- 1 -

pm½Iolrsm;okdY . . . .
þpmtkyw
f iG f usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefrS tm,ofawmfrsm;ukd azmfjy&mü
Ä Oyrm (uk&ftmef 22;36)[lonf [l&[fu@trSwf(22)? tm,ofawmftrSwf(36)udk qkdvkdygonf/
Ä uk&t f mefusr;f jrfrS oufqikd &f mtm,ofawmfrsm;ukd wku d ½f u
kd jf refrmbmomjyefudk ].....................}
tzGit hf ydwaf umfrmtwGi;f xnfo h iG ;f xm;í tqk;H wGif oufqikd &f m pl&[fu@trSwEf iS hf tm,oftrSwu f dk
azmfjyxm;ygonf/
Ä uk&ftmef\ wdkuf½dkufbmomjyefr[kwfbJ qkdvkd&if; &nfnTef;csufomjzpfygu tzGifhtydwfaumfrm
rygbJ azmfjyxm;Ny;D tqk;H ü &nfneT ;f vkad om pl&[fu@trSwEf iS hf tm,oftrSwu
f dk azmfjyxm;ygonf/

Ä rkpv
f ifrrf sm;taejzifh tv’m[f\wrefawmfrsm;\ trnfrsm? qG[mA[ftaqGawmfBuD;rsm;trnfrsm;ukd
zwfwikd ;f oufqikd &f menf;twdik ;f arwåmykYd oMuyguke/f
 - 2 -

]]toifwkdYonf rdrdwkdYcspfcifESpfoufaomt&mxJrS rokH;pGJorQumvywfvkH;

jrifhjrwfaom ukd,fusifhw&m;ukd rnfonfhtcgrQ &,lEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/}}
(uk&ftmef 3;92)

]],if;(uk&fAgeDom;aumif)wkdY\ tom;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;?
taoG;rsm;onfvnf;aumif; tv’m[ft½SifjrwfxHawmfokdY
rnfonfhtcgrSa&mufacs/
okdYaomf toifwkdYxHrS (owfu0g ac:)tv’m[fodpdwf rjywfxm;í
wm0efausyGefjcif;omvQif xkdt½SifjrwfxHawmfokdY a&muf½Sdayonf/ . . . . .}}
(uk&ftmef 22;37)
 - 3 -

pma&;ol\trSmpm
twfpvmrktvdik ;f uGe;f rf
Nidr;f csr;f om,mrItaygif; toifwYdk tay:okYd oufa&mufygap/
À uk&Af geD[al omacgif;pOfrmS tpövmrfEiS phf yfvsO;f í txiftjrifvrJG mS ;rItcH&qk;H acgif;pOfwpf&yfjzpfayonf/
À uk&fAgeDtaMumif; rSefuefpGmodem;vnfjcif;r½SdMuojzifh tpövmrfbmom0ifwkdYtm; uRJ? EGm;? wd&pämef
wkYd udk w&m;rJo
h wfjzwforl sm;? ,Zfyal ZmfMuolrsm;? todÓPfrphJ mG rsupf rd w
S ,
f MHk unforl sm;? owå0gwkYd
tay: tMuifemw&m;rJo h rl sm;? aus;Zl;rodwwfMuolrsm; ponfjzifh vGrJ mS ;pGmxifrw S rf rI sm;½Sad eayonf/
À pifppf uk&Af geD[ol nf wkEidI ;f rJh aus;Zl;awmf½iS \
f opömawmfudk apmifo
h ½d adk ojcif;ESihf trSew
f &m;twGuf
pGeYfvLS jcif;omvQijf zpfayonf/
À xkdYjyif trSefw&m;ukd todÓPfESifh,SOfí ,kHMunfcsufonfomvQif rdkuf½l;&Jrqefaom rSefuefonfh
owåd (0g) pGefYvSL&Jaomowådukd aygufzGm;apEdkifygonf/ trSefw&m;twGuf pGefYvSL&JolwkdYomvQif
w&m;rQwrIEiS hf Nird ;f csr;f a&;ukd uk,
d u
f sK;d rygbJ xde;f odr;f Edik rf nfo
h rl sm;jzpfMuayrnf/ avmuBu;D ukd tvSqifEikd f
olrsm;jzpfMuayrnf/
À tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfonf pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ukd tqifq h ifjh yKpyk sK;d axmifawmfral omt½Sijf zpfawmfr\
l /
tv’m[fonf aemufq;Hk wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'o f cifuv dk nf; avmucyford ;f twGuf u½kPmawmftjzpf
apvTwaf y:xGe;f apcJjh cif;jzpfayonf/ xkYdtwl usr;f jrwfu&k t
f mefrmS vnf; pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f twGuf
vrf;ñTetf jzpf tv’m[fu xkwjf yefcjhJ cif;jzpfayonf/
À okYdjzpfay&m tpövmrf,
h MHk unfcsurf sm;ESiu hf siphf Ofrsm;onf avmucyford ;f ESi, hf OS af om w&m;rsm;jzpfMuay
onf/ xkYdaMumifh uk&Af geDtaMumif;t&mrsm;rSm pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ESi, hf OS af om jrifjh rwfonfh w&m;
wpf&yfyifjzpfayonf/ okYdaomfvnf; uk&Af geDudk omreftm;jzifh uR?J EGm; wd&pämefwYdktm; w&m;rJo h wfjcif;?
,Zfyal Zmfjcif;? tom;pm;jcif;wkYd jzifh a&maxG;pGm em;vnfaeonfuadk wGUjrif&ayonf/
À okYdjzpfay&m uk&Af geDacgif;pOfuadk vhvmvQif avmcyford ;f ESi, hf OS af om tpövmrf, h MHk unfcsuu f dk taMumif;
jyKí uk&fAgeD\ oabmw&m;ordkif;ESifh tESpfom&wkdYukd OD;pGmoabmayguf&efvkdayonf/ xkdYaemuf
avmucyford ;f ESi, hf OS o
f nfh tpövmrfu h siphf OfwYdkut
dk ajccHí uk&Af geDEiS qhf ufpyfaeaom taMumif;t&mrsm;
jzpfMuonfh pMu0VmESifhvlom;\u@? ouf½SdESifhoufrJhwkdYtaMumif;? vlom;ESifh wd&pämeftygt0if
tjcm;ouf½adS vmursm;uGmjcm;yk?H toufEiS (hf ezfp)f 0dnmOfumG jcm;yk?H pMu0Vmqifu h jJ zpfpOfEiS hf vlYb0wefz;dk ?
tpmESifht[m&? urÇmhpm;eyf&du©m? tpövmrfhenf;us ]ZA[f}vSD;jzwfjcif;\tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;? pm;okH;&ef
wm;jrpfxm;aomtom;rsm;? tDuv dk *dk saD c: ouf½EdS iS hf ywf0ef;usiq f ufE,G rf ?I zDp, D v
dk *dk saD c: t*Fgrsm;\
vIy½f mS ;rI,EÅ,m; ponfwYdu k dk tpGu
J if;pGmjzk ifh yuwdtajctaersm;ESiq hf ufpyfojd rif em;vnfoabmayguf&ef
vktd yfayonf/
À tcsKrd pm;ESi[
hf w
k m;xm;aomrdbukd acsmif;qk;d aeaomuav;i,fu tMuifemw&m;r½S[ d k xifwwfayonf/
aq;ynmtaMumif;rodolu cGJpdwf"g;udkifxm;aom cGJpdwfyg&*lukdMurf;wrf;&ufpufol[k xifayrnf/
pMu0VmtaMumif;rodou l vlom;onf tmumoukd xk;d azmufjcif;ukd rjzpfEikd [
f íl vnf;aumif;? aiGjzKe;f wD;
 - 4 -

olrsm;[lívnf;aumif; xifaumif;xifMuayrnf/ todynmESihf A[kow

k onf vlom;wkYdtwGuf tvGef
ta&;ygvSayonf/
À urÇmph m;eyf&u
d m© tzGUJ Bu;D (FAO)\ ,ckEpS (f 1997)aqmify'k rf mS ]pm;eyf&u d m© zlvzHk Ydk &if;ES;D jrK§ yEf aHS qmif½u G pf Ydk}
[líjkzpfayonf/ urÇmih wfrw G rf EI iS hf t[m&csKUd wJrh u
I dk vlom;wkid ;f wm0efoo d d yg0ifaqmif½u G Ef ikd Mf u&ef
jzpfayonf/ jrefrmEdik if üH vnf; v,f,m? om;ig;? ykpeG af rG;jrLa&;u@rsm;ukd jr§iw hf ifjcif;jzifh wkid ;f jynf
tusK;d ? urÇmth usK;d aqmif½u G af eMu&ayonf/
À okdYjzpfay&m tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;aejzifhvnf; jrifhjrwfaom uk&fAgeDoabmw&m;rsm;ukd ukd,fwkdif
oabmaygufem;vnfNyD; tpövmrfujyqkdaom Nidrf;csrf;a&;w&m;jzifh avmutm; tvSqifMua&;ukd
&nf½G,fí a&;om;vdkufygonf/

Nidr;f csr;f vkvif

&efuek Nf rdKU? (1.11.97)
 - 5 -

]uk&fAgeDoabmw&m;}
uk&fAmeD[laomt"dyÜm,f
À uREfkyfwkdY t&yfokH; uk&fAgeD[laompum;onf uk&ftmefusrf;rS t&ADa0g[m& ( )uk&fAgefrS
qif;ouf ac:a0:aejcif;jzpfayonf/
À uk&fAgef\pmayt"dyÜm,frSm teD;okdYcsOf;uyfjcif;? eD;uyfapaomt&m[lí &ayonf/ ,if;pum;vkH;ukd
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefwiG f ]tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfxo H Ydk eD;uyfapjcif;jyKonft h &m}[laom t"dymÜ ,fjzifh ok;H pGx J m;
ygonf/ (Munfh-uk&ftmef 5;27? 3;179? 46;28)? Oyrm - om;aumifwpfaumifukdjzpfap? tvSL'ge
wpfcu k jdk zpfap? aumif;rIwpfcu k jdk zpfap? pGeYf vLS rIudk &nfñeT ;f ygonf/
tv’m[ft½Sijf rwf\ t<uif;rJo h ad wmfral om ÓPfawmf? tEIid ;f rJh tmPmawmf? wkEidI ;f rJh u½kPmawmf
wkYdonf zefqif;cHavmucyford ;f ukd vTr;f NcKH xm;vsu½f o dS nf/ xkYdaMumifh tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfEiS hf eD;uyfjcif;[lonf
vlom;\ (ezfp)f 0dnmOfzUHG NzdK;wk;d wufrt I qift h wef;ukd qkv d adk yonf/
okYd jzpfay&m tv’m[fEiS ehf ;D uyfap&ef (0g) vlom;\ 0dnmOfzUHG NzdK;rItqift h wef;jrifrh m;ap&eftwGuf
(1) wkEidI ;f rJu h ½kPmawmf½iS t f v’m[f\ pMu0VmESi, hf OS af om u½kPmpDru H ed ;f BuD;ukv
d nf;aumif;?
(2) wkEidI ;f rJt h pOfxm0& Ny;D jynfph aHk om tv’m[f\ pMu0VmwGi;f rS oufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;ukv d nf;aumif;?
(3) wkEiId ;f rJw h pfyg;wnf;aomtv’m[f\ urÇmN*Kd [rf S vlom;eAD^&plvw f refawmfrvif;jyrsm;ukv d nf;aumif;?
(4) urÇmN*dK[rf S vlom;? pMu0VmtwGi;f rS rvmtdu[fac: aumif;uifwref pGr;f tm;½Siw f YdkEiS hf ½Iid w
f mG efac:
tzsut f iftm;pk\ obm0toD;oD;udv k nf;aumif;?
(5) vlom;\ cHpm;rIrudk#f tcspfw&m;\pGrf;tm;ESifhwefbkd;ukdvnf;aumif; NcHKikHem;vnfoabmayguf&ef
tvGet f a&;Bu;D ayonf/ ,if;wkYdudk rSeu f efpmG oabmaygufem;vnfjcif;r½Syd gu rdru d aumif;rI[ik íf aqmif½u G f
aom udp&ö yfrsm;üyifvQif raumif;rIrsm;BuHKawGU&wwfygonf/ xkYdjyif wpfcgwpf&H aumif;rIrsm;ukyd if rdru d
raumif;rIrsm;[kxifjrif,rl w d wfayonf/ þokYdjzifb h 0wk;d wufrüI vrf;rSm;rsm;BuKH &awmh\/ pifppf vlom;\
uk, d &f nfu, dk af oG;ESihf 0dnmOfzUHG NzKd ;wk;d wufrw I iG f todÓPfEiS , hf OS af omtcsp[ f o l nf tvGeBf u;D rm;jyif;xefav
avmifpmwpf&yfyifjzpfayonf/ rdrd\pGefYvSLaomwefzkd;jrifhrm;av &½Sdaomtqifhtwef;vnf; jrifhjrwfav
jzpfygonf/ vlwkdYonf aoMu\/ tcspfonfum;rao/ pifppf tv’m[ft½SifjrwftwGufESifh trSefw&m;
twGuf pGeYf vLS jcif;onf uk&Af geD\ tESpo f m&jzpfayonf/
xkYd aMumifh rkpv f ifrwf pfO;D \ t"d|mefonfum;
]rkcs{uef ig\ qGvmof0wfjyKwnfaqmufjcif;? ig\pGefYvSLjcif;? ig\½Sifjcif;?
ig\ aojcif;onf pMu0Vmavmucyfodrf;ukd tqifhqifhjyKpk ysKd;axmifzefqif;
awmfrlaom tv’m[ft½SifjrwftwGufomvsifwnf;/} (uk&ftmef 6;162)
wkEIdif;rJhu½kPmawmf½Sif\ u½kPmawmfpDrHudef;BuD;
xkdt½Sifjrwf
xkt
d ½Sijf rwfudk urÇmN*dK[af y:½Sv
d o
l m;wkYd\ bmompum;toD;oD;wkYdwiG f tDv[f[íl vnf;aumif;?
a*gh'f God [lívnf;aumif;? td½0fS &f[íl vnf;aumif;? w&m;um,[lívnf;aumif;? tv’m[f[íl vnf;aumif;
ponfjzifh trnfajrmufjrm;pGmjzifh ac:a0:aeMuayonf/ tac:ta0:rnfoYdkyifuaJG pumrl xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf
 - 6 -

pMu0Vmcyfodrf;? urÇmN*dK[fESifh ouf½SdoufrJh avmucyfodrf;wkdYukd tqifhqifh

jyKpkysKd;axmifzefqif;awmfrlaomt omt½S½S i f j zpf o nf / (uk&ftmef 1;2? 45;36)
xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf rdr\ d zefqif;cHavmucyford ;f tay:rdr\ d wkEidI ;f rJu h ½kPmawmfjzifh vTr;f NcKH awmfr\ l /
wpfenf;qkad omf ,if;wkYdudk zefqif;xif½mS ;jzpfay:apjcif;rSm pMu0VmESi, hf OS af om u½kPmawmfprD u H ed ;f Bu;D omvQif
jzpfayonf/ (uk&t f mef 7;156)
urÇmN*dK[u f dk ,mOftjzpfp;D eif;vsuf pMu0VmBuD;\ qifu h jJ zpfpOfü c&D;ESiv f su½f adS omvlom;onf
pifppf zefqif;cHrsm;teuf ½kyef mrfprG ;f tifobm0taumif;qk;H zefqif;cHjzpfayonf/ (uk&ftmef 95;4)
þrQBu;D us,cf ef;em;aom pMu0VmBu;D tm; umv(6)ckjzifh tqifq h ifjh yKpyk sK;d axmif&jcif;rSm vlom;wkYdtzkYd
tusK;d iSmjzpfayonf/ wpfenf;qkad omf pMu0VmESi, hf OS af om u½kPmawmfprD u H ed ;f wGif xkt d ½Sijf rwf\ cspjf cif;
arwåmESihf u½kPmawmfudk t"ducHxu kd o f rl mS vlom;rsm;vQijf zpfayawmhonf/ ,if;twGuv f o l m;onf urÇmN*Kd [f
0,f aumif;jrwfvyS aomvky&f yfrsm;jzifh tvSqifMu&ayrnf/ (uk&ftmef 11;7? 11;119)
xk d t½Sifjrwf\ vSyaomemrawmfwpf&yfonfum; ]t&f&[fref}/
]]rjywfrpJ oem;Muifemawmfrlaom tEIdif;rJhu½kPmawmf½Sif}} (uk&ftmef 1;1)
xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf rdrt d m; aus;Zl;awmf½iS t f jzpf vufco H u l jdk zpfap? jiif;y,fou l jdk zpfap? zefqif;cHra½G;
¤if;twGuf tajccHvkdtyfcsufrsm; axmufyhHay;oem;NyD; u½kPmukdjyawmfrl\/ Oyrm - vlom;onf
oaE¨om;b0wGif ud, k wf idk ½f mS azGrpm;aomufEikd o f jzifh rdcif\om;tdrEf iS chf suBf uKd ;rSwpfqifh oaE¨om;ESio hf ifah vsmf
aom &dum© ukd axmufyaHh y;oem;\/ xko d aE¨om;rarG;rD ¤if;\rdcifü EkYd&nfrxGu?f oaE¨om;arG;zGm;onfEiS hf
wpfNydKief uf ¤if;rdcif\om;jrwfrS EkYd &nfwYdkonf tqifoifx h uG v f m&jyefonf/ i,f½, G pf Of ynmr½SmEdik pf Of
xktd ½Sijf rwfuyif vlom;ukd bmompum;ukd em;vnfajymqkad ponf/ t½G,af &mufaomtcg ynm½SmazGoif,l
wwfajrmufaponf/ xkYdjyif vlom;ukd qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG u hf v dk nf; ay;oem;awmf
rl\/ a&? ajr? av? rD;ESihf obm0o,HZmwypön;f rsm;ukv d nf; tqifoifjh yKxm;ay\/ vlom;\ zefw;D Edik f
aom pGr;f yum;jzifh pD;yGm;Opöm ½SmazGpm;aomufaponf/ urÇmN*Kd [0f ,f vlom;twGuf opfyifyef;refavmuESihf
wd&pämefavmuukdvnf; tqifoifhpDrHjyKvkyfxm;ay;onf/ vlom;onf pMu0Vmukdyif xkd;axmufaeacsNyD
jzpfonf/ (uk&ftmef 55;1-33)
okYdaomf vlom;\qifjcifww Hk &m;onf zefqif;cHavmuwGif tpGr;f xufvaS omfvnf; t&mcyford ;f ukd
vTrf;NcHKodjrifEdkifpGrf;r½Sdacs/ qifjcifwkHw&m;\tvGefü opömw&mrsm;½Sdaeayao;onf/ Oyrm - wkEIdif;rJh
edpxö m0&NyD;jynfhpkHawmfrlaom t½Sifwpfyg;wnf;½Sdjcif;? vlom;wkdY aoNyD;aemuf ½Sifjyefxajrmuf&rnfhaeY?
vuf½pdS Mu0Vmonf ysuo f Ok ;f í toGiaf jymif;um *sEo é af c: xm0&NyD;jynfph aHk omtajctaeESihf *s[Eéraf c:
i&J½Srnfjzpfjcif; ponfwkdYjzpfonf/ odyÜHynm&yfrsm;jzpfap? 'óedu tygt0if 0dZÆmynm&yfrsm;jzpfap
vlom;\ uefYowfcsu½f adS eaom qifjcifww Hk &m;rSom aygufzmG ;vmjcif;jzpfí t<uif;rJh rjynfph EHk ikd af cs/
xkYdaMumifh wkEidI ;f rJuh ½kPmawmf½iS t f v’m[fu u½kPmpDru H ed ;f t&yif acwfwikd ;f ? vlrsK;d wkid ;f ü vlom;rsm;
twGi;f rSyif (eAD^&plvaf c:)tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vrf sm;ay:xGe;f apí ¤if;wkYdrw S pfqifh oufqikd &f mbmompum;toD;oD;
jzifh (0[Dac:)vrf;ñTefw&m;ukd xkwfjyefykdYcsay;oem;awmfrlcJhayonf/ vlom;wkdY\ qifjcifwkHw&m;onf
xk0d [Dvrf;ñTew f &m;ukd vdu k ef mjynfph jHk cif;okYd qdu k af &mufEikd af yonf/ xk0d [Dvrf;ñTew f &m;ukd vdu k ef musio hf ;Hk
olwidk ;f onf aMumufp&mvnf;r½S?d 0rf;enf;ylaqG;Mu&rnfvnf;r[kwaf cs/
(uk&ftmef 2;213? 35;24? 18;110? 2;38)
 - 7 -

