Ee2258 LM

RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
THANDALAM 602 105.
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
LAB OBSERVATION
NAME
:
ROLL NUMBER
:
REGISTER NUMBER :
CLASS
:
SEMESTER
: IV SEM
SUBJECT CODE
: EE 2258
SUBJECT
: LINEAR AND DIGITAL
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB
SYLLABUS
EE 2258
LINEAR AND DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
LABORATORY
AIM:
To study various digital & linear integrated circuits used in simple
system configuration.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Study of Basic Digital ICs.
Verification of truth table for AND, OR, EXOR, NOT, NOR, NAND, JK FF,
RS FF, D FF)
2. Implementation of Boolean Functions, Adder/ Subtractor circuits.
3.a). Code converters, Parity generator and parity checking, Excess 3, 2s
Complement, Binary to gray code using suitable ICs .
b) Encoders and Decoders: Decimal and Implementation of 4-bit shift registers in
SISO,SIPO,PISO,PIPO modes using suitable ICs.
4. Counters: Design and implementation of 4-bit modulo counters as synchronous
and asynchronous types using FF ICs and specific counter IC.
5. Shift Registers: Design and implementation of 4-bit shift registers in SISO,
SIPO,PISO, PIPO modes using suitable ICs.
6. Multiplex/ De-multiplex : Study of 4:1; 8:1 multiplexer and Study of 1:4; 1:8
demultiplexer
7. Timer IC application.
Study of NE/SE 555 timer in Astable, Monostable operation.
8. Application of Op-Amp-I
Slew rate verifications, inverting and non-inverting amplifier, Adder,
comparator,Integrator and Differentiator.
9. Study of Analog to Digital Converter and Digital to Analog Converter:
Verification
of A/D conversion using dedicated ICs.
10. Study of VCO and PLL ICs
i. Voltage to frequency characteristics of NE/ SE 566 IC.

ii. Frequency multiplication using NE/SE 565 PLL IC.
P = 45 Total = 45
DETAILED SYLLABUS
1.
Study of Basic Digital ICs.

(Verification of truth table for AND, OR, EXOR, NOT, NOR, NAND,
JK FF, RS FF, D FF)
Aim
To test of ICs by using verification of truth table of basic ICs.
Exercise
1.
Breadboard connection of ICs with truth table verification using

LEDs.
2.
Implementation of Boolean Functions, Adder/ Subtractor circuits.

[Minimization using K-map and implementing the same in POS, SOP
from Using basic gates]
Aim
Minimization of functions using K-map implementation and combination
Circuit.
Exercise
1. Realization of functions using SOP, POS, form.
2. Addition, Subtraction of at least 3 bit binary number using basic gate
IC s.
3a)
Code converters, Parity generator and parity checking, Excess 3, 2s

Complement, Binary to gray code using suitable ICs .
Aim
Realizing code conversion of numbers of different bar.
Exercise
1
Conversion Binary to Grey, Grey to Binary;

1s. 2s complement of numbers addition, subtraction,
2.
3b)
Parity checking of numbers using Gates and with dedicated ICs
Encoders and Decoders: Decimal and Implementation of 4-bit shift registers

in SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO modes using suitable ICs.
Exercise
4.
1.
Decimal to binary Conversion using dedicated ICs.
2.
BCD 7 Segment display decoder using dedicated decoder IC&
display.
Counters: Design and implementation of 4-bit modulo counters as
synchronous and asynchronous types using FF ICs and specific counter IC
Aim
Design and implementation of 4 bit modulo counters.
Exercise
1.
2.
5.
Using flip-flop for up-down count synchronous count.

Realization of counter function using dedicated ICs.
Shift Registers
Design and implementation of 4-bit shift registers in SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO
modes using suitable ICs.
Aim
Design and implementation of shift register.
Exercise
6.
1.
Shift Register function realization of the above using dedicated ICs

For SISO, SIPO, PISO, PIPO, modes of atleast 3 bit binary word.
2.
Realization of the above using dedicated ICs.
Multiplex/ De-multiplex
Study of 4:1; 8:1 multiplexer and Study of 1:4; 1:8 demultiplexer
Aim
To demonstrate the addressing way of data channel selection for
Multiplex, De-multiplex operation.
Exercise
1.
2.
7.
Realization of mux-demux functions using direct ICs.

Realization of mux-demux using dedicated ICs for 4:1, 8:1, and vice
versa.
Timer IC application. Study of NE/SE 555 timer in Astable, Monostable

operation.
Aim
To design a multi vibrator circuit for square wave and pulse
generation.
Exercise
1.
Realization of Astable multivibrator & monostable multivibrator

circuit
using Timer IC.
Variation of R, C, to vary the frequency, duty cycle for signal
generator.
2.
8.
Application of Op-Amp-I
Slew rate verifications, inverting and non-inverting amplifier,
Adder, comparator, Integrator and Differentiator.
Aim
Design and Realization of Op-Amp application.
Exercise
1.
2.
3.
9.
Verification of Op-Amp IC characteristics.

