Operational Amplifiers

1. Av = vo =? vi
vi 40 kW vo
vi 10 kW 25 kW

3.5
4. In circuit shown in fig. P3.5.4, the input voltage vi is 0.2 V. The output voltage vo is
50 kW 150 kW

400 kW

vo

Fig. P3.5.1

Fig. P3.5.4

(A) -10 (C) -11 2. Av = vo =? vi

vi 40 kW

(B) 10 (D) 11

(A) 6 V (C) 8 V

(B) -6 V (D) -8 V

5. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.5 gain is

400 kW

Av = vo vi = -10. The value of R is

R 100 kW 100 kW vi 100 kW vo

60 kW

vo

Fig. P3.5.2

(A) -10 (C) 13.46

(B) 10 (D) -13.46 (A) 600 kW (C) 4.5 MW

Fig. P3.5.5

(B) 450 kW (D) 6 MW

3. The input to the circuit in fig. P3.5.3 is vi = 2 sin wt mV. The current io is
10 kW vi 1 kW io vo 4 kW

6. For the op-amp circuit shown in fig. P3.5.6 the voltage gain Av = vo vi is
R R R

R vi R

Fig. P3.5.3

vo

(A) -2 sin wt m A (C) -5 sin wt m A

(B) -7 sin wt m A (D) 0

Fig. P3.5.6

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Operational Amplifiers

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(A) -8 (C) -10

(B) 8 (D) 10
+0.5 V

20 kW 40 kW -1 V 60 kW +2 V

20 kW

7. For the op-amp shown in fig. P3.5.7 open loop differential gain is Aod = 10 3. The output voltage vo for vi = 2 V is
100 kW vi 100 kW vo

vo

Fig. P3.5.10

(A) 2.67 V (C) -6.67 V

(B) -2.67 V (D) 6.67 V

11. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.11 the voltage vi1 is (1 + 2 sin wt) mV and vi 2 = -10 mV. The output voltage
Fig. P3.5.7

vo is
20 kW 2 kW 1 kW vi2 vo 1 kW 20 kW

(A) -1.996 (C) -2.004

(B) -1.998 (D) -2.006

vi1

8. The op-amp of fig. P3.5.8 has a very poor open-loop voltage gain of 45 but is otherwise ideal. The closed-loop gain of amplifier is
100 kW 2 kW vo vi

Fig. P3.5.11

(A) -0.4(1 + sin wt) mV (C) 0.4(1 + 2 sin wt) mV

(B) 0.4(1 + sin wt) mV (D) -0.4(1 + 2 sin wt) mV

12. For the circuit in fig. P3.5.12 the output voltage is vo = 2.5 V in response to input voltage vi = 5 V. The finite open-loop differential gain of the op-amp is
vi 500 kW 1 kW vo

Fig. P3.5.8

(A) 20 (C) 4

(B) 4.5 (D) 5

9. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.9 the input voltage vi is 1.5 V. The current io is
10 kW vi 6 kW 8 kW io vo 5 kW

Fig. P3.5.12

(A) 5 10 4 (C) 2 10
4

(B) 250.5 (D) 501

13. vo = ?
100 kW 100 kW 20 kW +18 V 40 kW +15 V vo

Fig. P3.5.9

(A) -1.5 mA (C) -0.75 mA

(B) 1.5 mA (D) 0.75 mA (A) 34 V (C) 32 V

Fig. P3.5.13

(B) -17 V (D) -32 V

10. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.10 the output voltage vo is

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184

14. vo = ?
100 kW 20 kW 60 kW +10 V 20 kW +15 V 30 kW vo

18. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.18 the true relation is

10 kW 1 kW R R

vo1

Fig. P3.5.14

vi

vo2

(A) -5.5 V (C) 5.5 V 15. Av = vo =? vi

R

(B) 4.58 V (D) -4.58 V

Fig. P3.5.18

(A) vo1 = vo2

R

(B) vo1 = -vo2 (D) 2 vo1 = vo2

(C) vo = 2 vo2 19. vo = ?

vo
10 kW

R R R vi
vo +6 V

10 kW

Fig. P3.5.15

48 kW

6 kW

5 kW

(A) 5 (C) 6 Statement for Q.1617:

(B) -5 (D) -6 4 V 3 2 V 3
Fig. P3.5.19

(A) (C)

(B) (D) -

The circuit is as shown in fig. P3.5.1617.

