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Series Formulas
1. Arithmetic and Geometric Series
Definitions:
First term: a
1

Nth term: a
n

Number of terms in the series: n
Sum of the first n terms: S
n

Difference between successive terms: d
Common ratio: q
Sum to infinity: S
Arithmetic Series Formulas:
( )
1
1
n
a a n d = +
1 1
2
i i
i
a a
a
+
+
=
1
2
n
n
a a
S n
+
=
( )
1
2 1
2
n
a n d
S n
+
=
Geometric Series Formulas:
1
1
n
n
a a q

=
1 1 i i i
a a a
+
=
1
1
n
n
a q a
S
q

( ) 1
1
1
n
n
a q
S
q

1
1
1 1 fo
a
S
q
r q

< < =

2. Special Power Series
Powers of Natural Numbers
( )
1
1
1
2
n
k
k n n
=
= +

( )( )
2
1
1
1 2 1
6
n
k
k n n n
=
= + +

( )
2
3 2
1
1
1
4
n
k
k n n
=
= +

Special Power Series
( )
2 3
1
1 . . . 1 1 :
1
x x x x
x
for = + + + + < <

( )
2 3
1
1 . . . 1 1 :
1
x x x x
x
for = + + < <
+

2 3
1 . . .
2! 3!
x
x x
e x = + + + +
( ) ( )
2 3 4 5
ln 1 . . . 1 1
2 3 4 5
:
x x x x
x or x x f + = + + < <
3 5 7 9
sin . . .
3! 5! 7! 9!
x x x x
x x = + +
2 4 6 8
cos 1 . . .
2! 4! 6! 8!
x x x x
x = + +
3 5 7
2 17
tan . . .
3 15 315 2 2
: for
x x x
x x x
| |
= + + + + < <
|
\

3 5 7 9
sinh . . .
3! 5! 7! 9!
x x x x
x x = + + + +
2 4 6 8
cosh 1 . . .
2! 4! 6! 8!
x x x x
x = + + + +
3 5 7
2 17
tan . . .
3 15 315 2 2
: for
x x x
x x x
| |
= + + < <
|
\



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3. Taylor and Maclaurin Series

Definition:
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1
2
( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) . . .
2! 1 !
n n
n
f a x a
f a x a
f x f a f a x a R
n


= + + + + +

( )
( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
( )
1
'
!
'
1 !
n
n
n
n
n
n
f x a
R Lagrange s form a x
n
f x x a
R Cauch s form a x
n

=

=

This result holds if f(x) has continuous derivatives of order n at last. If lim 0
n
n
R

= , the infinite series obtained is called

Taylor series for f(x) about x = a. If a = 0 the series is often called a Maclaurin series.

Binomial series
( )
( ) ( )( )
1 2 2 3 3
1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2
...
2! 3!
...
1 2 3
n
n n n n
n n n n
n n n n n
a x a na x a x a x
n n n
a a x a x a x



+ = + + + +
| | | | | |
= + + + +
| | |
\ \ \

Special cases:
( )
1
2 3 4
1 1 ... 1 1 x x x x x x

+ = + + < <
( )
2
2 3 4
1 1 2 3 5 ... 1 4 1 x x x x x x

+ = + + < <
( )
3
2 3 4
1 1 3 6 10 15 . 1 1 .. x x x x x x

+ = + + < <
( )
1
2 3
2
1 1 3 1 3 5
1 1 ...
2 2 4 2 4 6
1 1 x x x x x

+ = + +

<

( )
1
2 3
2
1 1 1 3
1 1 ...
2 2 4 2 4 6
1 1 x x x x x

+ = + + +

<

Series for exponential and logarithmic functions
2 3
1 ...
2! 3!
x
x x
e x = + + + +
( ) ( )
2 3
ln ln
1 ln ...
2! 3!
x
x a x a
a x a = + + + +
( )
2 3 4
ln 1 ...
2 3 4
1 1
x x x
x x x + = + <
( )
2 3
1 1 1 1 1
ln 1 ...
2 3
1
2
x x x
x
x x x
x
| | | | | |
+ = + + +
| | |
\ \

\



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Series for trigonometric functions
3 5 7
sin ...
3! 5! 7!
x x x
x x = + +
2 4 6
cos 1 ...
2! 4! 6!
x x x
x = + +
( )
( )
2 2 2 1
3 5 7
2 2 1
2 17
tan ...
3 15 315 2 ! 2 2
n n n
n
B x
x x x
x x
n
x

= + + + + + < <
( )
2 2 1 3 5
2 1 2
cot ...
3 45 94 2
0
5 !
n n
n
B x x x x
x
x
x
n

= < <
( )
2 2 4 6
5 61
sec 1 ... ...
2 24 7 2 20 2 ! 2
n
n
E x x x
x x
x
n

= + + + + < < + +
( )
( )
2 2
3
2 2 1
1 7
csc ... ...
6 360 2
0
!
n n
n
E x
x x
x
x n
x

= + + + + + < <
3 5 7
1
1 1 3 1 3 5
sin ...
2 3 2 4 5 2
1
4 6 7
1 x
x x x
x x

= + + + +

< <
3 5
1 1
1 1 3
cos sin ...
2 2 2 3 2
1
4
1
5
x x
x x x x


| |
= = + + +
|

<

<
\

3 2 3
1
3 5
3 5
...
3 5 7
1 1 1
tan ...
2
3 5
1 1 1
...
1
2
1
3
1
1
5
x x x
x
x
x
x x
if x
if x
if x
x
x x

+ + < <

= + +

+ +

<

3 2 3
1 1
3 5 7
3 5 7
.. .
2 3 5 7
1 1 1 1
cot tan
...
2
3 5 7
1 1 1 1
...
3
1
5 7
1 1
1
if x
if x
x x x
x
x x
x
x x x
x
x
i x
x
f
x

| |
+ + |
|

=
< <
=

+ +
<

+ + +

Series for hyperbolic functions
3 5 7
sinh ...
3! 5! 7!
x x x
x x = + + + +
2 4 6
cosh 1 ...
2! 4! 6!
x x x
x = + + + +
( )
( )
( )
1
2 2 2 1
3 5 7 1 2 2 1
2 17
tanh ... ...
3 2 15 2 2 15 3 !
n
n n n
n
B x
x x
x
n
x
x
x if

= + + < + < +
( )
( )
1
2 2 1
3 7
1 2
1 2
coth ... ...
3 45 945 2
0
!
n
n n
n
i
B x
x
f x
x x
x
x n

= + + + < + < +