xk d t½Sifjrwf\ tjcm;aom vSyonfhemrawmf(1)ckonfum; ]t&f&[Drf;}

]wkEIdif;rJhaumif;csD;u½kPmawmf½Sif} (uk&ftmef 1;1)
xkt
d ½Sijf rwf\ zefqif;cHavmuwGif
(u) qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG ½hf adS om zefqif;cHEiS hf
(c) qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG rhf ½Sad om zefqif;cH [lí ½Sad eayonf/ wkEidI ;f rJh u½kPmawmf½iS f
u vlom;ukd qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKvyk yf ikd cf iG hf ay;oem;awmfrx l m;onf/
vlom;onf qifjcifww Hk &m;jzifh xktd ½Sijf rwfxrH S 0[Dvrf;ñTew f &m;awmfudk xk;d xGi;f em;vnfoabm
aygufNy;D ,if;twdik ;f b0wnfaqmufcahJ omf ¤if;vlom;tm; xkt d ½Sijf rwfu teEÅaumif;cs;D u½kPmawmfjzifh
tqaygif;rsm;pGm qkvmbfay;oem;awmfrrl nfjzpfayonf/ tu,fí tMuifoo l nf rdr\ d qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf
vGwvf yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKvyk yf ikd cf iG u
hf dk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKí rdr\ d aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tppftrSeuf dk jiif;y,fcahJ omf i&Jvm;
ayrnf/
okdYqkdvQif vlom;wkdYü tb,faMumifh 'ku©jzpfay:&oenf;/
xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf zefqif;cHom;rsm;ukd tjypfom;rsm;tjzpf cGirhf vTwEf ikd af vmufatmif rke;f wD;aeaom
t½Sirf [kwb f J wkEidI ;f rJu
h ½kPmawmf½iS jf zpfayonf/ pMu0VmavmuBuD;tm;vnf; vlom;wkYdudk vSnzhf sm;&ef
pDrHxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ vlom;wkdYtusKd;iSmjzpfayonf/ okdYaomf vlom;wkdYwGif 'ku©jzpf&jcif;taMumif;um;
]vlom;wkYdonf igwnf;[laomtpGjJ zifh rdrx d if&mjyKcMhJ uojzifh rdrw d YdkjyKorQraumif;rIwYdk\ tusK;d tqufudk
cH&jcif;jzpfygonf/} (uk&ftmef 42;30)
]toifhü oufa&muforQaumif;jcif;wkdYonf tv’mh[fxHrSjzpf\/ toifhü
usa&muforQtqkd;rsm;onf toifhaMumifhjzpf\/} (uk&ftmef 4;79)
wpfenf;qkad omf xkt d ½Sijf rwf\ u½kPmawmfonf t&mcyford ;f ukd vTr;f NcKH xm;ygvsuf vlom;onf
rdr\ d qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG uhf dk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKjcif;twGuf qk;d usK;d &vmbfu&dk jcif;om
jzpfayonf/ rdr\ d jypfrt I wGuf tpm;ay;cH&jcif;rSm xkt d ½Sijf rwf\ u½kPmuif;a0;rIaMumifrh [kwaf cs/
okdYaomf vlom;taejzifh wpfcgwpf&H tcuftcJukd BuHkawGU&jcif;\ tjcm;taMumif;wpfckrSm xkd
u½kPmawmf½iS b f ufrS vlom;\,kMH unfcsuEf iS v hf yk &f yfudk prf;oyfro I mjzpfayonf/ b0pmar;yGo J zG,jf zpfyg
onf/ xkpd rf;oyfrüI tcuftcJü rdr\ d aus;Zl;awmf½iS t f ay: opömrysub f J rSeuf efaomvky&f yftay: &yfwnf
cJyh gvQif xko d t
l m; xkw d Ek idI ;f rJu
h ½kPmawmf½iS u f tqift h wef;jr§iw hf ifay;&efomjzpfygonf/
(uk&ftmef 2;15-156? 57;22)
xkdYaMumifhvlom;wkdif;onf xkdwkEIdif;rJhaomu½kPmawmf½SifESifh eD;uyfa&;twGuf (0g) rdrd\ ezfpf
0dnmOfzNHG zdK;wk;d wufa&;twGuf rdr\ d ,kMH unfcsuu f dk tprf;ppfcEH ikd Mf u&rnfjzpfayonf/ vkt d yfaom pGeYfvLS rI
ukv d nf; jyKMu&rnfjzpfayonf/ okYd aomf vlom;\ rnfonfv h yk &f yfrQ tcsn;f ES;D jzpfrnfr[kwaf cs/
]tMuifrnfolrqkd tEkjrLwpfrIef\ tav;csdefrQ aumif;rIjyKcJhvQif ,if;ukd
awGUjrif&thH/ xdkYtwl tMuifrnfolrqkd tEkjrLwpfrIef\ tav;csdefrQ raumif;rI
ukd jyKcJhvQifvnf; ,if;ukdawGUjrif&rnf/} (uk&ftmef 99;7-8)
 - 8 -

wkEIdif;rJh tpOfxm0& NyD;jynfhpkHaomt½Sif\ oufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;

xkdt½Sifjrwfonf pMu0Vmavmucyfodrf;ukd tb,faMumifh zefqif;&oenf;/
xkdt½Sifjrwfü wkEIdif;rJh vSyaom emrawmfrsm;½Sdayonf/ ,if;wkdYteuf -
À tvfcgvduf = zefqif;xif½mS ;jzpfay:apawmfral omt½Sif
À t&f&Af = tqifq h ifjh yKpyk sK;d axmifzefqif;awmfral omt½Sif
À tvfA'D;tf = OD;pGmyxr pwifp&D ifzefqif;awmfral omt½Sif ponfh emrawmfrsm;xif½mS ;uGeYf jrL;
vmaomtcg xkt d ½Sijf rwf\wkEidI ;f rJÓ h Pfawmft& tvk½d o dS nfh t&mcyford ;f wkYo d nf xif½mS ;jzpfay:vm&ayonf/
xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf t&mcyford ;f ukd zefqif;xif½mS ;jzpfay:apawmfrcl \ hJ / xkYd aemuf zefqif;cH&onfh
obm0ESit hf nD aeom;wusjzpfatmifvnf; jyKvyk af wmfrcl \ hJ / ¤if;jyif xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf t&mcyford ;f wkYd\
obm0ESihf pGr;f &nfwYdkudk wkid ;f wmowfrw S af wmfrNl yD; ¤if;wkYdtoD;oD;tm; rnfoYdkrnfyHk b0wnfaqmuf&rnf
ukv d nf; oufqikd &f menf;vrf;toD;oD;jzifh vrf;ñTeaf y;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ (uk&t f mef 87;2-3)
]xkdt½Sifjrwfü wkzufEIdif;,SOf&m *kPf&nf[lí tvsOf;r½Sd/} (uk&ftmef 112;4)
]xkdt½Sifjrwfonf ¤if;wkdYajymqkdowfrSwfonfwkdY\ txufü½SdNyD; twdkif;tq
r½Sd oefYpifjrifhjrwfawmfrlyg\/} (uk&ftmef 6;100)
]xkdt½SifjrwfuJhokdY wlnDaomt&m wpfpkHwpf&mrQyifr½Sd/} (uk&ftmef 42;11)
xkYd aMumifh xkt d ½Sijf rwfonf twkr½S/d xkt d ½Sijf rwfudk vlYÓPftm;jzifh vTr;f NcHKazmfjyír&/ xkt d ½Sif
jrwfESifhwlnDaom Oyrm[lívnf; pMu0VmtwGif;ür½SdbJ uefYowfcsufw&m;ESifh Oya'otaygif;wkdY\
tvGeüf jzpfawmfryl gonf/
]xkdt½Sifjrwfonf tv’m[f? wpfyg;wnf;NyD;jynfhpkHawmfrlaomt½Sif jzpfawmfrl
yg\/ tv’m[fonf (tqGfqGr'f)wkEIdif;rJh tpOfxm0&NyD;jynfhpkHawmfrlaom
t½Sifjzpfawmfrlyg\/} (uk&ftmef 112;1-2)
tcsed Ef iS ahf e&mtmumo(Time and Space) wkYdonfvnf;aumif;? taMumif;w&m;ESihf tusK;d w&m;
(Cause & Effect)wkYdonfvnf;aumif;? EIid ;f ,SOrf (I Relativity)onfvnf;aumif; uefYowfcsu½f adS eonfh
obm0ed,mrOya'orsm;omjzpfMuayonf/ ,if;wkYdudk xkt d ½Sijf rwfuom wkid ;f wmowfrw S x
f m;jcif;jzpfygonf/
,if;uefYowfcsuOf ya'owkYd jzifh xkt d ½Sijf rwfudk wkid ;f wmowfrw S íf r&acs/
xkYdaMumifh uefYowfcsuw f &m;wkYd\tvGew f iG f ½Sad wmfral om pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f twGi;f okYd w&m;
vrf;ñTefay;&ef yuwdawmfjzifh oufqif;vmp&mrvdktyfacs/ vlYZmwdcHía[mMum;p&mvnf;rvkdtyfacs/
xku d efYowfcsut f vGet f ½Sijf rwfudk uefYowfcsuw f &m;jzif½h adS eonfh vlwYdk\ ½kyrf supf rd sm;onf vTr;f NcKH awGUjrif
EdkifpGrf;r½Sdacs/ (uk&ftmef 6;103)
xkYdaMumifh vlom;uk, d w
f ikd uf 0[DÓPfpif&½Síd eAD&plvf tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vx f ;l rsm;tqifh a&mufapumrl
arG;jcif;? tkdjcif;? emjcif;? aojcif; ponfh obm0w&m;wkdYukd rvGefqefEdkifí ¤if;wkdYonf ukd;uG,f&mrsm;
r[kwMf uacs/
todÓPfESifh,SOfaom,kHMunfcsuf
xkt
d ½Sijf rwfudk rdr\
d ½kyrf supf jd zifjh rif&rSvufcu
H ;dk uG,yf grnf[al omolonf rdr\
d uefYowfcsuf obm0ESihf
xkt
d ½Sijf rwf\ uefYowfcsuv f eG af jrmufaomobm0ukd OD;pGmyxrqifjcif&monf/ xkt d ½Sijf rwfudk ½kyrf supf jd zifh
 - 9 -

vTr;f NcHKojd rifEikd pf rG ;f r½Sad omfvnf; pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f onf xkt d ½Sijf rwf\ wkEidI ;f rJeh mrawmfrsm;? wkEidI ;f rJh
pGr;f aqmifEikd af om*kPq f zGd ofawmfrsm;aMumifh xif½mS ;jzpfay:vmojzifh xkt d ½Sijf rwfwpfyg;wnf;½Sad Mumif; oufao
vu©Pmawmfrsm;(tm,of)ukd zefqif;cHobm0tm;vk;H wGif awGUjrifEikd af yonf/ (uk&t f mef 41;53)
xkYdaMumifh xkt d ½Sijf rwfu vlom;ukd rsupf rd w dS íf ouf0if,MHk unfrrI sK;d ukd rvkv d m;bJ todw&m;ESihf
,SOaf om ,kMH unfcsu(f tDrmef)ukd ESv;Hk oGi;f &ef ñTeMf um;xm;\/
]{uefpifppf igt igt½S½Sifjrwfonf rdrd\ oufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;ukd pOf;pm;
qifjcif odem;vnfaomolwkdYtzkdY tao;pdwf½Sif;vif;awmfrlcJhavonf/}
(uk&ftmef 6;97)
todÓPfEiS , hf OS af om,kMH unfcsu(f tDrmef)ESihf cH,cl suwf Ydkonf rdu k ½f ;l &Jrqefaom rSeu f efonfo h wåu d dk
aygufzmG ;aponf/ rnfonfph rf;oyfrt I cuftcJurdk qkd &ifqidk w
f eG ;f vSe&f aJ om ZGo J wåpd rG ;f tm;ukad y;\/ trSm;
w&m;aY½üS OD;rnGwaf omBucHh ikd rf u I adk y;onf/ trSew f &m;ESihf w&m;rQwrItwGuf vkt d yfygu rdr\ d toufuydk if
pGefYvSL&Jaomowådukday;avonf/ wpfenf;qkdaomf wkEIdif;rJhu½kPmawmf½Sif tv’m[f\aus;Zl;awmfrsm;ukd
tpOfatmufarhvsuf xkt d ½Sijf rwfudk tcsppf w
d jf zifh vrf;ñTewf &m;awmfrsm;ukd apmifx h ed ;f jcif;? pGeYfvLS &Jjcif;wkYdudk
jzpfwnfapygonf/
w&m;Oya'o(2)rsKd;ESifh oufaovu©Pmawmf(2)rsKd;
pMu0VmtwGi;f vTr;f rk;d xm;aom Oya'o (2)rsK;d ½So d nf/
(1) pMu0Vm ouf½o dS ufrhJ ponfh ½kyof bm0ukd vTr;f rk;d xm;aom Oya'oed,mrrsm;ESihf
(2) vlwYdk\pdwEf iS hf 0dnmOfemrfobm0ukd vTr;f rk;d aom Oya'oed,mrrsm;jzpfMuonf/
pMu0VmtwGi;f vlom;rjzpfay:cifuwnf;u obm0ed,mrOya'orsm; pepfwus½adS eNy;D jzpfayonf/
xkYdtwl urÇmN*Kd [üf vlom;wkYdjzpfay:vmNy;D aemuf vlom;\ (pdwEf iS hf 0dnmOf)emrfw&m;ukv d nf; vTr;f rk;d xm;aom
w&m;Oya'rsm;½Sad eNy;D ,if;wkYdudk vlom;(eAD)wrefawmf tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vrf sm;rSwpfqifh xkt d ½Sijf rwfu xkwjf yef
ykYdcsawmfro
l nf/ xkYdaMumifh vlom;eADwrefawmf tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vrf sm;rSwpfqifh xkwjf yefyYdkcsaom vrf;nTew f &m;
wkYdonf vlom;twGuf xkt d v’m[ft½Sijf rwfwpfyg;wnf;½Sad Mumif; pmawGU oufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;jzpfMuNy;D ?
zefqif;cH pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f onfvnf; xkt d ½Sijf rwfwpfyg;wnf;½Sad wmfral Mumif;vufawGUoufaovu©Pm
awmfrsm;jzpfayonf/
&nf½G,fcsufygaomzefqif;rI
em&Dwpfv;Hk \ tydik ;f tprsm;ukd wpfppDjzKwíf Al;wpfcx k üJ xnfuh m udik v f yI af eygu rnfonft h cgwGirf Q
wduk q f ikd rf jI zifh pepfwusvnfywfaeaom em&Dwpfv;Hk jzpfrvmEdik af cs/ todÓPf½o dS w
l pfO;D u tcsed t f wGuf
&nf½, G cf sujf zifh pepfwuswx D iG w
f yfqifjcif;jzifoh m vnfywfaomem&Dwpfv;Hk jzpfvmEdik af yonf/
xkYd twl tdraf qmufypön;f oGy?f oJ? bdvyfajr? opfwYdk udk pkyx Hk m;yguvnf; taqmufttkw H pfck
tvkdtavsmufjzpfvmrnfr[kwfacs/ todÓPf½SdNyD; uRrf;usifolu tokH;jyK&ef&nf½G,fcsufjzifh pepfwus
pDraH qmif½u G rf o
S m pepfwuszUJG pnf;xm;aom taqmufttkw H pfck jzpfvmEdik af yonf/ okYdqv dk Qif vlYcE¨muk, d f
ukd zGUJ pnf;xm;aom qJvu f vmyfpnf;uav;wpfcck si;f \ puf½BHk u;D ozG,f zGUJ pnf;aqmif½u G af erIrsm;? tEkjrLrIef
wpfreI t f wGi;f rS EsLx½Gerf sm;? tzk"d gwfaqmif y½kw d eG rf sm;? oufqikd &f mywfvrf;rsm;rS vnfywfaeaom tr
"gwfaqmiftv D ufx½Gerf sm;? aeukAd [kjd yKí vSnyhf wfaeaom N*Kd [Bf u;D rsm;½Sod nfh aepMu0Vm? tcsed u f jdk yaeaom
 - 10 -

ae? v? eu©wfwm&mrsm;? Mu,fNrdKUawmf *vufqDBuD;rsm;ESifh ¤if;wkdY\ pepfwus vIyf½Sm;aY½Gvsm;aerIrsm;

ponfwYdo k nf tvkt
d avsmufjzpfaeMujcif;vnf;r[kw?f wdu k qf ikd rf aI Mumifjh zpfaejcif;vnf;r[kwyf g/ t&mcyford ;f
ukd twdkif;tqr½SdÓPfawmf? t<uif;rJhwwfpGrf;EdkifrIbkef;awmfjzifh rSefuefaom&nf½G,fcsufjzifh xkdtv’m[f
t½Sijf rwfu zefqif;pDraH qmif½u
G x
f m;jcif;omjzpfygonf/ (uk&t f mef 15;85)
wkEIdif;rJhwpfyg;wnf;aomt½SifESifh vlom;eADwrefawmfrsm;
À pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ukd zefqif;onfrmS vnf; tv’m[fjzpfonf/ (uk&ftmef 45;36)
À pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ukd pDrt H yk cf sKyaf eonfrmS vnf; tv’m[fjzpfonf/ (uk&t f mef 57;5)
À pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f \ ta&;udpt ö m;vk;H ukd pD&ifq;Hk jzwfonfrmS vnf; tv’m[fjzpfonf/
(uk&ftmef 42;10)
À pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ukd w&m;vrf;nTeaf wmfro l nfrmS vnf; tv’m[fjzpfonf/ (uk&ftmef 24;35)
,if;okYd tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf; wkEidI ;f rJh tpOfxm0& Ny;D jynfph pHk mG ½Sad ejcif;(aomif['D )f w&m;ukd zefqif;cH
vlom;wkYd od½MdS uap&eftvkYd imS tv’m[fonf urÇmN*dK[0f ,f acwfwidk ;f ? vlrsK;d wkid ;f ü vlom;eADac: &plvf
ac: wrefawmf tvif;jyyk*Kd¾ vrf sm;ukd a½G;cs,af y:xGe;f apcJo h nf/ ¤if;wkYdrw
S pfqifh vlom;wkYdvu dk ef musio hf ;Hk &ef
0[Dvrf;nTew f &m;wkYdudk xkwjf yefyYdck say;cJah yonf/ xk0d [Dvrf;nTew f &m;wkYdonf xked AD^&plvw f refawmf tvif;jy
yk*d¾KvfwkdY\ qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh ÓPfpifwkdYrS aygufzGm;a[mMum;cJhjcif; r[kwfacs/ zefqif;½Siftv’m[fu
vlomrefwYdk r&Edik o f nfh 0[DÓPfpifudk xnfo h iG ;f ay;í &½SMd ujcif;jzpfonf/
xkdeAD^&plvfwrefawmfwkdYonf omrefvlom;wkdY r&½SdEdkifaom tqifhjrifh0[DÓPfpifukd &½Sdolrsm;
jzpfí ¤if;wkdYukd bk&m;ocif[lívnf; ac:a0:Muonf/ tpövmrfhoGefoifcsuft& xkdeAD^&plvfwrefawmf
rsm;rSm vlom;wkdYtwGif; tjrwfqkH;jzpfMuaomfvnf; ukd;uG,f&mr[kwfacs/ ¤if;wkdYukd zefqif;awmfrlaom?
¤if;wkYd udk 0[DÓPfpifay;awmfral om tv’m[fonfom uk;d uG,&f mjzpfayonf/
]vlom;tkyfpkwkdif;twGuf &plvfwrefawmfwpfyg;onf½S½dS\/} (uk&ftmef 10;47)
]acwfumvwdkif;twGuf usrf;wpfapmifonf½Sd\/} (uk&ftmef 13;38)
tv’m[fonf acwfwidk ;f ? vlom;tkypf w k ikd ;f ü vlom;eADwrefawmf? bk&m;rsm;ay:xGe;f apcJ&h m yxrqk;H
eADwrefawmfrmS tm'rfjzpf\/ ,aeYacwf ta&AsEikd if ?H ruú[Nf rdKU½S&d ma'oüay:xGe;f cJ\ h / uk;d uG,&f mt½Sif
wpfyg;wnf;½Sad Mumif;? eADwrefrsm;pGmay:xGe;f rnfjzpfaomfvnf; a[mMum;rnfo h pömw&m;rSm wpfrsK;d wnf;om
jzpfaMumif;? vlom;rsK;d EG,t f m;vk;H rdom;pkBu;D wpfcw k nf;omjzpfaMumif; oauFwtjzpf utfA[fausmif;awmfudk
wnfaqmufapcJ\ h / xkYdaemuf urÇmESit hf 0Sr;f acwftoD;oD;ü eADwrefawmfrsm;ay:xGe;f cJNh y;D wpfrsK;d wnf;aom
opömw&m;ukad [mMum;cJo h nf/ aemufq;Hk wrefawmfcsKyrf mS rk[r®'jf zpfNyD; yxrqk;H eADwrefawmfay:xGe;f cJ&h m
utfA[fausmif;awmf½&dS ma'oüyif ay:xGe;f apcJ\ h / aemufq;Hk 0[Dvrf;nTet f jzpf usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t f mefudk
tv’m[fu wrefawmfcsKyrf [ k r®'o f cifxrH w S pfqifh acwfwikd ;f twGuf NyD;jynfph pHk mG xkwjf yefyYdk csay;cJ\
h /
eADwrefawmftm;vk;H \ w&m;tESpcf sKyrf mS
]xk d t½SifjrwfrSvGJí tjcm;ukd;uG,f&mr½Sd/} (uk&ftmef 59;22)
]xkdt½Sifjrwf\ vrf;nTefw&m;twdkif;usifhokH;rSom ppfrSefjynfhpkHaom Nidrf;csrf;rI
&½Sdrnf/} (uk&ftmef 5;3)
uk&t f mefusr;f awmfjrwfrwdik rf D &½Scd ahJ omusr;f toD;oD;rSm ,cktcg rl&if;twdik ;f r½SMd uawmhacs/ ,cktcg
urÇmN*dK[af y:wGif uk&t f mefusr;f jrwfwpftyk w f nf;om rl&if;twdik ;f ½Sad eayawmhonf/
 - 11 -

