LOI 1: Chn phn t t cc tp hp

Th d 1: T mt c 10 ngi, t hai c 9 ngi. c bao nhi! cch chn mt

nhm g"m # ngi $ao cho m%i t t&n c 't nh(t )* + ngi,
-i gi.i/ 0i. $ ta chn 1 ngi c2a t mt 3* 4# 5 16 ngi c2a t hai. 78 m%i
t c 't nh(t + ngi nn +9k9:.
; <= cch chn 1 t&ong $= 10 ngi c2a t mt )* Ck10 . >ng 3?i mt cch
chn t&n, ta c $= cch chn 4# 5 16 t&ong 9 ngi c2a t hai )* C#@k9 . ThAo
B!C tDc nhEn, ta Fc $= cch chn nhm # ngi nh t&n )*
SkGCk10.C#@k9
; Cho 1 )n )t bHng +, I,..,: 3* p JKng B!C tDc cng, ta Fc $= cch chn
nhm # ngi thLa mMn b*i ton )*
SGS+NSINNS:GC+10.C:9NCI10.CO9NNC:10.C+9GPQ0##
Bi ton tng qut: Cho tp hp A c n phn t, tp hp B c m phn t.
Tnh s cch chn p phn t t hai tp hp trn 4pRmNn6 ! th"a m#n m$t
%i&' ki(n n!o %.
Cch gii chung
)* Tnh tr+c ti,p - 0i. $ ta chn 1 phn t c2a tp hp S 3* 4p 5 16 phn t
c2a tp hp T 4t&ng hp gi. thiUt cho nhiV! tp hp hWn, ta )*m tWng tX6. <=
cch chn )* SkGCkn.Cp@km. Cho 1 thaC Fi phY hp 3?i gi. thiUt c2a b*i ton
3* )(C tng c2a t(t c. cc $= hZng Sk tWng t[ng, ta Fc 1Ut B!. cn t8m.
.* Tnh /in ti,p - <= cch chn 1 phn t t S,T m\t cch b(t 1] )* CkmNn. ^Ut
B!. ph.i t8m )* hi_! c2a CkmNn 3?i tng cc $= hZng Sk tWng [ng 3?i m%i gi
t&` 1 thLa mMn gaa thiUt c2a b*i ton.
Th d 2. 0/12i ta s 34n/ 5a 6o7i sch /8m9 : c'n sch & Ton hc, ; c'n
sch & <t 6 ! = c'n sch & >a hc. ?@i 6o7i %&' /8m cc c'n sch %Ai
m$t khc 6o7i nha'. C 5ao nhi' cch chn B c'n sch tron/ s sch trn %C
6!m /iDi th1En/ sao cho m@i 6o7i c t nhFt ) c'nG
-i gi.i/ < JKng cch t'nh gin tiUp. $= cch chn P t&ong $= 19 c!=n $ch mt
cch b(t 18 )* CP19.
Cc cch chn 1h\ng F2 I )oZi $ch )*/
; <= cch chn P t&ong $= 11 c!=n $ch -' 3* ba )* CP11 4 1h\ng c $ch
Ton6
; <= cch chn P t&ong $= 1I c!=n $ch ba 3* Ton )* CP1I 41h\ng c $ch
-'6
; <= cch chn P t&ong $= 1Q c!=n $ch Ton 3* -' )* CP1Q 4 1h\ng c $ch
ba6
; <= cch chn P t&ong $= # c!=n $ch Ton )* CP# 41h\ng c $ch -' 3* ba6
78 m%i cch chn 1h\ng c $ch -' 3* ba th!c c. hai phcp chn / 1h\ng c
$ch -' 3* 1h\ng c $ch ba, nn $= cch chn ph.i t8m )*
CP19@CP11@CP1I@CP1QNCP#GQQ91#.
H1' I. ^hi t'nh thAo phWng php gin tiUp, m%i $= hZng tWng [ng 3?i t&ng
hp 1h\ng thLa mMn b*i ton Fc Fdt J(! t&. <= hZng F"ng thi th!c hai
t&ng hp 1h\ng thLa mMn b*i ton Fc Fdt $a! J(! cng 4 bZn Fc tX $!C
)!n cho $= hZng F"ng thi th!c ba t&ng hp 1h\ng thLa mMn b*i tone6
LOI 2: <Dp fUp cc th[ tX cc 3t t mt h cc 3t
Th d 3. C = in 5i Janh /in/ nha', K in 5i trLn/ /in/ nha' ! M in
5i %" %Ai m$t khc nha'. C 5ao nhi' cch sLp J,p s 5i trn !o ). A thNo
m$t h!n/ n/an/ sao cho m@i A c m$t in 5iG
-i gi.i / gU! t(t c. 1+ 3in bi FV! 1hc nha! th8 chhng tZo
th*nh O1+G1+i hon 3`. ghng cc hon 3` c2a O bi fanh 3* cc hon 3` c2a Q
bi t&Dng cho cYng mt cch $Dp fUp F=i 3?i 1+ 3in bi nn $= cch fUp ph.i )*
O1+OO.OQG1+iOi.QiG1::I+0
Bi ton tng qut: C t(t c. n 3t t&ong F c m 3t gi=ng nha! t hp Sj 1
3t gi=ng nha! t hp Te,4mNkNRn6 . Cc 3t ckn )Zi F\i mt 1hc nha!
th8 $= cch fUp chhng th*nh mt hang ngang )* nimiki.
Th d 4: C 5ao nhi' cch J,p P tr cho = hc sinh nam ! M hc sinh nQ
R'anh m$t 5!n trSn sao cho khAn/ c hai hc sinh nQ n!o c7nh nha'G T hai
cch J,p khc nha' & P tr nh1n/ c cUn/ thV t+ nh1 %i Wi cc hc sinh
trn %1c coi 6! m$t*
-i gi.i/ 0i. $ FM fUp ch% cho O hc $inh nam. 78 I hc $inh nl 1h\ng ng"i
cZnh nha! nn h Fc chn I t&ong O 3` t&' fAm 1m gila cc hc $inh nam, $=
cch chn )* AIO. 78 hai cch fUp 3` t&' cho # ngi cYng mt th[ tX B!anh b*n
t&kn Fc coi )* mt nn ta c thn chn t&?c 3` t&' cho mt hc $inh nam n*o
F, $= hon 3` c2a Q hc $inh nam ckn )Zi 3*o cc 3` t&' )* Qi.
