ROBERT SMITHSON: THE COLLECTED WRITINGS

EDITED BY JACK FLAM

UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

PRESS

8~lcy

l.os A!l~'c$

lond:>n

FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED AND THE DIALECTICAL LANDSCAPE

( 1973)

to

seen ." He

Sn'"

'eo aod said."

lrnngine Y(lUl'ldf 111 Central Pal:" one million )'C31'$ JSo. You would be stan.hng n J V;lSt H-~ ,hc.:ct,.1 4.000 mile ~(ul wall.as much as 2.000 f(,~t duck. Alone on the ""-.Ut glucier. you would
1'<)\

sense II, ~Io\\'

movement as it advanced '<Huh, Ic<lving gll".,t

lin .. the

uslnng. scraping. nppmg ll\,;hM:~ of rock debri .. in its wake,

CI

ndci the trozcu depths. when: the carousel IIm\ ... t:md~.)'<)tI would 1I11!IH ctlccr on the bedrock JS the glacier dr.lggc:d ll,dr ~Iong.

Bad: III the 185():'. Frederic]; Law Ohnsecd .m" Calvc v'1\lX considered th;at !!1<1~i.l1 Jftcrlll;}th .tl<.mg irs g<.'Olo~iral pwfile( I'hc building of ~C'\'l York City h~d interrupted th~ poudcrou- IX,,,It~ of those Pll'i~)~'eilc JC(' sheets, Ohusted
'GfI."~JlS'v:l1

and V:IUX srudred the ,itc topOgT.lphy for their J." In r.IWIISI~~lrd 1'11',4'11(1.11;"" s.~~ulr~\~, 5 we

pnljl()'St"ti

see .1"before"

pnrk called ph IItCl-

~'1';!ph 0[ the sitl' they would rem.rkc in terms of e.u th Mulpmrc. lr ~emllld> me of [he $lril"'lIIil1m~ regions I >;lW 1:I~t year in southcaoern Ohio, This f.ulc:d photograph reveals thar Mauhatt.ru l-l.md onrc h..d A desert on il-~ 111;\"made \v.I~tdal1d. Irecle and harren.
It

evokes

Ihe

observations

of "tho: valley

of a~I\('~" in I~ Scott Fillgcr,lkl's 'lh emit

Co11f.1')'

(192.s.). "when: ashes ~ro\V

like whe.it uno ridgL~ "lid hills and !4Wtl'S'I111;!!~rdens." Olmsted. "the s>lv.lIIarnsr," yealllcd fin the color .'~IItJI .H ".ltlITt'S umve: '\al robe" (sec J:auw~ Thomson. 'J II, Sr,WII$. 1718) and the "Sharawndgi" p"I'k< of I~ngbnd.' He wanted the :lS>III1I1Clric.t1 landscape- (If Uved.dc PI'I(e in the

Huddle of urban flux. [nco Brooklyn he would bl iug "the luxuriance

u(tr(lpi-

cal scellery ... g.ly with /lower.-; and uuricutc \vi.h vines and creepers, ferns. rushes. and bro.id leaved pbn~." This is like h:1ving .m orchid ~lIllen ill ,. <ted mill. or ;1 f.trtnry where pahu trees would he IiI b>' ibe fin" ofhla~l l'ilrtu\:es. III

companson to Thoreaus mental l'()III1J1Sts ("'X(;I)c\(:n Pond became .1 vmall ocean"}. O)m'tt'<i\ pll)"I(-'1 conrrnxu brouglu .1 Jdfe!I'It)llian rural reality inru Ih.: mctropohs, OIII1~lcd made ponds, he didn't just conceptualize about thcru. The origms ofOllll~tl'd's view of landscape are to he! l(lIlIlO in rSrh-cenrury England, parucularlv
111

the theories of Li\'l"<lalc Price :tud \Villialll

Gilpm.

and

Price extended Ednum.l Burke's /rltJlII'1' /III" IIII' ()I/:~III <1f Our Icf(.ll 4 t/tr S"b(j/ll( 11,(, &1I111!'/1I1 (t757) to.1 point lIUt rned to ti,<'c landscaping fWIII the "picture" ~rdl'n~ 01 ltnlv 111(0 ~ IlIU" .. ohysJ(JJ ~c!II't: ul the rcmporal bndl.(';tpe.,10\ tree, for ex.unplc, struck by lighlnill~ W:1SsQIllc:thing other than merely bcaunlui (If subhrue+-r \\',b "picrurev.juc," This word III il"<(lWU wav has been Mrufk

hy li!tl1tnill~ over th". centuries. 'X/()l\I~, like trees.

{'Jt1

be <mldl.'1l1y deformed or

wn'('hd. bur such ddorm.ltion or wreck.igc c.muot be {1J'11l1S~t:Ob}' tinud .10 demie. PI icc S('C111' to haw accepted .I ~idc' uf nature tll.lt the "formahsrs" of hl\ lilm', would rather have excluded.
I!OIlNI

Sonrc of our prcsent-d.iy ('\ ologisrs. who :.1111 xce nature thrcml!h e\'t:~ condiby ~ oue-ssdcd :de.lhml. ,l:uuld consider the lu110\\,1Il~ quote 1I'<lIIl Pncc l'he ~ic!t:()f :1smooth green hill, lorn by fln(lct~, IIlay at first ,"cry properly he l.,lIcd detorrncd, ;lIlJ on rhe <.lIne pi inciplc, though not with the ~JIIlC' IInprC~(1()II, as .l !}lsh on .1 h\'ill~ Jnil113J. \VhO;:I141 rawness of '111.h a p~h III the gruuud is sofieued ..... d in pJrt (oncealed and orn.uucntcd by the dlctb of ume. ,Iml the pl()~rcss of ,e~ct.mon,dc:lilrrnlly. by rlns u<\I;11 process. IS converted into picturesqueness: .lIId Ihi~i~the case wuh quurrrcs. ~IVc:l pi!:>,ctc., wlnc h at first .lI'C dd()llIIitics. ,1I1d wlurh III their 111m! pi~ turesquc ,tatc, .WI." ofien considered .lS such bY:1 Ic\'\:Uing nnprowr.
Iluv
T:1Ml}'.< II" 1111' Pi(lII/l'Yqllt.
Jl'i(lllf<~'qi/"

I S 10

And ficull Wilham

(;111'111',()i,.'f'mlliI1/l~~"""IL~' I,)

Rl'rlllt)'