tv’m[fu, dk w
f ikd u
f ,if;uk&t f mefrysupf ;D &avatmif xde;f odr;f xm;&efwm0ef,x l m;awmfr\
l /
(uk&ftmef 15;9)
tpövmrfac: Nidr;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOfonf urÇmwnfoaY½G wnfwzHh UHG NzdK;pGm½Sad eayawmhrnf/
(uk&t
f mef 61;8-9)

vlom;
rvmtdu[fac: aumif;uifwrefpGrf;tm;½Sifrsm;ESifh ½IdifoGmefac: tzsuftiftm;pk
xkdtv’m[ft½Sifjrwfonf pMu0Vmrsm;ESifh urÇmN*dK[fukdvnf;aumif;? urÇmN*dK[fay:wGif opfyif
yef;refrsm;ESihf wd&pämefwYdk uv dk nf;aumif; tqifq h ifzh efqif;NyD;aemuf tm'rfac: vlom;ukd zefqif;xif½mS ;
jzpfay:apawmfrcl o hJ nf/
À vlom;\ ½kycf E¨mukd ajray:ajratmuf tqDtESpo f bm0ypön;f rsm;jzifv h nf;aumif;
(uk&ftmef 22;5? 23;12)
À vlom;\toufudk a&rSvnf;aumif;? (uk&ftmef 21;30)
À vlom;\0dnmOfEiS hf pdwEf v S ;Hk ukd tv’m[ h x f rH jS zpfaom ½l[0f n d mOfprG ;f tifx;l jzifv
h nf;aumif; pDrjH yKvyk af wmf
rlco hJ nf/ (uk&t f mef 32;7-9)
À xkYd aemuf vlom;\rsK;d qufudk ajrobm0rS zGUH NzdK;vmonfumvva&Munfjzifh jyefYymG ;apawmfro l nf/
(uk&ftmef 23;12-13)
À tzk?d trukv d nf;aumif;? vlrsK;d pktoD;oD;? rsK;d EG,t f oG,o f , G uf v dk nf;aumif;? tcsi;f csi;f odem;vnf
thaH omiSm jyKawmfrcl \ hJ / (uk&ftmef 49;13)
xkYdaMumifh vlom;\½kycf E¨mwGif ½kyq f v J u f vmyfpnf;rsm;ESihf toufyg0ifNyD;emrfcE¨mwGif ½l[0f n d mOf
pGr;f tifx;l ? ezfp0f n d mOf? uvfApf w d Ef vS ;Hk wkYd yg0if\/ ½kycf E¨monf avmuDüvkt d yfaomtpmESihf t[m&rS0D íJ
Bu;D xGm;½Sio f efaeonf/ tv’m[fowfrw S cf suaf &mufvQif ,k, d iG ;f aoqk;H oGm;onf/ rlvajrtjzpfoYdk jyefa&muf
oGm;onf/
okYdaomf emrfcE¨mrSm ½kycf E¨maoqk;H csed w f iG f ½kycf E¨mrScx JG u G íf rdrjd yKco
hJ rQ aumif;rI? raumif;rItwGuf
tpm;ay;jcif;cH&ayrnf/ xkYd aMumifh ezfp0f n d mOf\obm0rSm zGUH NzdK;Edik pf rG ;f ? qkw, f wk Ef ikd pf rG ;f obm0½So d nf/
tv’m[fu eADwrefawmfrsm;rSwpfqifh xkwfjyefykdYcsaom 0[Dvrf;nTeftwdkif; usifhokH;aexdkifol
rnforl qkd xko d \ l ezfp0f n d mOfzUHG NzdK;wk;d wufayonf/ okYd aomf 0[Dvrf;nTeEf iS hf qefYusiaf exdik u f xko d \ l
ezfp0f n d mOf,, dk iG ;f NyD; avmuDb0ESihf aemifb0wkYd wiG f qk;H ½I;H rIBuHK&ayrnf/ (uk&t f mef 91;7-10)
xktd ½Sijf rwfonf tm'rfac: vlom;ukd rzefqif;rDtvsif rvmtdu[fac: aumif;uifwrefprG ;f tm;½Sif
rsm;ukv d nf;aumif;? *sief af c: rD;\obm0rS zefqif;xif½mS ;jzpfay:aom zefqif;cHrsm;ukv d nf;aumif; tqifq h ifh
zefqif;xm;Ny;D jzpfayonf/
À rvmtdu[fac: aumif;uifwrefpGrf;tm;½SifwkdYonf pMu0VmavmutoD;oD;wGif tv’m[f
owfrw S x f m;onfh obm0ykpH t H oD;oD;jzif½h adS eMuNyD; xkt d v’m[ft½Sijf rwf\ trdeYfawmfrsm;ukd waoGrwdr;f
emcHaqmif½u G af eMuonf/ ¤if;wkYdudk obm0ykpH w H pfcw k nf;jzifh owfrw S af jymír&acs/ pMu0VmtESYHü ½Sad eMu\/
¤if;wkYdonf ½kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mj'yfEiS hf pGr;f tifrsm;ukd apmifx h ed ;f &aom zefqif;cHrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkYdtwl emrfyikd ;f
qdkif&m toGifrsm;vnf;½dSMuonf/ xl;jcm;aomvlyk*dK¾ vftcsKdUESifh qufoG,f&mwGif vkdtyfygu tv’m[f\
 - 12 -

trdeYfjzifh vltoGiaf qmifMu&onft h cgvnf;½S\ d / rvmtdu[faumif;uifwrefcsKyo f nf vlom;eADwrefawmf

rsm;xH tv’m[f\xHrS 0[Dvrf;nTeo f ,faqmif&\/ ¤if;wkYdü qifjcifww Hk &m;? vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG hf
ponfwYdk r½SMd uonfjh yif t½Sijf rwf\tvku d o dk m jiif;qefrrI ½Sb d J aqmif½u G af eMu&ojzifh ¤if;wkYd ü ukov dk ?f
tukov dk rf ½Sad cs/ xkYdaMumifh ¤if;wkYdtm; ½Sijf yefxajrmufaeYwiG f aumif;usK;d ? qk;d usK;d tpm;ay;p&m taMumif;
r½Sad cs/ ¤if;wkYd onf tv’m[f\trdeYf jd zifh vlom;tusK;d aqmif½u G af eMu&aom zefqif;cHrsm;jzpfMuayonf/
(uk&ftmef 35;1? 21;19? 20;27? 6;61? 2;30? 16;102? 26;193? 19;17)
À *sife\ f t"dymÜ ,frmS zke;f uG,x f m;aomt&m ( )[k t"dymÜ ,f&onf/ yljyif;vSaom
rD;? tckd;rJhrD;obm0rS tqifhqifhzefqif;xm;aMumif;od&\/ (uk&ftmef 15;27? 55;15)
ajrrStqifhqifhzefqif;cH&aomvlom;onf ajr½kyfoGif wdkuf½dkufrxif½Sm;ouJhokdY rD;rStqifhqifh
zefqif;jcif;cH&aom*sief o f nfvnf; tjcm;xl;jcm;aomtrsK;d tpm;toGit f jyifrsm; ½Sad yrnf/ *sief w f Ydkonf vlwYdk
uJo h Ydk yif vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG &hf ½Sx
d m;aom zefqif;cHrsm;jzpfMuonf/ ¤if;wkYd jyKorQtwGuf aumif;rI?
raumif;rI tusK;d jzpfMuí ½Sijf yefxajrmufrnfah eYwiG f ¤if;wkYd vnf; w&m;pD&if ppfaq;jcif; cHMu&rnf/
(uk&ftmef 7;179? 55;39? 37;158)
À tm'rfac: vlom;ukd tv’m[ft½Sifjrwfu zefqif;xif½Sm;jzpfay:apNyD;aemuf trnfemrrsm;ukd
oifMum;ay;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ xkYdaemuf rvmtdu[f aumif;uifwref pGr;f tm;½Sirf sm;ESihf ,SONf yKd iaf pcJ&h m rvmtdu[f
aumif;uifwrefrsm;\todrmS owfrw S cf suw f pfrsK;d csi;f om½SMd uí vlom;ukd r,SONf ydKiEf ikd cf MhJ uacs/ xkYdaMumifh
pMu0VmttwGi;f rS rvmtdu[f aumif;uifwrefprG ;f tm;½Siaf vmuonf todynm½Sijf zpfaom vlom;ukd
emcHMu&rnf[al om Oya'oukd tv’m[fu owfrw S af wmfrcl o hJ nf/ (uk&ftmef 2;30-32)
xkYad Mumifh tm'rf\om;orD;rsm;jzpfMuaom vlom;rsK;d EG,w f Yo
dk nf vlYAZD obm0ü pMu0Vmukd odem;vnf
Edik pf rG ;f ½SNd yD;jzpfonf/ ,if;odem;vnfEikd pf rG ;f ukd ynm½SmazGqnf;yl;jcif;jzif&h ,lygu pMu0Vmukd tok;H csEikd rf nf
jzpfayonf/
wpfcsed u f ausmufuo dk mtok;H csco hJ v l o l m;onf ,cktcg omrefrsupf jd zifh rjrifEikd af om tEkjrLukyd if
cGíJ ok;H aeNyDr[kwyf gavm/ urÇmBuD;jym;ojzifh acsmufxu J saornf[k t,l½cdS o hJ w l Ydkonf ,cktcg pMu0Vm
ukdyif xkd;azmufaeMuNyDr[kwfygavm/ vlUcE¨mukd,f½Sd qJvfuav;rsm;twGif;rS 'DtifefatwdwfacGukdyif
jyKjyif&efBuKd ;pm;aeMuNyrD [kwyf gavm/ aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[f\ u½kPmawmfonfum; Bu;D rm;vSayonf/
À vlom;onf ,if;okYd pMu0Vmukad tmifEikd rf nfjzpfaomfvnf; vlom;ukq d efYusiaf ernfh tiftm;pkwpfpk
½Sd\/ ,if;um; tdAfvDpfjzpfayonf/ xkdtdAfvdpfonf *sifefrsKd;EG,frSjzpfayonf/
rvmtdum[fac: aumif;uifwrefprG ;f tm;½Siaf vmuonf vlom;uked mcHaeMurnfjzpfaomfvnf; ,if;okYd
emcH&efjiif;y,folrSm *sifefrsKd;EG,frS tdAfvDpfjzpfayonf/ tdAfvDpf\t"dyÜm,frSm arQmfvifhcsufuif;a0;ol
[lí jzpfayonf/ taMumif;rSm tdAfvDpfonf rdrd\zefqif;½Sif tv’m[f\trdefYawmfukd jiif;y,fcJhonf/
]igonf olYxufykdíaumif;jrwfonf} (uk&ftmef 7;12) [laom ( ) ]ig}wnf;[laom
rmew&m;(ouAfA&k )f u ¤if;tm; jiif;y,fro I Ydka&mufapNyD; tv’m[f\u½kPmawmfrS arQmv f ifch suf uif;a0;
apavonf/ (uk&ftmef 2;34? 7;13)
tdAv f pD of nf rdr\ d vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,yf ikd cf iG u hf dk tvGoJ ;Hk pm;jyKí aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[f\trdeYfudk
zDqefr&d ufom;jzpfaeonf/ ig[laomrmew&m;ESit hf pGu J ¤if;tm; trSew f &m;ukd rjrifapawmhay/
xkYdjyif rdr\ d tjypfudk rdrd jrifvnf;rjrif? qef;ppfjcif;vnf;rjyKbJ ,ckuo hJ Ydk rdrud ½kPmuif;a0;apjcif;
 - 13 -

cH&onfrmS vlom;aMumifjh zpfonf[íl qku d m vlom;rsK;d EG,u f dk tcJrausjzpfae\/ avmb? a'go? arm[?
rme? remvkdrI? rdrdukd,frdrdtxifBuD;rI? olwpfyg;ukdtxifao;rI ponfhrD;rsm; awmufavmifvsuf½Sdae\/
pifppf ,if;obmwkYd rmS vnf; tck;d rJrh ;D \ obm0rsm;teufrjS zpfayonf/
xkYdaMumifh tdAv f pD o f nf rdr\ d vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG u
hf dk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKum vlom;rsK;d EG,w f Ydkudk
½Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnfah eYwikd f aESmuf,u S &f efq;Hk jzwfco hJ nf/ zefqif;½Sif tv’m[fuvnf; ¤if;tm;ay;xm;NyD;
jzpfaom vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG u hf dk t[efYtwm;rjyKay/ (uk&t f mef 7;15-17)
okdYaomf tMuifrnfonfhvlom;rqkd rdrdaus;Zl;awmf½Siftv’m[fukd ouf0if,kHMunfMuNyD;
emcHb0wnfaqmufoltay: tdAfvDpf\tEÅ&m,f MoZmroufa&mufap&[laom Oya'oukdvnf;
tv’m[fu jy|mef;xm;onf/ (uk&ftmef 15;42)
À ,if;okdY rdrdbmomremvkdrIjzifh avmb? a'go? arm[? rmerD;rsm;x<uaeaom tdAfvDpfonf
tv’m[f\u½kPmawmfrS arQmv f ifch suaf 0;oltqifrh aS eí olwpfyg;ukd ysupf ;D &mysupf ;D aMumif;BuHpnfaom
tqifha&mufjcif;ukd ½IdifoGmef(tzsuftiftm;pk)[kac:ayonf/ (uk&ftmef 7;20)
vlEiS hf *sief f rsK;d EG,(f 2)ckpvk;H rSm vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG &hf xm;Muay&m zefqif;½Sif tv’m[fudk
vufcv H vdk siv
f nf;&\/ jiif;y,fvv dk siv f nf;&\/ okYd aomf rdrjd yKorQ rdrüd omwm0ef½NdS yD; ta&;,ljcif;cH&
ayrnf/ xkYdaMumifh tv’m[fuv dk ufcaH om *sief rf sm;½So d vkd jiif;y,faom *sief rf sm;vnf;½SMd u\/ ½Iid o f mG efac:
tzsut f iftm;pktm; tv’m[fu cGijhf yKxm;jcif;ukd tv’m[frw&m;yg[kqídk r&ay/ tv’m[fu rdrad y;xm;NyD;
jzpfaom vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG u hf dk jyefvnfr½kyo f rd ;f acs/ okYd aomf vlom;ukd ½Iid o f mG eftay: qefYusif
Edik pf rG ;f ? atmifjrifEikd pf rG ;f pGr;f tm;rsm;ESihf Oya'orsm; tjynft h 0ay;xm;NyD;jzpfayonf/ ½Iid o f mG efac: tzsuf
tiftm;pkonf vlom;twGuf wufvrf;pmar;yGJomjzpfayonf/ aus;Zl;awmf½Sif tv’m[ftay: ,kHMunf
tm;xm;oltwGuf rnfonft h cuftcJrQ½rdS nfr[kwaf cs/ ta&;Bu;D onfrmS vlom;onf xk½d idI o f mG eftiftm;pk\
obm0rsm; rdrcd E¨muk, d w f iG ;f ü ray:aygufap&ef xde;f odr;f umuG,&f rnf/ tu,fí ay:aygufvmyguvnf;
tv’m[f\0[Dvrf;nTejf zifh xkrd ;D rsm;ukd Nidr;f owftEdik , f &l ayrnf/
,cktcg urÇmESit hf 0Sr;f *sief ½f idI o f mG efonf ewftrnftrsK;d rs;dk ? tjcm;toGit f rsK;d rsK;d jzifh vlom;wkYdudk
vSnzhf sm;um aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[f\u½kPmrS uif;a0;apaomvrf;okYd qGaJ qmifrrI sm;jyKaeay&m vlom;
tcsKdUukd,fwdkifvnf; pwifí ¤if;wkdYtm; ,kHMunftm;xm;vsuf½SdaeMuayonf/ ½IdifoGmefonf vlom;\
xm0&&efojl zpfayonf/ vlom;\,kMH unfcsuEf iS hf opömapmiho f rd o
I nf ½Iid of mG efEiS hf &ifqikd &f rS rnfrQcikd rf maMumif;
xif½Sm;vmayonf/ vlom;onf rkd;ESifhajrukd atmifEdkifovkd rdrdukd,frdrdvnf; atmifEdkif&efBudK;yrf;&rnf
jzpfayonf/
tcspfESifh pGefYvSLjcif;
vlom;wGif ]ezfpf}0dnmOfESifhtwl ]uvfAf}[laom pdwfESvkH;vnf;½Sdaeayonf/ ,if;pdwfESvkH;onf
qifjcifww Hk &m;? ÓPftajrmftjrif? cHpm;rIEiS hf vGwv
f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG w
hf Ydk\ wnf&mXmevnf;jzpfayonf/
cHpm;rI(tzft'd [f)wGif tcsp(f [kA)f onf ta&;ygqk;H ? tjrifq h ;Hk jzpfayonf/
vlom;wpfOD;taejzifh igpGJjzifh twåqefpGmcHpm;rIjyKrnfavm/ rdrd\aus;Zl;awmf½Sif tv’m[f\
trdefYawmfvrf;nTeftwdkif; usifhokH;cHpm;rnfavm? jrwfaomol&Jaumif;wkdYtwGufrl ]tv’m[f\
ESpfNrdKUrIonf tBuD;us,fqkH;} (uk&ftmef 9;72)jzpfayonf/
½Iid o
f mG efac: tzsut
f iftm;pkonf vlom;\pdwEf v S ;Hk üraumif;rIudk aphaqmfwwfay&m BuchH ikd w f nfNird f
 - 14 -