2 V 3 4 V 3

50 kW vi

vo 1 kW

20. vo = ?
3 kW 4 kW

Fig. P3.5.1617

12 V 2 kW R 1 kW

vo

16. The ideal closed-loop voltage gain is (A) 1 (C) (B) -1 (D) 50

17. If open-loop gain is Aod = 999, then closed-loop gain is (A) -0.999 (C) 1.001 (B) 0.999 (D) -1.001 (A) -12 V (C) -18 V
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Fig. P3.5.20

(B) 12 V (D) 18 V

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Operational Amplifiers

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21. vo = ?
8 kW 4 kW vo 0.1 mA 2V 2 kW

25. Avd =

vo =? ( v1 - v2 )

v1

6 kW 2 kW 4 kW

vo

Fig. P3.5.21

(A) -30V (C) -18V 22. vo = ?

(B) 18V (D) 28V

v2

10 kW

Fig. 3.5.25

(A) 8
vo 0.1 mA 5V 20 kW

(B) -6 (D) -8

(C) 6 26. vo = ?
vo 3 kW

Fig. P3.5.22

(A) 4 V (C) 5 V 23. io = ?

4 kW

(B) -4 V (D) -5 V
3 kW

2 kW

io 12 V 2m A 6 kW

3 kW 6V

Fig. 3.5.26 Fig. P3.5.23

(A) 6 V (C) -10 V 27. Av = vo =? vi

vi
vo 8 kW

(B) -6 V (D) 10 V

(A) 12 mA (C) 6 mA 24. vo = ?

6 kW

(B) 8.5 mA (D) 7.5 mA

2 kW 1 kW vo

2.5 V

3 kW

6 kW

4 kW

1 kW

Fig. P3.5.24

Fig. P3.5.27

(A) -7.5 V (C) 8 V

(B) 7.5 V (D) -8 V

(A) 15.8 (C) -17.4

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(B) -10 (D) -8

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186

28. For the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.28 the input resistance is

31. io = ?
6 kW

io 6A 2 kW
is 2 kW 10 kW 4 kW

2 kW

vo

Fig. S3.5.31

(A) -18 A (C) -36 A Statement for Q.3233:

(B) 18 A (D) 36 A

Fig. P3.5.28

(A) 38 kW (C) 25 kW

(B) 17 kW (D) 47 kW

Consider the circuit shown below

3 kW 6 kW vi 2 kW vo D1 D2

29. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.29 the op-amp slew rate is SR = 0.5 V ms. If the amplitude of input signal is 0.02 V, then the maximum frequency that may be used is
240 kW vi 10 kW vo

Fig. P3.5.3233

32. If vi = 2 V, then output vo is (A) 4 V (B) -4 V (D) -3 V (C) 3 V

Fig. P3.5.29

33. If vi = -2 V, then output vo is (A) 0.55 106 rad/s (C) 1.1 106 rad/s (B) 0.55 rad/s (D) 1.1 rad/s (A) -6 V (C) -3 V 34. vo( t) = ? 30. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.30 the input offset voltage and input offset current are Vio = 4 mV and I io = 150 nA. The total output offset voltage is
500 kW vi 5 kW vo
t 10 t 1 .6

(B) 6 V (D) 3 V

8 mF

vo 50 W

5u(t) mA

250 W

1 kW

Fig. P3.5.34

5 kW

(A) e (C) e

u( t) V u( t) V

(B) -e

t 10 t 1 .6

u( t) V u( t) V

Fig. P3.5.30

(D) -e

(A) 479 mV (C) 168 mV

(B) 234 mV (D) 116 mV

35. The circuit shown in fig. P3.5.35 is at steady state before the switch opens at t = 0. The voltage vC ( t) for t > 0 is
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Operational Amplifiers