ThAo B!C tDc nhEn, $= 1h. nong ph.i t8m )* AIO.QiG1QQ0 cch.
H1' I. ^hi fUp n F=i tng thAo mt 3kng t&kn 3?i hai cch fUp 1hch nha! bpi
mt phcp B!aC ta c thn coi )* mt, th8 ta c thn Fiqnh t&?c mt 3` t&' cho mt
F=i tng b(t 18 t&ong chhng. <a! F t'nh $= cch fUp 3` t&' cho 4n 5 1 6 F=i
tng ckn )Zi
LOA 3: rhEn chia cc 3t t mt h cc 3t
Th d !: C bao nhi! cch chia 100 F" 3t gi=ng nha! cho Q ngi $ao cho
m%i ngi Fc 't nh(t mt F" 3t,
-i gi.i. 0i. $ 100 F" 3t Fc fUp th*nh mt hang ngang, gila chhng c 99
1ho.ng t&=ng. sdt mt cch b(t 1] I 3Zch 3*o I t&ong $= 99 1ho.ng t&=ng F, ta
Fc mt cch chia 100 F" 3t &a th*nh Q phn Jn )n )t gn cho Q ngi.
^hi F m%i ngi Fc 't nh(t 1 F" 3t 3* tng $= F" 3t c2a Q ngi bHng 100
thLa mMn C! c! c2a b*i ton.
7C $= cch chia )* CI99G1O:#Q9 cch.
H1' I. THng cch gi.i tWng tX nh t&n ta c thn ch[ng minh &Hng phWng
t&8nh J1NJ+NNJnGm 416 c t'nh ch(t/
; 7?i 19n9mjm,ngj th8 rT416 c $= nghi_m t&ong tp hp cc $% ng!Cn
JWng )* Cn@1m@1.
; 7?i 19njm,ngj th8 rT416 c $= nghi_m t&ong tp hp $= tX nhin
)* Cn@1mNn@1.
Th d ": C 5ao nhi' cch chia : %8 t %Ai m$t khch nha' cho 5a n/12i
sao cho c m@i n/12i %1c . %8 t ! hai n/12i con 67i, m@i n/12i %1c M %8
XtG
-i gi.i/ C I cch chn F" 3t. 7?i m%i cch chn t&n ta c/
; <= cch chn + t&ong # F" 3t cho ngi Fc + F" 3t )* C+#j $a! F, $=
cch chn I t&ong : F" 3t ckn )Zi cho ngi th[ nh(t Fc I F" 3t )* CI:, I
F" 3t ckn )Zi gi*nh cho ngi th[ + Fc I F" 3t.
; ThAo B!C tDc nhEn, $= cch chia ph.i t8m )*/ I.C+#.CI:G1:#0 cch.
H1' I. ^hi gi.i b*i ton t&n, nhiV! bZn cho Fp $= $ai )* hodc C+#CI: hodc Ii
C+#.CI:.
T&ng hp th[ nh(t, bZn FM coi 3ai t&k c2a ngi Fc + F" 3t 3* ngi Fc
I F" 3t )* nh nha! 4i6. T&ng hp th[ hai, bZn FM coi 3ai t&k c2a hai ngi
cYng Fc I F" 3t 1hc nha!4i6
B#I T$% L#& T'(&
Bi 1. rhWng t&8nh JNYNZG100 c bao nhi! nghi_m t&ong tp hp $= tX
nhin,
Bi 2. sAm chia hUt 10 F" 3t F\i mt 1hc nha! cho + ngi, $ao cho m%i
ngi Fc 't nh(t 1 F" 3t. bLi $= cch chia,
Bi 3. C O c!=n $ch Ton gi=ng nha!, P c!=n $ch -' gi=ng nha! 3* # c!=n
$ch ba gi=ng nha!. sAm )*m gi.i thpng cho 10 hc $inh. t%i ngi Fc +
c!=n $ch 1hc )oZi, t'nh $= cch nhn gi.i thpng c2a 10 hc $inh t&n.
Bi 4. C bao nhi! cch chia : ngi &a th*nh I nhm, m%i nhm + ngi,
t&ong cc t&ng hp $a!
a6 rhEn bi_t th[ tX cc nhm )* / nhm 1, nhm +, nhm I.
b6 ^h\ng phEn bi_t th[ tX c2a cc nhm.
%')* BI(+T ,-. T/0C C1+*2 3A4 ,-. T/0C *')*

u!C tovc c\wng 3ax B!C tovc nhEn )ax + B!C tov c Fvm cW bayn t&ong chWng t&8nh sawi $\v
t\y hWwp c!y a )Wvp 11. T!C nhin, nhiV! howc $inh 1h\ng phEn biwt FWwc 1hi naxo B!C tovc
nhEn, 1hi naxo J!xng B!C tovc c\wng t&ong 3iwc giayi cavc baxi tEwp. Ch!Cn FV n*C $m gihp
ta phEn bi_t &z 3* p JKng Fhng + B!C tovc nax C.
I. L5 T'-.6T
1. ,u7 t80c nh9n:
gv! m\wt c\ng 3iwc naxo Fov phayi hoaxn thaxnh B!a n giai Foawn )in tivp, t&ong Fov/
0iai Foawn 1 cov m1 cavch thwc hiwn
0iai Foawn + cov m+ cavch thwc hiwn
e. eee..
0iai Foawn n cov mn cav ch thwc hiwn
^hi Fov , cov/ m1.m+...mn cav ch Fy hoaxn thaxnh c\ng 3iwc Fa{ cho.
2. ,u7 t80c c:+ng:
gv! m\wt c\ng 3iwc naxo nov cov thy thwc hiwn thAo n phWng n 1havc nha!, t&ong Fov/
rhWng n thv 1 cov m1 cavch thwc hiwn
rhWng n thv + cov m+ cavch thwc hiwn
e. eee..
rhWng n thv n cov mn cav ch thwc hiwn
^hi Fov , cov/ m1Nm+N...Nmn cav ch Fy hoaxn thaxnh c\ng 3iwc Fa{ cho.
