Introduction to Logic Practice Exam 4 Answers

(Keep in mind there are always multiple ways of doing a problem. Problem #2
For each, I have given only one possible solution, usually the shortest.)
1.
x[(Fx Gx) (Hx & Ix)]
2.

Problem #1
1.

3.

x(Gx Hx)

Pr

4.

x Hx
 x Fx
SHOW:


x Fx

Pr
Pr
ID
Ass

2.

x Hx

Pr

5.

 6
SHOW:


3.

Ha

Pr

6.

x Fx

4 O

DD

7.

x Hx

2 O

4.

 x Gx & x Gx
SHOW:


DD

5.

Hb

2 O

8.

Ha

7 O

6.

Gb Hb

1 O

9.

Fa

6 O

7.

Hb Gb

6 O

10.

Fa

9 DN

8.

Gb

5,7 O

11.

Fa Ga

10 I

9.

x Gx

4 I

12.

(Fa Ga) (Ha & Ia)

1 O

ID

13.

Ha & Ia

Ass

14.

Ha

DD

15.

10.
11.
12.

 x Gx
SHOW:


x Gx
 6
SHOW:


11 O

13.

Ga

14.

Ga Ha

1 O

15.

Ga Ha

14 O

16.

Ha

17.

18.

x Gx & x Gx

13,15 O
3,16 6I
9,10 &I

11,12 O
13 &O
8,14 6I

Problem #3

Problem #4

1.

x( Hx Fx)

Pr

1.

x Fx x Gx

Pr

2.

x(Gx & Hx)

Pr

2.

x(Fx Hx)

Pr

3.
4.
5.
6.

 x[(Fx & Rxa) Gx]

SHOW:

 (Fb & Rba) Gb
SHOW:


Fb & Rba
 Gb
SHOW:


UD

3.

CD

4.

Ass

5.

DD

6.

 x(Hx Gx) x Hx

SHOW:


x(Hx Gx)
 x Hx
SHOW:


x Hx
 6
SHOW:


CD
Ass
ID
Ass

2 O

7.

7 O

8.

Ha

6 O

8 &O

9.

Fa Ha

2 O

1 O

10.

Ha Ga

4 O

Fb

5 &O

11.

Ga

12.

Fb

11 DN

12.

x Gx

13.

Hb

10,12 O

13.

x Gx

14.

Gb

9,13 O

14.

x Fx

15.

Fa

16.

Ha

17.

7.

x (Gx & Hx)

8.

(Gb & Hb)

9.

Gb Hb

10.

Hb Fb

11.

DD

8,10 O
11 I
12 DN
1,13 O
14 O
9,15 O
8,16 6I

Problem #5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Problem #6

x[Fx y(Gy Ryx)]

 x Fx x(y Rxy Gx)
SHOW:


x Fx
 x(y Rxy Gx)
SHOW:

 y Ray Ga
SHOW:


y Ray
 Ga
SHOW:


Pr

1.

x Fx x(Gx & Hx)

Pr

CD

2.

x Fx

Pr

Ass

3.

UD

4.

CD
Ass
DD

8.

Fb

3 O

9.

Fb y(Gy Ryb)

1 O

10.

y(Gy Ryb)

11.

Ga Rab

12.

Rab

13.

Rab

14.

Ga

 x Hx
SHOW:


x Hx

5.

 6
SHOW:


6.

x Hx

7.

Fa

8.

 x Fx
SHOW:


x Fx

9.

 6
SHOW:


10.

8,9 O
10 O
6 O

11.

Fa

12.

ID
Ass
DD
4 O
2 O
ID
Ass
DD
9 O
7,11 6I

12 DN

13.

x(Gx & Hx)

1,8 O

11,13 O

14.

Gb & Hb

13 O

15.

Hb

14 &O

16.

Hb

17.

6 O
15,16 6I

Problem #7

Problem #8

1.

x y Lyx

Pr

1.

Rab

Pr

2.

x y(z Lyz Lxy)

Pr

2.

z Raz y(Rya z Rza)

Pr

3.

 x Lxx
SHOW:


DD

3.
4.

 y x Rxy
SHOW:


y x Rxy

ID

4.

y Lya

1 O

5.

Lba

4 O

5.

6.

y(z Lyz Lcy)

2 O

z Lbz Lcb

6.

y x Rxy

4 O

7.

6 O

7.

y x Rxy

4 O

8.

z Lbz

5 I

8.

y x Rxy

6 O

9.

Lcb

9.

y x Rxy

7 O

10.

z Lcz Lcc

11.

z Lcz

12.

Lcc

13.

x Lxx

7,8 O

(y x Rxy y x Rxy)
 6
SHOW:


Ass
DD

6 O

10.

z Raz

9 I
10,11 O

11.

y(Rya z Rza)

12.

x Rxa

8 O

12 I

13.

x Rxa

9 O

14.

x Rxa

12 O

15.

x Rxa

13 O

16.

Rca

14 O

17.

Rda

15 O

18.

Rda

17 DN

19.

Rda z Rza

11 O

20.

z Rza

21.

Rca

22.

1 I
2,10 O

18,19 O
20 O
16,21 6I