aom pdwEf v S ;Hk om;onfom ,if;½Iid o f mG ef tzsut f iftm;pkudk atmifEikd af yrnf/ BuchH ikd w f nfNird af om pdwEf v S ;Hk ½Sif
onfom rdr\ d 0dnmOfudk tzGUH NzdK;qk;H tqifjh zpfaom BuhcH ikd w f nfNidraf t;csr;f aom ezfp0f n d mOfoYdk a&mufapEdik f
ayrnf/ (uk&ftmef 26;89? 50;33? 89;27-30)
xkYdaMumifv h ol m;onf rdr\ d pdwEf v S ;Hk tm; tv’m[f\0[Dvrf;nTef uk&t f mef\todjzifh vufeufwyfqif
xm;&rnf/ okYdro S m tv’m[fEpS Nf rdKUaomvky&f yfEiS hf rESpNf rdKUaomvky&f yfudk cGjJ cm;odjrifEikd af yonf/ ½diI o f mG efac:
tzsut f iftm;pk\ ykpH rH sK;d pkjH zifv h nS zhf sm;aphaqmfrrI sm;ukv d nf; ÓPfpOfjzifh xk;d xGi;f odjrifEikd af yrnf/ tv’m[f\
oufaovufuP © mawmfrsm;ESihf aus;Zl;awmfrsm;ukv d nf; xk;d xGi;f odjrifvmNy;D ,kMH unfcsuf ]tDrmef}wk;d yGm;vm
ayrnf/ wpfenf;qkad omf rdr\ d qifjcifww Hk &m;ukd tv’m[f\0[Dvrf;nTeaf tmufwiG f zGUH NzdK;wk;d wufatmif
BudK;yrf;&rnfjzpfonf/
todÓPfEiS , hf OS af om,kMH unfcsuo f nf ppfreS af omowåEd iS hf pGeYfvLS &Jaomtcsppf w d u f dk zGUH NzdK;aponf/
xkYdaMumifh tv’m[fu ,kMH unfcsut f m; pdwEf v S ;Hk wGi;f wdik af tmif xnfo h iG ;f &efvrf;nTex f m;\/ (uk&t f mef 49;14)
pdwEf v S ;Hk wGi;f wdik af tmif ,kMH unfcsu]f tDrmef}ude;f 0yfygrS BucHh ikd af om pdwEf v S ;Hk ? rSeuf efpmG qk;H jzwf&aJ om
ÓPftajrmftjrifEiS o hf wåw d Ydk &½Svd mayrnf/
xkYdjyif pdwEf v S ;Hk \ ÓPftajrmftjrifzUHG NzdK;wk;d wufygrS vlom;onf rdr\ d ]ig}wnf;[laomtpGrJ sm;ukd
vGeaf jrmufí tv’m[f\ESpNf rKd UrIuv dk vdk m;aomtqifo h Ydka&muf½adS yrnf/ tv’m[f\ESpNf rKd UrI[o l nf trSew f &m;
( )? w&m;rQwrI( )? aumif;usKd;jyKtvSqifjcif;( )? Nidrf;csrf;jcif;( ) ponfwkdYtay:
tajccHxm;ayonf/ xkYdaMumifh tv’m[f\ESpNf rdKUrI½mS olwYdkonf xkw d &m;wkYdjzifh avmuukt d usK;d jyK tvSqif
olrsm;jzpfvmayrnf/ rkpv f ifraf c: Nird ;f csr;f a&;0g'Drsm;jzpfvmMuayrnf/ ½Iid o f mG efac: tzsut f iftm;pktm;vk;H ukd
qefYusi&f aJ omowå½d iS rf sm;jzpfvmMuayrnf/
xkdYaMumifh uk&ftmefwGif (1) tv’m[f? (2)wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'f? (3) *sD[m'fac: tv’m[f\
vrf;awmfwiG f oufpeG YfBuKd ;yrf;aqmif½u G jf cif;wdYkudk uset f &mcyford ;f xuf tcspq f ;Hk rjzpforQ ppfreS jf ynf0h aom
,kMH unfcsurf jzpfí qk;H ½I;H rIudk &ifqikd &f vdrrhf nf[k tv’m[fu owday;vrf;nTex f m;jcif;jzpfayonf/ (uk&t f mef 9;24)
tv’m[f\ESpfNrdKUrIukd½Smolonf rdrdtoufukdyif pGefYvSL&J\/ (uk&ftmef 2;207)
wrefawmfcsKyrf [ k r®'o f cifonf aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf;½Sad mumif;ESihf rdrt d vsif ay:xGe;f cJMh u
aom eADwrefawmftaygif;onfvnf; trSew f &m;ukd a[mMum;cJo h rl sm;jzpfaMumif; b0ESi&hf if;í pHjyoufao
xGuq f o hJdk jl zpfygonf/ xkYd aMumifh wrefawmfcsKyrf [ k r®'o f cifudk ,kMH unfjcif;tcspx f m;jcif;onf tv’m[fEiS hf
xkt d ½Sijf rwf\trSew f &m;ukv d nf;aumif;? ,if;trSew f &m;uko d ufaoxGuf a[mMum;cJo h l eADwrefawmftm;vk;H
ukd ,kHMunftcspfxm;&mrnfygonf/ igpGJ? igha'opGJ? ighvlrsKd;pGJ? yk*dK¾ vfrsm;ukd cRwfy,fjcif;omjzpfygonf/
rkpv f ifrw f pfO;D taejzifh EIwt f m;jzift h cspaf zmfjy½ko H mru xkt d v’m[f\vrf;awmfwiG f rdr\ d ydik q f ikd rf tI m;vk;H jzifh
oufpeG Yf BudK;yrf;aqmif½u G jf cif; ]*s[ D m'f}ukv d nf; pHjyjyKMu&ayrnf/
tpövmrfonf vl\cHpm;rIEiS hf tcspw f &m;ukd oefYpifzUHG NzKd ; jrifjh rwfapygonf/ oefYpifzUHG NzKd ; jrifjh rwfaom
tcspw f &m;jzifh avmuukt d vSqif&if; jrifjh rwfaomyef;wdik o f Ydk b0aY½½S jI cif;jzpfygonf/ jrifjh rwfaomyef;wdik [ f o l nf
tv’m[fESifheD;uyfrItqifhtwef;( )yifjzpfayonf/
 - 15 -

uk&fAgeDorkdif;
tv’m[fodpdwfESifh,SOfaom pGefYvSLrIukdom tv’m[fvufcHawmfrljcif;
tpövmrfwiG f ,kMH unfcsu\ f tESpcf sKyrf mS tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf; wkEdIif;rJhedpöxm0&½Sdjcif;(aomif[D'f)
jzpfNyD; usifhpOftm;vkH;\tESpfcsKyfrSm tv’m[fodpdwfESifh,SOfí raumif;rIa½Smifum aumif;rIjyKjcif;
]owfu0g} 0g}w&m;jzpfayonf/ raumif;rIuadk ½Smif&mwGijf zpfap? aumif;rIjyK&mwGijf zpfap rdr\ d ]ig}wnf;[laom
tpGrJ ygbJ tv’m[fEpS Nf rdKUap&ef &nfp;l csuaf pwem]eD,of}ukt d ajccHí aqmif½u G &f rnfjzpfayonf/ okYd ro S m
rdrd \
d aumif;rIrmS oefYpifjrifjh rwfr½I adS yrnf/
xkYdaMumifh uk&t f mefwiG f tm'fr\ f om; vlom;(2)OD;\ ]uk&Af geD}pGeYfvLS rIjyKjcif;ESiphf yfvsO;f azmfjyxm;&m
wGif tv’m[fopd w d jf zifjh yKo\ l uk&Af geDpeG YfvLS rIuo dk m tv’m[fuvufcNH y;D usew f pfO;D \pGeYfvLS rIudk vufcjH cif;
rjyKcahJ y/ xkt d cg jiif;y,fc&H olu rdr\ d tm;enf;csKUd ,Gi;f csuu f dk qifjcifrrI ½Sb
d J tv’m[fopd w d u f if;rJo
h jzifh ½Iid o
f mG ef
tzsut f iftm;pk\ MoZmoufa&mufNyD; pGeYf vLS rIvufcjH cif;cH&oludk ysupf ;D &mysupf ;D aMumif; BuHpnfco hJ nf/
xkYdjyif uk, d x f vd ufa&mufyif oufcjhJ cif;jzifh qk;H ½I;H olwpfO;D jzpfomG ;cJah vonf/ okYdaomf <uif;useaf eaom rdr\ d
nDaemif\½kyu f vmyfudk rnfoYdjk yK&rSe;f rodcahJ cs/ xkt d cg tv’m[fu us;D uef;wpfaumifapvTwíf ajrukd ,ufjy
apcJ&h mrS ,if;ukd ajrjr§Ky&f rnfuo dk cd \hJ / þokYdjzifh tpövmrfwiG f vlwpfO;D ukd taMumif;rJh trSew f &m;twGuf
r[kwb f J owfjzwfygu vlom;xkwpf&yfv;Hk uko d wfouJo h Yjdk zpfNy;D vlwpfO;D \toufudk u,fwifygu vlom;xk
wpf&yfv;Hk \toufudk u,fwifouJo h Ydk jzpfonf[íl tv’m[fu owfrw S cf ohJ nf/ (uk&t f mef 5;27-32)
xkYdaMumifh vlwYdt k jrifwiG f aumif;rI[íl jyKaeaomudp&ö yfrsm;ü &nfp;l csuaf pwemonf tvGet f a&;ygvS
ayonf/ tv’m[fodpdwf ]owfu0g}ay:tajcrjyKbJ ]ig}tpGJay:üjyKygu rnfonfhudprö qkd qkH;½IH;rIrsm;ESifh
BuKH awGUMu&ayrnf/
wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[DrfESifh abbDvkH
vlYordik ;f wGif tm'rf\rsK;d EG,rf sm;acwf? El[\ f rsK;d EG,rf sm;acwf? xkYdaemuf tdA&f m[Dr\ f rsK;d EG,rf sm;
acwf ponfjzifh tqifhqifha&muf½SdvmcJhayonf/ wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[DrfrwdkifrD vlYordkif;umvrsm;ukd
vlom;wkYd twdtusrwGucf suEf ikd af o;yg/
wrefawmfBuD; tdA&f m[Dru f dk (,ckacwf tD&wf) abbDv½Hk dS ]tk&}f [laoma'oü zGm;jrifcahJ vonf/
urÇmo h rkid ;f ynm½Siw f Ydku bDp(D 2100)0ef;usiaf cwf[q k Mdk uonf/ xkt d csed u
f ½kyyf idk ;f qdik &f m abbDv, Hk Ofaus;rI
wk;d wufaeaomfvnf; emrfyikd ;f qdik &f mrSm edru hf svsu½f cdS ohJ nf/ aus;Zl;awmf½iS t f v’m[fudk vpfvsL½Ium obm0
w&m;ESihf ½kyx f u
k ;dk uG,rf rI sm;ukd jyKvyk v f mcJMh uonf/ ewfu;dk uG,rf EI iS hf bk&ifu;dk uG,rf v I nf;½Scd o
hJ nf/
wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[Drfu ½kyfxkrsm;jyKvkyfukd;uG,frIwkdYukd a½Smif½Sm;&efw&m;jycJhonf/ ae? v?
eu©wfwm&mrsm;ukd ukd;uG,frIrsm;rjyKMu&ef w&m;jycJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 6;75-84) r[mu½kPmawmf½Sif
(tv’m[f)uko d m emcHb0wnfaqmufMu&ef a[mMum;cJo h nf/
tv’m[f\0[Dvrf;nTeaf wmfjzifh wrefawmfBu;D tdA&f m[Dru f at;csr;f pGmw&m;jycJah omfvnf; bk&ifEiS hf
ywf0ef;usiu f ¤if;tm;qefYusi'f u k a© y;cJMh uonf/ bk&ifu rD;jzifh ao'Pfay;cJah omfvnf; tv’m[fEiS hf trSef
w&m;twGuf pGeYfvLS aqmif½u G cf rhJ aI Mumif; tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfu ¤if;tm; tEÅ&m,ftaygif;rS u,fwifvw G af jrmuf
apcJoh nf/ (uk&t f mef 21;68-71)/ ol\zcifu, dk w
f idk u f olYtm;qefYusicf o hJ nf/ (uk&t f mef 9;113-114)/
olYtm; tv’m[fukd emcH½kdusKd;aom pHerlemtjzpf tv’m[fu owfrSwf*kPfjyKcJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 16;120)
 - 16 -

wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[Drf om;qkyefjcif;

]ol(tdAf&m[Drf)uajymcJhonfrSm rkcs{uef uREfkyfonf uREfkyftm; tqifhqifh
jyKpkysKd;axmifawmfrlaom t½SifhxHokdY oGm;awmhrnf/ xkdt½Sifjrwfonf uREfkyf
tm; trSefyif vrf;nTefawmfrlrnf/}
]tkd-uRefawmfrsKd;tm; tqifhqifhzefwD;½Sif? uRefawmfrsKd;tm; aumif;jrwfaom
olwkdYteufrS(om;wpfOD;)ay;oem;awmfrlyg/}
]okdYjzpfay&m igt½Sifjrwfonf ¤if;tm; onf;cHodrfarGUjcif;w&m;ESifhjynfhpkHaom
om;awmfwpfyg;taMumif; 0rf;ajrmufzG,fowif;aumif; ay;awmfrlcJhonf/}
(uk&ftmef 37;99-100)
wrefawmfBuD;tdA&f m[Drt f wGuf trSewf &m;onf arG;&yfajrESiahf 'ocHvw l Ydk\ trSm;w&m;xuf ykíd
cspfjrwfEkd;zG,f&mjzpfcJhayonf/ xkdYaMumifh olonf a'oukdpGefYcGmí tv’m[f\u½kPmvrf;nTefukdcH,lum
om;qkyefc&hJ m tv’m[fu ]tdpt f vD }f [laom om;&wemukad y;oem;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ om;awmf tdprf mtDvEf iS hf
ol\rdcif [m*s&[fwYdk onf yg&efa'o(,ck ruú[)f ü tajcpdu k af exdik cf MhJ uonf/
wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[DrfESifh om;awmf\pGefYvSLjcif;
]¤if;aemuf xko d m;awmfonf ol(tdA&f m[Dr)f ESit hf wl oGm;vmvIy½f mS ;Edik af omt½G,o f Ydk a&mufaomtcg
ol(tdA&f m[Dr)f u (þokYd)ajymMum;cJah vonf/
]tkd-cspfom;? igonf {uefrvGJ toifhtm; (ZA[fjyKpGefYvSL)vSD;jzwfaeonf[k tdyfruf
wGif {ueftrSefjrifrufonf/ okdYjzpfay&m toif\tjrif rnfokdY½Sdonfukd pOf;pm;qkH;jzwfygav/}
xkdtcg om;awmfu ]tkd-uREfkyf\zcrnf;awmf? toifonf ay;awmfrljcif;cH&onfhtrdefYtwdkif;om
aqmif½Gufygav/ tv’m[ftvkd½SdcJhygvQif {uefyif uREfkyftm; BuHhcdkifolrsm;teufrS wpfOD;tjzpf
toifawGU½Sdygvdrfhrnf}[k jyefMum;cJhavonf/
]okdYjzpfay&m ¤if;wkdY(om;tz)ESpfOD;onf (tv’m[f\)trdefYawmfukd emcHtyfESif;
cJhNyD; ol(tdAf&m[Drf)onf ¤if;(om;awmf)tm; arSmufvsufvSJcJhavonf/}
(uk&ftmef 37;102-103)
tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfonf rdr\ d wrefawmfrsm;tm; 0[Dqufo, G yf eHk nf;vrf;rsm;½Sad eNy;D qufo, G cf &H aom
wrefawmfonf 0[Dvrf;nTejf zfpaMumif;ukd xif½mS ;pGmodjrifEikd yf gonf/ (uk&t f mef 42;51)
,ckvnf; wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[Drfonf rdrd&aomtrdefYawmfukdom;awmftay: twif;tMuyf
rjyKcJhbJ om;awmf\qE´ukd cH,lcJh\/
pifppf pGeYfvLS jcif;(uk&Af geD)ukd zcifEiS o hf m;awmfEpS Of ;D pvk;H rS tv’m[fu awmif;qkjd cif;jzpf\/ om;tz
ESpOf ;D \qE´udk prf;oyfrjI zpfayonf/ om;awmfuvnf; tv’m[fu rdrt d oufudk trSew f u,fpeG Yf vLS ap&ef
tvk½d ydS gu toifjh zpfaMumif; tajymESiv hf yk &f yf vufawGUjycJo h nf/ zcifuvnf; om;&wemukd rdrq d E´t&
rjyKvadk omfvnf; aus;Zl;awmf½iS \ f tvkad wmftwdik ;f pGeYf pm;cJ&h onf/
zcifwpfO;D u &ifaoG;ukv d ;DS jzwf&ef rnfoYdk jyK&ufygrnfenf;/ okYd aomf om;tzESpOf ;D onf rdrw d Ydk \
ezfp0f n d mOfüay:aygufavh½adS om ½Iid o f mG eftzsut f iftm;pkpw d "f gwfrsm;ukd atmifjrifpmG wGe;f vSev f suf aus;Zl;awmf½iS f
tv’m[f\trdeYf awmfudk emcHtyfEiS ;f cJMh uonf/
 - 17 -

pGefYvSLrIukd vufcHjcif;ESifh orkdif;rSwfwdkiftjzpf owfrSwfjcif;

xkdtcg ig(tv’m[f)t½Sifjrwfu ¤if;tm;ac:awmfrlcJhonf/

tkd-tdAf&m[Drf? rvGJ{uef oifonf tdyfrufukd rSefuefjynfhpkHpGm aqmif½GufcJhavNyD/
rkcs{uef þenf;twdkif;yif igt½Sifjrwfonf aumif;usKd;jyKolwkdYtm; tpm;ay;
awmfrlavh½Sdonf/}

]{uefrvGJ þon
þonff xif½Sm;½Sif;vif;aom prf;oyfrIwpf&yf trSefyifjzpfayonf/}

]¤if;jyif igt½Sifjrwfonf ¤if;tm; BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfaom pGefYvSLvSD;jzwfjcif;

jzifh tpm;xkd;awmfrlcJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 37;104-107)
À BuD;us,fjrifhjrwfaom pGefYvSLvSD;jzwfjcif;( )jzifh tpm;xkd;jcif;[lonf
À om;awmf tdprf mtDv\ f ae&mwGif tv’m[ftpm;xk;d ay;cJah om uk&Af geDom;aumifuv dk nf;aumif;/
À ESppf Of ruú[o f Ydk [*sjf yK&efomG ;aomol ajrmufjrm;pGm\ [*su f siphf OfEiS q
hf ufE,
G íf Zkv[ f *d s*f s[v f
(10)&ufaeYüjyKvyk af om uk&Af geDusiphf Ofuv dk nf;aumif; qkv
d adk yonf/ xkYd jyif
À a½S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rIrsm;ü½Sad eaomvludk ,pfyal Zmfonfph epfq;dk ukd y,fzsujf cif;ukv d nf; qkv d jdk cif;
jzpfEikd af yonf/

]¤if;jyif ¤if;(tdAf&m[Drf)tm; aemifvmaemufom;wkdYwGif trSwf&½Sdapjcif;ukd

½S d a pawmf r l c J h o nf / }

]tdAf&m[Drf\tay:0,f Nidrf;csrf;om,mrI oufa&mufygap/}

]þenf;twdkif;yif igt½Sifjrwfonf aumif;rIjyKolwkdYtm; tpm;ay;avh½Sdonf/}

]rkcs{uef olonf igt½Sifjrwfukd ouf0if,kHMunfaom emcHb0wnfaqmuf

olwkdYteufrS tygt0ifjzpfayonf/}

]¤if;jyif igt½Sifjrwfonf ¤if;(tdAf&m[Drf)tm; tdpf[gufESifhywfoufí eAD

wrefawmfwpfyg;ESifh aumif;jrwfolwkdYteufrS tygt0ifjzpfrnfjzpfaMumif;
0rf;ajrmufzG,f owif;aumif;ay;awmfrlcJh\/} (uk&ftmef 37;108-112)
wrefawmfBuD;tdAf&m[Drf\ yxrZeD;rSm pm&[fjzpfNyD; om;orD;rxGef;um;bJ½SdaecJh\/ xkdYaMumifh
'kwd,ZeD; [m*s&[fukdxdrf;jrm;cJh&m yxrOD;pGm om;awmf tdpfrmtDvfukd arG;zGm;cJhNyD; aemifaomtcg
olvnf; eADwrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfvmJoh nf/ ¤if;rS t&AfrsK;d EG,rf sm; qif;oufaygufzmG ;vmcJo
h nf/ t&AfrsK;d EG,f
 - 18 -

rsm;rS aemufq;Hk wrefawmfcsKyrf [ k r®'f ay:xGe;f cJo h nf/

yxrom;awmf tdpfrmtDvfarG;zGm;NyD;aemuf t½G,af &mufaomtcg uk&Af geDpeG Yf vLS jcif;ukd tv’m[f
vufcNH y;D aemuf 'kw, d om;awmf tdpf[mufudk yxrZeD;pm&[fraS rG;zGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; tv’m[ h xf rH S owif;aumif;
&cJ\h / olvnf;aemifwiG f eADwrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfvmNy;D ¤if;rSwpfqifh wrefawmf,tfuAl Ef iS hf tpöa&;rsK;d EG,rf sm;
qif;oufaygufzgm;vmcJhMuayonf/ tpöa&;rsKd;EG,fxJrS rlpm? 'g0k'f? pkvdkifrmefESifh c&pfawmfrygt0if eAD
wrefawmfrsm;pGmay:xGe;f cJo h nf/
yxrom;awmf tdprf mtDvo f nf 'kw, d om;awmf tdp[ f mufxuf (13)ESpyf ídk BuD;ygonf/ uk&Af geD
pGefYvSLrIjyKcsdefü 'kwd,om;awmf rarG;zGm;ao;yg/ t&AfESifh tpöa&;rsKd;EG,fwkdYrSmvnf; zcifwl? rdcifuGJ
nDtpfurdk sm;jzpfMuonf/
,cktcg urÇmrh pk v f ifrx f ok nf [*su f mvwGif rDemt&yfüvnf;aumif;? urÇmESit hf 0Sr;f tD'v k t
f 'G[maeY
wGif a'otoD;oD;wGiv f nf;aumif; wrefawmfBu;D tDA&m[Drw f Ydo
k m;tz\ tv’m[ftwGuf pGeYfvLS jcif;orkid ;f ukd
pHjyoifcef;pmESihf orkid ;f rSww f ikd t
f jzpf ESppf Ofxukd xf v l su½f MdS uonf/ aeYpOf (5)Burd q
f vG mof0wfjyKrrI sm;wGiv f nf;
¤if;wkYd tay: *kPjf yKarwåmykYd vsu½f MdS uayonf/
xdYkaMumifh ESppf Of tD'v k tf 'G[maeY (Zkv[ f *d s*f s[v f (10)&uf)yGaJ wmfudk rkpv
f ifrw f Ykdonf txufyg
uk&t f mef 37;108 \ orkid ;f 0iftESpo f m&jynf0h pGm usi;f yMu&rnfjzpfygonf/
pMu0Vmavmcyfodrf;twGuf vrf;nTefjzpfaom utfA[fausmif;awmf
,ckacwfu aqmf't D ma&AsEikd if H ruúmNrKd U½Sd utfA[fausmif;awmf½&dS ma'oukd ,cifu Auú[[ f ak c:cJh
onf/ xkdausmif;rSm urÇmN*dK[fay:wGif wpfyg;wnf;tv’m[fukd wo0wfjyK&ef urÇmhvlom;wkdYtwGuf
yxrqk;H ausmif;awmf[k zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fu qkx d m;\/ xkYdjyif aumif;cs;D r*Fvmtaygif;ESijhf ynfph NHk y;D pMu0Vm
avmucyfodrf;wkdYtwGuf vrf;nTefwpf&yf[v k nf;qkx d m;ayonf/ (uk&t f mef 3;96) xkYdtwl a½S;a[mif;
ausmif;awmf[íl vnf;aumif;(uk&t f mef 22;29)? jrifjh rwfaomausmif;awmf[íl vnf;aumif; (uk&t f mef 5;97)
owfrSwfxm;ayonf/ þpMu0VmESifh,SOfaom xl;jrwfonfhausmif;awmfukd zefqif;½Sifu jyefvnfpnfyif
om,map&ef vlom;wkYd oifcef;pmESihf aumif;cs;D r*Fvm&ap&ef pDpOfcahJ yonf/
vlYorkid ;f rwifru
D yif xku d tfA[fausmif;awmfrmS xl;jrwfrt I pOftqufjzpfwnfcNhJ yD; wrefawmfBuD;
tdA&f m[Dr?f Muif,mawmf [m*s&[fEiS hf om;awmf tdprf mtDvw f Ydk xkad 'ookYd a&muf½v dS mcsed w
f iG f xkud tfA[f
ausmif;awmf½&dS mawmifMum;a'orSm pdu k yf sK;d a&;rjzpfxeG ;f aom yljyif;onfah 'ojzpfaecJah Mumif; wrefawmfBuD;
tdA&f m[Dr\ f qkyefrüI atmufygtwdik ;f awGU&ayonf/
]tkd-uRefawmfrsKd;wkdYtm; tqifhqifhzefqif;½Sif? uRefawmfrsKd;onf rdrd\
rsKd;qufteufrS (tcsKdUukd) tajccsxm;cJhygonf/ t½Sifjrwf\ jrifhjrwfaom
tdrfawmteD;½Sd v,f,mudkif;uRef;rjzpfxGef;aom awmifMum;a'owpfckwGif
jzpfygonf/ tkd-uRefawmfrsKd;wkdYtm; tqifhqifhzefqif;½Sif? ¤if;wkdY qGvmof
pGJNrJpGm wnfaqmuf0wfjyKMuap&eftvkdYiSmjzpfygonf/ okdYjzpfay&m vlwkdYteuf
cHpm;rIrsm;ukd ¤if;wkdYbufokdY ,drf;nGwfapawmfrlyg/ ¤if;wkdYtm; oD;ESHrsm;
teufrS axmufyhHawmfrlyg/ ¤if;wkdYaus;Zl;odwwfMuap&eftvkdYiSmjzpfygonf/}
(uk&ftmef 14;37)
 - 19 -