*h9+n ;<0t:
Tx Fiwnh nghi{a c!ya B!C tov c c\wng 3ax B!C tovc nhEn t&n, ta thEv C &oxng/
N gv! boy 1 giai Foawn naxo Fov max ta 1h\ng thy hoaxn thaxnh FWwc c\ng 3iwc 41h\ng
cov 1vt B!ay6 thix )!vc Fov ta cExn phayi $y J!wng B!C tovc nhEn.
N gv! boy 1 giai Foawn naxo Fov max ta 3E{n cov thy hoaxn thaxnh FWw c c\ng 3iwc 4cov 1vt
B!ay6 thix )!vc Fov ta $y J!wng B!C tov c c\wng.
gh 3Ew C, 3Wvi nhEwn fAvt n*C, ta thEvC &o{ FWwc $w 1havc biwt c!ya + B!C tovc 3ax 1h\ng thy
nhExm )E{n 3iw c J!xng B!C tovc c\wng 3ax B!C tovc nhEn FWw c. <a! FEC )ax m\wt $\v baxi tEwp
minh howa/
II. B#I T$%
B=4i 1:
Tx cavc ch{ $\v 0,1,+,I,Q,O. -Ewp FWwc bao nhi! $= tX nhin t&ong m\{i t&Wxng hWwp
$a!/
1. <= tX nhin cho{n cov Q ch{ $\v.
+. <= tX nhin cho{n cov Q ch{ $\v 1havc nha!.
L>4i gi=?i:
1. 0owi $= tX nhin thoya mMn C! c! b*i ton )ax a5c3|||||||
Chown ch{ $\v 3 cov I cavch chown,
Chown ch{ $\v a cov O cavch chown,
Chown ch{ $\v 5 cov O cavch chown,
Chown ch{ $\v c cov O cavch chown
ThAo B!C tovc nhEn cov/ I.O.O.OGIPO 4$\v6.
+. 0owi $= tX nhin thoya Ccbt )ax a5c3|||||||
} gv! 3G0/
Chown ch{ $\v 3 cov 1 cavch chown
Chown ch{ $\v a cov O cavch chown
Chown ch{ $\v 5 cov Q cavch chown
Chown ch{ $\v c cov I cavch chown
ThAo B!C tovc nhEn cov/ 1.O.Q.IG:0 4$\v6 46
} gv! 3~ 0, cov + cavch chown ch{ $\v J
Chown ch{ $\v a cov Q cavch chown
Chown ch{ $\v 5 cov Q cavch chown
Chown ch{ $\v c cov I cavch chown
ThAo B!C tovc nhEn cov/ +.Q.Q.I G 9: 4$\v6 46
Tx 46 3ax 46 thAo u!C tov c c\wng ta cov :0N9:G1O: 4$\v6
B=4i 2:
Tawn Sn cov O b\ng hoa h\xng 1havc nha!, Q b\ng hoa c!v c 1hav c nha!, I b\ng hoa )an
1havc nha!, bawn cExn chown &a Q b\ng Fy covm 3axo m\wt )ow hoa, hoyi bawn cov bao nhi!
cav ch chown hoa Fy covm $ao cho hoa t&ong )ow phayi cov F!y cay )oawi.
L>4i gi=?i:
Taxi toavn fayC &a I t&Wxng hWwp.
NT&Wxng hWwp 1/ Chown + b\ng h\xng, 1 b\ng c!vc, 1 b\ng )an.
} Chown 1 b\ng h\xng thv nhEvt cov O cavch
} Chown 1 b\ng h\xng thv hai cov Q cavch
} Chown 1 b\ng c!v c cov Q cavch
} Chown 1 b\ng )an cov I cavch
ThAo B!C tovc nhEn, ta cov O.Q.Q.IG+Q0 cavch 416
NT&Wxng hWwp +/ Chown 1b\ng h\xng, + b\ng c!v c, 1 b\ng )an.
} Chown 1 b\ng h\xng cov O cav ch
} Chown 1 b\ng c!v c thv nhEvt cov Q cavch
} Chown 1 b\ng c!v c thv hai cov I cavch
} Chown 1 b\ng )an cov I cavch
ThAo B!C tovc nhEn, ta cov O.Q.I.I G 1#0 cavch 4+6
NT&Wxng hWwp I/ Chown 1 b\ng h\xng, 1 b\ng c!vc, + b\ng )an.
} Chown 1 b\ng h\xng cov O cav ch
} Chown 1 b\ng c!v c cov Q cavch
} Chown 1 b\ng )an thv nhEvt cov I cav ch
} Chown 1 b\ng )an thv hai cov + cav ch
ThAo B!C tovc nhEn, ta cov O.Q.I.+G1+0 cavch 4I6
Tx 416, 4+6, 4I6, thAo B!C tovc c\wng ta cov/ +Q0N1#0N1+0GOQ0 cavch.
Bi 3:
Cho cc chl $= 0 , 1 , + ,I ,Q ,O , P ,9 . -p mt $= g"m Q chl $= 1hc nha! t cc
chl $= t&n . bLi/
a. C bao nhi! $= chn
b. C bao nhi! $= c mdt chl $= 1
L>4i gi=?i:
a. 0i $= FM cho c JZng / a1a+aIaQ 4 aQ )* chl $= chn6
} T8m $= cc $= JZng t&n 1n c. a1G0 /
} aQ c I cch chn , cc 3` t&' ckn )Zi c AIPG+10 cch chn nn $= cc $= nC
)* /:I0 $=
} T8m $= cc $= JZng t&n m* a1 G 0 /
} aQ c + cch chn , cc 3` t&' ckn )Zi c A+:GI0 cch chn nn $= cc $= nC )*/
:0 $=
7C $= cc $= chn cn t8m )* /:I0 5:0 G OP0 $=
b. 0i $= FM cho c JZng / a1a+aIaQ
} T8m $= cc $= JZng t&n 1n c. a1 G 0 /
Chn 3` t&' cho chl $= 1 / c Q cch , cc 3` t&' ckn )Zi c AIPG+10 cch chn nn
$= cc $= nC )* /#Q0 $=
} T8m $= cc $= JZng t&n m* a1 G 0 /
a1 c I cch chn , cc 3` t&' ckn )Zi c A+:GI0 cch chn nn $= cc $= nC )* /90
$=
7C $= cc $= cn t8m )* /#Q0 5 90 G PO0 $= 4B!C tDc cng6
Bi 4:
C bao nhi! cch $Dp fUp ch% Q bZn nl 3* : bZn nam ng"i 3*o 10 ghU m* 1h\ng
c + bZn nl n*o ng"i cZnh nha! nU!
a. 0hU $Dp th*nh h*ng ngang
b. 0hU $Dp B!anh mt b*n t&kn.