Op-Amp IC application for simple arithmetic circuit.
Op-Amp IC application for voltage comparator wave generator and
Wave shifting circuits.
Study of Analog to Digital Converter and Digital to Analog Converter:

Verification of A/D conversion using dedicated ICs.
Aim
Realization of circuit for digital conversions.
Exercise
1.
Design of circuit for analog to digital signal conversion using
dedicated ICs.
Realization of circuit using dedicated IC for digital analog conversion.
2.
10.
Study of VCO and PLL ICs

i). Voltage to frequency characteristics of NE/ SE 566 IC.
ii). Frequency multiplication using NE/SE 565 PLL IC.
Aim
Demonstration of circuit for communication application
Exercise
1.
2.
To realize V/F conversion using dedicated ICs vary the frequency of

the generated signal.
To realize PLL IC based circuit for frequency multiplier, divider.
Expt. No.1
APPLICATIONS OF OP-AMP - I
( INVERTING AND NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER)
1. a. INVERTING AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To design an Inverting Amplifier for the given specifications using Op-Amp IC 741.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Name of the Apparatus

Function Generator
CRO
Dual RPS
Op-Amp
Bread Board
Resistors
Connecting wires and probes
Range
3 MHz
30 MHz
0 30 V
IC 741
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
As required
As required
THEORY:
The input signal Vi is applied to the inverting input terminal through R 1 and the
non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp is grounded. The output voltage V o is
fed back to the inverting input terminal through the R f - R1 network, where Rf is the
feedback resistor. The output voltage is given as,
Vo = - ACL Vi
Here the negative sign indicates that the output voltage is 180 0 out of phase with the
input signal.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Output voltage will be saturated if it exceeds 15V.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. + Vcc and - Vcc supply is given to the power supply terminal of the Op-Amp
IC.
3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator,

appropriate input voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the
Op-Amp.
4. The output voltage is obtained in the CRO and the input and output voltage
waveforms are plotted in a graph sheet.
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
DESIGN:
We know for an inverting Amplifier ACL = RF / R1
Assume R1 (approx. 10 K) and find Rf
Hence Vo(theoretical) = - ACL Vi
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No.
Input
Output
Amplitude
( No. of div x Volts per div )
Theoretical Practical -
MODEL GRAPH:
Time period
( No. of div x Time per div )
RESULT:
The design and testing of the inverting amplifier is done and the input and output
waveforms were drawn.
1. b. NON - INVERTING AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To design a Non-Inverting Amplifier for the given specifications using Op-Amp IC
741.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Function Generator
CRO
Dual RPS
Op-Amp
Bread Board
Resistors
Range
3 MHz
30 MHz
0 30 V
IC 741
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
As required
As required
THEORY:
The input signal Vi is applied to the non - inverting input terminal of the op-amp.
This circuit amplifies the signal without inverting the input signal. It is also called
negative feedback system since the output is feedback to the inverting input
terminals. The differential voltage Vd at the inverting input terminal of the op-amp
is zero ideally and the output voltage is given as,
Vo = ACL Vi
Here the output voltage is in phase with the input signal.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Output voltage will be saturated if it exceeds 15V.
PROCEDURE:

IC.
appropriate input voltage is applied to the non - inverting input terminal of
the Op-Amp.
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF NON INVERITNG AMPLIFIER:
DESIGN:
We know for a Non-inverting Amplifier ACL = 1 + (RF / R1)
Assume R1 ( approx. 10 K ) and find Rf
Hence Vo = ACL Vi
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No.
Input
Output
Amplitude
Theoretical Practical -
MODEL GRAPH:
Time period
RESULT:
The design and testing of the Non-inverting amplifier is done and the input and
output waveforms were drawn.
Expt. No.2
APPLICATIONS OF OP-AMP - II
(DIFFERENTIATOR AND INTEGRATOR)
2. a. DIFFERENTIATOR
Design a differentiator circuit to differentiate an input signal that varies in
frequency from 10 Hz to about 1 KHz. If a sine wave of 1 V peak at 1000Hz is
applied to the differentiator, draw the output waveform. Repeat the same for
square wave of 1Vpeak at 1kHz.
AIM:
To design a Differentiator circuit for the given specifications using Op-Amp IC 741.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Function Generator
CRO
Dual RPS
Op-Amp
Bread Board
Resistors
Capacitors
Range
3 MHz
30 MHz
0 30 V
IC 741
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
As required
THEORY:
The differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation;
that is, the output waveform is the derivative of the input waveform. The
differentiator may be constructed from a basic inverting amplifier if an input
resistor R1 is replaced by a capacitor C1. The expression for the output voltage is
given as,
Vo = - Rf C1 (dVi /dt)
input signal. A resistor Rcomp = Rf is normally connected to the non-inverting input
terminal of the op-amp to compensate for the input bias current. A workable
differentiator can be designed by implementing the following steps:
1. Select fa equal to the highest frequency of the input signal to be
differentiated. Then, assuming a value of C1 < 1 F, calculate the value of Rf.
2. Choose fb = 20 fa and calculate the values of R1 and Cf so that R1C1 = Rf Cf.
The differentiator is most commonly used in waveshaping circuits to detect high
frequency components in an input signal and also as a rateofchange detector in
FM modulators.
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DIFFERENTIATOR:
DESIGN :
Given fa = --------------We know the frequency at which the gain is 0 dB, fa = 1 / (2 Rf C1)
Let us assume C1 = 0.1 F; then