(I iSC):" A

piece C1f Palladian arrhnecturc may be degallt in the last degree, hUl 11we Ulrroduce II ill a picture It immediately b::nllll<,\ :t fill mal Ol~lC:CI.md t"1.'.lSCS ro ;>IcJSt':' Price .l11d Gllplll were. li)r Olmsted.
I110Te

"professioual

rouchstones,"

\\'II(I~e Ihe

views he esreerucd ..,() much

dUll any published ... ince, as srimulanug

cxcrc isc ofJudgl1h'lIt in maucrs of Illy :lft, th.lt I put (hem into the hands of Ill) pupil> .tS soon <l\ I"~y come into our ollice. ~ying. 'Y()U .lI'(' tel read these seri ouxly, .l> a student <1f141Wwould n'.ld 8l:1('btUI1C:" Inherent in the theor ics of Price <l1l:1 Gilpin, and m Olm~tecl'~ response ro them. arc the beguunug- (If :t dialccnc of the landscape . .Burke~ notion of "bcaunful" .uul "sublime" flIlHt:lH\~ .)S ,\ 11/("";5 of vmoothncss. gc:m1c ('Ul \ICS. and dchcacy of nature, and
lure,
.I~ an

,1/I1;t/t('j'S of terror, ~Hltt\ldc. and

VJ~U1t"<~ of

n:a-

both (If whit h arc rooted 1I1 the 1'<.':11world. f:1lhct than in J ~kgcli~1I Ideal." Pnce ,\lid Gilprn provide ~ iy/lllJl~i5 with their formulation of the "picwluch i< UII close cxanunnrion related ro chance .md change
111

turvsquc."

the

material ordet of nature

The conrradicnons

uf the "P1CtllR'(<!UC" depart from

a stntic f(lnn:t1i,tlC VIew of nature. The picturesque. (.It frum being nn mner mOVC!I1I~nt of the nund.is based on real land; it pl'C('('(k~ the mind in its mater.:.1 external existence. \Vc cannot take :I one ,sid~'d \'II!W of the landscape withm tills dialectic. A rk C:1Il no IUllgc'r be ~een :Ilo .. ~ rlnng-m-uself," but

r....

father as a process of on~()il1f. rclati(m~hip~ a:xi~tlllg III :1 physrcal region-s-the park becomes a "thing-for-us," A~ .\ result we are not hurled IIlCO rhc spiritualISUl of Thoreauian tl~U)Melldent:lh'IIl, or irs present day offipnt1S oi"model niSI fonnalism" nx)t(:c! in Knnr, Hegel .. uid h:htc. Price, (;ilpin, ;,ntl Ollll1tecl are f()I'CrUllllcr:< of :1 dialecncal ruatcriahsm applied tel the phy~i~:11 i:mdscapc.Dmlecucs of thi~ type: are a \\';lY of seeUlg (hin~ in a manIfold ()i rclarion.
HOI

as isulah.'(1 objects, Nature for the dialccncian is i/tdiUl'IeltJ to all)' l'imml ideal. Tln does not mean one is helpless hC{()I'C nature, hut r.tlllCT (hat n.\t\lrcs like PI i('e'~ hill torn h)' rhe flood. In another sense

conditions are unexpected.

Olmsted's p:lrks cxi~t beti.m: l!tl-y ,m: finished, which means in facr (hey arc never finished: lh~y remain nlrricr1 of the unexpected and of contradiction on all levels of human activity.be It <()C'i~I,polmcal. or natural. An CX~1I11)le of ihis can be round
III

P.,H11Shl!p:ln!'!> excellent

book,

,Hlfll

ill th

LAlIIMlpr:

I Ti~[Olmsted's] report proceeded (0 note th:ll Europe could nor be our model. We must have something better because it W:I~ fin :"1"phases of SGClecy."Thc opulent. he continued. should be 111duced to surround the park with villas, whidl were to he I!nj()ye:d :IS wdl as the erees by the humble folk, :-in(c: Ihl'Y "ddight 111 viewing maguificcnr and imp()~itll' 'tnlCturc~." A kind of Amencan doublcralk 1'C('UllC iling \'ilb~ with democracy and prrvilcgc with society in t<elle~:11h.tl hq~llll. The maps. photographs, cxhibiuon Olmsted'~ :md dU(llIlIen(, in c.ualogue form and rcccndy on

at the Whitllcy I'vlul.{'1I1U of American Art arc :IS much a p:llt of .11 t as the; art ito.a:lf The cat.rloguc's illustrative ponf()iiu hy Willi:lm

Alex, ~1I<l :In lllf(\r1I1:tti\l't' text by Ehzabcrh Barlow make IIIH' ,1\\,.. rc of th e ongOillg development of Central Park 3S :I dulccrical land ,11'<:, I Hcrv the dc)('uanCillary power of the photograph discloses a SU(le>."iun changing land maMes witilin the;: park's hunts. The notion of the p;al k ..~ :1 s(;atle \!ntlly i~(lues-

or

eioned by the: cameras eye. The pOltf(J!w hrll\~ to mind rhlg:l Verrovs documentary montages. and ~lIf.ttl":ll' tl,al certain still photographs are related 10 the diak-ctks of film. For example, .' photngr.lph on page 78, Tuuue {'fIl~'(i 'If II Illr()J~f." Vi:>lll R1t(k.f.u 1i,IIIJr.'(Ti( R,~ad ."\'0 J at 79J1IStreet could be J. still (Will <l hYPOlhcl!l.t1 film by Vcrt()V nn {he building process of Ccnrral Park. Iu the photograpl. there i~no evidence of the trees that would in the fllture screen the sunken r()~c1w:ay from rhe park proper. The photugl:11'1a h:l~ tilc r:I\\'IIC: of an ilHI.lllt nllt of the conriuuous growth ;lno couetruc tina of tilt: park. Jnd 111dicnres a break III counnuiry that serves to rt:infill~'c a SCIl~Cof trnnsformanon.

rather

than .mv j,()l.aled leJtl1laliun.

