Integration Applications

Worked examples and exercises are in the text
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PROGRAMME 19

INTEGRATION
APPLICATIONS 2
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Programme 19: Integration applications 2
Volumes of solids of revolution
Centroid of a plane figure
Centre of gravity of a solid of revolution
Lengths of curves
Lengths of curves parametric equations
Surfaces of revolution
Surfaces of revolution parametric equations
Rules of Pappus
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Lengths of curves
Rules of Pappus
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If a plane figure bounded by the curve y = f (x), the x-axis and the
ordinates x = a and x = b, rotates through a complete revolution about the
x-axis, it will generate a solid symmetrical about Ox
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To find the volume V of the solid of revolution consider a thin strip of the
original plane figure with a volume oV ~ t y
2
.ox
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Dividing the whole plane figure up into a number of strips, each will
contribute its own flat disc with volume oV ~ t y
2
.ox
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The total volume will then be:

As ox 0 the sum becomes the integral giving:
2
x b
x a
V y x t o
=
=
~
2
x b
x a
V y dx t
=
=
=
}
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If a plane figure bounded by the curve y = f (x), the x-axis and the
ordinates x = a and x = b, rotates through a complete revolution about the
y-axis, it will generate a solid symmetrical about Oy
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To find the volume V of the solid of
revolution consider a thin strip of the
original plane figure with a volume:

oV ~ area of cross section circumference

=2t xy.ox
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The total volume will then be:

As ox 0 the sum becomes the integral giving:
2 .
x b
x a
V xy x t o
=
=
~
2 .
x b
x a
V xy dx t
=
=
=
}
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Lengths of curves
Rules of Pappus
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The coordinates of the centroid (centre of area) of a plane figure are
obtained by taking the moment of an elementary strip about the coordinate
axes and then summing over all such strips. Each sum is then
approximately equal to the moment of the total area taken as acting at the
centroid.
. .
. .
2
x b
x a
x b
x a
Ax x y x
y
Ay y x
o
o
=
=
=
=
~
~

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In the limit as the width of the strips approach zero the sums are converted
into integrals giving:
2
and
1
2

b
x a
b
x a
b
x a
b
x a
xydx
x
ydx
y dx
y
ydx
=
=
=
=
=
=
}
}
}
}
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Lengths of curves
Rules of Pappus
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The coordinates of the centre of gravity of a solid of revolution are
obtained by taking the moment of an elementary disc about the coordinate
axis and then summing over all such discs. Each sum is then
approximately equal to the moment of the total volume taken as acting at
the centre of gravity. Again, as the disc thickness approaches zero the
sums become integrals:
2
2
and 0
b
x a
b
x a
xy dx
x y
y dx
=
=
= =
}
}
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Lengths of curves
Rules of Pappus
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Lengths of curves
To find the length of the arc of the curve y = f (x) between x = a and x = b
let os be the length of a small element of arc so that:
2 2 2
2
( ) ( ) ( )
so
1
s x y
s y
x x
o o o
o o
o o
~ +
| |
~ +
|
\ .
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Lengths of curves
In the limit as the arc length os approaches zero:

and so:
2
1
ds dy
dx dx
| |
= +
|
\ .
2
1
b
x a
b
x a
ds
s dx
dx
dy
dx
dx
=
=
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
}
}
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Lengths of curves
Rules of Pappus
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Instead of changing the variable of the integral as before when the curve is
defined in terms of parametric equations, a special form of the result can
be established which saves a deal of working when it is used. Let:
2
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
( ) and ( ). As before ( ) ( ) ( )
so so as 0
and
t
t t
y f t x F t s x y
s x y
t
t t t
ds dx dy dx dy
s dt
dt dt dt dt dt
o o o
o o o
o
o o o
=
= = ~ +
| | | | | |
~ +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | | | |
= + = +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
}
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Lengths of curves
Rules of Pappus
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When the arc of a curve rotates about a coordinate axis it generates a
surface. The area of a strip of that surface is given by:
2 . so 2 .
A s
A y s y
x x
o o
o t o t
o o
~ ~
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From previous work:
2
2
2
1 and so
2 1 giving
2 1
b
x a
ds dy
dx dx
dA dy
y
dx dx
dy
A y dx
dx
t
t
=
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
}
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Lengths of curves
Rules of Pappus
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When the curve is defined by the parametric equations x = f (u) and y = F(u)
then rotating a small arc os about the x-axis gives a thin band of area:

Now:

Therefore:
2 . and so 2 .
A s
A y s y
o o
o t o t
ou ou
~ ~
2 2
ds dx dy
d d d u u u
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
2
b
x a
dx dy
A y d
d d
t u
u u
=
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
}
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Lengths of curves
Rules of Pappus
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Rules of Pappus
1 If an arc of a plane curve rotates about an axis in its plane, the area of
the surface generated is equal to the length of the line multiplied by the
distance travelled by its centroid

2 If a plane figure rotates about an axis in its plane, the volume
generated is equal to the area of the figure multiplied by the distance
travelled by its centroid.

Proviso: The axis of rotation must not cut the rotating arc or plane figure

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Learning outcomes
Calculate volumes of revolution
Locate the centroid of a plane figure
Locate the centre of gravity of a solid of revolution
Determine the lengths of curves
Determine the lengths of curves given by parametric equations
Calculate surfaces of revolution
Calculate surfaces of revolution using parametric equations
Use the two rules of Pappus


Integration Applications

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Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Worked examples and exercises are in the text

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