Measurement Systems

Asst. Prof. Ahmed A. Al-Rajihy

University of Karabal
College of engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Text: Measurement Systems, Application
and Design by Ernest O. Doebelin.
Flow Measurement
Measurement of volume flow Rate:
Differential pressure flowmeters
Assumptions:
1. Frictionless flow i.e. no energy losses 1. Frictionless flow i.e. no energy losses
due to friction, either in the fluid itself or
between the fluid and the pipe walls.
2. No heat losses or gains due to heat
transfer between the fluid and its
surroundings. Principles of Measurement .
3. Conservation of total energy
(pressure + kinetic + potential):
4. Incompressible fluid, i.e. 1 = 2 = .
5. Horizontal pipe, i.e. z1 = z2
6. Q1 = Q2 = Q where Q1 = A1v1 and Q2 = A2v2
.
The above equation is not applicable to
practice flowmeters for two main reasons: practice flowmeters for two main reasons:
Assumption 1 of frictionless flow is not
obeyed in practice.
A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas of
the fluid, which cannot be measured and
which may change with flow rate.
For these reasons, the theoretical equation
is corrected for practical use by introducing
a correction factor termed the coefficient of
discharge C. The modified equation is:
Turbine Flowmeter
the rotor angular velocity r is proportional
to Q, i.e.
r = kQ
where k is a constant which depends on the
geometry of the blade system.
Pitot Static Tube:
Variable area
flowmeters
(Rotameters)
D d

y Bob
c
b b
c
b f d
g
g
V
g
g
V F = +
m f
b d d
u
A C F
2

=
y Bob
Flow
c
b d d
g
A C F
2
=
2 1
1
2
1
l
f
b
b
b
d
m
A
gV
C
u
(
(

|
|

\
|
=

2 1
1
2
1
l
f
b
b
b
d
m
A
gV
C
A Au Q
(
(

|
|

\
|
= =

f f b
y C m ) (
1
=
& ( ) [ ]
2
2
4
d ay D A + =

0 =

f
m

&
f b
2 =
4
Where C
1
is an appropriate meter constant.
The optimum bob density is found as:
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