Structural

Engineering
Design Notes
&
Rules of Thumb
- 1 -
Author
Caroline MacVey
- 2 -
1 GENERAL .......................................................................... 5
1.1 CONVERSIONS 5
2 LOADING ........................................................................... 6
2.1 RULES OF THUMB - SIMPLE MATHS 6
2.2 GENERAL NOTES 7
2.3 WIND LOADING 7
2.4 FLOOR LOADING 8
2.4.1 DEAD LOADS....................................................................8
2.4.2 IMPOSED LOADS...............................................................8
2.5 ROOF LOADING
2.5.1 DEAD LOADS....................................................................9
2.5.2 IMPOSED LOADS...............................................................9
2.6 OTHER 1!
3 STEEL ............................................................................... 11
3.1 RULES OF THUMB 11
3.2 FORMULA 12
3.3 DEFLECTIONS 13
3.4 COMPOSITE DESIGN 13
3.5 GENERAL NOTES 14
4 CONCRETE ..................................................................... 16
4.1 RULES OF THUMB 16
4.2 FORMULA 17
4.3 GENERAL NOTES 1
5 MASONR" ....................................................................... 2!
5.1 GENERAL NOTES 2!
- 3 -
6 TIMBER ............................................................................ 21
6.1 RULES OF THUMB 21
7 GEOTECHNICAL # FOUNDATIONS ......................... 22
7.1 RULES OF THUMB 22
7.2 GENERAL NOTES 23
- 4 -
1 General
o Tension (-ve) --->-----<---
o Compression (+ve) ---<----->---
o Always check wind load pahs reach he
!o"ndaions
1.1 Conversions
o 1 #ascal $ %&%%1 k'(m
2
o 1 k#a $ 1 k'(m
2
o 1 Tonne $ 1%%%k) $ 1%k'
o 1m
2
$ 1%*%%%cm
2
$ 1*%%%*%%%mm
2
1.2
- + -
!oa"ing
2.1 Rules of Thumb - Simple Maths
1. 1% ,raviy- .nsi"ional /!!ice 01 + 11
2. 2 ,eneral /!!ice 3loor 01 + 11
3. 3 0ea!ened Tim4er 3loor 01 + 11
4. 2 Tim4er 5oo! 01 + 11
5. 1&+ Avera)e 1oad 3acor
6. 2&+ 5easona4le 6one A 7ind 1oad
7. 2&% 5easona4le 6one 8 7ind 1oad
8. 1&% 5easona4le 6one C 7ind 1oad
9. 4 4 9 :
9
; 6
99
(<2=+)
10. 3 3 9 :
9
; 6
99
(<3=+)
- > -
2.2 General Notes
o 3 :ain com4os
a& 1&401 + 1&>11
4& 1&201 + 1&211 + 1&271
c& 1&%01 + 1&471
2.3 Wind oadin!
o 0on? com4ine '@3 wih wind loads
o 7ind 1oadin)- <"cion
o 7ind 1oadin)- #ress"re