L>4i gi=?i:
a. T&?c hUt fUp : bZn nam 3*o 3` t&' c :i cch $Dp fUp. Am m%i bZn )* mt
3ch ngon tZo th*nh P 3` t&'. Up Q bZn 3*o P 3` t&' c AQP cch. 7C c
:i.AQP cch
b. T&?c hUt fUp : bZn nam 3*o 3kng t&kn c Oi cch. Am m%i bZn nl )* mt
3ch ngon tZo th*nh : 3` t&'. Up Q bZn nl 3*o : 3` t&' c AQ: cch.
7C c Oi. AQ: cch $Dp fUp.
Bi !:
T&ong mt t hc $inh c2a )?p c # nam 3* Q nl. ThC gio m!=n chn &a I hc
$inh Fn )*m t&Xc nht )?p hc, t&ong F ph.i c 't nh(t mt hc $inh nam. bLi thC
gio c bao nhi! cch chn.
L@i gii:
0i A )* tp t(t c. cc cch chn I hc $inh t&ong 1+ hc $inh.
0i B )* tp hp t(t c. cc cch chn I hc $inh nl.
0i C )* tp hp t(t c. cc cch chn tho. mMn C! c! b*i ton.
Ta c CGA@B 4B!C tDc cng6.
tdt 1hc J th(C AGC1+I,BGCIQ, nn CGC1+I@CIQG+1:
7C c +1: cch chn tho. mMn C! c! b*i ton.
Bi ":
7?i tp [G1,+,I,Q,O,:,P c thn )p Fc bao nhi! $= g"m O chl $= phEn bi_t
3* /
a6 -* $= chn.
b6 T&ong F c chl $= P.
c6 T&ong F c chl $= P 3* chl $= h*ng ngh8n )!\n )* chl $= 1.
L>4i gi=?i:
a6 < JKng 1iUn th[c 3V hon 3` /
aO Fc chn t tp \G+,Q,: C I cch chn.
a1,a+,aI,aQ )* mt b phEn bi_t th[ tX Fc chn t [aO Jo F n )* mt
chanh hp chp Q c2a :
C AQ: cch chn.
ThAo B!C tDc nhEn, $= cc $= chn g"m O chl $= phEn bi_t , h8nh th*nh t
tp [ bHng /
I.AQ:G10#0 $=.
b6 Chn 1 3` t&' t&ong O 3` t&' c2a cc chl $= Fn Fdt chl $= P
c O cch chn
T=n 3` t&' ckn )Zi nhn gi t&` )* mt b phEn bi_t th[ tX Fc chn t [P Jo F
n )* mt chanh hp chp Q c2a :
C AQ: cch chn.
7EC, $= cc $= g"m O chl $= phEn bi_t, h8nh th*nh t tp [, t&ong F c chl $= P,
bHng /
O.AQ:G1#00 $=.
c6 0n a+G1 C 1 cch chn
Chn 1 3` t&' t&ong Q 3` t&' c2a cc chl $= Fn Fdt chl $= P C Q cch chn.
Ta 3` t&' ckn )Zi nhn gi t&` )* mt b phEn bi_t th[ tX Fc chn t [P,1 Jo
F n )* mt chanh hp chp I c2a O
c AIO cch chn.
7C, $= cc $= g"m O chl $= phEn bi_t h8nh th*nh t tp [, t&ong F c chl $= P 3*
chl $= h*ng ng*n )* chl $= 1, bHng /
1.Q.AIOG+Q0 $=.
Bi A
Cho cc $= 0j1j +j Ij Qj Oj :j P
a6 C thn 3iUt Fc bao nhi! $= c Q chl $= 1hc nha!, T&ong F c bao nhi! $=
chn, Tao nhi! $= chia hUt cho O,
b6 C bao nhi! $= c Q chl $= 1hc nha!, t&ong F nh(t thiUt ph.i c mdt chl $=
O.
c6 C bao nhiU! $= c Q chl $= 1hc nha! nhL hWn Q000.
L>4i gi=?i:
a6 = c Q chl $= 1hc nha!.
<= cch chn chl $= h*ng ngh8n/ P cch.
<= cch chn I chl $= ckn )Zi AIPG+10.
7C $= cc $= c Q chl $= 1hc nha! cn t8m )*/ P.+10G1QP0 4$=6.
<= cc $= chn c Q chl $= 1hc nha!.
78 $= cn t8m )* chn nn chl $= tn cYng c thn )*/ 0j+jQj:.
N gU! chl $= tn cYng 1hc 0 th8 $= cc $= cn t8m/
I.:.A+:GOQ0 4$=6.
N gU! chl $= tn cYng )* 0 th8 $= cc $= cn t8m )*/
1.P.A+:G+10 4$=6.
7C $= cc $= chn c Q chl $= 1hc nha! cn t8m )*/
OQ0N+10GPO0 4$=6.
ghn fct/ FEC 3i_c t8m $= cc $= ) thXc hi_n th!n )i hWn $o 3?i 3i_c t8m cc
$= chn 38 thU F=i 3?i b*i ton n*C ta c thn tiUn h*nh t8m cc $= ) t F $!C &a cc
$= chn.
<= cc $= ) c Q chl $= 1hc nha! )*/ Q.:.A+:GP+0.
7C $= cc $= chn c Q chl $= 1hc nha! cn t8m )*/
1QP0@P+0GPO0 4$=6.