WI.' 'WIlle in lhis ph()IO!!r:lph

Ih<lt nal"r(,!'~

development i~~I()undcd in the dialccrical, :and not IIII.' mctaphy~i, .. 1. An example of;t IltL"1;Jph}'~i{;:" rendering of a "runnel" mar he seen in John M:a.,til\~ mc:tl.Otillc, AI 'lit Brill!' (1' 0,,1<'( (ISJ.S). Born illln Engbnd's indusmal revolunou, M.min rr.lI1~btcd engmeermg efforrs into visions of cosmic doom. l le subsdrured .1 tunnel for Milton's bndgc in 1',!T,U{;SI' Lo. and 111 so doing rctreated mro the metaphysical.' LIl tins mstancc the more dialccncal aspect of the picturesque is shrouded III a scntuucnral ~OoUl that h.1S its origill~ III rhc Punran religion, Modern day ecologists wuh :I metaphysical turn of Inintl srill sec the OPCI.alioIlX of inciulo1ry a' Sat;m'~ wurk. The ill1:\!!C' of the Inst par:,di<c g;1I1;ien 1c:1V'C" ()III,; without 41solid t!i:a1e(:tl~. :md c.,uU'S one to ,"fl~r.m ecologleal dcxp..ir. Nature, like .l person, i~ not one-sided. Another r.'('tor en nore I~ that OII1\~t..'(r< eunuel ~< in the: ~:II world, wherenx i\ll:trtm', i~.1 prctorial "'/111" itJr(III;ll/I Je;:n\'cd nlll)' !TOIII the mind. Olmsted's VtC\\' of the landscape W.lS 10M sight of around till' first part of tins century. whar wirh rhc rise of the "anndcmocraric inrclligcnrsia" rhat included W)'J1dh,lIu Lewis. Ezl.l Pound. T. S. Ehot. and T. E. Hulme.' Althllu~h Puund and Llior did maintain traces of the picturesque in their pm:tl v, lhl') ihcructi('.)II)' scorned it. "Over the rumbled ~1~IVI", .1I)(HIt the chapel." wrote Eliut in Thr j'iitm'
[~I/JII, .. Then-

i~the C:lllpt)' (h:lpd. (lilly th~' wind\

iiom,-." 6Ul EllOt'~

O<!mlt;I

to"<!

G,t<!l'lw.\rO P'n ttS PhQ:OV>ph >~

0' JUr>.IxICl'<! ~imx(>on.18sa

picuncsquc "';IS a nO'l:tl~i:t tor church aurhorirv, It ceased (0 be the dcmocrali1_'t1i:lle('I:~ beewceu the '>yl\';m .. lit! the illdu~trial lh.lt (II it I.' ,Uld Olmsted worked toward. iU$t('ad (II()' ,tl~'~~l'(1 a lIl'U('\;I'<>lt.11 lurl1l.1lisllI unl T. E. Hulme,
who exerted grc.tt 1IIIhH'Il(;l' lIn ,dl three. W<l' dl.twn to the ".Ih~u.t~'t" phllm.o phr of \Vilhchll 'iXforl'inger. Aller'iXf()l<ld \V.11' 11. when 1~>('I>~i('lII()[i\'~'~ were revealed, V:lri(lu~ liberal cr iric moved ill to pick up dl{' pll.'(~'--:IIII()lIg thcrn

Clement

Greenberg

11<, tned

to graft

.1

1~1I\::'f()rmah"lll
LC\\'I~

to .1 nlny

M:trxm

outlook. I lere

IS Greenberg

upstaging borh

ami Lhot:

Eliot 11." r.rlled \Xiymlham 1.1.'\\ i~"the ~lcatcSI prose 'lylhr 01 Iny gcneuuion perhaps the only OIIC (0 have invented l IIC\\' v.ylc." I lintl tim c:\at<~cl.IlCll. hu; I'Vt:II it it were nor.Lewis would <,till have t'.ml too d('arlv for IIII.' <li,tim tion. Clenl<'llt (;I('l'lIbl'I'g, "\Vyndh:lln r ~\\'i, A~inM Ah'<lr:I('l Art,"

..(" .m.{ ell/flm',

AU'WII,
till .. '

I ~(i I 110

Tin, i~ .I ~nurt ligltt

(HI

\\~I}t

W ~lIh'\lIII{'

.1II1hurit),. hut till' fC~1 C)f

l~ til;lt

nreiclc ,Iwd~

"absrrscnon,"

My tt-din!!

rhey

,III 11l1(\Cd the:

bo,u

to France, J sense of the picturesque results 10 Paul (A-z:tnn(."s l1iM11//($ QU.III)' (J ~IJ S). but his direct cncou ntcrs wuh rhc landscape were soon to be replaced by .l scudio-bascd formalrsm and cubisnc rcducnonism wlurh would lead (0 Ollf present day 1I1SIPId nouons Of"tl.Ulll'SS" and "lvrical absrmcnon."Thc ~ner.ll dirccrion ot this rcndcncy begins in I,q when r. 1:.llulll1e, 'Iurnmg "Mm!ctl\ Art :111\1 Philmophy:' ~Ih oIhollt te<ltll iug IIcn nm~ ~- Rq)re).'l:tH.HHllh ofl.tl'lp~~" h ..... ;II11... the lugll'AI ourcome IC<ltlrill!(
()II

to

Ally (h<('u~~i(lII concerrnng

1II(lr.~lllllplk.ltlOI1\.

Once

.1

1I:lture:md nrr l\ bound til be ,hm through with srudenr wid me th:at "nature 1~ :mytillng th~t .( not

manmade," 1'01' rhat srudenr man was outside (he natural order of dungs. LIl Wilhelm \Vol'I'ingers .~Ltstr.1(/itttJ m,d Elllp,ft/,y (1908),
lure. WI:'

arc told that Byzan-

unc and c~nHi:lnart were created Out or a P... ychological need 10 e$Capc na:uw that ...im,c the Rctlais..,;'llllC OUI Ulldelllt;HlJitl~ 01 \tll h :lIt has been
b~' :111 IIlltlU1: ('unlldellt1:
M:lbU()\I~

d\Juded

ill nature.

\Vurriu~t:' luc.oICe'
p:lIltlll'islll

It., "concept"

uf

ah\tl~tni()11 outside the

anrhwp()lIlOrphi(

l)1 RCIl;ai~>al\('c
to dll

Inlln;uli~m

"The prim:!1 ;lrustic impulse," :-")' \Vorrlllg(f,

"hns Ilmhlllg

WIth the rendermgs of nature." Yet, throughout Ins book he refers to "crysralhne forms of inanimate matter," Geometry smkes me as a "rendenug" of manimarc matter. Wh.u arc the lattices and grids of PUI'(' absrracnon. If nor renderings and representations of a reduced order of nature? Abstraction IS a representation 01 nature devoid of "realism" based on mental 01 conceptual reducuon. There i'i no (',('aping nature limmgh alml.t(f rcprescnturiou: ah>tl~l(
(i()II hrillt:" Ulll" dm~r W phr,i(".1t 't""Clme~ within natlll"
IIIc,ms

ib"';\f. Bllt thi~

<~I~"

nol

IIll'.'1I

:1 renewed

('clIlfi(!"nro: in narurc,

Ill) ~,IIISl' for I:'ith.