- = -
-1&3
-%&3
+%&> -%&+
-1&3
+%&
2
+%&> -%&+
2." #loor oadin!
#$#1 Dea" !oa"s
o 5aised 3loor $ %&+ k'(m
2
o Ceilin)s $ %&1+ k'(m
2
o <ervices (Typical) $ %&2+ k'(m
2
o <ervices (#lan) $ %&+ o %&=+ k'(m
2
o 3inishes (Typical) $ %&1+ k'(m
2
o 3inishes (>%mm <creed) $ 1&+ k'(m
2
o <7 <eel $ %&3 k'(m
2
o 8lockwork $ 3&%2 ( 2&+ k'(m
2
o 8rickwork $ 2&1> k'(m
2
#$# %m&ose" !oa"s
o Consr"cion $ 1&+ k'(m2
o <"d #ariions $ 1&% k'(m
2
o
- 2 -
2.$ Roof oadin!
#'#1 Dea" !oa"s
o Trocal A /"er <hee $ %&%+ k'(m
2
o .ns"laion $ %&%2 k'(m
2
o .nner shee $ %&%3 k'(m
2
o Ceilin)s $ %&1+ k'(m
2
o <ervices (Typical) $ %&2+ k'(m
2
o <ervices (#lan) $ %&+ k'(m
2
o Tim4er $ 1&% k'(m
2
o <lae $ 1&% k'(m
2
#'# %m&ose" !oa"s
o <now (min) $ %&> k'(m
2
o <now 3resh $ %&B4 k'(m
3
o <now Compaced $ 3&14 k'(m
3
- B -
2.% &ther
o 32mm Asphal $ %&2+ k'(m
2
o Claddin) $ %&1+ ( %&2 k'(m
2
o C"rain 7allin) $ 1&% ( %&+ k'(m
2
o 7indows $ %&2 k'(m
2
o Tenemen 5eha4iliaion Conracs - 3loor
1oadin)
Coiss (2>+9>3 D 4+% c(c) $ %&2+ k'(m
2
8oardin) (2+mm TA,) $ %&1+ k'(m
2
#laser Ceilin) $ %&3+ k'(m
2
0eadenin) (1%%mm Ash 3ill) $ %&=+
k'(m
2
Toal 0ead $ 1&+ k'(m
2
.mposed $ 1&+ k'(m
2
o Tenemen 5eha4iliaion Conracs - 5oo!
1oadin)
<laes $ %&+ k'(m
2
3el A <arkin) $ %&1% k'(m
2
Tr"sses $ %&1+ k'(m
2
#laser Ceilin) $ %&3+ k'(m
2
Toal 0ead $ 1&1 k'(m
2
.mposed $ %&> k'(m
2
<ora)e $ %&2+ k'(m
2

- 1% -
( Steel
3.1 Rules of Thumb
1. ,rade <3++ !or maEor sr"c"res
2. 8eams 1i)h 1oadin) F <pan(2+- :edi"m
F <pan(2%- @eavy F <pan(1+
3. 3rame 3orm Gconomics and ease o!
calc"laion
4. <anchions #oral 1e) 0 ; @ ( 1%
5. Col"mns 0 ; 'o <oreys H 1%% ( 4 (rnd +%)
'/T < 2%3
6. Gconomics 0eeper he 8eam he more
economicalI
7. G"rocodes As a4ove
- 11 -
3.2 #ormula
o Tension Capaciy* # $ A
e
o <eel 5eJ"ired $
fy
Ac
95 . 0