Rf = _________
Since fb = 20 fa, fb = --------------We know that the gain limiting frequency fb = 1 / (2 R1 C1)
Hence R1 = _________
Also since R1C1 = Rf Cf ; Cf = _________
PROCEDURE:
IC.
Op-Amp.
OBSERVATIONS:
Input - Sine wave
S.No.
Amplitude
Time period
Input
Output
Input Square wave
S.No.
Amplitude
Input
Output
MODEL GRAPH:
Time period
RESULT:
The design of the Differentiator circuit was done and the input and output
waveforms were obtained.
2. b. INTEGRATOR
Obtain the output of an Integrator circuit with component values R 1Cf = 0.1ms, Rf =
10 R1 and Cf = 0.01 F , if 2 V peak to peak square wave at 1000Hz is applied as
input.
AIM:
To design an Integrator circuit for the given specifications using Op-Amp IC 741.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Function Generator
CRO
Dual RPS
Op-Amp
Bread Board
Resistors
Capacitors
Range
3 MHz
30 MHz
0 30 V
IC 741
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
As required
THEORY:
A circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integral of the input voltage
waveform is the integrator. Such a circuit is obtained by using a basic inverting
amplifier configuration if the feedback resistor Rf is replaced by a capacitor Cf . The
expression for the output voltage is given as,
Vo = - (1/Rf C1) Vi dt
input signal. Normally between f a and fb the circuit acts as an integrator. Generally,
the value of fa < fb . The input signal will be integrated properly if the Time period
T of the signal is larger than or equal to Rf Cf. That is,
T Rf Cf
The integrator is most commonly used in analog computers and ADC and signalwave shaping circuits.
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF INTEGRATOR:
DESIGN:
We know the frequency at which the gain is 0 dB, fb = 1 / (2 R1 Cf)
Therefore fb = _____
Since fb = 10 fa, and also the gain limiting frequency fa = 1 / (2 Rf Cf)
We get, Rf = _______ and hence R1 = __________
PROCEDURE:
IC.
Op-Amp.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No.
Input
Output
Amplitude
Time period
MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:
The design of the Integrator circuit was done and the input and output waveforms
were obtained.
Expt. No.3
TIMER IC APPLICATIONS - I
(ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR)
Design an astable multivibrator with 65% duty cycle at 4 KHz frequency, assume
C= 0.01 F.
[Design can be changed by changing the Duty cycle and frequency]
AIM:
To design an astable multivibrator circuit for the given specifications using 555
Timer IC.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No
Range
Quantity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Function Generator
CRO
Dual RPS
Timer IC
Bread Board
Resistors
Capacitors
3 MHz
30 MHz
0 30 V
IC 555
1
1
1
1
1
As required
THEORY:
An astable multivibrator, often called a free-running multivibrator, is a
rectangular-wave-generating circuit. This circuit do not require an external trigger
to change the state of the output. The time during which the output is either high or
low is determined by two resistors and a capacitor, which are connected externally
to the 555 timer. The time during which the capacitor charges from 1/3 V cc to 2/3 Vcc
is equal to the time the output is high and is given by,
tc = 0.69 (R1 + R2) C
Similarly the time during which the capacitor discharges from 2/3 V cc to 1/3 Vcc is
equal to the time the output is low and is given by,
td = 0.69 (R2) C
Thus the total time period of the output waveform is,
T = tc + td = 0.69 (R1 + 2 R2) C
The term duty cycle is often used in conjunction with the astable multivibrator. The
duty cycle is the ratio of the time t c during which the output is high to the total time
period T. It is generally expressed in percentage. In equation form,
% duty cycle = [(R1 + R2) / (R1 + 2 R2)] x 100
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
DESIGN:
Given f= 4 KHz,
Therefore, Total time period, T = 1/f = ____________
We know, duty cycle = tc / T
Therefore, tc = -----------------------and td = ____________
We also know for an astable multivibrator
td = 0.69 (R2) C
Therefore, R2 = _____________
tc = 0.69 (R1 + R2) C
Therefore, R1 = _____________
PROCEDURE:
2. + 5V supply is given to the + Vcc terminal of the timer IC.
3. At pin 3 the output waveform is observed with the help of a CRO
4. At pin 6 the capacitor voltage is obtained in the CRO and the V 0 and Vc
voltage waveforms are plotted in a graph sheet.
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No
Waveforms
Amplitude
( No. of div x
Volts per div )
Time period
( No. of div x
Time per div )
tc
1.
Output Voltage , Vo
2.
Capacitor voltage , Vc
td
MODEL GRAPH:
RESULT:
The design of the Astable multivibrator circuit was done and the output voltage and
capacitor voltage waveforms were obtained.
Expt. No.4
TIMER IC APPLICATIONS -II

( MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR)
To design a monostable multivibrator with tp = 0.616 ms , assume C = 0.01 F

AIM:
To design a monostable multivibrator for the given specifications using 555 Timer
IC.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Function Generator
CRO
Dual RPS
Timer IC
Bread Board
Resistors
Capacitors
Range
3 MHz, Analog
30 MHz
0 30 V
IC 555
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
As required
THEORY:
A monostable multivibrator often called a one-shot multivibrator is a pulse
generating circuit in which the duration of the pulse is determined by the RC
network connected externally to the 555 timer. In a stable or stand-by state the
output of the circuit is approximately zero or at logic low level. When an external
trigger pulse is applied, the output is forced to go high (approx. V cc). The time
during which the output remains high is given by,
tp = 1.1 R1 C
At the end of the timing interval, the output automatically reverts back to its logic
low state. The output stays low until a trigger pulse is applied again. Then the cycle
repeats.
Thus the monostable state has only one stable state hence the name monostable.
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:
DESIGN:
Given tp = 0.616 ms = 1.1 R1 C
Therefore, R1 = _____________
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

+ 5V supply is given to the + Vcc terminal of the timer IC.
A negative trigger pulse of 5V, 2 KHz is applied to pin 2 of the 555 IC
At pin 3 the output waveform is observed with the help of a CRO
At pin 6 the capacitor voltage is obtained in the CRO and the V 0 and Vc
voltage waveforms are plotted in a graph sheet.
OBSERVATIONS:
Amplitude
( No. of div x
Volts per div )
S.No
Time period
( No. of div x
Time per div )
ton
1.
Trigger input
2.
Output Voltage , Vo
3.
Capacitor voltage , Vc
MODEL GRAPH:
toff
RESULT:
The design of the Monostable multivibrator circuit was done and the input and
output waveforms were obtained.
Expt. No.5
STUDY OF BASIC DIGITAL ICS
AIM:
To verify the truth table of basic digital ICs of AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR gates.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.

Digital IC trainer kit
AND gate
OR gate
Range
IC 7408
IC 7432
Quantity
1
1
1
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
NOT gate
NAND gate
NOR gate
EX-OR gate
Connecting wires
IC 7404
IC 7400
IC 7402
IC 7486
As required
1
1
1
1
THEORY:
a. AND gate:
An AND gate is the physical realization of logical multiplication operation. It
is an electronic circuit which generates an output signal of 1 only if all the
input signals are 1.
b. OR gate:
An OR gate is the physical realization of the logical addition operation. It is
an electronic circuit which generates an output signal of 1 if any of the
input signal is 1.
c. NOT gate:
A NOT gate is the physical realization of the complementation operation. It
is an electronic circuit which generates an output signal which is the reverse
of the input signal. A NOT gate is also known as an inverter because it
inverts the input.
d. NAND gate:
A NAND gate is a complemented AND gate. The output of the NAND gate
will be 0 if all the input signals are 1 and will be 1 if any one of the input
signal is 0.
e. NOR gate:
A NOR gate is a complemented OR gate. The output of the OR gate will be
1 if all the inputs are 0 and will be 0 if any one of the input signal is 1.
f. EX-OR gate:
An Ex-OR gate performs the following Boolean function,
A
B = ( A . B ) + ( A . B )
It is similar to OR gate but excludes the combination of both A and B being