a½S;a[mif;utfA[fausmif;awmf½&dS m0ef;usiüf qGzggESihf r&0[fac: awmifi,fEpS v f ;Hk vnf;½Sad yonf/

tv’m[f\trdeYf awmft& wrefawmfBuD; tdA&f m[Dro f nf Muif,mawmfEiS o hf m;awmfudk rnfonf&h u d m© ? a&rQ
r½Sdaom awmifMum;üxm;cJh&NyD; rdrd\eADwrefawmfwm0efukd qufvufxrf;aqmif&ef xGufcGmcJh&onf/
Muif,mawmf [m*s&[fonf a&jywfojzifh qGzgESihf r&0[fawmifEpS cf t k Mum; tBudrBf udraf jy;vTm;a&½SmcJ&h
onf/ aemufqkH;wGif olr\ rwkefvIyfaom,kHMunfcsufESifh tv’m[ftay:pGefYvSL&Jaom owådwkdYaMumifh
ZrfZrfac: thHzG,fprf;a&ukd tv’m[fu oJuEÅm&rS xGufay:apcJhonf/ oJuEÅm&wGif a&\wefbkd;rSm
rjzwfEikd af cs/ þokYd jzifh olrwkYd om;trdrmS ZrfZrfa&wGi;f ydik ½f iS rf sm;jzpfvmcJMh uNyD; c&D;onfrsm;pka0;&yfem;&m?
tajccs&ma'ojzpfvmNyD; pnfyifvmcJo h nf/ (Akcg&Dusr;f ESihf t&Aforkid ;f rsm;)
,aeYwdkif ZrfZrfa&wGif;rSm ESpfpOfodef;aygif;(20)ausmf urÇmh[m*sDrsm;aomufokH;&ef xl;qef;aom
a&wGi;f tjzpf wnf½adS eayawmhonf/
À wrefawmfBu;D tdA&f m[DrEf iS hf om;awmf tdprf mtDvw f Ydkonf utfA[fausmif;awmfudk jyefvnfjri§ w hf if
wnfaqmufcMhJ uonf/ (uk&t f mef 2;127)/ utfA[fausmif;awmfjr§iw hf ifwnfaqmuf&mwGif wrefawmfBuD;
tdAf&m[Drf\ajcawmf&mrSm ,aeYwikd f utfA[fausmif;awmfwiG f thzH , G w f nf½adS eygonf/ (uk&t f mef 2;125)
wrefawmfBu;D tdA&f m[DrEf iS hf om;awmf tdprf mtDvw f Ydku pGeYfvLS jcif;jzifh qkreG 'f t k mawmif;cJMh u&mwGif
¤if;wkYdrsK;d EG,t f wGi;f rS eADwrefawmfwpfyg;ay:xGe;f ap&efvnf; yg0ifcyhJ gonf/ ,if;qkreG \ f toD;tyGit hf jzpf
tv’m[fu wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'o f cifudk usr;f jrwfu&k t f mefEiS w
hf uG avmutaygif;twGuf u½kPmawmf
wpfyg;tjzpf apvTwfay:xGef;apawmfrlcJh\/ (uk&ftmef 2;129? 21;107)
tv’m[fu wrefawmfBuD;tdA&f m[Drrf w S pfqifh urÇmN*dK[af y:½Sd vlom;wkYdudk [*su f siphf Of vma&muf
wnfaqmufMu&ef aMunmapcJo h nf/ urÇmN*Kd [t f ESYHrS vmMuvdrrhf nf[v k nf; 0[Dvrf;nTew f &m;ay;awmfrcl \ hJ /
(uk&ftmef 22;27)
,cktcg uk&ftmeftm,ofawmfü yg½Sdonfhtwdkif; bmompum;aygif;pkH? vlrsKd;aygif;pkH? usm;-r
ode;f (20)ausmtxuf urÇm[ h m*srD sm;pka0;&m urÇmt h zHh ,
G tf pkta0;BuD;ESihf usiphf OftjzpfawGUjrifEikd af yonf/
wrefawmfBuD; tdA&f m[Drrf o d m;pk\ pHjypGeYf vLS rI uk&Af geDorkid ;f ukv d nf; urÇmo h rkid ;f ü ½Sio f efapcJyh gonf/

uk&fAgeD\ tESpfom&
wrefawmfBuD; tdA&f m[Draf cwfumvu ewfb&k m;½kyx f uk ;dk uG,rf ?I ewfu;dk uG,rf rI sm;½Sad eNyD; ,if;wkYd
twGuf vlukdowfí ,ZfylaZmfaom"avhp½dkufrsm;½SdaecJhaMumif;od&ayonf/ ,if;pepfqkd;ukd tpövmrfu
wdu k zf sujf cif;jzpfayonf/
tv’m[fonf rnfonft h &mwpfpwHk pf&mukrd Q rScD t
dk m;xm;jcif;rvkt d yfbJ wkEidI ;f rJh tpOfxm0& jynfph Hk
awmfral omt½Si(f )jzpfawmfral yonf/ xkYdtwl vlom;wkYdxrH S 0wfjyKrEI iS hf tjcm;rnfonfw h pfpwHk pf&m
ukrd Q rvkt d yfacs/ okYdaomf vlom;wkYd\ qGvmofwnfaqmufr?I pGeYfvLS rIwYdo k nf vlom;u r[mu½kPmawmf½iS ?f
aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[ftwGuf tNrJtqifoif½h adS Mumif;jyqko d nfh oauFwjzpfayonf/ vlom;onf ezfpf
0dnmOfzUHG NzdK;wk;d wuf&mwk;d wufaMumif;vnf;jzpfayonf/
tv’m[f\u½kPmawmfonf pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f tay: vTr;f NcHKvsu½f adS y&m tv’m[fopd w d Ef iS hf
,SOaf om ESv;Hk om;½Sif (owfu0g½Si)f omvQif ,if;u½kPmukd vufc&H ½SEd ikd af yonf/ [*su f siphf OfwiG f uk&Af geD
usiphf Ofonfvnf; ta&;ygaomu@rS yg0ifvsu½f o dS nf/ acwftoD;oD;wGif uk&Af geDusiphf Ofudk toGiyf pHk H
toD;oD;jzifh jy|mef;xm;ojzifh ½Sad ecJah Mumif; tv’m[fu vrf;nTex f m;ayonf/
 - 20 -

]pifpif igt igt½S½Sifjrwfonf omoem0iftkyfpkwkdif;twGuf pGefYvSLjcif; 0wfyGJawmf

wpf&yfukd owfrSwfxm;awmfrlcJhonf/ ¤if;wkdYtwGuf &du©mtjzpf axmufyHh
xm;aom tajcav;acsmif;wd&pämefwkdYtay:0,f tv’m[f\emrawmf wo
trSwf&(vSD;jzwf)&efjzpfayonf/ okdYjzpfay&moifwkdY\ ukd;uG,f&mt½Sifonf
wpfyg;wnf;aomukd;uG,f&mt½Sifjzpfayonf/ xkdt½SifjrwfukdomtoifwkdY
emcHtyfESif;Muavukef/ rdrdukd,frdrd rmefrmeESdrfhcsolrsm;ukd owif;aumif;
ay;avmh/} (uk&ftmef 22;34)
À xkYdaMumifh uk&Af geDusiphf Ofonf wpfyg;wnf;aomtv’m[fudk emcHb0wnfaqmufrv I rf;pOfü t"du
vdtk yfcsuw f pf&yfjzpfayonf/ aomif['D f (tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf; Ny;D jynfph pHk mG ½Sjd cif;)w&m;ukd apmifx h ed ;f &eftwGuf
tv’m[frv S íJG tjcm;rnfonft h &mukrd Qwoí owå0gvS;D jzwfjcif;cGirhf jyK/
À xkdYtjyif om;aumifukd ZA[fjyKvSD;jzwfjcif; (0g) uk&fAgeDusifhpOfonf -
À trsuaf 'gojzpfaeaom ewfq;dk BuD;ukd trsuaf jy&ef ,Zfyal Zmfjcif;r[kw/f
À rdrt d jypfrsm;yaysmufatmif aq;aMumrIjyKvyk af ejcif;vnf;r[kw/f
À aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[ftwGuf pGeYf vLS &ef tNrJtoif½h adS Mumif; twGi;f ESv;Hk om;rS cH,cl suu f dk
jyifyoauFwtjzpf jyojcif;omjzpfonf/
tESpfr½Sdaom tumonfvnf;aumif;? 0dnmOfr½Sdaom cE¨monfvnf;aumif;? vufawGUrygaom
pum;onfvnf;aumif; ppfreS af omwefz;dk r[kwcf s/
wd&pämefwYu dk dk vlom;twGuf vufatmufcpH m;ok;H &mtjzpf tv’m[fu owfrw S af y;xm;ay&m owå0gonf
vlukdemcHouJhokdY vlom;uvnf; rdrd\t½Sifocif tv’m[fukdemcH&eftoifh½Sd&ayrnf/ pm;okH;cGifh½Sdaom
wd&pämefukdyif ydkif½SiftppftrSefjzpfaom aus;Zl;awmf½Sif tv’m[f\emrawmfcGifhjyKcsuf wovSD;jzwfNyD;rS
pm;ok;H jcif;rSm opömw&m;ukad pmifx h ed ;f jcif;omjzpfayonf/ xkYdaMumifh om;aumifudk uk&Af geDjyKjcif;rSm emcHjcif;\
jyifyoauFwomjzpfNyD; trSefwu,fpGefYvSL&rnfrSm rdrd\pdwfESvkH;om;ESifh,if;rS ½IdifoGeftzsuftiftm;pk?
avmb? a'go? arm[? rme ponfw h &m;rsm;yifjzpfayonf/ xkYdaMumifh tv’m[ft½Siu f uk&Af geDtESpo f m&
ESiyhf wfoufí
]xkdowå0gwkdY\ tom;wkdYonfvnf;aumif;? taoG;wkdYonfvnf;aumif;
tv’mh[fxHokdY rnfonfhtcgrQ ra&mufacs/ okdYaomf oifwkdYxHrS (owfu0g)
tv’m[fodpdwfjzifh wm0efausjcif;omvQif xkdt½SifjrwfxHokdY a&muf½Sdayonf/
þenf;twdkif;yif xkdt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;(om;aumif)wkdYukd toifwkdY tusKd;iSm
vufatmufcHjzpfapawmfrlcJhonf/ oifwkdYukd tv’m[fvrf;nTefcJhonfhtwdkif;
tv’m[fonfom tBuD;us,fqkH;jzpfaMumif; oifwkdYa<u;aMumfMuap&eftvkdYiSm
jzpfayonf/ aumif;usKd;jyKolwkdYtm; 0rf;ajrmufzG,fowif;aumif;ukday;avmh?}
(uk&ftmef 22;37)
txufygtm,ofawmfESifhwpfqufwnf; uk&ftmef (22;38)wGif *sd[m'fukd wm0efwpf&yftjzpf
jy|mef;vdu k af y&m uk&Af geD\tESpo f m&ukd tESpo f m&½S½d dS rD;armif;xk;d jyvdu k jf cif;jzpfayonf/ *s[ d m'f( )
[lonf ]tv’m[f\vrf;awmfwiG f oufpeG Yf BudK;yrf;aqmif½u G jf cif;}ukad c:ygonf/ aus;Zl;awmf½iS t f v’m[fu
rdrt d m;axmufyaHh y;oem;xm;aom um,? ÓP? "epGr;f &nfyikd q f ikd rf tI m;vk;H jzifh trSew f &m;twGuf BudK;yrf;
aejcif;ukd qkv d ykd gonf/ vkt d yfygu rdrt d oufuydk ifpeG Yf vLS &ef oGeo f ifcsuyf ifjzpfygonf/
 - 21 -

uk&fAgeD\ xl;jcm;aom ta&;ygrI

wrefawmfjrwfr[k r®'o f cifay:xGe;f csed w
f iG f t&AfwYdkonf [*su
f siphf OfEiS hf uk&Af geDusiphf Ofudk jyKaecJMh u
aomfvnf; tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf;tay:ü oefYpifpmG tajcrcHacs/ uk&Af geDom;aumifwYdk\ taoG;tom;wkYdjzifh
utfA[fausmif;awmfeH&Hukdowfjcif;? ewf½kyfrsm;ukd ,ZfylaZmfjcif;wkdYukd jyKcJhMuayof/ tpövmrfonf vlwkdY
rSm;,Gif;aom tawG;tac:ESifh vkyf&yfwkdYukd oefYpifapcJhonf/ vlom;\ppfrSefaom emcH½kdusKd;rI? pGefYvSLrI?
trsm;aumif;usK;d aqmifruI dk vrf;nTexf m;onf/
À uk&fAgeD\ t"dyÜm,f½Sdaom ta&;ygrIrSm uk&ftmef 37;103 wGif jycJhonfhtwdkif;

]okdYjzpfay&m ¤if;wkdY(om;tz)ESpfOD;onf tv’m[f\rdefYawmfukd emcHtyfESif;NyD; ol(tdAf&m[Drf)

onf ¤if;(om;awmf)tm; arSmufvsufvSJcJhonf/}
vlwpfO;D taejzifh rdrqd E´t& rvkycf siaf omvky&f yfwpfcu
k dk tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfEiS hf trSewf &m;twGuf
vkyf&JaomowådESifh pGefYvSLjcif;rSm uk&fAgeD\ xl;jcm;aomta&;ygrIyifjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh tpövmrfwGif
uk&fAgeD[lonf rkpfvifrfqkdolwpfOD;u rdrd\qE´? ydkifqdkifrIrsm;ESifh toufukd tv’m[ft½SifjrwftwGuf
rnfonft h ajctaewGirf qkd emcHtyfEiS ;f jcif;yifjzpfonf/ om;aumifudk ZA[fv;DS jzwf½rHk Qjzifh uk&Af geDwm0ef
ausyeG o
f mG ;onfrvsO;f r[kwaf cs/ ESv;Hk om;rygaomuk&Af geDonf [efaqmifr?I jypm;rIomjzpfayonf/ tv’m[f
vnf; vufcrH nfr[kwaf cs/
uk&fAgeDjyKvkyfolrsm;onf
(1) rdru
d ,
dk u
f dk rmeESrd cf sojl zpf&rnf/
(2) tv’m[fEiS yhf wfoufí Mum;od&wdik ;f pdwEf v S ;Hk onf vIy½f mS ;ihv
H ifah eMu&rnf/
(3) tcuftcJrsm;BuHKawGUvQiv f nf; BuhcH ikd jf cif;w&m; (qGA&f)½S&d rnf/
(4) qGvmof0wfjyKru I dk pGNJ rJpmG wnfaqmuf&rnf/
(5) tv’m[fu rdrt d m;axmufyx Hh m;aomt&mrsm;rS vSL'gef;Mu&rnf/ (uk&ftmef 22;34-35)
uk&fAgeDom;aumifESifhpyfvsOf;í
]pifppf igt½Sifjrwfonf ukvm;tkyfrsm;ukd toifwkdYtwGuf tv’m[ft½Sifjrwf\ txdrf;
trSwf oauFwrsm;teufrS jyKvkyfay;awmfrlcJhonf/ ,if;wkdYwGif oifwkdYtwGuf tusKd;aus;Zl;
rsm;½Sdayonf/ okdYjzpfay&m toifwkdYonf ¤if;wkdYtm; pDwef;apvsuf ¤if;wkdYtay:0,f tv’m[f\
emrawmf wovSD;jzwfMuavukef/ ¤if;wkdYonf ab;apmif;vJusoGm;Muaomtcg? okdYjzpfvQif
,if ; (uk & f A geD o m;aumif ) \om;uk d toif w k d Y v nf ; pm;ok H ; Muavuk e f / a&mif h & J w if ; wd r f o l E S i f h
awmif;&rf;olukdvnf; auR;arG;Muavukef/ þenf;twdkif;yif igt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;(owå0g)
wkdYukd toif(vlom;)wkdYtusKd;iSm emcHapawmfrlcJhonf/ toifwkdY aus;Zl;w&m;odwwfMuap&ef
tvkdYiSmjzpfayonf/} (uk&ftmef 22;36)
wrefawmfcsKyEf iS hf olYtm; pHxm;olwidk ;f ukv
d nf; tv’m[fu þokYd red Yf awmfrx
l m;jyefonf/