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t=0

vss 10 kW X

20 kW 20 kW 20 kW + 5V 4 mF vC -

vs

R vo

Fig. P3.5.38

Fig. P3.5.35

(A) vs vss (C) vs vss

(B) -vs vss (D) vs vss

(A) 10 - 5 e -12 .5t V (C) 5 + 5 e

t 12 .5

(B) 5 + 5 e -12 .5t V (D) 10 - 5 e

t 12 .5

39. If the input to the ideal comparator shown in fig. P3.5.39 is a sinusoidal signal of 8 V (peak to peak) without any DC component, then the output of the comparator has a duty cycle of
Input

36. The LED in the circuit of fig. P3.5.36 will be on if vi is

10 kW +10 V 10 kW vi 470W

Output Vref = 2 V

Fig. P3.5.39

Fig. P3.5.36

(A) (A) > 10 V (C) > 5 V (B) < 10 V (D) < 5 V (C)

1 2 1 6

(B) (D)

1 3 1 12

37. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.37 the CMRR of the op-amp is 60 dB. The magnitude of the vo is
2V 100 kW 1 kW 1 kW vo

40. In the op-amp circuit given in fig. P3.5.40 the load current iL is
R1 R1 vs

R2 IL RL R2

100 kW

Fig. P3.5.40 Fig. P3.5.37

(A) (C) -

vs R2 vs RL

(B) (D)

vs R2 vs RL

(A) 1 mV (C) 200 mV

(B) 100 mV (D) 2 mV

38. The analog multiplier X of fig. P.3.5.38 has the characteristics vp = v1 v2 . The output of this circuit is

V for a certain set of w, R, an C. The |vo| will be 2 V if

41. In the circuit of fig. P3.5.41 output voltage is |vo| = 1

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Operational Amplifiers

188

R1 R1 vi = sin wt V R C vo

(A) (C)

1 mF 2p 1 2p 6 mF

(B) 2 p m F (D) 2 p 6 m F

45. In the circuit shown in fig. P3.5.45 the op-amp is ideal. If bF = 60, then the total current supplied by the 15 V source is
+15 V

Fig. P3.5.41

(A) w is doubled (C) R is doubled

(B) w is halved (D) None of the above

42. In the filter circuit of fig. P3.5.42. the 3 dB cutoff frequency is

50 nF 6 kW

47 kW

vo 3 kW vi vo Vz = 5 V 100 W

Fig. P3.5.42

Fig. P3.5.45

(A) 10 kHz (C) 354 Hz

(B) 1.59 kHz (D) 689 Hz (A) 123.1 mA (C) 49.4 mA (B) 98.3 mA (D) 168 mA

43. The phase shift oscillator of fig. P3.5.43 operate at f = 80 kHz. The value of resistance RF is
RF 100 pF 100 pF 100 pF R vo

46. In the circuit in fig. P3.5.46 both transistor Q1 and Q2 are identical. The output voltage at T = 300 K is

R1 v1

R2 v2

Fig. P3.5.43

333 kW 20 kW 20 kW 333 kW vo

(A) 148 kW (C) 438 kW

(B) 236 kW (D) 814 kW

44. The value of C required for sinusoidal oscillation of frequency 1 kHz in the circuit of fig. P3.5.44 is
1 kW 2.1 kW

Fig. P3.5.46

C 1 kW

v2 R1 (A) 2 log10 v R 1 2 v2 R1 (C) 2.303 log10 v R 1 2

v2 R1 (B) log10 v R 1 2 v2 R1 (D) 4.605 log10 v R 1 2

1 kW

47. In the op-amp series regulator circuit of fig. P8.3.47 Vz = 6.2 V, VBE = 0.7 V and b = 60. The output voltage vo is
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Fig. P3.5.44