equal to one. The exclusive OR is a function that give an output signal 0
when the two input signals are equal either 0 or 1.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
2. For all the ICs 7th pin is grounded and 14th pin is given +5 V supply.
3. Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for all gates.
AND GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7408 :
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
INPUT
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OR GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT
Y=A.B
0
0
0
1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
INPUT
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
Y=A+B
0
1
1
1
NOT GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
INPUT
A
0
1
OUTPUT
Y = A
1
0
NAND GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIARAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
INPUT
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
Y = (A. B)
1
1
1
0
NOR GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
INPUT
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
Y = (A + B)
1
0
0
0
EX-OR GATE
LOGIC DIAGRAM
PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7486:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
INPUT
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
Y=A
B
0
1
1
0
RESULT:
The truth table of all the basic digital ICs were verified.
Expt. No.6
IMPLEMENTATION OF BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS
AIM:
To design the logic circuit and verify the truth table of the given Boolean expression,
F (A, B, C, D) = (0, 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10)
[Design can be changed by changing the Boolean expression]
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
AND gate
3.
OR gate
4.
NOT gate
5.
NAND gate
6.
NOR gate
7.
EX-OR gate
8.
Connecting wires
Range
Quantity
1
IC 7408
IC 7432
IC 7404
IC 7400
IC 7402
IC 7486
As required
DESIGN:
Given , F (A,B,C,D) = (0,1,2,5,8,9,10)
The output function F has four input variables hence a four variable Karnaugh
Map is used to obtain a simplified expression for the output as shown,
From the K-Map,

F = B C + D B + A C D
Since we are using only two input logic gates the above expression can be re-written
as,
F = C (B + A D) + D B
Now the logic circuit for the above equation can be drawn.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
INPUT
B C
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
D
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
F=DB+C(B+AD)
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram
3. Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for the given Boolean expression.
RESULT:
The truth table of the given Boolean expression was verified.
Expt. No. 7
IMPLEMENTATION OF HALF ADDER & FULL ADDER
AIM:
To design and verify the truth table of the Half Adder & Full Adder circuits.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

AND gate
OR gate
NOT gate
EX-OR gate
Connecting wires
Range
Quantity
1
IC 7408
IC 7432
IC 7404
IC 7486
As required
THEORY:
The most basic arithmetic operation is the addition of two binary digits. There are
four possible elementary operations, namely,
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 102
The first three operations produce a sum of whose length is one digit, but when the
last operation is performed the sum is two digits. The higher significant bit of this
result is called a carry and lower significant bit is called the sum.
HALF ADDER:
A combinational circuit which performs the addition of two bits is called half adder.
The input variables designate the augend and the addend bit, whereas the output
variables produce the sum and carry bits.
FULL ADDER:
A combinational circuit which performs the arithmetic sum of three input bits is
called full adder. The three input bits include two significant bits and a previous
carry bit. A full adder circuit can be implemented with two half adders and one OR
gate.
HALF ADDER
TRUTH TABLE:
INPUT
S.No
A
0
0
1
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
OUTPUT
B
0
1
0
1
S
0
1
1
0
C
0
0
0
1
DESIGN:
From the truth table the expression for sum and carry bits of the output can be
obtained as,
Sum, S = A
B
Carry, C = A . B
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FULL ADDER
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
0
0
0
0
INPUT
B
0
0
1
1
C
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
SUM
CARRY
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
5.
6.
7.
8.
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
DESIGN:
From the truth table the expression for sum and carry bits of the output can be
obtained as,
SUM = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
CARRY = ABC + ABC + ABC +ABC
Using Karnaugh maps the reduced expression for the output bits can be obtained
as,
SUM
SUM = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC = A

CARRY
CARRY = AB + AC + BC
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagrams.
3. Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for the half adder and full adder
circuits.
RESULT:
The design of the half adder and full adder circuits was done and their truth tables
were verified.
Expt. No. 8
IMPLEMENTATION OF HALF SUBTRACTOR &

FULL SUBTRACTOR
AIM:
To design and verify the truth table of the Half Subtractor & Full Subtractor
circuits.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

AND gate
OR gate
NOT gate
EX-OR gate
Connecting wires
Range
Quantity
1
IC 7408
IC 7432
IC 7404
IC 7486
As required
THEORY:
The arithmetic operation, subtraction of two binary digits has four possible
elementary operations, namely,
0-0=0
0 - 1 = 1 with 1 borrow
1-0=1
1-1=0
In all operations, each subtrahend bit is subtracted from the minuend bit. In case of
the second operation the minuend bit is smaller than the subtrahend bit, hence 1 is
borrowed.
HALF SUBTRACTOR:
A combinational circuit which performs the subtraction of two bits is called half
subtractor. The input variables designate the minuend and the subtrahend bit,
whereas the output variables produce the difference and borrow bits.
FULL SUBTRACTOR:
A combinational circuit which performs the subtraction of three input bits is called
full subtractor. The three input bits include two significant bits and a previous
borrow bit. A full subtractor circuit can be implemented with two half subtractors
and one OR gate.
HALF SUBTRACTOR
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
INPUT
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
DIFF
BORR
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
DESIGN:
From the truth table the expression for difference and borrow bits of the output can
be obtained as,
Difference, DIFF = A
B
Borrow, BORR = A . B
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FULL SUBTRACTOR
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
A
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
INPUT
B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
C
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
OUTPUT
DIFF
BORR
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
DESIGN:
From the truth table the expression for difference and borrow bits of the output can
be obtained as,
Difference, DIFF= ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC
Borrow, BORR = ABC + ABC + ABC +ABC
Using Karnaugh maps the reduced expression for the output bits can be obtained
as,
DIFFERENCE
DIFF = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC = A

BORROW
BORR = AB + AC + BC
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
3. Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for the half subtractor and full
subtractor circuits.
RESULT:
The design of the half subtractor and full subtractor circuits was done and their
truth tables were verified.
Expt. No. 9
CODE CONVERTERS
AIM:
To design and verify the truth table of a three bit binary to gray code converter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.