]okdYjzpfay&m toifonf toifhtm; tqifhqifhzefqif;½Sifukd qGvmof0wfjyK wnfaqmuf

ygav/ ¤if;jyif om;aumifukd pGefYvSLygav/} (uk&ftmef 108;2)
 - 22 -

ukvm;tkyu f dk ZA[fjyKv;DS jzwf&mwGif tjcm;tajcav;acsmif;owå0grsm;uJo h Ydk vnfrsKu d rdk vS;D jzwfbJ

vnfrsK½d adS oG;aMumukd xk;d azmufaomenf;jzifh vS;D jzwfaomenf;ukd t&AfwYdku tok;H jyKcMhJ uonf/ ,if;enf;
twdkif; ukvm;tkyfom;aumifukd uk&fAgeDjyK&ef txufygtm,ofawmfwGif ( )[lí okH;pGJxm;yg
onf/ þonfrmS wrefawmfcsKyu f dk pHxm;oltm;vk;H twGuf vrf;nTejf zpfygonf/
ta&AswiG f ukvm;tkyaf ygí txufygtm,ofawmfrsm;ü ukvm;tkyu f [ dk k pHxm;NyD;ajymqkx d m;aomf
vnf; txufazmfjyyguk&ftmef 22;34 t&yif pm;okH;cGifh½Sdaom ajcav;acsmif;owå0gtm;vkH; (Oyrm -
uRJ? EGm;? qdwf? okd; ponfwkdYvnf;)yg0ifygonf/ tjcm;om;aumifrsm;ukd tpövmrfhenf;us vnfrsKdukd
ZA[fjyKí vS;D jzwf&ygonf/ (tpövmrfeh nf;us ZA[fv;DS jzwfjcif;onf &ufpufjcif;r[kwb f J ,if;\tusK;d
aus;Zl;ukd aemufwiG f odyeHÜ nf;us oD;jcm;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
À uk&ftmef 37;108 t& wrefawmfBuD; tdAf&m[Drf rdom;pk\ uk&fAgeDpGefYvSLrIukd urÇmwnfoaY½G
ESppf Oforkid ;f wif*P k jf yKjcif;vnf;jzpfygonf/
wrefawmfjrwfonf r'DemNrKd UawmfwiG f (10)ESpaf exdik cf &hJ m ESppf Ofu&k Af geDjyKvyk af wmfrcl \ hJ / (od&rf Zd u D sr;f )
[*srf oGm;aomolrsm;teuf uk&Af geDjyKvyk &f efwm0ef½o dS rl sm; (0g) wwfprG ;f Edik o f rl sm;onf td'af eYwiG f
td'q f vG mof0wfjyKwnfaqmufNy;D rS uk&Af geDujdk yKMu&ef wrefawmfjrwfurSmMum;aMumif; Mo0g'awmfrw S w f rf;
ukd awGU&onf/ (Akcg&Dusrf;)
Zkv[ f *d s*f s[v f (10)&ufaeYwiG f uk&Af geDrvkyEf ikd cf yhJ gu (11)&ufaeYwiG jf zpfap? (12)&ufaeYwiG jf zpfap
jyKvkyfEdkifonf/ (uk&ftmef 2;203)
ESppf Of Zkv[ f *d s*f s[v f (10)&ufaeYwiG f ruú[Nf rdKUteD; rDemt&yfü urÇm[ h m*srD sm; uk&Af geDusiphf Ofudk
yJhwifoHay;í jyKMu\/
À ,cktcg ESppf Of [m*saD ygif; ode;f (20)ausmf a&muf½adS eMuay&m uk&Af geDom;aumifrsm;ukd tpövmrfh
zGHNzdK;a&;bPf( . . )\ tpDtpOfjzifh EdkifiHtcsKdU½Sd qif;&JaomnDaemifrsm;xHokdY a&aMumif;? avaMumif;rsm;
tok;H jyKí tcsed rf aD y;ykYdjzefYa0vsu½f adS yonf/ okYdjzpfay&m [m*srD sm;taejzifh rdrw d Ydku, dk yf ikd t
f pDtpOfjzifh uk&Af geD
jyKvkyfygu aps;EIef;tenf;i,f oufomaomfvnf; om;aumifukd uk&fAgeDjyKNyD;aemuf ro,fEdkifawmhbJ
pGeYf ypfxm;cJ&h ay&m tjcm;olwYdk udk o,faqmifauR;arG;&ef tcuftcJrsm;pGm½Sad yonf/
À uk&Af geDjyK&ef oifah wmfaomom;aumifrmS t*FgpkíH t½G,af &mufNyD;jzpfay&ayrnf/
qdwf (okdYr[kwf) okd; jzpfvQif (1) ESpfom;
EGm; jzpfvQif (2) ESpfom;
ukvm;tkyf jzpfvQif (5) ESpfom; jzpf&ayrnf/ ([d'g,musr;f )
uk&fAgeDjyKxdkufolwpfOD;twGuf qdwf (okdY) okd;wpfaumif ZA[fjyK&rnf/ EGm;(okdY)ukvm;tkyf
wpfaumifudk uk&Af geDjyKxu kd of l (7)OD;pyfíjyKEikd o f nf/ (od&rf Zd u
D sr;f )
tom;ukad 0iSpm;ok;H í om;a&ukd tvSLtjzpf ay;urf;Mu&rnf/ (Akcg&Dusr;f )
okYdaomf uk&Af geDusiphf Ofudk tjcm;tvSL'gewpf&yf&yfjzifh tpm;xk;d ír&Edik af y/ tv’m[fEiS hf trSew f &m;
twGuf rdr\ d qE´EiS t hf oufudk pGeYf vLS &Japaom usiphf Ofjzpfygonf/
À xkYad Mumifh uk&Af geD\ oabmw&m;rSm wkEikd ;f rJah us;Zl;awmf½iS f r[mu½kPmawmf½iS f tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf;
½Sjd cif;ukd odem;vnfapNy;D uk&Af geD\tESpo f m&rSm xkt d ½Sijf rwfEiS hf trSew
f &m;twGuf owfu0gac: tv’m[f
odpw d rf jywfxm;í pGeYfvLS jcif;yifjzpfayonf/ *s[ d m'fac: oufpeG YfusK;d yrf;aqmif½u G jf cif; pGr;f &nfudk uk&Af geD
pGeYf vLS jcif;onf atmifvu H dk tjrifq h ;Hk vTix
hf jl cif;jzifh vlom;onf rdr\ d t½Sio f cifxo H Ydk zGUH NzdK;wk;d wufaom
 - 23 -

ezfp0f n
d mOfjzifh tjrifjh rwfq;Hk atmifjrifpmG ysw H ufjcif;yifjzpfayawmhonf/
À okYdaomf rkpv f ifrwf Ydo
k nf uk&Af geDaeYwiG o f m tom;ukpd m;ok;H jcif;r[kwyf g/ tpövmrft
h pm;tpmpepfwiG f
tom;ESihf [if;oD;[if;½Guo f ;D ESuH dk tNrJpm;ok;H aeMuolrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ tpövmrfw h &m;awmft& pm;ok;H cGihf
½Sdaom owå0g\tom;ukd pepfwusvSD;jzwfí pm;okH;jcif;? ay;vSLjcif;rSm tjypfrxdkufyg/ ,if;u@ukd
oabmaygufem;vnf&efrmS -
- oufrEhJ iS hf ouf½dS rnfoYdk umG jcm;oenf;/
- ouf½w dS Ydk twGi;f ü toufEiS 0hf n d mOf rnfoYdk umG jcm;oenf;/
- vlom;\tpmESit hf m[m&? urÇmN*dK[½f dS pm;eyf&u d m© /
- tpövmrfeh nf;us ZA[fv;DS jzwfjcif;\ tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;/
- zDp, D v
dk *dk sD ac: t*Fgrsm;\vIy½f mS ;rI,EÅ,m; ponfwYdkudk pepfwusem;vnf&ef ta&;Bu;D ygonf/
qufvufavhvmMuygpkYd/

tufwrfac: tPkjrLESifh oufrJh

uREykf w
f Ydk\ pMu0VmBu;D ukd tufwrfac: tPkjrLrsm;jzifh zGUJ pnf;xm;onf/ tPkjrLtrsK;d tpm;rsm;pGm
½Sdonf/ wlnDaomtPkjrLrsm;aygif;pyfí j'yfpifrsm;jzpfvmonf/ (Oyrm - atmufqD*sif? [dkuf'½kd*sif?
umAGe?f Edu
k x f ½d*k si)f atmufq*D sirf sK;d wl tEkjrLrsm;aygif;pyfjcif;jzifh atmufq*D sijf 'yfpif jzpfvmonf/ [du k 'f ½d*k sif
rsK;d wl tEkjrLrsm;aygif;pyfjcif;jzifh [du k 'f ½d*k sijf 'yfpifjzpfvmonf/
rwlnaD omj'yfpifrsm;aygif;pyfí j'yfaygif;rsm;jzpfvmMuonf/ Oyrm - [du k 'f ½d*k si(f 2)qESihf atmufp*D sif
(1)qaygif;í a&jzpfvmonf/ þokdYjzifh a&? ajr? av? rD; tp½Sdojzifh ay:vmonf/
wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'af y:xGe;f csed w f iG f *&d(acgr)ü tEkjrL0g'D (Atomists)rsm; tawG;tac:½Sad ecsed f
jzpfonf/ tEkjrL0g'Drsm;\,kMH unfcsurf mS tEkjrLrsm;onf ouf½o dS ufrt
hJ &mcyford ;f wkYdudk tajccHtppftrSef
w&m;jzpfí ,if;wkdYonf ajymif;vJjcif;r½SdMu/ okdYaomf ,if;tEkjrLwkdYjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;aom ouf½SdoufrJh
t&mcyford ;f wkYdonf tpOfajymif;vJaeMuonf/ tEkjrLrsm;onf xyfrcH pJG w d íf r&aom tao;i,fq;Hk t&mrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ xm0&wnfNraJ omt&mrsm;vnf; jzpfMuonf/ aoNy;D aemuf ukov dk tf ukov dk rf ½S[
d k qkMd uonf/
[The Atomist, Study Guide for WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (Second Year
Students)Yangon, University of Distance Education. Jun 1996, p.18-19.]
tdE´d,üvnf; csm0u*kdPf;( )uvnf; avmuBuD;ukd a&? ajr? av? rD; tajccH"gwfBuD;
av;yg;jzifhom zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onf/ pdwfqkdonfrSm ½kyfrSxGufay:vmaom ½kyfzefwD;rI&vmbf[k
,kHMunfMuonf/ zefqif;½Sifr½Sd? 0dnmOfr½Sd? aoNyD;aemuf ukokdvf tukokdvfr½Sd[laom ½kyfMurf;0g'Drsm;
jzpfMuonf/[The Carvaka Philosophy, Study Guide for Ancient Oriental Philosophy
(Second Year Students) Yangon, University of Distance Education, 1996, p. 5-7]
xkYd aMumifh zefqif;½Sit
f v’m[ft½Sijf rwfu wrefawmfcsKyrf [ k r®'x
f rH w
S pfqifh pMu0Vmrsm;ESihf urÇm
N*dK[fukd( )Z&f&[fac: tEkjrLrsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;aomfvnf; tEkjrLxufykdíao;i,faomt&mrsm;
½Sad o;aMumif; (0g) tEkjrLrSm xyfrcH pJG w
d Ef ikd af omt&mjzpfaMumif; aMunmapcJo h nf/
 - 24 -

]trSew f &m;ukd jiif;y,fow l Ydku ½Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnft h csed o f nf igwkYdxq H u

kd af &mufvmrnfr[kw[ f k
qkMd uonf/ toifwrefawmf þokYd a[mMum;avmh/ ightm; tqifq h ifzh efqif;awmfrx l aomt½Si?f vlYÓPf
tvGeüf ½So d nfwYdkudk t<uif;rJo h ad wmfral omt½Sijf rwfudk wkid wf nfíqkt d /Hh xk½d iS jf yefxajrmuf&rnft h csed o
f nf
trSeyf ifqu
kd af &mufvmayrnf/ pMu0Vmrsm;ukv d nf;aumif;? urÇmN*Kd [üf vnf;aumif;? tEkjrLwpfreI \ f tav;csed f
cefYrQt&m0w¬Konf xkt d ½Sijf rwf\todrS uG,af ysmufaeonf[íl r½S/d pifppf ,if;xufykdíao;i,faom t&m
yifjzpfapp? ,if;xufyídk BuD;aomt&myifjzpfap xif½mS ;aomrSww f rf;wGif ½SNd yD;jzpfonf/} (uk&t f mef 34;3)
xkYd jyif uk&t f mef (33;36)wGif tv’m[fu t&mcyford ;f ukd 'dpG zHk efqif;xm;aMumif; azmfjyxm;ay&m
(20)&mpka&mufrS vlom;wkYdu tEkjrLwGif tr"gwfaqmifaeaom tDvufx½Ge?f tzk"d gwfaqmifaom y½kw d eG Ef iS hf
rnfonf"h gwfrQrjyonfh EsLx½Gew f Ydk½adS Mumif; awGUvmcJMh uonf/ xkrd Qomru rMumao;rDu pMu0VmtwGi;f
j'yf( ) ½SdaeouJhokdY ,if;ESifhqefYusifbuf(anti-matter)rsm;½Sad eaMumif; odyyHÜ nm½Sirf sm; thzH , G f
½SmazGawGU½Scd MhJ uonf/ matter ESihf anti-matter awGUu acszsuMf uonf/ [AMERICAN MOSAIC
(Aug 1997) Yangon, U.S. Information Service, P. 6]

ouf½[
dS o
l nf
]{uefpifppf tv’m[ft½Sifjrwfonf rsKd;aphrsm;ESifh opfaphrsm;ukd tan§muf
xGufap&ef tufuGJapawmfrlaomt½Sifjzpf\/ xkdt½Sifjrwfonfom ouf½Sdukd
oufrJhrS xkwfawmfrl\/ xkdYjyifoufrJhukd ouf½SdrS xkwfawmfrlaomt½Sif
vnf;jzpfawmfrl\/ ,if;onf tv’m[fjzpf\/ okdYjzpfay&m toifonf
tb,fokdYjyefvSnfhoGm;oenf;/} (uk&ftmef 6;95)
uREykf w
f Ydk\ywf0ef;usiw f iG f oufrEhJ iS o hf uf½dS a&m>yef;aeonfuadk wGU&onf/ tcsKUd uko d ufrEhJ iS hf ouf½dS
cGjJ cm;Edik af omfvnf; tcsKUd ukrd l vG,u f pl mG rcGjJ cm;Edik af cs/ ouf½\dS *kPo f wård mS oufr*hJ P k o
f wåEd iS rhf wlbJ xl;jcm;
qef;us,yf gonf/
oufryhJ pön;f rsm;rSm tEkjrLrsm;jzifzh UJG pnf;xm;aom j'yfpifEiS jhf 'yfaygif;rsm;jzpfMuayonf/ urÇmN*Kd [af y:wGif
urÇmOD; ouf½ydS pön;f uav;rSm y½dw k ydk vmZrfac: t&nftw d u f av;jzpfonf/
ouf½t dS &mESihf oufrthJ &mwkYdwiG yf g0ifMuaomj'yfpifwYdkrmS wpfcEk iS w hf pfck jcm;em;jcif;r½Sad cs/ okYdaomf
xkjd 'yfpifwYdkzUJG pnf;í jzpfay:vmaomj'yfaygif;wkYd um; wpfcEk iS w hf pfck jcm;em;aeayonf/
ouf½SdwkdY\vu©Pmrsm;
ygPaA't& touf½Sdjcif;ukd ouf½SdwkdY\vkyf&yfwm0efay:rlwnfí owfrSwfonf/ ,if;vkyf&ef
wm0efwYdrk mS ouf½w dS Yd\
k vu©Pmrsm;yifjzpfayonf/ ouf½w dS Yd\
k vu©Pmrsm;rSm toufwnf½&dS m y½kw
d ydk vmZrf?
qJvrf sm;jzifw h nfaqmufjcif;? tm[m& jyKjcif;? &ufpyDa&;½Si;f (touf½LS jcif;)? tnpftaMu;pGeYfjcif;? Bu;D xGm;jcif;?
rsK;d yGm;jcif;? wkYH jyefowå½d jdS cif;? aY½v
G sm;jcif;ESihf b0jzpfpOfwYdkyifjzpfMuayonf/
urÇmN*dK[af y:wGif ouf½rdS sm;tjzpf tyifrsm;? wd&pämefrsm;ESihf vlwYdk udk awGUjrifEikd af yonf/
 - 25 -

(1) toufwnf½Sd&m y½kdwkdyvmZrf

y½kw d ydk vmZrfac: ouf½ydS pön;f rSm (umAGe?f [du k 'f ½d*k si?f atmufq*D si?f Edu k x
f ½k*d sif ponf)h j'yfpif
rsm;a&maygif;íjzpfvmaom y½kw d if;? umAk[ d u
kd Nf 'dwEf iS hf tqDwYdk onf a&? atmufq*D si?f qm;"gwftcsKUd ESihf
aygif;pyfzUJG pnf;umjzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ rnfoYdkaygif;pyfzUJG pnf;í ouf½jdS zpfvmaMumif;ukd ,aeYoyd yHÜ nmü
wdusaocsmpGm rajymEdik af o;acs/ okYdaomf y½kw d ydk vmZrfonf ouf½t dS &mwkid ;f ü½Sad om ouf½0dS w¬Kjzpfonf/
touf½iS jf cif;[laom vu©Pmukjd yonf/
(2) y½dkwkdyvmZrfjzifhwnfaqmufxmaom qJvf
tyifjzpfap? wd&pämefjzpfap? vljzpfap ¤if;\cE¨muk, d t f ajccHypön;f rSm y½dw k ydk vmZrfac: t&nftw d f
uav;yifjzpfonf/ y½kw d ydk vmZrfudk omrefrsupf jd zifh rawGUEdik af cs/ rkud cf ½kpd ukyaf c: tEkMunhrf eS b f v
D ;l jzifh
tao;pdwaf vhvmaomtcg ouf½0dS w¬Kjzpfaom y½kw d ydk vmZrfudk twk;H vdu k t f cJvu kd rf awGU&bJ ao;i,fvaS om
qJvu f vmyfpnf;wpfck okYdr[kwf qJvu f vmyfnrf sm;tjzpfomawGU&ayonf/ qJvw f pfcwk iG f ab;ywfvnfrS
um&Hxm;aom qJvef &H ½H o dS nf/ qJvt f wGi;f ü y½kwd ydk vmZrft&nf½o dS nf/ qJvu f vmyfpnf;wkYdwiG f owfrw S f
xm;aomt½G,af &mufvQif qufrBuD;xGm;awmhbJ ,if;t½G,x f ufi,faom qJvEf pS cf k okYd r[kwf ESpcf x k uf
ykdí uGJíyGm;oGm;Muonf/
qJvfukd ay? vufrwkdYjzifh wkdif;wmír&bJ tvGefao;i,fvSygonf/ xkdYaMumifh wpfvufr\
1
ESpaf omif;ig;axmifyw k pfy(Hk 25000 )jzpfaom rduk cf ½Geaf c: twdik ;f twmjzifh wkid ;f wm&onf/ wpfru kd cf ½Geof nf
atmufujrift h pufuav;xuf tqaygif;axmifausmf ao;i,fygonf/ okYdaomf omrefrsupf jd zifh jrifEikd af om
qJvftenf;i,fvnf;½Sdygonf/ (Oyrm - iSufukvm;tkyf\O)
vlUcE¨muk,
d üf wpfpuúeYfvQif qJvo f ef;aygif;ig;ausmyf supf ;D aoqk;H Ny;D wpfcsed w f nf;wGif qJvo f ef;aygif;
ig;q,fjyefjzpfwnfum cE¨mukd,fukd xdef;n§dvsuf½Sdonf/ qJvftopfESifh ta[mif;tNrJajymif;vJaeay&m
raeYu cE¨mukd,fonf ,aeYESifh wpfykHpHwnf;rwlEdkifay/ okdYaomf wdusaomqJvkyfief;rsm;rSm topfESifh
ta[mif; xyfwjl zpaomaMumifh cE¨muk, d rSm rajymif;vJbJ wnf½adS ejcif;jzpfonf/
«armifarmfOD;(aq;-2)? oifhcE¨mukd,f½SdqJvf? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1994? pm-23»

(3) tm[m&jyKjcif;
toufjzpfwnfaejcif;onf qJvt f wGi;f ü ½Iyaf xG;vSaom armfvu D sL;rsm;? tEkjrLrsm; tqufrjywf
"gwfjyKaerIrsm;aMumifjh zpfonf/ tifZikd ;f ac: "gwfaq;rsm;u "gwfjyKru I dk vQijf refaompGr;f tifxu G af ponf/
qJvrf sm;twGi;f ½Sd ouf½0dS w¬Kjzpfaom y½kw d ydk vmZrfrmS tpOf,, dk iG ;f ysupf ;D aeojzifh y½kwd ydk vmZrftopfrsm;
tpm;xk;d &efrmS tm[m&jznfw h if;&efvt
kd yfygonf/ opfyifrsm;wGif tpmpky, f &l eftjrpfygonf/ vlEiS hf wd&pämef
wGif tpmpm;&ef yg;pyfygonf/ qJvrsm;wGif tpmpm&efvrf;onf tajr;§ yg;jzpfonf/ tajr;§ yg;rS tpmpdr0hf ifjcif;?
oGi;f ,ljcif;ukjd yKonf/ tpmtm[m&rS ½Iyaf xG;vSaom ouf½0dS w¬Ky½kw d ydk vmZrfjzpfvmapaomjzpfpOfudk ZD0
½kyjf zpfjcif;(anabolism)[kac:Ny;D y½kw d ydk vmZrfysupf ;D ,k,d iG ;f aomjzpfpOfu(dk katabolism)[kac:\/ ,if;okYd
ZD0½kyfjzpfysufjcif;ukdNcHKí rwfwmabmfvpfZif(metabolism)[kac:onf þjzpfpOfwkdYonf ouf½SdwkdY\
xl;jcm;aomvu©Pmjzpfayonf/ «tajccHowåaA'(e0rwef;)? &efukef? txufwef;oif½kd;rmwdum? pm 2-3»
 - 26 -