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Operational Amplifiers

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+36 V 1 kW

vo

Gain of second stage Av2 = -

150 = -6 25

Total gain Av = Av1 Av2 = 30, vo = 30 0.2 = 6 V

30 kW

5. (B) Let vx be the node voltage vx v v - vo + x + x =0 R 100 100

10 kW

2 + 100 vo = vx R

Fig. P3.5.47

(A) 35.8 V (C) 29.8 V

(B) 24.8 V (D) None of the above

0 - vi 0 - vx R + = 0 vx = vi , 100 R 100 100 vo R =2 + = -10 vi R 100

2 R + 100 = -1000 , R = 450 kW 6. (A) 0 - vi 0 - v1 + = 0, v1 = -vi R R

R v1 R vi R vo R v2 R R

*******

Solutions
1. (A) This is inverting amplifier 400 R Av = - F = = - 10 40 R1 2. (A) The noninverting terminal is at ground level. Thus inverting terminal is also at virtual ground. There will not be any current in 60 kW. 400 Av = = - 10 40 3. (B) vo = 10 (2 sin wt) mV = - 20 sin wt mV 1
10 kW vi ii 1 kW io iL vo i1

Fig. S3.5.6

v1 - 0 v1 - v2 v1 + + = 0, 3v1 = v2 , v2 = -3vi R R R v2 - v1 v2 v2 - vo + + =0 R R R vo -3vi + vi - 3vi - 3vi = vo = -8 vi 7. (A) i1 = vi - v1 100 k

i2 100 kW i1 v1 vo 100 kW

vi

4 kW

Fig. S3.5.7 Fig. S3.5.3

v iL = o = -5 sin wt m A 4k 2 sin wt = 2 sin wt m A i1 = ii = 1k io = iL - i1 = -5 sin wt - 2 sin wt = - 7 sin wt m A 4. (A) Gain of first stage Av1 = 50 = -5 10

i2 =

v1 - vo , i1 = i2 , v1 - vo = vi - v1 100 k

2 v1 - vo = vi , vo = - Aod v1 v 2v v1 = - o = o - vo = vi Aod Aod 1 vo = vi 2 1 + A od vo = 2 = -1996 . (1 + 2 10 -3)

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Operational Amplifiers

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8. (B) A closed loop gain ACL = 2k b= = 0.2 8k + 2k ACL = 45 = 4.5 1 + ( 45)(0.2) 15 . = 0.25 mA, i1 = i2 6k

vo Aod = vi 1 + Aod b

15. (A) v+ = vi = vlet v1 be the node voltage of T network v- v- - v1 + =0 v1 = 2 v- = 2 vi R R v1 - v- v1 v - vo + + 1 = 0 3v1 = v- + vo , R R R vo 6 vi = vi + vo =5 vi 16. (A) v+ = vi , v- = vi = vo , vo =1 vi

9. (C) i1 =

10 kW vi 6 kW i1

i2

8 kW io iL

vo

17. (B) v+ = vi , v- = vo Aod ( vi - vo) = vo Aod = 999 vo Aod 999 = = = 0.999 vi 1 + Aod 1 + 999 18. (B) At second stage input to both op-amp circuit is same. The upper op-amp circuit is buffer having gain Av = 1. Lower op-amp circuit is inverting amplifier R having gain Av = - = -1. Therefore vo1 = -vo2 . R 19. (A) v+ = 6 6 2 = V, 48 + 6 3 10 4 vo = 1 + v+ = V 10 3

5 kW

Fig. S3.5.9

vo = -10 ki2 = -2.5 V, i2 + io = iL 2.5 , io = -0.75 mA 0.25m + io = 5k 10. (B) This is summing amplifier 1 2 0.5 vo = -80 + = -2.67 V 20 40 60 20 11. (B) Output of first op-amp vo1 = vi1 2 = -10(1 + 2 sin wt) mV The second stage is summing amplifier -10 (1 + 2 sin wt) 10 vo = -20 mV 1 1 = 0.4(1 + sin wt) mV 12. (B) v+ = vi A v , vo = od i 500 + 1 501

