Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hbef1103 Educational Sociology and Philosophy 1
Hbef1103 Educational Sociology and Philosophy 1
Noryati Alias
Project Directors:
Prof Dr Mansor Fadzil Assoc Prof Dr Widad Othman Open University Malaysia Noryati Alias Assoc Prof Hazidi Abdul Hamid Centre for Instructional Design and Technology Open University Malaysia Meteor Doc. Sdn. Bhd. Lot 47-48, Jalan SR 1/9, Seksyen 9, Jalan Serdang Raya, Taman Serdang Raya, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan
First Printing, September 2009 Copyright Open University Malaysia (OUM), September 2009, HBEF1103(M) All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of the President, Open University Malaysia (OUM). Version September 2009
Table of Contents
Course Guide Topic 1 Sociology of Education 1.1 Sociology as a Discipline 1.2 Primary Social Institutions 1.2.1 Family 1.2.2 Education 1.2.3 Religion 1.2.4 Economic and Political Institutions 1.3 Sociology of education 1.3.1 Definitions 1.3.2 Main Areas of Concern 1.4 Theoretical Approaches to Sociology of Education 1.4.1 Functionalism 1.4.2 Conflict Theory 1.4.3 The Interpretivistic and Interaction Approach 1.4.4 Recent Theories Summary Key Terms References Functions of Education 2.1 Functions of Socialisation 2.2 Functions of Cultural Transmission 2.3 Function of Social Control and Personal Development 2.4 Function of Selection and Allocation 2.5 Function of Change and Innovation Summary Key Terms References The School in Society 3.1 Education and the Process of Stratification 3.2 Stratification and Equality of eEducational Opportunity 3.3 Issues of Race, Class and Gender in Achieving Quality of Opportunity ix-xiv 1 3 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 17 18 19 20 22 24 25 27 29 30 32 32 34 35 38 42
Topic 2
Topic 3
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.4 Ability Grouping and Teacher Expectations Summary Key Terms References Topic 4 The School as a Social System 4.1 Social System of the School 4.2 Goals of the School System 4.3 The Purpose of the School 4.4 The School as an Organisation 4.5 Centralised Versus Decentralised Decision-Making Summary Key Terms References The School as a Social System 5.1 Students and Their Environments 5.2 School Effectiveness 5.3 Educational Movements and Reform 5.4 Change and Planning in Educational Systems Summary Key Terms References The School as a Social System 6.1 What is philosophy? 6.2 Branches of Philosophy 6.2.1 Metaphysics 6.2.2 Epistemology 6.2.3 Logic 6.2.4 Ethics 6.3 The Meaning of Education and Philosophy of Education Summary Key Terms References Idealism, Realism, and Pragmatism in Education 7.1 Idealism 7.1.1 Platonic Idealism 7.1.2 Religious Idealism: Augustine 7.1.3 Modern Idealism: Rene Descartes, Immanuel Kant, and Friedrich Hegel
Topic 5
Topic 6
Topic 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Realism 7.2.1 Aristotle Realism 7.2.2 Religious Realism: Thomas Aquinas 7.2.3 Modern Realism: Francis Bacon and John Locke 7.2.4 Contemporary Realism: Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell 7.3 Pragmatism 7.3.1 Centrality of Experience: Francis Bacon and John Locke 7.3.2 Science and Society: Auguste Comte, Charles Darwin, and John Dewey 7.4 Idealism, Realism, and Pragmatism and its Critique in Philosophy of Education 7.4.1 Idealism in Philosophy of Education 7.4.2 Realism in Philosophy of Education 7.4.3 Pragmatism in Philosophy of Education Summary Key Terms References Topic 8 Idealism, Realism, and Pragmatism in Education 8.1 Reconstructionism 8.1.1 Theodore Brameld 8.1.2 George S. Counts 8.2 Behaviourism 8.2.1 Ivan Pavlov 8.2.2 John B. Watson 8.2.3 Behaviourism and Positivism 8.2.4 B. F. Skinner 8.3 Existentialism 8.3.1 Soren Kierkegaard 8.3.2 Jean-Paul Sartre 8.4 Reconstructionism, Behaviourism, and Existentialism in Philosophy of Education 8.4.1 Reconstructionism in Philosophy of Education 8.4.2 Behaviourism in Philosophy of Education 8.4.3 Existentialism in Philosophy of Education Summary Key Terms References
7.2
112 113 115 118 122 125 125 126 129 129 131 133 136 140 141 143 144 145 147 150 151 152 155 157 160 161 162 166 166 168 170 171 174 175
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic 9
Islamic Philosophy of Education 8.1 Islamic Philosophy 8.2 Basic Principles of Islamic Education 8.3 Aims of Islamic Education 8.4 Islamisation of Contemporary Knowledge Summary Key Terms References Islamic Philosophy of Education 10.1 Indian Thought on Education 10.1.1 Vedas 10.1.2 Upanishads 10.1.3 Epics 10.1.4 Modern Hinduism 10.2 Chinese Thought on Education 10.2.1 Buddhism 10.2.2 Confucianism 10.3 Eastern Thought and Philosophy of Education 10.4 Critique of Eastern Philosophy of Education 10.5 National Philosophy of Education Summary Key Terms References
177 178 182 185 187 190 192 193 195 196 197 199 200 202 204 205 208 210 212 218 220 221 222
Topic 10
COURSE GUIDE
COURSE GUIDE
ix
INTRODUCTION
HBEF1103(M) Educational Sociology and Philosophy is one of the courses offered by Faculty of Education and Languages at Open University Malaysia (OUM). This course is worth 3 credit hours and should be covered over 8 to 15 weeks.