(4) &ufpyDa&;½Sif;(touf½SLjcif;)
ouf½SdwkdYwGif tm[m&rS&½Sdaom atmufqD*sifydk;Edkifonfh0w¬Kjzifh atmufqD*sifa&maygif;jcif;ukd
&ufpyDa&;½Si;f (0g)touf½LS jcif;[kac:onf/ touf½LS jcif;onf ouf½v dS u©PmwGif txif½mS ;qk;H vu©Pm
jzpfayonf/ touf½LS jcif;tvkyrf mS atmufq*D si"f gwfudk cE¨muk, d wf iG ;f ½Sd aoG;eDOxJoYdk yxrxnfah y;Ny;D aemuf
aoG;eDOrsm;rSwpfzef cE¨muk, d t f ESYH tjym;½S(d qJv)f wpf½LS ;rsm;xHoYdk ykYd aqmifjcif;tvkyjf zpfayonf/
atmufq*D siu f dk avxJr&S onf/ a&aeowå0gig;wkYdonf a&xJrS atmufq*D siu f dk yg;[ufjzifth ouf½LS
Muonf/ uke;f owå0gwkYdtwGuf tqkyo f nf touf½LS t*Fgjzpfonf/ ajrBu;D xJwiG f aewwfaomwDaumifrsm;
twGufrl ¤if;wkdY\ta&jym;onf touf½SLt*Fgjzpfonf/
touf½LS oGi;f vdu k af omatmufq*D siu f dk aoG;eDOwkYdu qJvrf sm;xHoYdyk Ydak qmifay;Ny;D qJvrf sm;rS umAGe'f ikd f
atmufqdkufjzifhzvS,fum ,if;umAGef'dkifatmufqdkufukd aoG;rsm;uyif jyefo,fvmum touf½SLt*FgokdY
jyefyYdkay;onf/ xkYdaMumifv h El iS w
hf &d pämefwYdku½SLoGi;f Ny;D vlEiS w
hf &d pämefwYdku½SLxkwaf om umAGe'f ikd af tmufqu kd u
f dk
tyifwYk u d ½SLoGi;f jcif;jzifh o[Zmwjzpfaeayonf/
]xkd(tv’m[f)t½SifjrwfonfyifvQif pdrf;aomopfyifrSrD;ukd oifwkdYtwGuf
jyKvkyfawmfrlcJh&m ,ckrl ,if;rS toifwkdYavmifpmokH;Muavonf/}
(uk&ftmef 36;80)
urÇmN*Kd [½f o
dS pfyifwYdük ½Sad omtpdr;f a&mifudk uk&t f mefusr;f awmfjrwfü txl;jyKxm;onfudk (22;63)üvnf;
awGUjrifEikd af yonf/
(5) tnpftaMu;pGefYjcif;
qJvrf sm;twGi;f ZD0½kyjf zpfysujf cif;aMumifjh zpfay:vmaom ab;xGuyf pön;f (0g) tnpftaMu;rsm;ukd
cE¨muk,
d jf yifyokYd pGeYfxw
k yf pf&onf/ Oyrm-umAGe'f ikd af tmufqu
kd "f gwfaiGUukd touf½LS t*FgrSwpfqifh pGeYfxw
k f
onf/ Edkufx½kd*sif"gwfygaom ,l&D;,m;ukd qD;(0g)usifi,ftjzpf pGefYxkwfonf/
(6) BuD;xGm;jcif;
BuD;xGm;jcif;onf ouf½w dS Ydk\vu©Pmjzpfonf/ ZD0½kyyf supf ;D ,k, d iG ;f jcif;xuf wnfaqmufjcif;u
ykdrsm;í BuD;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ tnpftaMu;pGefYjcif;xuf tpmtm[m&rS ouf½Sd0w¬Ktjzpf ajymif;vJjcif;u
ykv
d Qif ouf½t dS &monf Bu;D vmonf/ owå0gwkYdi,f½, G pf Ofu xif½mS ;pGmBu;D xGm;aomfvnf; t½G,af &mufaom
tcg ysupf ;D jcif;ESihf wnfaqmufjcif; nDrQomG ;í rMu;D xGm;awmhacs/ ZD0½kyw f nfaqmufjcif;xuf ysupf ;D jcif;u
tcsed tf wefMum qufvufrsm;jym;cJah omf y½kw d ydk vmZrf\ vIy½f mS ;x<urItNyD;&yfomG ;onf/ ,if;okYd &yfomG ;
jcif;onf toufaooGm;jcif;jzpfayonf/
(7) rsKd;yGm;jcif;
rsK;d yGm;Edik jf cif;onf ouf½w
dS Ydk\xl;jcm;aomvu©Pmwpf&yfjzpfonf/ ouf½w
dS Ydk\b0jzpfpOfwiG f rdrw
d Ydk
uJo
h Ydk rsK;d qufrsm;ukd yGm;rsm;Muonf/
 - 27 -

(8) wkHYjyefowåd½Sdjcif;
vIYHaqmfr½I v
dS Qif cE¨mwGi;f ü ajymif;vJrjI zpfjcif;(0g)wkYHjyefro I wåjd zpfay:jcif;onf ouf½w dS Ydk\ vu©Pm
wpf&yfjzpfonf/ vIHYaqmfrIonf ywf0ef;usifajymif;vJrIjzpfonf/ jyifyvIHYaqmfrI (Oyrm - tvif;? tyl?
toH)ESihf twGi;f vIYHaqmfrI (Oyrm - qmavmifjcif;? a&iwfjcif;)[líESprf sK;d ½So d nf/ ouf½0dS w¬K y½kw d ydk vmZrf
tm;vk;H ü wkYH jyefowåt d enf;ESit hf rsm;½SMd uonf/ okYd aomf tqift h wef;jrifrh m;aomowå0gwkYd ü qJvt f m;vk;H
r[kwbf J tcsKUd qJvw f Ydk om ykrd x
dk ;l jcm;pGm wkYH jyefjcif;vkyif ef;ukd aqmif½u G Ef ikd jf cif;aMumifeh AftzGUJ ½Sv
d monf/
(9) aY½Gvsm;jcif;
vkyif ef;rsm;jyKvyk &f ef ouf½w
dS Ydk aY½v
G sm;Muonf/ ouf½jdS zpfaomtyifrsm;rSm ajrpdu k cf MH u&í raY½v
G sm;
Edik Mf uacs/ okYdaomf tyifrsm;wGif qJvw f pfcw k nf;ESio
hf mzGUJ pnf;xm;aom tvfa*s;wkYdwiG f aY½v
G sm;rIawGU&onf/
owå0gwkdYwGifvnf; oEÅm? urm tp½Sdaom tqifhedrfhowå0grsm;rSm raY½Gvsm;bJ wG,fuyfaewwfonf/
(10) b0jzpfpOf
ouf½SdwkdYwGif arG;zGm;jcif;? BuD;xGm;jcif;? rsKd;yGm;jcif;? aojcif; ponfh b0jzpfpOf ½SdMuayonf/
tyif? wd&pämefEiS hf vlponfwYdk wiG f b0jzpfpOfudk awGUjrifEikd af yonf/
ouf½Sdtp a&rS

]r,kHMunfolrsm; rjrifcJhMuavoavm/ pifppf pMu0Vmrsm;ESifh urÇmN*dK[fonf

rlvu wpfpkwpfa0;wnf;yl;uyfvsuf½SdcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf igt½Sifjrwfonf
,if;ESpfckukd cGJjcm;awmfrlcJh\/ xkdYjyif igt½Sifjrwfonf ouf½Sdt&mwkdif;ukd
a&rSjyKvkyfawmfrlcJh\/} (uk&ftmef 21;30)
tm&ADpmaywGif ouf½Sdukd( )[kdif;,f[kac:onf/ oufrJhukd ( )rdkif,fof[kac:onf/
,cktcg odyyHÜ nm½Sirf sm;onf pMu0Vm\tpukd r[maygufurJG o I t
D &dk (D Big Bang Theory)jzifh avhvm
aeMuNyDjzpfayonf/ (vif;a&mifjcnf USA, 1996-VI/No.121, p-39) xkdYjyif ouf½Sdwkdif;\tprSm
a&rS[laomtqkdukdvnf; ahvmawGU½SdvmaeNyDjzpfayonf/ (Maurice Bucaille (Dr.), The Bible, The Quaran
and Science, KARACHI, IDARATUL, QURAN)

urÇmN*K[ d t f jyif tjcm;urÇmpMu0Vmrsm;ü ouf½rdS sm;zefqif;xm;aMumif; zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fu (uk&t f mef

42;19? 19;93-95)ü jyqkx d m;ayonf/ uREykf w f Ydk\ urÇmN*dK[w f iG f ouf½rdS sm;tjzpf tyifrsm;? wd&pämefrsm;
ESihf vlom;rsm;ukd awGUjrifEikd af yonf/
uREfkyfwkdY\urÇmN*dK[fonf aepMu0VmwGif usefN*dK[frsm;ESifhrwlbJ urÇmhrsufESmjyif\ okH;ykHESpfykHrSm
a&vTr;f xm;onfudk awGUjrifEikd af yonf/ tyif? wd&pämefEiS v hf wl Ydkonf a&r&ygu aoaMuysupf ;D Murnfjzpfyg
onf/
ouf½w dS ikd ;f \qJvrf sm;wGiyf g0ifonfh a&tcsK;d tpm;rSm rwlnMD uacs/ tenf;qk;H (65)65&mcdik Ef eI ;f rS
(96)&mcdik Ef eI ;f txuftxd a&yg0ifayonf/ qJvt f wGi;f uset f &mrsm;rSm y½kwd if;ac: tom;"gwf(15)&mcdik Ef eI ;f ?
tqD? avmifpmtajccH umAGe[ f u
kd 'f ½du
k Ef iS hf owåK"gwfqm;rsm; tcsK;d usyg0ifaeMuygonf/
 - 28 -

qJvf[laom puf½kH
y½kdwkdyvmZrfjzifhzGJUpnf;xm;aomqJvfonf aY½Gvsm;onf/ BuD;xGm;onf/ tpmtm[m&rSD0Jonf/
rsKd;yGm;onf/ ,if;vkyfif;rsm;aqmif½GufEdkif&ef pepfusaom tpdwftydkif;rsm;yg0ifonf/ tzGJUtpnf;vkdtyf
ygonf/ qJvt f wGi;f ½Sd y½kw d ydk vmZrfwiG f EsLuvD,yft&nfEiS hf qdu k w
f ydk vmZrfay: qJvt f &nfrsm; yg0if
ygonf/
EsLuvD,yfonf qJvw f pfcv
k ;Hk \ tkycf sKyaf &;XmecsKyjf zpfonf/ qdu k w f ydk vmZrfwiG u
f m; pGr;f tifXme
(rdkufwkduGef'&D;,m;)? ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfa&;Xme(½dkufbkdqkrf;)? o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;(qJvftwGif;uGef,uf)?
okad vSmifa&;*kad 'gifrsm;(AJct k vdk )f ? umuG,af &;Xme(tyifqv J rf sm;wGif rmausmaomqJvef &H ?H vlYcE¨mqJvrf sm;wGif
yg;vTmaomtajr§;yg;) ponfwkdYjzpfMuonf/ «armifarmfOD;(aq;-2)? oifhcE¨mukd,f½SdqJvf? pm 27-31»
omrefrsupf jd zifrh jrifEikd af om qJvaf v;wpfv;Hk twGi;f ü þrQpepfwuszUJG pnf;xm;jcif;? vkyif ef;rsm;
aqmif½u G af ejcif;wkYdrmS wdu k qf ikd rf aI Mumifjh zpfvmjcif;r[kwb f J todÓPfEiS , hf OS af omt&m (0g) wkEidI ;f rJÓ
h Pfawmf
½Sif tv’m[f\&nf½, G cf suyf gaom zefqif;rIqifu h jJ zpfpOfyifjzpfayonf/

obm0ajyjypfrI
]rjywfrpJ oem;Muifemawmfrlaom r[mu½kPmawmf½SifonfyifvQif uk&ftmef
usrf;awmfukd oifMum;ay;awmfrlcJhonf/ vlom;ukdzefqif;awmfrlcJhonf/ ¤if;
vlom;tm; pum;taMumif;t&mukd oifay;awmfrlcJhonf/ aeESifhvwkdYonf
twGuftcsuf tcsdefESifhudkufnDpGm ½SSdaeMuonf/ Mu,f? yifpnfrygaom
tyifrsm;ESifh yifpnfygaomtyifrsm;onf xkdt½Sifjrwf\ owfrSwfcsufOya'
rsm;ukd emcHOD;csvsuf½SdMuonf/ xkdt½Sifjrwfonfyif rkd;aumif;uifukd jrifhpGifh
pGmjyKcJhNyD; [efcsufnDrIukd jyxm;awmfrlcJhonf/ toifwkdYonf [efcsufnDrIü
csKd;azmufjcif;rjyKMuap&efjzpfonf/ xkdYjyif toifwkdYonf csdefwG,frIukd
w&m;rQwpGm apmifhxdef;Mu&efvnf;aumif;? [efcsufnDrIü ,kwfavsmhapjcif;
r½SdMuap&efvnf;aumif;jzpfayonf/ xkdYjyif urÇmN*dK[fukdvnf; zefqif;cHwkdY
tusKd;iSm xm;½SdawmfrlcJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 55;1-10)

ouf½Sd(tyifESifhowå0g)rsm; wpfOD;ukdwpfOD;rSDckdrI
urÇmN*Kd [w
f iG f ouf½t dS &mrsm;tok;H jyKaompGr;f tm;ukd aerS&½So d nf/ tyifwYdkonf aY½v G sm;Edik jf cif;r½Síd
tpm½Smrpm;Edkifmu/ xkdYaMumifh tyifwkdYonf aea&mifjcnfrSpGrf;tm;ukd,lí ,if;wkdY\qJvfxJwGif½Sdaom
tpdr;f a&mif uvk½d Zdk v
D rf sm;jzifh umAk[
d u
kd Nf 'dwrf sm; csuv
f yk o f nf/ y½kw d if;ESihf tqDrsm;ukd tpmtjzpf pm;ok;H
Muonf/ tyifpm;aom owå0gu tyifpm;jcif;jzifh txufyg0w¬Krsm;ukd wdu k ½f u
kd &f ½SMd uygonf/ okYd aomf
tom;pm;aomowå0grsm;url xdktyifwdkYukdpm;aomowå0grsm;ukd wpfqifhpm;aomaMumifh tyifrsm;xJrS
oG,0f u kd af omenf;jzifh tpm&½Sjd cif;jzpfayonf/
wpfzefowå0grsm;aoaMuysupf ;D aomtcg aqG;ajr, h ,dk iG ;f oGm;Ny;D tyifrsm;rS0D pJ m;ok;H &eftwGuf ajrMoZmESihf
"gwfqm;rsm;jzpfomG ;Mujyefonf/
 - 29 -

owå0grsm; touf½LS xkwv f u

kd af om umAGe'f ikd af tmufq'kd "f gwfudk tyifrsm;u½SLoGi;f í tpmcsuv f yk f
&mwGif okH;Muonf/ ,if;okdY tpmcsufvkyf&mwGif xGufay:vmaom atmufpD*sif"gwfukd owå0gwkdYu
touf½LS Mu&jyefonf/
þokYd ouf½t dS yifEiS hf owå0grsm; wpfO;D ukw d pfO;D rScD rdk jI yKae&ouJo
h Ydk NydKiq f ikd rf ?I yl;aygif;rIrsm;vnf;
½Sad eMuNyD; obm0\ajyjypfru I dk awGUjrifae&ayonf/
vlom;url jrifrh m;aom½kyu f vmyfpnf; qJvzf UJG pnf;rIEiS hf jrifrh m;pGmzGUH NzKd ;aomOD;aESmuf½adS eNy;D tyifEiS hf
owå0gESprf sK;d pvk;H ukd pm;ok;H cGi?hf ok;H pGcJ iG ½hf adS eMuayonf/
twdwaf cwfrS ,aeYwikd f rsm;pGmaomvlwYdk u owå0grsm;om touf½NdS yD; tyifrsm;rSmtoufr½S[ d k
rSm;,Gif;rSm,lqaeMuonf/ pifppf tyifrsm;onfvnf; wd&pämefrsm;uJhokdY ouf½Sdt&mrsm;omjzpfaMumif;
xif½mS ;pGmawGUjrifae&ayonf/ xkYdjyif tyifrsm;onf zefqif;½Sit f v’m[f\ owfrw S cf suOf ya'twdik ;f emcHvsuf
wd&pämefESifh vlom;wkdYtusKd;iSm b0wnfaqmufaeMu&onf/ tyifwkdYü qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh vGwfvyfpGm
a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG rhf ½So
d nfth jyif zefqif;½Sit f v’m[f\trdeYftwdik ;f emcHaeMu&ojzifh ukov dk f tukov dk f rjzpfMu
yg/ aemifwrvGefb0vnf;r½SdMuyg/ ¤if;wkdYtwGuf i&JESifh qkvmbf[lívnf;r½Sdyg/

toufESifh ezfpf0dnmOfuGmjcm;ykH
tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfonf pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ukd tqifq h ifh jyKpyk sK;d axmifawmfral om zefqif;½Sif
jzpfayonf/
À vlom;\½kycf E¨mukd ajray:ajratmuf o,HZmypön;f rsm;rS zGUH NzdK;jzpfay:aponf/
(uk&ftmef 71;17-18? 20;55)
À vlom;\toufudk a&rSzUHG NzdK;jzpfay:aponf/ (uk&ftmef 21;30)
À vlom;wGif ½kycf E¨mESit hf ouftjyif ezfp0f n d mOf½adS eayonf/ ,if;(ezfp)f 0dnmOfudk ½l[af c: pGr;f tifx;l
( )rS jzpfay:aponf/ (uk&ftmef 32;9)
xked zfp0f n d mOfrmS zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufEikd pf rG ;f ½So
d vk?d qkw, f w
k ,f ,dk iG ;f Edik pf rG ;f vnf;½Sod nf/ zefqif;½Sit f v’m[f
\ 0[Dvrf;nTepf rD u H ed ;f w&m;twkid ;f usio hf ;Hk aexdik o
f \l ezfp0f n d mOfrmS zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufvmNy;D avmuDb0üvnf;
atmifjrifum wrvGeb f 0üvnf; *seef ofac: tpOfxm0&NyD;jynfph aHk om tajctaeokYd qdu k af &mufrnfjzpfay
onf/ tv’m[f\0[Dvrf;nTepf rD u H ed ;f w&m;ESihf qefYusiaf exdik yf gu avmuDüqkw, f wk ef pfemNy;D wrvGeb f 0
üvnf; i&Jvm;ayrnf/ vlom;wpfOD;csif;jyKorQaumif;rIjzpfap? raumif;rIjzpfap xkdol\ ezfpf0dnmOfü
wpfcsdefwnf;ü rSwfwrf;wifxm;NyD;jzpfavonf/ ½Sifjyefxajrmuf&rnfhaeYwGif ,if;\tusKd;qufukd cHpm;
pHpm;Mu&ayonf/
xkdYaMumifh vl\½kyfcE¨mü ½l[fac: 0dnmOfpGrf;tifxl; 0ifa&mufNyD;aemuf oaE¨om;ü ezfpf0dnmOf
jzpfvmNyD; wpfqufwnf;rSmyif uvfAfac: pdwfESvkH; (qifjcifwkHw&m;? ÓPftajrmftjrif? vGwfvyfpGm
a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG Ehf iS hf cHpm;wwfrw I Ydk)jzpfay:vm&onf/
touf½adS Mumif;ukd y½kw d ydk vmZrfEiS hf qJvu f vmyfpnf; tm[m&jyKjcif;? touf½LS jcif;? tnpftaMu;
pGeYfjcif;wkYd\ vu©Pmrsm;ukMd unfíh odEikd af Mumif; aY½w S iG af vhvmcJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ xkYdtwl ezfp0f n d mOf½adS Mumif;
ukd vlwYdküpdwEf v S ;Hk ? qifjcifww Hk &m;? ÓPftajrmftjrif? vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG Ehf iS hf cHpm;wwfrI ponfh
 - 30 -

vu©Pmrsm;½Sad eaMumif;ukd Munf½h o I Ed ikd yf gonf/

tcsKUd ½ky0f g'rsm;url pdwEf iS chf pH m;rI[o l nf ½ky0f w¬Kjzpfaom OD;aESmufEiS ehf AfaMumpepfrsm;rS ay:xGuv f m
ojzifh ½kyo f mjzpfonf[q k Mdk uygonf/ ,if;okYdqv dk Qif ,if;OD;aESmufEiS ehf AfaMumpepfudk cE¨mjyifyokYd xkwx f m;
vduk yf gu ,if;wkYdu, dk w
f ikd f rnfonftodEiS chf pH m;rIurdk Q odjrifcpH m;Edik pf rG ;f r½Sad wmhacs/ pifppf ]½ky0f w¬Kypön;f
OD;aESmuf? eAfaMumpepf}ESihf ]0dnmOf}wkYdrmS qufo, G rf ½I adS eaomfvnf; oD;jcm;pDjzpfygonf/ xkYdaMumifh a,bl,s
tm;jzifh ½kyEf iS ehf mrf[íl cGjJ cm;ac:a0:aejcif;omjzpfygonf/
½kycf E¨mü ZD0½kyw f nfaqmufjcif;xuf ysupf ;D jcif;u tcsed t f wefMum qufvufrsm;jym;cJah omf y½kw d dk
yvmZrf\ vIyf½Sm;x<urI tNyD;&yfoGm;\/ ,if;okdY&yfjcif;ukd toufaojcif;[kac:onf/ touf[lonf
½Sifjcif;ESifh aojcif;½Sd\/
½kycf E¨monf toufaoNy;D aemuf wpfpp,k, d iG ;f ysupf ;D oGm;Ny;D ajray:ajratmufobm0ypön;f pGr;f tifrsm;
tjzpfoYdk ajymif;oGm;onf/
ezfpf0dnmOfurl ½kyfcE¨mtoufaooGm;aomf ,kd,Gif;ysufpD;oGm;jcif;r½SdbJ rdrdjyKcJhaom aumif;rIESifh
jypfrrI sm;twdik ;f tpm;ay;jcif;cHMu&ef wrvGeb f 0okYd a&muf½o dS mG ;avonf/
½kyf0g'DuGefjrLepfrsm;pkd;rkd;cJh&m ,cifqkdAD,ufEdkifiHüyif ,cktcg yg&mqdkifaumfavmf*sDac: pdwfESifh
0dnmOfynmqdik &f m okawoersm;pGmjyKvyk Nf y;D aemuf ½kyt f jyif ½kyrf [kwaf omt&m0w¬K? emrf½adS Mumif; taxmuf
txm;rsm;pGmawGUaeMuNyDjzpfayonf/ [Capt. Wahid Bakhsh Rabbani “ISLAMIC SUFISM” Kuala Lumpur,
A.S. Noordeen, 1992, p. 33]

tyifrsm;ESifh wd&pämefrsm;ü ½kyfcE¨mESifh touf½SdMuaomfvnf; ezfpf0dnmOfr½SdMuacs/ xkdYaMumifh