20. (A) Applying KVL to loop,

3 kW va 4 kW io

12 V

i1 2 kW R 1 kW i2

vo

(2.5)(501) = Aod (5), Aod = 250.5 13. (A) v+ = 18 40 15 20 + = 17 V 20 + 40 20 + 40 12 = 3ki1 + 2 ki1 i2 = -i1 = -2.4 mA vo = i2 (1k) = -2.4 V

Fig. S3.5.20

100 k vo = 1 + v+ = 34 V 100 k 14. (C) v+ v - 10 v+ - 15 + + + =0 30 60 20 1 3 11 v+ = + = 6 4 12 100 11 vo = v+ 1 + (1 + 5) = 5.5 V = 20 12

i1 = 2.4 mA , io = i1 = 2.4 mA

vo = va - io( 4k) = -2.4 - (2.4)( 4) = -12 V 21. (A) v1 = vo( 4) 12( 8) , v+ = -2 V, v+ = v+ 4+8 4+8

vo + 8 = -2, vo = -30 V 3
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Operational Amplifiers

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22. (A) v+ = 5 V = v- ,

v+ - vo = 0.1 mA 10 k

v- = v+ , 2 kis = 4 ki1 vs = 2 kis + 10 ki2

is = 2 i1 is 2

v+ - vo = 1 , 5 - vo = 1 , vo = 4 V 23. (D) v+ = v- = 0, i1 = 12 = 3 mA 4k
3 kW 4 kW 12 V i1 io 2 mA 6 kW iL vo i2

i2 = is + i1 , vs = 2 kis + 10 k( is + i1 ), i1 = i vs = 2 kis + 10 k is + s 2

vs = 17k = Rin is

R 240 k 29. (C) Closed loop gain A = F = = 24 R1 10 k The maximum output voltage vom = 24 0.02 = 0.48 V w 0.5 / m SR . 106 rad/s = = 11 0.48 vom

Fig. S3.5.23

i2 = 3 + 2 = 5 mA, vo = -(5)( 3) = -15 V -15 , io = 7.5 mA i2 = io + iL , 5 = io + 6 24. (B)v+ = 2.5 V = v- , vo ( 4) = 2.5 8+4 vo = 7.5 V

R1 30. (A) The offset due to Vio is vo = 1 + R Vio 1 500 = 1 + 4m = 404 mV 5 Due to I io, vo = RF I io = (500 k)(150n) = 75 mV Total offset voltage vo = 404 + 75 = 479 mV 31. (A) 6 = -vo v , io = - 6 + o 6k 3k -6( 6 k) io = - 6 + = -18 A. 3k 32. (B) If vi > 0, then vo < 0, D1 blocks and D2 conducts Av = 6k = -2 3k vo = ( -2)(2) = -4 V

25. (C) v1 + = v1 = v1 - , v2 + = v2 = v2 Current through 2 kW resistor v - v2 v - v2 i = 1 = 1 2k 2k ( v - v2 ) vo = i( 6 k + 2 k + 4 k) = 1 (12 k) 2k vo = 6 = Avd v1 - v2 26. (C) v2 + = v2 - = 0 V, current through 6 V source i= 6 = 2 mA, vo = -2m( 3k + 2 k) = -10 V 3k

33. (D) If vi < 0, then vo > 0, D2 blocks and D1 conduct Av = 3k . )=3 V = -15 . , vo = ( -2)( -15 2k

27. (D) v+ =

vo(1) vo v (2) vo(1) = , v- = i + 1+ 3 4 2+1 2+1 v v 2v v v+ = v- , o = o + i , o = -8 vi 4 3 3

34. (A) Voltage follower vo = v- = v+ v+ (0 + ) = 5m(250 | |1000) = 1 V, v+ ( ) = 0 t = 8m(1000 + 250) = 10 s 35. (A) vc (0 - ) = 5 V = vc (0 + ) = 5 V For t > 0 the equivalent circuit is shown in fig. S3.5.35
20 kW

28. (B) Since op-amp is ideal

i1 is 2 kW 4 kW is i2 10 kW
10 V

4 mF

+ vC

Fig. S3.5.35

t = 20 k 4m = 0.08 s vc = 10 + (5 - 10) e
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t 0 .08