COURSE AUDIENCE
This course is offered to all students taking the Bachelor in Teaching (Primary Education) with Honours programme. This module aims to impart knowledge of sociology and philosophy in education; identifying the major concepts and elicit the main features of their applications, and evaluating critical issues related to those fields of study. This module should be able to help students to build on a strong foundation in the area of sociology and philosophy of education. As an open and distance learner, you should be acquainted with learning independently and being able to optimise the learning modes and environment available to you. Before you begin this course, please confirm the course material, the course requirements and how the course is conducted.
STUDY SCHEDULE
It is a standard OUM practice that learners accumulate 40 study hours for every credit hour. As such, for a three-credit hour course, you are expected to spend 120 study hours. Table 1 gives an estimation of how the 120 study hours could be accumulated.
COURSE GUIDE
STUDY ACTIVITIES Briefly go through the course content and participate in initial discussions Study the module Attend 3 to 5 tutorial sessions Online Participation Revision Assignment(s), Test(s) and Examination(s) TOTAL STUDY HOURS ACCUMULATED
COURSE OBJECTIVES
By the end of this course, you should be able to: 1. Analyse and evaluate the four theoretical approaches in the sociological analysis of education; Discuss the functions of education, issues of stratification and equality in educational access, the school as a social system, and educational effectiveness and reforms; Identify and explain the main philosophical ideas of the West, Islam, and the East and its relevant to the field of education; Critique and comment the influence exercised by the various philosophical ideas associated with educational practice, specifically in terms of the aims of education, methods of education, curriculum, and the role of the teacher.
2.
3.
4.
COURSE GUIDE
xi
COURSE SYNOPSIS
This course is divided into 10 topics. The first five topics discuss the perspectives of sociology of education and the rest of the topics focus on the philosophy of education. The synopsis for each topic can be listed as follows: Topic 1 begins with a discussion on the basic of sociology as a discipline; identify the social institutions, and defining the concept and theories of sociology of education. Topic 2 introduces the functions of education, the function of socialisation as what we learn and how we learn it, the function of cultural transmission and the process of passing on culture, the function of social control and personal development , the function of selection and allocation as the sorting process, and the function of change and innovation as the process of looking to the future. Topic 3 discusses education and the process of stratification, stratification, equality of educational opportunity, issues of race, class, and gender in achieving equality of educational opportunity, and ability grouping and teacher expectations. Topic 4 explains the concept of the social system of the school, the goals of the school system, the purposes of the school from many views of people involved in the field of education, the structural elements that makes up the school as an organization, and the issue of centralised and decentralised decision making. Topic 5 examines the meaning of environments and examples of institutional environments that affect students, aspects of school effectiveness, the economics of education in relation to school financing, major educational movements and reform that have influenced school systems and education, and the process of change in educational systems and some methods that have been proposed to bring about change. Topic 6 give details in explaining what is philosophy, the main branches of philosophy, and a basic knowledge of philosophy in education. Topic 7 clarifies upon major world views of philosophies: idealism, realism, and pragmatism and the contributions of the world views of philosophies to the field of education. Topic 8 gives explanations upon other major world views of philosophies: reconstructism, behaviourism, and existentialism and the contributions of the world views of philosophies to the field of education.
xii
COURSE GUIDE
Topic 9 enlightens students with meanings of Islamic philosophy, the basic principles of Islamic education, the aims of Islamic education, and the concept of Islamization of contemporary knowledge. Topic 10 describes the basic knowledge of Indian philosophy on education, the basic knowledge of Chinese philosophy on education, relevant thought and philosophy of the Eastern traditions and its critiques, and understanding the Malaysian National Philosophy of Education.
COURSE GUIDE
xiii
Summary: You can find this component at the end of each topic. This component assists you to recap the whole topic. By going through summary, you should be able to gauge your knowledge retention level. Should you find points inside the summary that you do not fully understand; it would be a good idea for you to revisit the details from the module. Key Terms: This component can be found at the end of each topic. You should go through this component so as to remind yourself on important terms or jargons used throughout the module. Should you find terms here that you are not able to explain, you should look for the terms from the module. References: References is where a list of relevant and usually useful textbooks, journals, articles, electronic contents or sources can be found. This list can appear in a few locations such as in the Course Guide (at References section), at the end of every topic or at the back of the module. You are encouraged to read and refer to the suggested sources to elicit the additional information needed as well as to enhance you overall understanding of the course.
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
No prior knowledge required.
ASSESSMENT METHOD
Please refer to myLMS
REFERENCES
Howard A. Ozmon and Samuel M. Craver. (2008). Philosophical Foundations of Education, Eight Edition. Upper saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. J. C. Aggarwal and S. Gupta. (2006). Great Philosophers and Thinkers on Education. Delhi, India: Shipra Publications. Timothy Reagan. (2005). Non-Western Educational Traditions: Indigenous Approaches to Educational Thought and Practice, Third Edition. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Wan Mohd Nor Wan Daud. (1998). The Educational Philosophy and Practice of Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas. Kuala Lumpur: ISTAC Maureen T. Hallinan. (2000). Handbook of the Sociology of Education. New York. Springer.
xiv
COURSE GUIDE
Ballantine, J.H. (1997). The Sociology of Education: A Systematic Analysis, Fifth Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Walter Feinberg and Jonas F. Soltis. (2004). School and Society. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University. Roland Meighan and Iram Siraj-Blatchford. (2001). A Sociology of Educating, Third Edition. London: Continuum.
Topic1
Sociologyof Education
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to: 1. 2. 3. Discuss the basic concepts in sociology; Identify the social institutions; and Define the concept and theories of sociology of education.