AI)((T:IC'l1<l1l

th:1I .th"tI'~C1i(ll' i~ 011 only lit' \~tlid ifit :In:cpts 1I:ltlll\!\ dialeceic.

it ~illlply

In Till" New l(1I'~'/'ill/a (Sunduv, M.IT\'h u. 1()7~) Gr.ICO: GII1I!~'k \ column h.l~ a headline. "Arnsr-m-Rcsidcnce for Mother L.lrth." ami .1 photogr.lph or ,\bn Cussow captioned "/\ son of spmrual C3TCt:lKa:' RI.',1(hng the arnrle. one di~covers \\ hal nuplu be: called an Llol~ICJI Oedipus Complex. Penetr.umn (If "MUfhel F.:llf"" becomes ;1 projection of (he mccsr taboo OIltO nature. In Theodore Th;l\~ Thil;rt(III.1I1I1$ :>lK)k, Till Srril(t"/,)I'I,lm i.s1I~~II~I'. we lInd :l quote
IrUln :1 (';1t.1tOlltl; M.'hii'()phrclli~:

"They should Slup di~lIl~

(IW\\,

shout-

m~ I'l!lul.mtly 1II r.l~c) dowu lH'llCk lh~' (':II iiI to c1r;,\\ II\C:(."~ mIL uf ii. Th:tl'~ dl~mg (I(\\\'/I 1I1to f\'lmhcr E:lrth :IIltII.lking \hill~ th.,l ~11C)1I1c!/I't be taken." $1l110Ile d;: tk.luvmr h:l~ wruren III TIll :\,y,,"d .~..x, "Acv.'hylm sap <If Oedipus rhar he 'dared to seed the sacred furrow where he
\V.I~

tilnnl'd:" Alnn

(;us..~o\\' in Tlu: New )'t,rk Times projects onto "earth works ,m:m" all Octlip"$ Complc hUI'1I out ul :t \\ i,hy-\\'.\Sh~ rransccudcntalrsm. Indulging in spirrual 1~lIla~)'. he sa", of reprcscmational landscape painters in his book A Scn
Pit/It': AlII~"

...r

,'m{ IIII' Alllt'tI(,W L/md. published b) Frtcn~ of the Larrh: "\Vlut lhc\t' .Ini~l' dC! i..make these .}I:,('~'~vuiblc. conunumrarc tht'il ,pIt It nul like rhe earth work'
ar"'t~ whn ('ut :md ~()lIg~' tilt,; bud

Ilk,'

AmI}'

tUttlllet't\.

What's needed <IreIym' pOC(!' to celebmte it ". Gussow's projection of the" Army en1!lII~r," <HI \\'It~t h~' IIn:l~inc\ ro he "earth works arusrs" (CI.'I11~ Iinked f<l lnv own vexual fc!ar,. A" P-,ul Shcp:tf(1 in his ,\'/d/llll ,hi' iJrnd',{lIpt pomts our. "Those (Jrlllyl engmeers veem to he :1( t~IC opp(),itt: extreme !i'om esthetes who atrcmpr to cehcrcahze their sexuahry. Ye, the elIltlllccn' :aut hili il\ .1Ild dominance OWl' !:'md carrrcs the force of s.<.~'1IJI .lgglC'.~i()II-.md pCtll".)~ rhe ~uilt :b \\'~11." An C'lhl'r(ali:r.cct rqHl<ellf,ltiulI.,1 altht such ;b Gussow (he docs mediocre Imprc ..i()lIi~lH p<llllling-<) !:Iii, ttl nx ol,tllizl' the pCl~!-ibilif> of .1 direct orgamc uuunpulatinu ()f ~hc 1..,,,<1 devoid of vioicnc :and "mac ho" a~n.~>i()Jl. s'pil itualIsm widenv the <plat berween m:m .uul n.uurc, Tho: f:lrlllcr'~, lIIilltr~. l)l "I'li,t'~

treauncnt ('ithl'l poerrv If ,'np

(It

till' land der~ll\l~ it ()I dcvust.uc

on how

;lW.lIIC

he

IS

ofililmdf;l~

llJtun;.altcl

all.

Yo'Xt'/l't ~II :1'('rl~~ of r.lp::\. The: farmer culnvue

or ~'II1tlnccr who ('ut" into tilt' bne! can nature ()IWl-' removed direcr in Iyl ic

it. Rcpresenriug
S.1I1W :I~

and IJlld~l"IW pamnng " nUL {he

nnncrs

culrivarion

of

the lnurl.

'v.:n \C"

alienated would

If(ml the nature

ii' lhl'l1l~ln~
.111rrom

.md tree uf

sexuul .'~~Iession. cliff d\Vdlin~ One

('lIlu\',llioll

take place. Whl'lI one look al the Inch.m

SCp.lI'.H\

in Me"-'t Verde, one Cllllm!

1Il

n.I"IIC. And

OIW

call't tO~tt the Indian mouuds

\\'(mdc~ .Irtl~!' what , carthwcrk
till'

Ohio .: lIukL' or AI11C'rir:l" first Ii Ct~o\v had lived III Olmwed.

S\l~~<l("ll

,h~ likes of Gu~<()W would Perhaps.