<= cc $= c Q chl $= 1hc nha! chia hUt cho O.
78 $= cn t8m chia hUt cho O nn chl $= tn cYng c thn )* 0 hodc O.
N gU! chl $= tn cYng )* 0 th8 $= cc $= c Q chl $= 1hc nha! chia hUt
cho O )*/ 1.P.A+:G+10 4$=6.
N gU! chl $= tn cYng )* O th8 $= cc $= c Q chl $= 1hc nha! chia hUt
cho O )*/ 1.:.A+:G1#0 4$=6.
7C $= cc $= cn t8m c Q chl $= 1hc nha! chia hUt cho O )*/
+10N1#0GI90 4$=6.
b6 <= cch chn 3` t&' chl $= O )* Q.
<= cch chn I chl $= ckn )Zi 4 c c. chl $= 0 F[ng F! 6 )* AIP
bWn nla ta )Zi c/ I.C+#.C+O.C1INC1#.C+O.C1INC1#.C1O.C+IGP#0 $= c Qchl $=
1hc nha! nh(t thiUt c mdt chl $= O 3* chl $= 0 F[ng F!.
7C $= cc $= c Q chl $= 1hc nha! nhEt thiUt c mdt chl $= O )*/
Q.AIP@I.A+:G#Q0@90GPO0 4$=6.
c6 78 $= cn t8m nhL hWn Q000 nn chl $= h*ng ngh8n c I cch chn. <= cch
chn Ichl $= ckn )Zi )*/ AIPG+10.
7C $= cc $= cn t8m c Q chl $= 1hc nha! nhL hWn Q000 )*/
I.+10G:I0 4$=6.
B#I T$% TB 2ICI:
B=4i 1:
Tx cavc ch{ $\v 0,+,I,Q,O,P,#
1. -Ewp FWwc bao nhi! $= tX nhin cho{n cov I ch{ $\v .
+. -Ewp FWwc bao nhi! $= tX nhin cho{n cov I ch{ $\v 1havc nha!.
I. -Ewp FWwc bao nhi! $= tX nhin cov O ch{ $\v t&ong Fov cavc ch{ $\v cav ch Fx! ch{ $\v
Fvng gi{a thix boxng nha!.
Q. -Ewp FWwc bao nhi! $= tX nhin cov O ch{ $\v 1havc nha! max t\yng hai ch{ $\v haxng
ch!wc 3ax FWn 3iw boxng P.
O. -Ewp FWwc bao nhi! $= tX nhin cov O ch{ $\v 1havc nha! max t\yng ba ch{ $\v haxng
t&om, ch!wc 3ax FWn 3iw boxng 9.
B=4i 2:
t\wt t\y howc $inh g\xm # nam 3ax I n{, giavo 3in ch!y nhiwm cExn chown &a Q Am Fy Fi
)ao F\wng, hoyi cov bao nhi! cavch chown, nv!/
1. Chown how c $inh naxo c!{ng FWwc.
+. T&ong Q howc $inh FWwc chown cov J!C nhEvt 1 howc $inh nam.
I. T&ong Q howc $inh FWwc chown, cov ivt nhEvt 1 howc $inh n{.
Q. T&ong Q howc $inh FWwc chown, cov nhix! nhEvt + how c $inh nam.
O. T&ong $\v how c $inh FWwc chown thix $\v nam )!\n nhix! hWn $\v n{.
Bi 3:
C bao nhi! cch chia tp A g"m 10 phn t th*nh + tp hp con 1hc &%ng.
Bi 4:
C +0 hc $inhj t&ong F c Q cdp $inh F\i. Chn &a I hc $inh $ao cho 1h\ng c
cdp $inh F\i n*o. bLi c bao nhi! cch,
B=4i !:
t\wt ngEn haxng cE! hoyi g\xm O cE! hoyi 1hov , : cE! hoyi t&!ng bixnh 3ax P cE! hoyi J{ .
boyi cov thy )Ewp FWwc bao nhi! Fx thi, m\{i Fx g\xm O cE! hoyi $ao cho/
1. sx thi cov I cE! J{, 1 cE! t&!ng bixnh 3ax 1 cE! 1hov .
+. sx thi cov + cE! J{, + cE! t&!ng bixnh 3ax 1 cE! 1hov .
I. sx thi nhEvt thivt cov F!y I )oawi cE! hoyi 3ax $\v cE! hoyi J{ 1h\ng ivt hWn +.
Bi ":
T8m cc $= tX nhin chia hUt cho + 3* c O chl $= $ao cho chl $= F[ng $a! )?n hWn
chl $= F[ng )iVn t&?c.
Bi A:
-p Fc bao nhi! $= tX nhin c # chl $= t 1j+jIjQjOj:j t&ong F chl $= 1 3* :
c mdt + )nj cc chl $= 1hc c mdt Fhng 1 )n.
Bi D:
C bao nhi! $= tX nhin c 9 chl $=j t&ong F c ba chl $= ) 1hc nha!j I chl $=
chn 1hc nha! m* m%i chl $= chn c mdt Fhng + )n.
Bi E:
C bao nhi! $= tX nhin c : chl $= 1hc nha!j $ao cho + chl $= 1V nha! 1h\ng
cYng )* chl $= ).
Bi 1F:
Cho 0j1j...jP.C bao nhi! $= tX nhin chnj c : chl $= 1hc nha! 3* )!\n c
mdt chl $= Q.
1.Trong ci hp ng 7 qu cu trng v 3 qu cu . Ta ly ra 4 qu cu:
a) Hi c th c bao nhiu cch?
b) Trong c bao nhiu cch ly ra 2 qu cu
c) C bao nhiu cch ly nhiu nht 2 qu cu
d) C bao nhiu cch ly t nht 2 qu cu
a). Mi cch ly ra Q qu cu trong P qu ng vi mt t hop chp Q ca P phn t. Do ,
s cch ly bng :
CQ10G10iQi:iG+10 cch.
b) Ta c :
* Vi 3 qu cu ly 2 qu, do c C+I cch
* Vi 7 qu cu trng ly 2 qu, do c C+P cch.