EX-OR gate
Connecting wires
Range
Quantity
1
IC 7486
As required
THEORY:
Code converter is a circuit that makes two systems compatible even though each
uses different binary codes. There is a wide variety of binary codes used in digital
systems. Some of these codes are Binary Coded Decimal, Gray code, Excess- 3
code , ASCII code, etc.
A combinational circuit performs the transformation of a three bit binary to gray
code converter by means of logic gates. The input variables are binary bits named
as A,B,C with A as the MSB and C as the LSB. The Gray code output bits are
termed as X,Y,Z
with X as the MSB and Z as the LSB.
The Gray code is also called as reflective code. The gray coded number
corresponding to the decimal number 2n 1, for any n, differs from gray coded 0
(0000) in one bit position only.
DESIGN:
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
INPUT - BINARY
A
B
C
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
OUTPUT-GRAY
X
Y
Z
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
8.
From the truth table the expression for the output gray bits are,
X (A, B, C) = (4, 5, 6, 7)
Y (A, B, C) = (2, 3, 4, 5)
Z (A, B, C) = (1, 2, 5, 6)
Hence obtain the reduced SOP expression using Karnaugh maps as follows,
For X:
X=A
For Y:
Y=A
Z=B
For Z:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 BIT BINARY TO GRAY CODE CONVERTER
PROCEDURE:
3. Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for the three bit binary to gray
code converter.
RESULT:
The design of the three bit Binary to Gray code converter circuit was done and its
truth table was verified.
Expt. No. 10
PARITY GENERATOR & CHECKER
AIM:
To design and verify the truth table of a three bit Odd Parity generator and
checker.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.

EX-OR gate
NOT gate
Connecting wires
Range
Quantity
1
IC 7486
IC 7404
As required
THEORY:
A parity bit is used for the purpose of detecting errors during transmission of
binary information. A parity bit is an extra bit included with a binary message to
make the number of 1s either odd or even. The message including the parity bit is
transmitted and then checked at the receiving end for errors. An error is detected if
the checked parity does not correspond with the one transmitted. The circuit that
generates the parity bit in the transmitter is called a parity generator and the circuit
that checks the parity in the receiver is called a parity checker.
In even parity the added parity bit will make the total number of 1s an even
amount and in odd parity the added parity bit will make the total number of 1s an
odd amount.
In a three bit odd parity generator the three bits in the message together with the
parity bit are transmitted to their destination, where they are applied to the parity
checker circuit. The parity checker circuit checks for possible errors in the
transmission.
Since the information was transmitted with odd parity the four bits received must
have an odd number of 1s. An error occurs during the transmission if the four bits
received have an even number of 1s, indicating that one bit has changed during
transmission. The output of the parity checker is denoted by PEC (parity error
check) and it will be equal to 1 if an error occurs, i.e., if the four bits received has an
even number of 1s.
ODD PARITY GENERATOR

TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
INPUT
( Three bit message)
A
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
OUTPUT
( Odd Parity bit)
C
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
P
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
From the truth table the expression for the output parity bit is,
P( A, B, C) = (0, 3, 5, 6)
Also written as,
P = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC = (A
C)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
ODD PARITY GENERATOR
ODD PARITY CHECKER

TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
INPUT
( four bit message
Received )
A B C
P
0 0
0
0
0 0
0
1
0 0
1
0
0 0
1
1
0 1
0
0
0 1
0
1
0 1
1
0
0 1
1
1
1 0
0
0
1 0
0
1
1 0
1
0
1 0
1
1
1 1
0
0
1 1
0
1
1 1
1
0
1 1
1
1
OUTPUT
(Parity error
check)
X
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
From the truth table the expression for the output parity checker bit is,
X (A, B, C, P) = (0, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 15)
The above expression is reduced as,
X = (A
P)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
ODD PARITY CHECKER
PROCEDURE:
3. Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for the Parity generator and
checker.
RESULT:
The design of the three bit odd Parity generator and checker circuits was done and
their truth tables were verified.
Expt. No. 11
MULTIPLEXER & DEMULTIPLEXER
AIM:
To design and verify the truth table of a 4X1 Multiplexer & 1X4 Demultiplexer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