o 3or J"ick elemen siKin) 4ased on crieria

L
req
E
wL
I
384
5
4

o Torsion :omen*
2
FeL
M
T

o 'a"ral 3reJ"ency*

18
f
where $ <el!
wei)h + dead + 1%L imposed load
o <ress* $ :Hy ( .
- 12 -
3.3 'efle(tions
o #oral Gaves F :eal claddin) M h(1+%
o #oral Gaves F :asonry M h(3%%
o #oral Ape9 F M <(2%%
o 0ead 3loor M 1+mm
o .mposed M <(3>%
o Toal M <(2+% (<(3%% :an)an 3acor)
3." Composite 'esi!n
o .n composie desi)n !or 1Bmm s"ds hen
minim"m siKe o! rein! is 1%mm 4ars
o Composie 4eams
<la4 #erpendic"lar <"ds per ro")h
<la4 #arallel <"ds D 2%%mm c(c
o G!!ecive 7idh
<econdary $ <pacin) or <pan(4
#rimary $ %&2H<pacin) or <pan(4
Gd)e 8eams F @al! o! a4ove val"es
pl"s proEecion o! sla4 4eyond he C(1
o! 4eam
- 13 -
3.$ General Notes
o 8"cklin) F .nermediae resrain 4e care!"l
o! e!!ecive len)h
o 3or cell4eams 2 o" o! 1% en)ineers "se 1&%1
!or e!!ecive len)h
o 3or a canilever 4eam conneced o he
!lan)e o! a col"mn "se he disance !rom he
poin load o !lan)e !ace as lever arm and no
he middle o! col"mn& Nse he middle when
!indin) he momen on he col"mn isel!&
o @i A :iss 7elds F )enerally 1+%mm weld
hen 4%%mm )ap& ,enerally "sed !or an)les
on 4o9 secions as !"ll weld wo"ld dama)e
he 4o9&
o 7hen here are momens a4o" he minor
a9is o! a N8 secion& 8eer o adop a 4o9
secion insead&
o 3or lon) span ra!ers he op !lan)e is
resrained s"!!icienly 4y he p"rlins& 8e more
care!"l o! 4oom !lan)e !or "pli! loads i&e&
add ra!er says
o Check an)le !or load #2& Check 5@< !or load
#1 A #2& #2 will ca"se a momen a4o" a9is
y-y here!ore check 5@< !or orsion&
- 14 -
d
P2
RHS
P1 Y
X
o .! a channel has m"liple poin loads i wo"ld
4e advisa4le o swich o a N8 secion&
o 3or 4eam end shears M +%k' sae on dw)s
as +%k'&
o Capaciy
Col"mns $ 2%L (:3)
8eams $ =+L (:3)
8eams $ B%L 'on composie
8eams $ 2+L Composie
o 3a4sec 8eams
3lan)e :a9 >%mm wide* 1%%mm hick
7e4 ma9 1+%%mm 0eep* =+mm hick
o <mall
cr
i&e& < 4 carry o" a 2
nd
order
analysis
o 8o9 secion cos wice as m"ch o
man"!ac"re han N8(NC?s
o 3or holdin) down 4ols he olerance is
2+mm in all direcions
o :esec says spans o! side rails A p"rlins are
no e!!icien "nil 3 F 3&+m len)hs
o #"rlins F <mall proEecs )enerally sin)le or
do"4le span& 3or 1ar)e 4"ildin)s "se @G8
sysem
- 1+ -
$ Concr ete
".1 Rules of Thumb
1. 8eams <imple span F <pan(2%-
Conin"o"s F <pan(2>
2. <la4s <pan ( 2> F )enerally conin"o"s F
span ( 2% i! no
3. Col"mns 0 ; 'o <oreys H 1%% ( 3 (rnd
++%) '/T < 2%%
4. 7alls Oeep 0 > 2%%mm
5. Gconomics 0eeper he 8eam more
economicalI
6. G"rocodes As a4ove
- 1> -
".2 #ormula
o
2
6
10
bd f
M
K
cu

o
1
]
1

+
9 . 0
25 . 0 5 . 0
K
d Z M %&B+d
o
Z f
M
A
y
s
95 . 0
10
6

o O? $ %&1+> when redisri4"ion <1%L

o ( ) ( )
2
4 . 0 18 . 0 4 . 0 402 . 0 '
b b
K
o
ution rredistrib Momentafte
bution reredistri Momentbefo
b

o :
"
$ %&1+>!
c"
4d
2
o
1
]
1

+
9 . 0
'
25 . 0 5 . 0
K
d Z M %&B+d
o
( ) ' 95 . 0
10
'
6
d d f
M M
A
y
u
s

A
'
95 . 0
10
6
As
Z f
M
A
y
u
s
+

o <hear*
bd
V
3
10
M
cu
f 8 . 0
or +'(mm
2
o
3
1
4
1
3
1
25
400 100
79 . 0
,
_

1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

cu
m c
f
d bd
As

o :odi!icaion 3acors !or de!lecion
Tension 5ein!orcemenP
:od 3 $
( )
2
9 . 0 120
477
55 . 0
2

