
(6.35)
(8.13)

16
17
18
19
20
21

Table2:MaterialThickness,PenetrameterDesignationsandEssentialHoles

NominalSingleWall
MaterialThicknessRange
in.
Upto0.25,incl.
Over0.25through0.375
Over0.375through0.50
Over0.50through0.75
Over0.75through1.00
Over1.00through1.50
Over1.50through2.00
Over2.00through2.50
Over2.50through4.00
Over4.00through6.00
Over6.00through8.00
Over8.00through10.00
Over10.00through12.00
Over12.00through16.00
Over16.00through20.00

mm
Upto6.4,incl.
Over6.4through9.5
Over9.5through12.7
Over12.7through19.0
Over19.0through25.4
Over25.4through38.1
Over38.1through50.8
Over50.8through63.5
Over63.5through101.6
Over101.6through152.4
Over152.4through203.2
Over203.2through254.0
Over254.0through304.8
Over304.8through406.4
Over406.4through508.0

IQI
SourceSide
FilmSide
HoleType
WireType
HoleType
WireType
Designation
EssentialWire
Designation
EssentialWire
12
5
10
4
15
6
12
5
17
7
15
6
20
8
17
7
25
9
20
8
30
10
25
9
35
11
30
10
40
12
35
11
50
13
40
12
60
14
50
13
80
16
60
14
100
17
80
16
120
18
100
17
160
20
120
18
200
21
160
20

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Table2A:EquivalentHoleTypeIQISensitivity

HoleTypeDesignation
2THole
10
12
15
17
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
80
100
120
160
200

EquivalentHoleTypeDesignations
1T Hole
4T Hole
15
5
17
7
20
10
25
12
30
15
35
17
40
20
50
25
60
30
70
35
80
40
120
60
140
70
160
80
240
120
280
140

Table3:MaterialThickness,IQIDesignationsandEssentialHoles/WiresDiameters
NOTE:ASMESectionIIISubsectionNBANDNC

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Table4:MaximumPermissibleSizeofRoundedIndication(ExamplesOnly)

Thicknesst,In.
Lessthan18
1
8
3
16

5
16
3
8
7
16

9
16
5
8
11
16
to2,incl.
Over2

MaximumSizeofAcceptable

RoundedIndication,in.
Random
Isolated
t
t
4
3
0.031
0.042
0.047
0.063
0.063
0.083
0.078
0.104
0.091
0.125
0.109
0.146
0.125
0.168
0.142
0.188
0.156
0.210
0.156
0.230
0.156
0.250
0.156
0.375

MaximumSizeof
Nonrelevant
Indication,in.
t
10
0.015
0.015
0.015
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.031
0.063

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Figure1:LocationMarkerSketches

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Figure2:SuggestedSingleWallRadiographicTechniques

Figure3:SuggestedDoubleWallRadiographicTechniques
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Figure3A:SuggestedDoubleWallRadiographicTechniques(continued)

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Figure4:AlignedRoundedIndications

Figure5:GroupsofAlignedRoundedIndications

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Figure6.0

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Figure6.1

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Figure6.2

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Figure6.3

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Figure6.4

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Figure6.5

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Figure7.0

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Figure7.1

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Figure7.2

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Figure7.3

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Figure7.4

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Figure8.0

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