-Frccleru k l.a\\

nud-

J 9th ('~'llImy, he

would
JIl'

hnvc

that Ohll<l~'d \\ rit<.' "ryri, poloads of <!.Irch 10

etry" mstead t)f

sp..,lt\
:tIOSt

1IIU\'lIlg ten million

PAlk. Arusrs like (;U\)o\\'

Ih"'l1

t"~,type who

horse-cart

make Cenrml
.m

would

lather

Il'IrI'd't() sccruc hCAut)'

try to make

.1

concrete
wuh

c!i.aIt:Cli< between

IlJlUlX' .1CHt people. ~urh

landscape,

sclf-nglncousncss and pretends ro be ~iI\'tn~ fh~ ot the re.rl, hut ruther, J iPlflllUi snob. Tim kind 01 splrltu.liit) mentioned ill the preceding p,lI',l!!r,'ph~ \, whar Rollo M.ty III Power (11111 [Il/IOIc'II(t' (JIl, ..p'<l.'udomnonIlt'l' ... wlnch can only
This !S not ~lIlg
.111ccologi

surrounds lumselt'

.md Ihcudo.ut 1\1;'1)' ~re.lks of an " .. , insulario hom in the world."!' The ,llltht:Il11( ,Utl<t C':lIt1lot turn hI' hack on the t'()I1t1.. dintOllS {h.1I IIIh:thll our t.lncl\,.apc5. Ulm<t<'d himself \\ ...t~ Ijlll ('II conrr.ulic lead 0 pseudospuuuahrv
lh(' evil

t:t)JI~: lor mst.mre, whole

he wrote

hi, wite his rcncnon

I~

In the Clhl(lrni.a desert. "the

aspect of tIn' counrry

d,'I'$lablc."

III tlw Ili6,: photograph water' 'y~l-:III f<)r dr,mun!!

It Il> inreresung to sec.'the arrested consu uctiou of a and filling .1 Central Park lake five.' ~UIl"CII pipes,

gmdc: lines. half-formed walls. dirt roads. and gcncial rubble. All of the I'U\ltth, ness or" the process I iscs OUI of the p;1I~\ catlicl coudiiio. :\, F.li:t.;1hclh Barlow indicates, "1 he poliucal qU:l~mlle ",a, matl hcd h)' llll' .lpp~:lr:lIln clf tilt' park itself, which \\J.S I ublush-strewn. deep in mud, lilk-d wuh T\'~'<:lltly \~lclt~1 squaucrs' hutv, .!IId oveu un with ~uah It:li he-hind hy t1w 'qll.tlter' Ulltal they were l'VClllU.III~ illll'ClIlIldl"I, till: r.uup.me gcut- wen: gre.rt mnsance. canng thr fi)li .c elf the park', few trees," All of this IS P;ll'[ of the park's dulccnc. l.()nkmg
WI." .IT\' 111 Illl

rhe 11.lWn: of the park. or ItS history and OUI pcrccprion-

or it,

first pre ..clued with an endless maze 01 relations "lid inrcrxonucctior. which nothing remains wh.n Ot where il h, as ..-thin~-ir"c1f. hut the "'}IUI(' park changes like day and mghr. In and out. dark .sud lighr-.& l.ard\llIy designed dump of hushes can also be .llll1l~Cr'" hideout.The n':lMlU th~' P<)(I!I1rial dialectic inherent in rhe picturcl.<.\uc broke down wav because natural

III i~()I:l\i"n .I~ '0 m;IlI~'(b"~JfiC'.'Inol1s, detached from ph)'\i('al imercounccrio, ,lit.) lill.lll~ replaced by mental represcnrauons of .i finished :th<Cllllt<: Idl:,l\. Bihous books like Ihc Gr(wju.~ of Ameu present one

pJ(l('c~~c> wer viewed

wirh

.1

nonon

Of"{'OIlSCIOUSllCSS"

without

substance. Central

P;ll)..

1.> .l ~Imliid

work of neccssirv and chance .. \ range of cOlllra~1ill~ viewpoints th.lt are forever Iluctuanng, ycr solidly based In the canh. Uy expanding OUI dialectic outvnle 01 Central Park tel Ymenllt~ Nanonal Park. we gain lIl5!ghl into the development u()mth p.lrk ..itn hdilTI." tht,:y were turned into "parks."The vitc Uf<:l.'lItl:tI Park \\'~< the result of"nrh:lIl bhghf"(. ~ lit dnwn hy the l'.,rl} \('nlt'f' without .my thought of the future. SUl.'h ~ ~itc could be rc;('\.liml;'(1 hy direct e.urh-movuig wuhour (~Jr of upset-

It{'c~ \WI

tlllg

<itc"
nWII

the ccologv. My own experience I~ thJt the best SHC'S for "earth an" are til:l( have been dixrnpted by mdusrry, reckless urbanization. 01 uarure v dc:v.ISt:ltlOI1. lor IIlSt,lIlCC, '/1,(' Spir,I/./('(I)' rs built in a dead sea, ;1I111

'11'f

Hr..:(11 Cirdr and

or

SJ~ml

vared

recycled as

art.

tfll/10 a working sand qual'l v, Such land is culriOn the other hand. when Ohu-tcd vi-ned Yosemiec it

existed

:l\ J.

"wilderne."

There's no pomr

III

rery, lmg wilderness the way

C':l1tl.ll P:II k ,"";11 recycled. Om' m'~d not unprove Yosemu . 111 line needs IS to provide .,nc" routes and Jl'C'011l11ICHbtimh, Uur this dec:n-;a\(', rh(' ill i!:in:ll dcfmrnon of ",ildl'IIIC,' .U J place tll.lt O.i<l!> without human II1vf)lv~III(IIt. Today,

YOSC:lIl1to;' is mun:

like

.\11

urbanized

wildcme-s

with

J[S

deC"ln,',,1 ourleu

lor

camper- .. mel it:. ~ loihes lines hung beewccn lhl' pines. There IS nm much mum lor conreruplatiou in soluudc, The new lI.ltmn:t1 parks like rhe ~\'<:rgb(lc~ .md the Dmosaur N.llmll:tl Monument are more '.1h~II.ll1" and lack the "pic" uucsqucncss" of Y()-.(;'lIIill.' .Uld Yellowstone.
III 1!!:1Il)' w':IY' {he morv humble 01' even dl!'gr,ltkd ~i(c~ left in rhe wake Clf lIIinlllft opcranons offi:r more uf:1 challenge to .irt, ;utd .. ~re.Hcr posnbihry fi)r

I~in~ ill sohrude. lmpouug <'Iilt\ and urumproved IIIt'\.lS (mild just :1S well be lef alom t, Bur .I~ the nanon's '\'no,::g)' (I isie" mounts. <lid, pl.ln'~\\,111cvcntuJUy be milled.
S()IIIC

5. 5 nulhon- of

"0"\'$.

an .rrea the size of N~'\\' l lmnp ..lure,

JS currently hcilllt boughr up In North n.. kot.r, \Vyollung. md Monlana h>' nurung r()lIIp:lIl1l'" "I clunk," SJ.Y!' Il1t('fI()J' SC:lIclary Rogers MmtOIl (.\'nt."