,
_

+
bd
M
fs
7here
( )
b prov
req
As
fyAs
fs

1
3
2

Compression 5ein!orcemenP
- 1= -
:od 3 $
5 . 1
' 100
' 100
1

,
_

,
_

+
bd
s A
S
bd
s A
prov
prov
- 12 -
".3 General Notes
o <air checks done as simple 4eam !or
simpliciy
o 3acor o! <a!ey
Npli! $ 1&4
<lidin) $ 1&+
/ver"rnin) $ 2&% (1&+ ,<)
o 3o"ndaions
<iKin)* 8earin) capaciy A Npli! calcs
"se "n!acored loads
Area o! seel "se !acored loads
o <eel rein! sren)h* !
y
$ +%%'(mm
2
o :in area o! seel $ %&13(4h(1%%) (4$1%%%)
o Concree ,rade
3o"ndaions F C3+
.nernal <la4 F C3%
o 0esi)n )ro"nd 4eams as conin"o"s
<pan min& $ clear span + e!!ecive
deph
o Col"mns
8ia9ial 4endin) min& momen $
%&%+9dimension 4" M 2%mm
:in& seel $ %&4L
1on)i"dinal 4ars 12mm and ma9
spacin) $ 2+%mm
o .! :
"
< : hen compression rein! reJ"ired
o Also i! O > O? hen compression rein! reJ"ired
o 5ein!orcemen <pacin)
:in <pacin) $ h
a))
++mm
:a9 <pacin) M 4=%%%(!
s
M 3%%
o #re-cas sairs ideally need 12%-2%%mm
4earin)& :inim"m o! 1>+mm& Crea)h say
1%%mm min&
- 1B -
' Masonry
$.1 General Notes
o 3reesandin) walls and wall panels are 2
di!!eren hin)s
o Typical :asonry Qal"es
o 8rick
1%2&+mm hk
0ensiy $ 2%k'(m
3
:orar Type 3
7aer A4sorpion $ =L
o 8lock
14%mm hk
0ensiy (@) $ 12k'(m
3
0ensiy (:) $ 1+k'(m
3
:orar Type 3
Compressive <ren)h $
='(mm
2
o #arial <a!ey 3acor $ 2&+ (<pecial)
o 8lockwork does no have a )ood laeral
sren)h in comparison o 4rickwork
o 7all #anels wih @(1 < %&3 hen wall will end
o span verically
o 7all #anels wih @(1 > 1&=+ hen wall will
end o span horiKonally
o <ress* $ 1oad ( 7all Area
- 2% -
) Timber
%.1 Rules of Thumb
1. 5oo! Coiss <pan (mm) ( 2% F 5'0 +
2+mm
2. 5oo! Coiss <pan (mm) ( 2% +2+ mm F
5'0 + 2+mm
3. 5ackin) :odel o s"i p"4lished a4les
4& @y4rids F <eel A Tim4er )o well o)eher
5. <ecion <a4iliy Gn)ineered prod"cs vs&
na"ral prod"cs
6. Creep ( <elemen Gn)ineered prod"cs
vs& na"ral prod"cs
- 21 -
* Geotechnical & +oun"ations
).1 Rules of Thumb
1. C" Cohesive appro9 <8C $ 2HC"
2. ' ,ran"lar appro9 <8C $ 1%H'
3. Concenric 3ind ways o remove
eccenriciy
4. ,ein) Close 3o"ndaions A AdEacen
8"ildin)s F Canilever so yo" don?
"ndermine
5. #iles <iKe A capaciies appro9 <71 $ 2H0
(mm)
6. Tension #iles 3ricion only F s"r!ace area*
s"r!ace e9"re* mehod F 4i) A !a
7. Qi4ro Onow is limiaions F no !or all
4"ildin)s
8. #ile <elemen Take care F Clean holesI
3ricion 3ail"reI 3/< F :ake s"re yo"r spec
is clear
9. :ass 3ooin) :in 0eph $ widh $ 4readh
F 4+R spread
- 22 -
).2 General Notes
o /ver4"rden press"re is he e9isin) load on
he soil
o ,ross #ress"re is he new load on he soil
o 'e press"re is he chan)e in load
o <ecan piled walls are 39 more e9pensive
han coni)"o"s
o 1ar)e diameer 4ored pile are reJ"ired when
reainin) >m + o )e eno")h rock
peneraion
o Typical densiy* S $ 12 k'(m
2
o T? $ 3%R
o Oa $ 1-sin T? ( 1+sin T?
o Op $ 1 ( Oa
- 23 -