OR gate
NOT gate
AND gate ( three input )
Connecting wires
Range
Quantity
1
IC 7432
IC 7404
IC 7411
As required
THEORY:
Multiplexer is a digital switch which allows digital information from several sources
to be routed onto a single output line. The basic multiplexer has several data input
lines and a single output line. The selection of a particular input line is controlled
by a set of selection lines. Normally, there are 2 n input lines and n selector lines
whose bit combinations determine which input is selected. Therefore, multiplexer is
many into one and it provides the digital equivalent of an analog selector switch.
A Demultiplexer is a circuit that receives information on a single line and transmits
this information on one of 2n possible output lines. The selection of specific output
line is controlled by the values of n selection lines.
DESIGN:
4 X 1 MULTIPLEXER
LOGIC SYMBOL:
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
SELECTION
INPUT
S1
S2
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT
Y
I0
I1
I2
I3
1X4 DEMULTIPLEXER
LOGIC SYMBOL:
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
INPUT
S1 S2 Din
0 0
0
0 0
1
0 1
0
0 1
1
1 0
0
1 0
1
1 1
0
1 1
1
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
PROCEDURE:
3. Apply the inputs and verify the truth table for the multiplexer &
demultiplexer.
RESULT:
The design of the 4x1 Multiplexer and 1x4 Demultiplexer circuits was done and
their truth tables were verified.
Expt. No. 12
STUDY OF FLIP FLOPS
AIM:
To verify the characteristic table of RS, D, JK, and T Flip flops .
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

NOR gate
NOT gate
AND gate ( three input )
NAND gate
Connecting wires
Range
Quantity
1
IC 7402
IC 7404
IC 7411
IC 7400
As required
THEORY:
A Flip Flop is a sequential device that samples its input signals and changes its
output states only at times determined by clocking signal. Flip Flops may vary in
the number of inputs they possess and the manner in which the inputs affect the
binary states.
RS FLIP FLOP:
The clocked RS flip flop consists of NAND gates and the output changes its state
with respect to the input on application of clock pulse. When the clock pulse is high
the S and R inputs reach the second level NAND gates in their complementary form.
The Flip Flop is reset when the R input high and S input is low. The Flip Flop is set
when the S input is high and R input is low. When both the inputs are high the
output is in an indeterminate state.
D FLIP FLOP:
To eliminate the undesirable condition of indeterminate state in the SR Flip Flop
when both inputs are high at the same time, in the D Flip Flop the inputs are never
made equal at the same time. This is obtained by making the two inputs
complement of each other.
JK FLIP FLOP:
The indeterminate state in the SR Flip-Flop is defined in the JK Flip Flop. JK
inputs behave like S and R inputs to set and reset the Flip Flop. The output Q is
ANDed with K input and the clock pulse, similarly the output Q is ANDed with J
input and the Clock pulse. When the clock pulse is zero both the AND gates are
disabled and the Q and Q output retain their previous values. When the clock
pulse is high, the J and K inputs reach the NOR gates. When both the inputs are
high the output toggles continuously. This is called Race around condition and this
must be avoided.
T FLIP FLOP:
This is a modification of JK Flip Flop, obtained by connecting both inputs J and K
inputs together. T Flip Flop is also called Toggle Flip Flop.
RS FLIP FLOP
LOGIC SYMBOL:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CHARACTERISTIC TABLE:
CLOCK
PULSE
1
2
INPUT
S
0
0
R
0
0
PRESENT
STATE (Q)
0
1
NEXT
STATE(Q+1)
0
1
STATUS
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
D FLIP FLOP
0
0
1
1
X
X
LOGIC SYMBOL:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CLOCK
INPUT
PRESENT
NEXT
STATUS
PULSE
1
2
3
4
D
0
0
1
1
STATE (Q)
0
1
0
1
STATE(Q+1)
0
0
1
1
JK FLIP FLOP
LOGIC SYMBOL:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CLOCK
INPUT
PRESENT
NEXT
STATUS
PULSE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
J
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
K
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
STATE (Q)
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
T FLIP FLOP
LOGIC SYMBOL:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
STATE(Q+1)
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
CLOCK
PULSE
1
2
3
4
INPUT
T
0
0
1
1
PRESENT
STATE (Q)
0
1
0
1
NEXT
STATE(Q+1)
0
0
1
0
STATUS
PROCEDURE:
3. Apply the inputs and observe the status of all the flip flops.
RESULT:
The Characteristic tables of RS, D, JK, T flip flops were verified.
Expt. No. 13
ASYNCHRONOUS DECADE COUNTER
AIM:
To implement and verify the truth table of an asynchronous decade counter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
4.
5.