wak. Ocrober 9. (971). "we can set the <ull<brd lUI .1 new muune erhi -o lIuc rhe deep S<,',II11\ ('.111 hI." nuncd and closely 1{)\I()\wd bv ,UI cnvironmem pre)
i<tam rhar IS compsublc (,thclIc:llly and With proper l.nul 1I~." One can <.ml~ wonder what his nnlum of "t"(ltc~ics" IS. l'hl.' pr~n'(kllh ~i:t hy Olmsted ..hould he sunhcd by both lIIilll'I'" IIId ecoloprsts

Returmng t<l Yellowstone. whn h celebrated irs centennial h~t YC;II. WI: see a ccmbming of E\lr()p~'< "imoxic.uion with nuns" with Alii er i(,;1 \ lIewly dbcovered "natural ruins" ~t tl1(' orrgin of the park's development. David E. Fol som. a wealthy rancher. who viewx-d YcIlU"'~toIIC huge rock
lh,l[ 111 tg69.

wrote

HI

111~<iI:IrY"J,

bon' resemblance to

.111 old l.l,tlC:

rampart aud bulwark wen;

slowlr >'icldin~ (0 (he ravages of mue, hUI till: uid turret srood out 111 bold relief :lg;lill$l tilt: "b. y." As Paul Shepard h~, pointed out. John Ruskin never VlSired Amerir hl:l'3USI' it lacked castles. ~t"Wl'lhd('~~ "Curle Rock" has become J, llama: for m:llly 1I:&I\II.tI formauons rhroughoue rhe \Vc,(.

dismissed ii'om his job in

kinds of r,w,,!_!c). Olmsted W.lS In a document privately printed in t~S, <'alll'd '/1U' Spoils (~fllll~ Hllk: ll';III .1F,'II' I.ml'l.\.fooJII Dt'cp-Iadm N(lr"-~III~",!r"A ~H",f[r Ncw York
11)

till'

'~7~ yielded to different

'S7.1

l.iuJ>f,Tfli(d' .Hdll," WI:' ~ct ,I ~liIllPH' of Ohu-tcd's contlicrs wrrh City pClhtlr,.' Unde: Boss Tweed the P.lrl: Dcparnncut dctcrroratcd 1I1to ~ shal\1h!~~~ .llung with
>C'I'iumunemployment.

violent I.,h<lr pl(ltl.:~b .Iud Itn:1nCl.)1 panic.

~4"~lItg

Ollll~l~d to WIire III 1877 that New Yorl.. \'I~y wa~ "csseutinllv under martial law" rile Park f)l"\};II~IIlCUl "";11 ,1tSO being mrned nuo :1 '<Ki.11 wcllarc agency: in Olm<tt'd'~ words lhl' I}al~ Department h,ld h":I<HHC "au nxvlum lor ,l~r,'vared ('a~, of hc:ni.l. infirmities compclhng
\'AIIlOSC

vcrns. rhcumausm,

p:lrti.11hlm.lm""

.md other

~~"~IIt.lrymC'ui':Il1oll<'."

\Vhcll Chark Ehot Norton sard of' him ()IIIl~lC"d). t(w:.m.ls the close ufhi~ ~an.c.:r.th<lf of .,11American .Irtbts he <tood "first III the pi oductio of grv;tt works which ,HlS\\,t_"1 tIll' IIC;:l'd, .uui ~Ive (':"\:pr(:).,' ..ron to the hf(' of OUI' IIlIl11Clh(' .\It'd lIIi~l'dhneOllS democracy" he did not C:"\:Jg~CI~Hc 01tlbtcd:-. intluence. Lewis M umford. '111(' lJI4li111 Df(tTlJ,(
F.nt~rlllg the park at 96th StlTCI and Central Park \Ve<.t. I walked south al()l1g the western side of the reservoir on J bndle path. The IIppC"rp:lrt of till'

p;,rk thar mcludc- Harlem M..:er, I he Great Hill. and The North (now filled \\'lIh h<111lidd~) WJS planned 101 1:I\CI';21 ;md horizontal

Meadow views: ill

Olmsted's words It should be "bold and sweeping" .H opposed to rhc 10WCI park's "hcrcrogcneous' character, One has the sell ..aliol) of bemg 1Il a sunken forest .lS well. A ~CI1~ of remoteness was ple,ellt ill th1\ region. 'l'his .CIUCof ell~\llfincllt deepened as foliage ""gt!('~t(:d ehe harmonics. ronulieics, ;111(\ rllythl1\~ of Charles lvcs' IlHbic'- Tim',' Omtil!Qr Scenes. Cculillf P.lJk III N('illl, :llIcI 111l'
UW'I/'SII,'O't'.i

Q1I1'.)/i'lII, suluitled

(.(,lSPIIIC

UJlltf$(tlpl'. III parricui:lr.

At Bank Rock Urid~e 1> an entrance to The R:lIuh!e. 011 thc' hri(igc: -tood ;1 virusrer lookmg ChAr;t(h ..r, who looked hke the l),pt: witt) would rip Qff cameras, Quickly I \'allishcd mto The Ramble- .;1 t.allgled net of divergent paths. Just the day before I had been looking Jl stereopticon photos of how lhb place looked helc)I\' '900, before the vcgcearion Olnutcd planted bad ~I OWII up. At lh:lt time, rhe ~hll~ of The Lake ~till had the lon\: of a rock SlrCWH tjw\ny. Ohnsted ItOldwanted to plant "rhododcndrou, .mdromcdas. azaleas. kalmias,

pl:lm rcmmn only partly I'('ah~ed. Olmsted "r:IS uuracrcd to he: did .tllythlU~ to It, h<(';'III>(' it \\,,1S "exceedingly inti icatc' with "vweer sum, 'llll.,:hmh. tulip tree, (.lo:llia~, red-maple, black-oak. azalea. and .IIHlf()1I1Cd:l," 1 he I1l.:tWUI~ of p.l~hl> he: twisted through t1u-, plat c outrimd()l~h," thi~ place before

bur his

labvrinthcd grown
hustlers.

labyrmths. I'or wh ... f re;}lIy IS

,In

.1

Rnrnble,

but thickcts

3.