Vy c tt c : C+I.C+PGI.+1G:I cch
c) Ta c cc trung hop :
* Chon 2 v 2 trng , khi c C+I.C+P cch
* Chon 1 v 3 trng, khi c C1I.CIP cch
* Chon 4 trng, khi c CQP cch.
Vy c tt c C+I.C+PNC1ICIPNCQPG:IN10ONIOG+0I cch.
d) Ta c cc trung hop :
* Chon 2 v 2 trng, khi c C+I.C+P cch
* Chon 3 v 1 trng, khi c CII.C1P cch
Vy c tt c C+I.C+PNCII.C1PG:INPGP0 cch
Cho tp hop AG1,+,I,Q,O,:,P,#.
a) C bao nhiu tp con X ca tp A tha iu kin ] cha 1 v khng cha +.
b) C bao nhiu s t nhin chn gm O ch s i mt khc nhau ly t tp A v khng
bt u bi 1+I
Cho cc s 0;1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7
a) C th vit uoc bao nhiu s c 4 ch s khc nhau? Trong c bao nhiu s chn?
Bao nhiu s chia ht cho 5?
b) C bao nhiu s c 4 ch s khc nhau, trong nht thit phi c mt ch s 5.
c) C bao nhiu s c 4 ch s khc nhau nh hon 4000.
* S c Q ch s khc nhau.
S cch chon ch s hng nghn: P cch.
S cch chon I ch s cn lai AIPG+10.
Vy s cc s c Q ch s khc nhau cn tm l: P.+10G1QP0 (s).
* S cc s chn c Q ch s khc nhau.
V s cn tm l chn nn ch s tn cng c th l: 0j+jQj:.
+ Nu ch s tn cng khc 0 th s cc s cn tm:
I.:.A+:GOQ0 (s).
+ Nu ch s tn cng l 0 th s cc s cn tm l:
1.P.A+:G+10 (s).
Vy s cc s chn c Q ch s khc nhau cn tm l:
OQ0N+10GPO0 (s).
Nhn xt: y vic tm s cc s l thc hin thun loi hon so vi vic tm cc s chn v
th i vi bi ton ny ta c th tin hnh tm cc s l t suy ra cc s chn.
S cc s l c Q ch s khc nhau l: Q.:.A+:GP+0.
Vy s cc s chn c Q ch s khc nhau cn tm l:
1QP0@P+0GPO0 (s).
* S cc s c Q ch s khc nhau chia ht cho O.
V s cn tm chia ht cho O nn ch s tn cng c th l 0 hoc O.
+ Nu ch s tn cng l 0 th s cc s c Q ch s khc nhau chia ht
cho O l: 1.P.A+:G+10 (s).
+ Nu ch s tn cng l O th s cc s c Q ch s khc nhau chia ht
cho O l: 1.:.A+:G1#0 (s).
Vy s cc s cn tm c Q ch s khc nhau chia ht cho O l:
+10N1#0GI90 (s).
b) S cch chon vj tr ch s O l Q.
S cch chon I ch s cn lai ( c c ch s 0 ng u ) l AIP
Hon na ta lai c: I.C+#.C+O.C1INC1#.C+O.C1INC1#.C1O.C+IGP#0 s c Q ch s khc
nhau nht thit c mt ch s O v ch s 0 ng u.
Vy s cc s c Q ch s khc nhau nht thit c mt ch s O l:
Q.AIP@I.A+:G#Q0@90GPO0 (s).
c) V s cn tm nh hon Q000 nn ch s hng nghn c I cch chon. S cch
chon I ch s cn lai l: AIPG+10.
Vy s cc s cn tm c Q ch s khc nhau nh hon Q000 l:
I.+10G:I0 (s).
Mt hoc sinh c 1+ cun sch i mt khc nhau, trong c + cun sch Ton, Q cun
sch Vn v :cun sch Anh. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp tt c cc cun sch trn mt
k sch di, nu cc cun sch cng mn uoc xp k nhau?
Buc 1: t I nhm sch ln k di c Ii cch.
Buc 2: Trong mi nhm ta c th thay i cch xp t sch:
Nhm sch Ton c +i cch.
Nhm sch Vn c Qi cch.
Nhm sch Anh c :i cch.
Vy c Ii.+i.Qi.:iG:.+.+Q.P+0G+0PI:0 cch xp tha iu kin bi ton.
-----------Cho t p hop X={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. Co th lp uoc bao nhiu chu s sao cho.
a) tich cu a 3 chu s cu a s o la mt s ch n.
b). Tich cua 3 chu s cua s o la m t s le.
--
c). Co bao nhiu t p con A cu a tp X thoa ma n iu kin A chu a s 1 va khng chu a s 2.
d). Tu tp X l p uoc bao nhiu s tu nhin ch n gm 5 chu s khac nhau.
e). Tu tp X thit lp tt ca cac s tu nhin co 9 chu s khac nhau. Hoi trong cac s vua lp co
bao nhiu s ma s 9 ung o vi tri chinh giua.
f). Tu tp X l p uoc bao nhiu s tu nhin co 6 chu s khac nhau va t ng cua cac chu s ha ng
trm, hang chuc, ha ng nghin b ng 8.
a) Cc s t nhin lp uoc c dang abc, trong t nht 1 trong 3 ch s a,b,c l chn
...Xt 3 trung hop (TH):
..+Chi c 1 ch s chn
...-S cch chon 1 trong 4 ch s chn (2,4,6,8) l 4 cch
...-S cch chon 2 trong 5 ch s l (1,3,5,7,9) l 5C2 = (5.4) / 2! = 10 cch
...-S cch sp xp 3 ch s chon l 3! = 6 cch
...Vy s stn trong TH ny l 4.10.6 = 240
..+C ng 2 ch s chn
...-S cch chon 2 trong 4 ch s chn l 4C2 = (4.3) / 2! = 6
...-S cch chon 1 trong 5 ch s l l 5 cch
...-S cch sp xp 3 ch s l 3! = 6
...Vy s stn trong TH ny l 6.5.6 = 180
..+C 3 ch s chn
...-S cch chon 3 trong 4 ch s chn l 4 cch
...-S cch sp xp 3 ch s l 3! = 6
...Vy TH ny c 4.6 = 24 stn
...Tng s stn lp uoc l 240 + 180 + 24 = 444
b) Tch 3 ch s l l <=> a,b,c u l
..+S cch chon 3 trong 5 ch s l l 5C3 = (5.4.3) / 3! = 10 cch
..+S cch sp xp 3 ch s l 3! = 6
..Vy TH ny c 10.6 = 60 stn
(Luu : Cu a v b chi xt TH 3 ch s KHC NHAU ( khng ni r))
c) Xt tp Y = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.Tp Y c 7 phn t nn c 27 tp con.