JK Flip Flop
NAND gate
Connecting wires
Range
IC 7473
IC 7400
Quantity
1
2
1
As required
THEORY:
Asynchronous decade counter is also called as ripple counter. In a ripple counter
the flip flop output transition serves as a source for triggering other flip flops. In
other words the clock pulse inputs of all the flip flops are triggered not by the
incoming pulses but rather by the transition that occurs in other flip flops. The
term asynchronous refers to the events that do not occur at the same time. With
respect to the counter operation, asynchronous means that the flip flop within the
counter are not made to change states at exactly the same time, they do not because
the clock pulses are not connected directly to the clock input of each flip flop in the
counter.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
CLOCK
PULSE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
OUTPUT
D(MSB)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
C
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
PROCEDURE:
2. Apply the input and verify the truth table of the counter.
A(LSB)
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
RESULT:
The truth table of the Asynchronous decade counter was hence verified.
Expt. No. 14
IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT REGISTERS
AIM:
To implement and verify the truth table of a serial in serial out shift register.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
1.
2.
3.

D Flip Flop
Connecting wires
Range
IC 7474
Quantity
1
2
As required
THEORY:
A register capable of shifting its binary information either to the left or to the right
is called a shift register. The logical configuration of a shift register consists of a
chain of flip flops connected in cascade with the output of one flip flop connected to
the input of the next flip flop. All the flip flops receive a common clock pulse which
causes the shift from one stage to the next.
The Q output of a D flip flop is connected to the D input of the flip flop to the left.
Each clock pulse shifts the contents of the register one bit position to the right. The
serial input determines, what goes into the right most flip flop during the shift. The
serial output is taken from the output of the left most flip flop prior to the
application of a pulse. Although this register shifts its contents to its left, if we turn
the page upside down we find that the register shifts its contents to the right. Thus a
unidirectional shift register can function either as a shift right or a shift left register.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TRUTH TABLE:
For a serial data input of 1101,
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
CLOCK
PULSE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
D1
1
1
0
1
X
X
X
X
INPUTS
D2
D3
X
X
1
X
1
1
0
1
1
0
X
1
X
X
X
X
D4
X
X
X
1
1
0
1
X
Q1
1
1
0
1
X
1
0
X
OUTPUTS
Q2
Q3
X
X
1
X
1
1
0
1
1
0
X
1
X
X
X
X
PROCEDURE:
2. Apply the input and verify the truth table of the counter.
RESULT:
The truth table of a serial in serial out left shift register was hence verified.
Q4
X
X
X
1
1
0
1
X

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RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

THANDALAM 602 105.

LINEAR AND DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

i. Voltage to frequency characteristics of NE/ SE 566 IC.

Study of Basic Digital ICs.

Breadboard connection of ICs with truth table verification using

Implementation of Boolean Functions, Adder/ Subtractor circuits.

Code converters, Parity generator and parity checking, Excess 3, 2s

Conversion Binary to Grey, Grey to Binary;

Parity checking of numbers using Gates and with dedicated ICs

Encoders and Decoders: Decimal and Implementation of 4-bit shift registers

Using flip-flop for up-down count synchronous count.

Shift Register function realization of the above using dedicated ICs

Realization of the above using dedicated ICs.

Realization of mux-demux functions using direct ICs.

Timer IC application. Study of NE/SE 555 timer in Astable, Monostable

Realization of Astable multivibrator & monostable multivibrator

Verification of Op-Amp IC characteristics.

Study of Analog to Digital Converter and Digital to Analog Converter:

Design of circuit for analog to digital signal conversion using

Study of VCO and PLL ICs

To realize V/F conversion using dedicated ICs vary the frequency of

Name of the Apparatus

3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator,

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

Name of the Apparatus

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF NON INVERITNG AMPLIFIER:

Name of the Apparatus

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF DIFFERENTIATOR:

Let us assume C1 = 0.1 F; then

Name of the Apparatus

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF INTEGRATOR:

Name of the Apparatus

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

TIMER IC APPLICATIONS -II

To design a monostable multivibrator with tp = 0.616 ms , assume C = 0.01 F

Name of the Apparatus

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:

Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

STUDY OF BASIC DIGITAL ICS

Name of the Apparatus

It is similar to OR gate but excludes the combination of both A and B being

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7408 :

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7432 :

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7404 :

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7400 :

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7402 :

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 7486:

IMPLEMENTATION OF BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS

From the K-Map,

IMPLEMENTATION OF HALF ADDER & FULL ADDER

Name of the Apparatus

SUM = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC = A

IMPLEMENTATION OF HALF SUBTRACTOR &

Name of the Apparatus

DIFF = ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC = A

Name of the Apparatus

PARITY GENERATOR & CHECKER

Name of the Apparatus

ODD PARITY GENERATOR

ODD PARITY CHECKER

MULTIPLEXER & DEMULTIPLEXER