place to walk aimare "hoods. hobos, city (see Jnhn

lessly ~lId idly-11 ts a male t!l.,t ~I'rc:,d~in all dl~rti()ns. Now The Ramble has
up into urban jungle, .md lurkill~
and other cstt.IUKed
in I(l>

homoscxual-;"

creatures

(If the

Rechy, Tl Cily I!J Niglll). Olmsted had brought a prunordial condmon into the heArt of .\Jbnh.ltull. A ~null rock bridge crosses 3. miniature mvinc. conncniut_! t<lIl~lc wirh (,dllgle. llencarh I~n<!l.'\ tree hmbs the willdil1f> grow more complex. ,1I1d seem to IIIIIl on themselves. so that rhe walker hal> IlO S(,TlK of dirc(lioJ), Aurumn leaves smother elu- pathways ;1S they lead one deeper imu
stream of
.11\

mlilllty nf curves, Flowuig thr(1Ugh The Ramble

which appear to be ;} cross between .t
CdVC :t

I~ The J

Gill. a

'Vol lei

hi ook and

pond, .mtl

apparently

h:l\'l11~~it')

source

111 J

under

,) hc-.lp or boulders,

Tmy v.tlk}~

and hills an: SC.l\t~red in such Lake borders The Ramble. iu

Moving up
.1

way :I~ tu mnxmuze seclu-iou it IS :1 <mall Iht island of wd:.

I appm.ll.hcJ Vrsra Rock
()VCI

and soluude.The
Tunnel neal Bel-

wooded
\V:I~

inclme.

vedcrc Castle, W.lter

~cepinf, and dripping

the C\r,,~1 rock

MIlf:ICCS

of

the tWIIlt'1 aud r.'lllmg on the rock-walled

trench. At llus pomt J

.In!

\\~Il. dla~t_-d

by three wild dll~<'. Later. I lUlld uut that there

other packs of clo~ roaru

Ulg the: park. AL"o I discovered that the squirrels arc' r.lthcl af,f;ressl\'e--fill dynamo- rnehcr than suburban ",('f;'I\\'lIies. A scrrcs of stC?< rui vcd npht IIItn rhc bedrock, kadlll1( to (he castle which is also :l w-cather Mation. hom there one looks out ~';Itel Works.
(I\'CI

Belvedere

Lake ~Ild the Great Lawn,

11I1('e

the Croton

\Tiillklllf,t casr.I p.H<ed gr.ttliti on boulders. Somehow, I CJn nccept gr.1/l1ti on <lIh\\'.I) trams. but not Oil boulders. On the h.l,;e o!the Obelisk :tlclIIg with the hieroglypl me of
.I

there art' also r:tOiti. Suddenly, one encounters near The Mcu opohran

the conwructiou .1 gray ('llIn-

nc ... v tunnel

Mu~ellm of All

pound wilh ~ \()WI'I inf, orange derrick in the nuddle 011 the ~my walls aTe more gr.lffiu elf:ln "ecological" son: "COIlOC!C and tTC<S do not mix:' "Ler's not turn Central Park into an Asphalt Jun~k" "Dcccntrahve the Mel!" "S;IV'C the P;1rk!""'!'ltc 1\'1c1 i) not good tClT uvex .md other flowering Ihill~'." "l)OI:S the Mct smell J~ mce a~ a tree?" "Preserve \Vililllle." OlJllsted'~ 0\\,11 view on

buildillg" and museums in TIll' SPI';(5 '!fllll' Pmk i,:"Thc reservoirs and the; mu~UIII .lr( not a pan of rhe P:IIk proper: they :tfe (kdll~ lions from it. The Suh\WI}''' nrc

lessen, the

nut dcducnons h..:C'~u'c ehcir ctl~(t. on IlH' whole, is ()I',>l)rtllnlUt'li of c."(':tpe from buildmg- ..
c;ml(' lu

(0

cnbrg~'.

nul

P,1<$illg undel (;lade Arch .antl into the Glade. I

and fight

the Conservatory of curves

,1

\v'1tcr Pnol; dw overall shape ofiti concrete banks being an interplay

.lllgk~. The

1'001 h;ul h~"'11 dramed. and

thl' provided one with

\,~tJof gr.lrc.:fitl dc~tllatilm-;t

l.C:t

of nuiumn

leaves. Thl' bare rrees th;'lt <ur

round the Pool

1'0'<

(i'mll thl."ground like m much smoky lace, J lcrc and there

people sauntered 10 and mit of the 1l:1Z\, and ~ullli~ht. LUInmft the area Into .1 phantom world. As I connnucd southward. near hfth AV\!IIIl('. I p;t)..wda "kiddy land." one of

the latest incursions into the park. De-igned hr RIl haul Dauer in 1970. it looks like ;\ paniche of Philip jolmson and Mark (it Suvero. A <ign Oil the fence rhat
vurrounds it cxhur tcd one co "Enjoy," Even cuter is tho: "kuldy l)i~lley tyP(' \Vhalc. .m artifi('I:IJ It.,hiut.
J.
l

IIMl:'

wuh its

III

the Old Zoo some c"f!cd workme

were

lII1lalllll~

In th.: ~llIl\w"y Ihat poun OUI of' the WollmaJl Mcmorml lee Rnrk, r noticed

met.rl grocery ('41rt ,11:;1 ;t lr.uh busker halt:..submerged m the water. Furtlict down, the spillwnv b~()IIlC'.~ hrtKlk (hoked wuh mud and nn calls. Thl' mud
then spews U1WCt' the Gapsrow RI'i11ge ro become <l mllddy slough (hat IIlUIldates :l ~ood part of "1he Pond. le.iving the! I\:<! of The Pond A>\\,lrl wirh oil :<Iid~).sludge. and dixie cups. M.limen:lIlce on TlH' rune! ~C'Clm IOIl~ overdue. The mud should he dredged om. 11m l1MlIIfCll.InC'c operation could he treated in lcnll.~ nf .nt .. t.'< .1"mild exuucnon sculprure " A donlll1~lIl:try trC.ltlll<':1I1 with th~ Jid (If film Of ph()\l~l.aph~ would HIm the maintenance illtH.1 ph)"lK.lI1 (II. alecnc 'I'he nuul ('Illlid he deposited on :l me III the CIty fh,lt needs "fill," The tr:tn<pm~lti()II nf mud would he ftlllowed from point of cxtracnon to pouu of deposmon A (,()H<(':uUl.nc;>., uf mud and the !'c:llm~of scdunenranon ii n~ ... c sary JJl order to under-rand till: blHbclpC' ,'~ H exists. The magmrudc of geological rh:lI1gc i< <till wuh \I~.JU\l
}'l'''~ :Igo. Ohusicd.n
~I> H \\'.lS

millions of

great nrnst who contended with such ma!tllilllde~. Scb an ex ..mple whu h rhrows .1 whole new light on tho: II.Hurt' of Allu:ri(:l1\ art.
NOTES
I.