..+Vi mi tp con ca Y chi cn thm vo phn t 1 th s uoc 1 tp tha mn K bi ton
..+Vy c 27 tp con ca X tha mn K bi ton
d) Cc stn lp uoc c dang abcde
..+C 4 cch chon e (2,4,6,8)
..+C 8C4 = (8.7.6.5) / 4! = 70 cch chon thm 4 trong 8 ch s cn lai
..+C 4! = 24 cch xp 4 ch s vo 4 vj tr a,b,c,d
...Vy TH ny c 4.70.24 = 6720 stn
e) +S cch xp 8 ch s cn lai vo 8 vj tr l 8! = 40320
...Vy TH ny c 40320 stn
f) Cc stn lp uoc c dang abcdef, trong c+d+e = 8.C 2 TH :
..+c,d,e thuc {1, 2, 5}
...-C 3! = 6 cch xp 1,2,5 vo 3 vj tr c,d,e
...-C 6.5.4 = 120 cch in thm 3 ch s vo 3 vj tr a,b,f
...+c,d,e thuc {1,3,4} (lm tuong t)
...Vy p n cu ny l 6.120.2 = 1440 stn
cch y 2 nm
TG 'H%I C'J*' 'H% K CLC %'MN*2 %'L% TO*' TG*2

I. L5 T'-.6T
ChPnh hQR:
Cho tp hp A g"m n phn tj n1. tt chanh hp chp k cc phn t c2a A )*
mt cch $Dp fUp k phn t 1hc nha! c2a Aj 1knjkg.
<= cc chanh hp chp k c2a n phn t/ AknGni4n@k6i
'on ST:
Cho tp hp A g"m n phn tj n0. tt hon 3` n phn t c2a A )* mt chanh
hp chp n cc phn t c2a A 4baC mt cch $Dp fUp th[ tX cc n phn t c2a A6.
<= cc hon 3` n phn t c2a A/ OnGAnnGni
T hQR:
Cho tp hp A g"m n phn tj n0. tt t hp chp k cc phn t c2a A )* mt
tp hp con c2a A c k phn t j 0knjkg.
<= cc t hp chp k c2a n phn t/ CknGniki.4n@k6i
Cc c:ng thUc qu=n tVWng cX= On,Ckn,Akn
; CknGAknOk
; CknGCn@kn
; CknGCkn@1NCk@1n@1
; k.CknGn.Ck@1n@141knjkgjn0jn16
; k.4k@16.CknGn.4n@16.Ck@+n@+jkjngj+kn
; k.4k@164k@+6.CknGn.4n@164n@+6.Ck@In@IjkjngjIkn
; 1kN1.CknG1nN1.CkN1nN14kgj0knjng
gh` th[c gAton
4aN56nGC0n.anNC1n.an@1.5NC+n.an@+.5+N...
NCkn.an@k.5kN...NCnn.5nGkG0nCkn.an@k.5k4ng6
T= cYng cZ th[ \h=i tVi[n:
4aN56nGC0n.5nNC1n.5n@1.aNC+n.5n@+.a+N...
NCkn.5n@k.akN...NCnn.anGkG0nCkn.ak.5n@k 4ng6
tt $= Fng th[c &ht &a t nh` th[c gAton/
C0nNC1nN.....NCknN.....NCnnG+nng
C0n@C1nN.....N4@16k.CknN.....N4@16n.CnnGng
41NJ6+nGkG0+nJk.Ck+nj 41@J6+nGkG0+n4@16kJk.Ck+n
41NJ6+nN1GkG0+nJk.Ck+nN1j 41@J6+nN1GkG0+n4@16kJk.Ck+nN1
. T Tr
rhWng php/
1. u!an $t bin! th[c cn t'nh Fn Fa &a nh` th[c gAton th'ch hp.
+. p JKng cc biUn Fi t hp, chanh hp B!An th!c
I. c F`nh c\ng th[c tng B!t 3* ch[ng minh
Q. < JKng c\ng cK FZo h*m hodc t'ch phEn
T*i 1/
ht gn/ <kGC0n@C1nNC+n@CInN...N4@16kCknj0knjkgjng
b?ng Jn/
gU! kRn th8 ta c
<kGC0n@4C0n@1NC1n@16N4C1n@1NC+n@16@4C+n@1NCIn@16N...
N4@16k4Ck@1n@1NCkn@16j0knjkgjng
ht gn $!C &a/ SkG4@16k.Ckn@1
gU! kGn th8 <kGC0n@C1nNC+n@CInN...N4@16nCnnG0
T*i +/
T'nh < G C1QnNCIQnNCQQnN....NC+n@1Qn
b?ng Jn/
p JKng c\ng th[c CknGCn@kn ta c/
C1QnGCQn@1QnjCIQnGCQn@IQnj....jC+n@1QnGC+nN1Qn
78 3C SG CQn@1QnNCQn@IQnN....NC+nN1Qn
<!C &a
+SGC1QnNCIQnNCQQnN....NC+n@1QnNC+nN1QnN.....NCQn@1QnG+Qn@C0Qn@CQnQn
SG+Qn@+
T*i I/
T'nh cc tng $a!/
a. S+GC0nN+C1nNIC+nN...N4nN16Cnnjngjn1
b. SIGC+nN+CInNICQnN...N4n@16Cnnjngjn+
c. SQGn.+n@1.C0nN4n@16.+n@+.I.C1nN4n@+6.+n@I.I+.C+nN...