Fig. S3.5.28

= 10 - 5 e -12 .5t V for t > 0

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Operational Amplifiers

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36. (C) v- =

(10)(10 k) =5 V 10 k + 10 k

Thus when w and R is changed, the transfer function is unchanged. 42. (B) Let R1 = 3 kW , R2 = 6 kW , C = 50 nF vi v - vo + i =0 R2 1 R1 | | sC R vi 2 (1 + sR1 C) + 1 = vo R1 vi [R2 + R1 + sR1 R2 C ] = vo R1 vo R + R1 = 2 vi R1 sR1 R2 C 1 + R + R 1 2 v v vi + i = o R2 R2 R1 1 + sR C 1

When v+ > 5 V, output will be positive and LED will be on. Hence (C) is correct. R R 37. (B) v+ = (2) = 1 V, v- = (2) = 1 V, vd = 0 2R 2R v + vR VCM VCM = + = 1, vo = F 1 CMRR 2 100 1 CMRR = 60 dB = 10 3 , vo = = 100 mV 1 10 3 38. (C) v+ = 0 = v- , Let output of analog multiplier be vp . vp vs = vs = -vp , vp = vss vo R R v vs = -vss vo , vo = - s vss 39. (B) When vi > 2 V, output is positive. When vi < 2 V, output is negative.
V 4V 2V

vo R = 1+ 2 | R2 ) C) (1 + s( R1 | vi R1 1 2 p( R1 | | R2 ) C

f3dB = =

1 1 = = 159 . kHz 2 p( 3k | |6 k)50n 2 p(2 k)50n

43. (B) The oscillation frequency is 1 1 f = 80 k = 2 p 6 RC 2 p 6 R(100 p)

5p 6 2p t

p
6

R=

1 ( 80 k)(2 p 6 )(100 p)

= 8.12 kW

Fig. S3.5.39

RF = 29 R

RF = ( 8.12 k)(29) = 236 kW

5p p TON 1 Duty cycle = = 6 6 = 2p T 3 40.(A) vs - v- v- - vo = R1 R1 2 v1 = vs + vo R2 vo = 2 + R L v+

44. (A) This is Wien-bridge oscillator. The ratio R2 2.1k = = 2.1 is greater than 2. So there will be R1 1k oscillation
R2 R1

v+ v v - vo + + + + =0 R2 RL R2 R2 2 v- = vs + 2 + R L 0 = vs + v+ = R2 v+ RL iL =

v+ , v- = v+
R R C C

RL vs , R2

v+ , RL

iL = -

vs R2 Frequency = 1 + ( wR 2 C) 2 1 + ( wRC) 2 =1 C= 1 mF 2p 1 2 pRC

Fig. S3.5.44

41. (D) This is a all pass circuit vo 1 - jwRC , = H ( jw) = vi 1 + jwRC

1 10 3 =

| H( jw)| =

1 2 p(1k) C

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Operational Amplifiers

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45. (C) v+ = 5 V = v- = vE , The input current to the op-amp is zero. i+15V = iZ + iC = iZ + a F iE = 15 - 5 60 5 + = 49.4 mA 47 k 61 100 333 ( vo1 - vo2 ) 20 ic 2 , vo2 = -vBE 2 - Vt ln i s

46. (B) vo =

ic1 vo1 = -vBE1 - Vt ln i s ic1 vo1 - vo2 = -Vt ln i c2 ic1 = v1 , R1 ic 2 = v2 R2

ic 2 = Vt ln i c1

v2 R1 vo1 - vo2 = Vt ln R v , Vt = 0.0259 V 2 1 vo = v2 R1 333 333 ( vo1 - vo2 ) = (0.0259) ln v R 20 20 1 2

v2 R1 v2 R1 = 0.4329(2.3026) log10 = 0.4329 ln v R v R 1 2 1 2 v2 R1 = log10 v R 1 2 47. (B) v+ = v- , vZ = 10 vo v = o 10 + 30 4

vo = 4 vz = 6.2 4 = 24.8 V
************

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