~hu.lw~1

..t ChutC'X' 1I1till"I:"~ c)fl Elljtl~h und~n.p.: developme m. Tilt rhe < .hmese 'yll.lhll."s ~.I() k\\~11..hI. mC'_UlIlf, "'1" Iii" orhclI~ 1I11pn:~sm: or ~lr!'tI~lIc dll~l~ll n(~l"~ 01 IInI'lIJ<-rh' It(.1c':.'' S e I." Y. Z. C~I:Itt!V/\ N,l\l' 011 Slur..tw.ld~i." .... "':.!rm LlrNI/,:.\'l" .,\','1,'1. ly.\o.I>. ,UI Ah" 'no r,,!wAul l!yJm~. /Jr,' H,\\.jl~r, C, .lI"'. N~'\v Y,,,k: "the un, .11 "I~i'~ar<III ,\CcmlnlS of cecUIII ~nklh.
1Il\'O!\'l"

' ' '"

I<.

lUi

"'<fllllki<

10

AI~,wt.lo!1" Por~'< ~IlUl'lI 'It lwld .. eJllwlII. \'VllLml Kti\I"

ROtWl.IlH. HOll(,') SlOlllllo:.lli (~lId Ih ...n;

SIO.W<,. Ihe

$.~nllC'" Artilt's

~,

3. 4

were others], l~ t1u~ 'ChUl~")"" (1.0: .. ,",OCtil IUllln'). ~lfdelllnp. Wd< wdl cH.l.hh,ht'd UI Uru.IUI .aLIIIHl 111'., HIII .. t ll('tblc Ihe l!.JI!\IL-l1Iwd Jfl) btll rJlhcl lell\III\I' t'''II.ltt' wuh (,hm('~ ~lnicnin!(." Hc-p;lulI ,ii~lc"i<s (,)''l'ot onty :or ,he nund.Tlus I} <~ to 11.01 ...... \1" 111<'111.11 ,Iule.,i.' of fIU)(ItI!) thc 10l... l \\ Ith Illt' ~ol.loll 1 "I am ~('(ll'IOIll e d," <.(}" Thor .....u UI hI} JQUfllAl. "10 I"'~lni the srmllesr brook with much UI\Cr\:)1 for tht tune lllU~ lI it It were tilt' Onneco ell th(' .'IIh)m"1'111 "Ii. JI)lul At..lrl(h Chrim('. 'lJlm\1I1.'I$ 1J;.rld '/;,~\\'</. ~('\\ York. IY('$. \'(~IILt.l1ll Alex Jl:'ld flt~belh fNri<)'W. F.,'t!,,,(k 1..-111'O!IIIWJ,. .\','1\' }(V{:. New Yor~. IY7~ Thi~ uuportant book W~ wry helpeul su 1.A:lubllt\~ tim n\,1\' Sec the dUp<l'1 "I' he "g..- t)r~lJI.II(" in E D, Klin~eIM(,T .. 111 ';;1;1 /("'/lIdllsJ,loJ ROl" IlIwVJ. Nc'wYor',;. ".n~.

\.

"Th e cult d"dmll

hI

C,iUIIIIAIUt .II'IlI.1

>"Cry much WIth us. at (,. Greenberg

rlunk, i< the real rrouhle wull (lll' whole. Jild II II ~hll ,k""1 n"ln~II:' Sec Wilium f:m~on" uuroJ<,1111 I lArPI'on. 7TfI' R.'.;.'1uv!WtU. N\,"'YOlk.ly(i7.
.III)' 1".1((' III ~ ...

dOL" ~hO\, .lI1 uucrvst

rn

dl.II;~ hi"

III

"Nccewiry

01

Fornuli,m."

Au

/111(/.

,.,:1"" ...,

I1MC"\:JIb l<>1.l.Iu\l.III1.lI tc-. <tore "()n~II1I1I~':.I lito:>?.:))..nual Hlllll1.lIll)' continuirv with the hi~l(,)( esrheuc )(,IIt(I~I'~'.. f Ih~' J'k'.l" 011 the other hnnd, tOl'lI(;1LslII cmrt!-"<,, III ell\' n"')' 11\\... , ... -'te{'e~.ry' znd murc Ol>a IU:'lI,,:J lit ""111111 I'lt'''qu.llity'' .)I'p<".)k in '.t!{Uc nouons ot

O\I.)h~'t, 19~:': "1\(m.llly n"

acillk.:u"I\'CUIJI

7.

'II"~II" 'I'll< reducnvc ll'INkm" l'Mllt"d 111r:.1I~h~h tormal ~lI'dclU 01 the ,Sth century.joseph A\i.lh",II ..1II ~<'I~'1\: wrinnp. II) '11~ SpI.1II11 (!? t.!) 1... .1 ctlll (I) )y "0111 Ilrlu<h )t-lldenere, em ;l'l! <:Olttr.lry. uuu'M! ofhlltlM~tlnlt IUtll1'(' loved 10 dl'nue trorn u .1..\ lIIu.:h
.I) p(J)slbl.:.

0111 CIt',
duhk~ ot

(1''''

111mc~.

~I!S

.In.! ryr,lIlul1,."
G':l1':)!>

~Ikol ... us

PC",llCI

We.k, c>f
()i

A,i.ilmo,

lIuthclIUUt>

in

thl' !;.o1l,k1I hll

~<!lIl1l.llI')11 I~

rhe Jlnnn~e,

nlAthlIII.IIIt.11

Of.lC1' In

(he

U01\"CO<!.

"The
I

of

LIlt" 1K:IIIlt"\(!Ul ...

1",~,",t"','1
Ih,

R~I'J(l XCV!. 1,}~4

~.

1he

FII\"II,,,

01

Arc 1Il111htbe ~xp... ctcd

LClUIIlO ItlII.lllII

PUhUlh ~I~h book,

III

l"1ll Imt

r:, >\'11.1<

01 the I.uth. "One

IIIdlll

".11, lit,' IOIJlUI Irom ehe sr.irr," ~1\'J(l11II \VI!

1/1

111, (,"I.'I,W 01 II)?.!

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