NIn@1.Cn@1njngjn1
J. SOGQ.OI.C0+009NO.OQ.C1+009N...N+01I.O+01+.C+009+009
b?ng Jn/
a. S+GC0nN+C1nNIC+nN...N4nN16Cnnjng
S+GkG0n4kN16.CknG0.C0nNkG1nk.Ckn NkG0nCkn
S+Gknn.Ck@1n@1 NkG0nCkn
S+Gn.+n@1N+n S+G4nN+6.+n@1jngjn1
b. SIGC+nN+CInNICQnN...N4n@16Cnnjngjn+
SIGkG+n4k@16.CknGkG+nk.Ckn @kG+nCkn
SIGkG1nk.Ckn @C1n@kG0nCkn NC0nNC1n
SIGkG1nn.Ck@1n@1 @C1n@kG0nCkn NC0nNC1n
SIGn.+n@1@+nN1 SIG4n@+6.+n@1N1jngjn+
c. SQGn.+n@1.C0nN4n@16.+n@+.I.C1nN4n@+6.+n@I.I+.C+nN...NIn@1.Cn@1njng
SQGkG0n@14n@k6.+n@k@1.Ik.CknGkG0n@1+n@k@1.Ik.4n@k6.Cn@kn
SQGkG0n@1+n@k@1.Ik.n.Cn@k@1n@1
SQGn4+n@1.I0.Cn@1n@1N+n@+.I+.Cn@+n@1N...N+0.In@1.C0n@16 SQGn.4+NI6n@1
SQGn.On@1jngjn1
J. SOGQ.OI.C0+009NO.OQ.C1+009N...N+01I.O+01+.C+009+009
SOGkG0+0094kNQ6.OkNI.Ck+009 GkG0+009k.OkNI.Ck+009 NkG0+009Q.OkNI.Ck+00
9 SOGkG0+009OkNI.k.Ck+009 NkG0+009Q.OkNI.Ck+009 SOGO0NI.0.C0+009N
kG1+009OQ.Ok@1.+009.Ck@1+00# NkG0+009Q.OI.Ok.Ck+009 SOG+009.OQ.
4O0C0+00#NO1C1+00#N...NO+00#C+00#+00#6N NQ.OI.4O0C0+009NO1C1+009N...
NO+009C+009+0096 SOG+009.OQ.:+00#NQ.OI.:+009 SOG100:9.OI.:+00#
T*i Q/
T'nh SGC0n@+C1nNIC+n@...N4@16n.4nN16Cnnjng
b?ng Jn/
Ta $ JKng c\ng cK FZo h*m/
ct Fa th[c ^4J6GJ41NJ6nG C0nJNC1nJ+NC+nJIN...NCnnJnN1jng _G`
Ta c Ji$p)aC$tC)A4f6 GC0nNC1n.+JNC+nIJ+N...NCnn.
4nN16JnG41NJ6nNnJ41NJ6n@1
Ji$p)aC$tC)Aighta&&o 4 } 16 GJi$p)aC$tC)ACn0 } +Cn1 N IC
n+ } ... N 4 } 16n.4n N
16Cnn G 4 } 16 G 0
L]u ^: sn t'nh cc tng
S1GC0nN+aC1nNIa+C+nN...N4nN16anCnnj
S+GC0+nNIa+C++nNOaQCQ+nN...N4+nN16a+nC+n+nj
Ta fct Fa th[c ^4J6GJ41NJ6n 3* ch[ng tL &Hng S1G^4a6j
Ta fct Fa th[c /4J6GJ41NJ6+n 3* ch[ng tL &Hng +S+G/4a6N/4@a6j+SIG/4a6@/
4@a6
T*i O/
T'nh SG1+C1nN++C+nNI+CInN...Nn+Cnn.
b?ng Jn/
Ta $ JKng c\ng cK FZo h*m/
41NJ6nGC0nNC1nJNC+nJ+N...NCnnJn
sZo h*m + 3U ta Fc
n41NJ6n@1GC1nNC+n.+JN...NCnn.nJn@1
ghEn + 3U 3?i f
nJ41NJ6n@1GC1nJNC+n.+J+N...NCnn.nJn
sZo h*m + 3U )n nla ta Fc
n41NJ6n@1Nn4n@16J41NJ6n@+GC1nNC+n++JN...NCnnn+Jn@1
ThU JG1 ta Fc
n.+n@1Nn4n@16+n@+GS
baC SGn4nN16+n@+
T*i :/
T'nh S1GC0nN1+.C1nN1I.C+nN...N1nN1.Cnnjng
b?ng Jn/
Ta $ JKng c\ng cK t'ch phEn/
ct Fa th[c ^4J6G41NJ6nGC0nNJ.C1nNJ+.C+nN...NJn.CnnJjng
<!C &a/ 01^4J63J GC0nN1+.C1nN1I.C+nN...N1nN1.CnnGS1
S1G41NJ6nN1nN1 1 0G+nN1@1nN1
L]u ^: sn t'nh cc tng
SG45@a6C0nN5+@a++.C1nN5I@aII.C+nN...N5nN1@anN1nN1.Cnnjng
bMC ch[ng tL &Hng SGa5^4J63Jj^4J6G41NJ6n
T*i P/
SG1+C0n@1IC1nN1QC+n@...N4@16n1nN+Cnn
b?ng Jn/
01J41@J6n3JG01CnoJ@C1nJ+NC+nJI@...NCnnJnN13J
T'nh 01J41@J6n3J. sdt 'G1@J3'G @3J, JG0'G1 JG1'G0.
01J41@J6n3J G0141@'6'n3'G'nN1nN110@'nN+nN+10
G1nN1@1nN+G14nN164nN+6
01C0nJ@C1nJ+NC+nJI@...N4@16nCnnJnN13J GC0nJ++@C1nJIINC+nJQQ@...N
4@16nCnnJnN+nN+10 G1+C0n@1IC1nN1QC+n@...N4@16n1nN+Cnn GS
7C SG14nN164nN+6
Cc phWng php FZo h*m 3* t'ch phEn t&ong t hp $m Fc t&8nh b*C chi tiUt p
cc ch!Cn FV/
} < JKng c\ng cK FZo h*m t&ong gi.i ton t hp
} < JKng c\ng cK t'ch phEn t&ong gi.i ton t hp