¤if;wkYd ü pdwEf v S ;Hk ? qifjcifww Hk &m;? ÓPftajrmftjrif? vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyidk cf iG Ehf iS hf cHpm;rIwYdk r½SMd uacs/
xkYdtjyif zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fu ¤if;wkYdtoD;oD;twGuf owfrw S af y;xm;aom obm0owfrw S cf suf Oya'rsm;
twdik ;f emcHusio hf ;Hk aeMu&onf/ qifjcifww Hk &m;r½SMd uí pOf;pm;qk;H jzwfjcif;vnf;r½S/d vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,f
jyKyikd cf iG v
hf nf;r½SMd u/ wDxiG Bf uHqí aqmif½u G Ef ikd pf rG ;f vnf;r½SMd uacs/ ]obm0todpw d }f (Instinct)jzifo h m
&yfwnfaeMuonf/ Oyrm - usm;onf tom;ukdompm;okH;\/ tyifukd rpm;okH;acs/ EGm;onf jruf?
aumuf½;dk uko d mpm;\/ tom;ukrd pm;ok;H acs/
usm;onf tyifrpm;? EGmonftom;rpm;bJ obm0Oya'twdik ;f emcHaeonf/ xkYd aMumifh tyifEiS hf
owå0gwkYo d nf zefqif;½Sit f v’m[f owfrw S xf m;&m obm0Oya'orsm;uko d m jiif;y,fjcif;r½Sb d J vdu k ef maeMu&í
raumif;rIEiS jhf ypfrI (ukov dk Ef iS thf ukov kd )f rjzpfMuacs/ uR?J EGm;rsm; ypön;f o,fjcif;? v,fxeG af y;aeMujcif;rSm
¤if;wkYdonf vlwYdt k m; oem;Muifemojzifh ulnaD eMujcif;r[kwyf g/ uREJ mG ;wkYd\obm0twdik ;f aqmif½u G af eMu
jcif;omjzpfygonf/ usm;wkYdu tom;pm;aeMujcif;rSm owå0gwkYdudk rke;f wD;aompdwaf pwem&nfp;l csuaf Mumifh
r[kwb f J ¤if;wkYd\ tpmtm[m& obm0twdik ;f jyKral eMujcif;omjzpfygonf/ owå0grsm;u ouf½t dS yifrsm;ukd
pm;ok;H aeMujcif;rSm ,if;ouf½t dS yifwYdu
k dk aoaMuepfemapvkad ompdwaf pwemjy|mef;csuaf Mumifrh [kwb f J tv’m[f
owfrw S &f m Oya'owfrw S cf suf [efcsun f rD ?I ajyjypfro I bm0twdik ;f jyKral ejcif;omjzpfygonf/
xkYdaMumifh tyifEiS o hf wå0gwkYdü qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf pdwaf pwem jy|mef;csurf ½S/d 0dnmOfvnf;r½So d jzifh
¤if;wkYd\jyKrcl surf sm;twGuf aumif;ESijf ypfrrI xdu k af cs/ ¤if;wkYdtoufaoaomtcg ½kycf E¨mrsm;,k, d iG ;f oGm;Mu
Ny;D ajrMoZm"gwfoYdk ajymif;oGm;Muonf/ ,if;rS tjcm;aomouf½t dS yif? bufw;D &D;,m;yk;d rTm; ponfwYdktjzpf
 - 31 -

ajymif;vJomG ;Edik Mf uayonf/ ¤if;wkYd twGuf vlom;wkYd uo hJ Ydk wrvGebf 0ü i&JEiS qhf v
k mbf(*sEo é )f wkYd r½Sad cs/
qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG rhf ½Sad omowå0gü rnfoYdrk Qaumif;rIEiS jhf ypfrI roufa&muf
Edik af cs/ ¤if;wkYdudk zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fu vlom;wkYdtusK;d iSm pDrjH yKvyk af y;xm;jcif;omjzpfygonf/ qifjcifwHk
w&m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG ½hf o
dS w
l Ydktay:üom aumif;rIEiS jhf ypfrt I usK;d oufa&mufonf/ txl;ojzifh
qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG uhf dk tvGo
J ;Hk pm;jyKMuolwYdt k ay:ü jypfrtI ukov dk tf usK;d oufa&muf
ygonf/

pMu0VmESifh vlom;\tcef;u@
tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfonf pMu0VmESivhf o
l m;ukd rdr\
d u½kPmw&m;xif½mS ;ap&eftvkYdimS zefqif;xif½mS ;
jzpfay:apjcif;omjzpfayonf/ (uk&t
f mef 11;119) tv’m[f\wkEidI ;f rJh u½kPmpDru
H ed ;f Bud;wGif vlom;onf
t"duu@rS yg0ifayonf/
pMu0Vm
tv’m[fonf pMu0Vmrsm;ESihf urÇmN*dK[u f dk r½S&d mrS½&dS mokYd pwifzefqif;awmfral om t½Sijf zpfawmf
rlonf/ tv’m[fonf wpfpw Hk pf&mukd jy|mef;owfrw S v f v dk Qif pDrrH t
I rdeYfawmfjzifh ]jzpfap}[k trdeYfay;½krH Qjzifh
xkdt&monf xif½Sm;jzpfay:vmonf/ (uk&ftmef 2;117)
pMu0Vmukd rlvu tckd;taiGUtoGifjzifh wpfpkwnf;½Sdxm;&mrS tv’m[fu cGJjcm;jzpfay:apcJhonf/
xkdYaemuf avmucyfodrf;toD;oD;wkdY tqifhqifhxif½Sm;jzpfay:apcJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 41;11? 21;30? 1;2)
N*dK[f? eu©wftoD;oD;ESifh aewkdYonf rdrdwkdYywfvrf;toD;oD;ü vIyf½Sm;aY½Gvsm;vsuf½SdaeMuonf/
(uk&ftmef 20;33? 36;38) aerdom;pkü aeywfvrf;½SdaMumif; ,cktcg odyÜHynm½SifwkdY awGU½SdvmcJhMua&m
aeonfvnf; rdryd wfvrf;ü vIy½f mS ;a½GUvsm;aeaya&m rdr\ d *vufqMD u,fNrKd UawmfBu;D \A[ku d dk wpfywfywfr&d ef
ESpaf ygif; (225)oef;Mumjrifah yrnf/
Mu,faygif;uka#aygif;rsm;pGm zGUJ pnf;xm;aom *vufqMD u,fNrKd UawmfBu;D rsm; pMu0VmtwGi;f ü ajrmufrsm;pGm
½So
d nf/ tv’m[fonf pMu0VmBuD;ukd wpfaygif;wnf;rS cGjJ cm;NyD;aemuf pMu0VmBuD;onf csUJ um;vsu½f adS e
aMumif; uk&t f mefusr;f jrwf\azmfjycsuu f v
dk nf; vlom;wkYd awGU½Sv d mMujyefonf/

]¤if;jyif igt½Sifjrwfonf pMu0Vmukd bkef;awmfjzifh wnfaqmufawmfrlcJh\/

pifppf igt½Sifjrwfonf trSefyif us,f0ef;apawmfrlaom t½Sifjzpfawmfrl\/}
(uk&ftmef 51;47)
vlom;
pMu0VmESihf avmucyford ;f wkYdonf tv’m[f\owfrw S jf y|mef;&m (owfu'D&)f ac: Oya'owfrw S cf suf
rsm;twdik ;f emcHaeMuonf/ pMu0VmBu;D ukd jyKvyk zf efqif;ol? pDrcH efYco
JG ?l w&m;pD&ifppfaq;rnfo
h rl mS tv’m[f
wpfyg;wnf;omjzpfonf/
pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ukd tv’m[fu ajcmuf&uf (0g) umvajcmufcjk zifh tqifq h ifh zefqif;awmf
rlcJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 32;4)
 - 32 -

pMu0VmBu;D ukd ,if;okYdBu;D us,cf ef;em;pGm tqifq h ifzh efqif;&jcif;rSm tv’m[fu vlom;wkYdtm; u½kPm
w&m;jyí rnfoo l nf taumif;qk;H vky&f yfjyKvyk o f jl zpfaMumif; prf;oyfrnfjzpfNy;D vlom;wkid ;f \vky&f yfudk tpm;
ay;vkíd jzpfonf/ (uk&t f mef 11;7) jrifrh m;aom&nf½, G cf suEf iS hf trSew
f &m;twGujf zpfonf/ (uk&t f mef 16;3)
xkYdaMumifh tv’m[fonf vlom;ukd pMu0Vmü taumif;qk;H ½kyef mrfprG ;f &nfobm0wkYdjzifh zefqif;xm;
onf/ (uk&ftmef 95;4? 87;2) urÇmN*dK[fukd qufcHolrsm;tjzpf jyKvkyfawmfrlcJhonf/ (uk&ftmef 2;30?
6;164) vlom;rsK;d EG,rf sm;ukd vlY*P k af y;oem;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ (uk&t f mef 17;70) pMu0Vmrsm;ESihf urÇmN*dK[üf
½So
d rQwYdkudk vlom;\vufatmufct H jzpf pDrjH y|mef;xm;onf/ ,kMH unfvt JT yfraI y;xm;onf/ (uk&t
f mef 31;20?
45;13)/
okdYjzpfay&m vlom;onf aus;Zl;awmf½Sif tv’m[f\,kHMunfvTJtyfrIukd tvGJokH;pm;rjyKtyfacs/
tv’m[f\vrf;nTew f &m;awmfEiS t hf nD b0wnfaqmufjcif;jzifh tv’m[f\aus;Zl;w&m;uko d w
d wfo?l trSef
w&m;ukjd rwfE;dk oltjzpf &yfwnfMu&ayrnf/
vlUb0jzpfpOf
pMu0Vmukd umvajcmufck(0g) ajcmuf&ufjzifh tqifhqifhtv’m[fu zefqif;xif½Sm;xm;ay&m
,cktcg pMu0Vm\ajcmuf&ufajrmufaeY aemufqkH;tcsdefumvrsm;ü vlom;wkdYa&muf½Sdaejcif;jzpfayonf/
urÇmN*dK[füvnf; acwftoD;oD;ü tv’m[fxHrS vlom;eADwrefwmftvif;jyrsm; ay:xGef;apcJh&m ,cktcg
aemufq;Hk wrefawmfcsKyf rk[r®'v f nf; ay:xGe;f Ny;D jzpfayonf/ pMu0Vm\wpf&uf[o l nf urÇmN*Kd [üf a&wGuf
aom wpf&ufuq dk v dk jkd cif;r[kwyf g/ owfrw S uf mv ajcmuf&ufjynfyh gu pMu0Vmonf aemufq;Hk tcsed ef m&DoYdk
a&muf½NdS yD; vuf½t Sd oGio f bm0rS toGio f pfobm0opfoYdk qufvufajymif;vJomG ;ayrnf/ xkt d cg obm0
topfjzifh i&J(*s[Eérf)ESifh *sEéwf ac: xm0&NyD;jynfhpkHaomtajctaewkdY ay:aygufvmayrnf/ (uk&ftmef
77;7-9? 55;37? 21;104? 7;187? 39;68-69? 14;48)
vlom;\b0onf vlYavmura&mufrD oefYpifaom0dnmOfb0 (7;172)? xkYd aemuf owfrw S cf sed üf
vlUavmuü ajr^uvva&Munfb0 (23;12-13)? oaE¨om;b0 (13;8)? arG;zGm;jcif; (46;15)jzifh vlYavmu
okYd a&mufvmcJo h nf/ aojcif;w&m;u vlom;ukd A&fZaf c: Mum;tajctaeokYd ykYd aqmifvu kd of nf/ (29;57?
23;100)? aoNyD;0dnmOftm;vk;H onf A&fZcfac: Mum;tajctaeü½SMd uonf/ ,if;tajctaeü avmuDtcsed f
uefYowf^owfrSwfcsufuJhokdYr[kwf/ avmuDuJhokdY tmumoae&muefYowfcsuf? owfrSwfcsufrsKd;r½Sdacs/
Oyrmtm;jzifh tdyrf ufwiG ;f ü aoolEiS v hf nf;awGU\? rk;d ys\ H ? ajrvQK;d \? jyifytcsed af e&mü jyKír&aomudprö sm;
tdyrf ufüvG,u f pl mG jzpfonf/
xkYdtwl ,aeYoyd yHÜ nmüvnf; tcsed [ f ol nf pMu0VmtwGi;f ü wpforwfwnf;pD;qif;aejcif;? ½Sad ejcif;
r[kw/f tcsed [ f o l nf usKUH jcif;? qefYjcif;? &yfjcif;wkYd½o dS nf[k odjrifvmcJMh uonf/ tdik ;f pwkid ;f \ &DavwDAw D D
oDt&dk aD emufwiG f (3 Dimension) ok;H bufjrifobm0ukv d eG af jrmufí tcsed u
f dk 'dik rf if;½Si;f (Dimension)jzifh
avhvmodjrifvmaeMuonf/ xkYdaMumifh aooltm;vk;H \0dnmOfrsm;onf pMu0Vmajcmuf&ufjynfu h m toGif
ajymif;rnfah eY (0g) ½Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnfah eYudk apmifq h idk ;f ae&aom tcsed \ f oabmr½Sad cs/
A&fZcfac: Mum;tajctaeukd tcsed jf zifah zmfjyír&acs/ okYdaomf pMu0VmtoGiaf jymif;rnf?h ½Sijf yefxajrmuf
rnfah eYwiG f aoolwYdk\0dnmOftm;vk;H ½Sijf yefxajrmufum rdrw d Ydk\ ukovdk f tukov dk t
f vdu k f pD&ifcMH u&rnf
jzpfayonf/
 - 33 -

uk&t
f mefü ae(0g)Mu,frsm; avmifpmukecf rf;í acgufvyd jf cif;obm0ukad zmfjyxm;onf/ (81;1-2)
,cktcg ,if;obm0ukd pMu0VmtwGi;f ü wGi;f eufrsm;(Black holes)tjzpf qef;Mu,fpmG awGUjrifae&ayonf/
tcsKdUvnf; vuf½SdpMu0Vm ,kd,Gif;&ef tcsdefrsm;pGmvkdao;onf[k qkdMuonf/ wdkufwpfvkH;rSm
rnfrQopfviG cf idk cf aHh pumrl? omreftm;jzifh ESp(f 100)cH&rnf[k ,lq&apumrl a&çajrçavçrD;çivsi'f Pfrsm;aMumifh
csucf si;f ysuEf ikd af yonf/ xkYd wl pMu0VmvQKUd 0Sucf supf rG ;f tifudk vlom;wkYd t<uif;rJrh odMuacs/ pMu0VmBuD;
ukd (tr&f)pDrHrItrdefYawmfjzifh vnfywfapxm;aom tv’m[fu ,if;pGrf;tifukd ½kyfodrf;vdkuf½kHjzifh vuf½Sd
pMu0Vm,EÅ,m;Bu;D &yfqidk ;f ,d, k iG ;f um toGiof pfoYdak jymif;vJomG ;ayrnf/ *sEw é Ef iS ihf &Jxif½mS ;vmrnfjzpfayonf/
xkYad Mumifh tpövmrfo h ifMum;csuüf oHo&mvnfonf[íl r½S/d qifu h jJ zpfpOft& b0jzpfpOfom½So d nf/ vlom;onf
aoNyD;aemuf wd&pämefb0? opfyifb0okYd a&mufroGm;acs/

toufaojcif;ESifhtoufowfjcif;
toD;t½Gupf m;jcif;
]okdYjzpfay&m vlom;onf rdrd\tpm;tpmukd MunfhMu&rnf/} (uk&ftmef 80;24)
toufEiS 0hf n d mOf uGmjcm;csuu f dk avhvmcJNh yD;jzpfygonf/ touf[o l nfh qJvu
f vmyfpnf; (y½kw d dk
yvmZrf)rsm;onf aoMuonf/ Oyrm-opfyifrS opfo;D wpfv;Hk cl;vdu k jf cif;? [if;oD;[if;½Guu f dk csK;d vdu
k jf cif;jzifh
qJv(f 0g) toufuo dk wfvu kd jf cif;? aoapjcif;jzpfvmayrnf/ uREykf w f Ydk pm;ok;H aom opfo;D jzpfap? [if;oD;
[if;½Gujf zpfap? oD;ESjH zpfap toufaooGm;onfh y½kw d ydk vmZrf&nfrsm;jzpfMuayonf/ tom;ESihf ig;uJo h Ydkyif
jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifh toD;t½Gufpm;okH;jcif;ukd oufowfvGwf[k rqkdEdkifacs/ toD;t½GufqGwfcl;jcif;
onfvnf; qJv(f 0g) toufowfjcif;? aoapjcif;omjzpfayonf/
v,f,mukefxkwfvkyfrI
]toifwkdYonf rdrdwkdYpdkufysKd;cJhMuonfwkdYukd jrifcJhMuavoavm/}}
(uk&ftmef 56;63)
]xkdt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;(urÇmN*dK[f)rS ,if;\a&ukdvnf;aumif;? ,if;\
jruf? opfyifoD;ESH pm;usufrsm;ukdvnf;aumif; xGufapawmfrlcJh\/ oifwkdY
tusKd;iSmvnf;aumif;? oifwkdY\ uRJEGm;wd&pämefwkdY\tusKd;iSmvnf;aumif;
jzpfayonf/} (uk&ftmef 79;30-32)
tyifrsm;onf vlwYdk\pm;eyf&u d m© tm[m&twGuf yifrtajccHrsm;jzpfMuygonf/ wd&pämefrsm;onf
vnf; pm;eyf&du©mtm[m&wGif ta&;ygMuonf/ wd&pämewkdY\tpmwGif tyifrsm;vnf; yg0ifMuygonf/
vlom;wkYdpm;ok;H jcif;rjyKaom tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;ukv
d nf; owå0gwkYd pm;ok;H Muygonf/ xkYdaemuf vlwYdktwGuf
tom;? om;a&? om;arT;? EkdY paom xkwfukefrsm; ajymif;vJxkwfvkyfay;Muygonf/
trsK;d om;pD;yGm;a&;tajccHudk jr§iw hf ifonfeh nf;vrf;rsm;teuf v,f,mukex f w
k vf yk rf I zGUH NzdK;wk;d wuf
vkdaom vlYtzGJUtpnf;wdkif;onf -
(1) 0rf;pmzlv½Hk Hk pdu
k yf sK;d a&;tqifh (Subsistance Farming)
(2) bufpkHpdkufysKd;a&;tqifh (Mixed or Diversified Farming)
 - 34 -

(3) txl;jyKv,f,mtqifh (Specialized Farming) wkYdudk wpfqifNh y;D wpfqifh ul;ajymif;Edik af tmif BuKd ;yrf;
Mu&ygonf/ «armifxdefvif;? ]jrefrmhv,f,mvkyfief; aY½SwpfvSrf;wuf}(yxrwGJ)? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1985? pm 30»
bufpkHpdkufysKd;a&;tqifhrS txl;jyKv,f,mtqifhokdY
bufppHk u
kd yf sK;d a&;tqifw h iG f t"duoD;ESw
H pfrsK;d wnf;uko
d m tNrpJ u kd yf sK;d aejcif;r[kwaf wmhbJ opfo;D 0vH
ESihf [if;oD;[if;½Gupf u kd yf sK;d jcif;? arG;jrLa&;yg wGb
J ufvyk u f ikd jf cif;wkYd yg0ifvmygonf/ vkyt f m;coufom
aprnfh pufud&d,mrsm;? txGufwkd;aprnfh enf;ynmrsm;vnf; yg0ifvmygonf/ bufpkHoD;ESHpdkufysKd;a&;
atmifjrifap&ef ajr,mjyKjyifjcif;? a&ab;umuG,fjcif;? a&&½Sdatmif aqmif½Gufjcif;? rsKd;aumif;rsKd;oefYrsm;
a½G;cs,af y;jcif;? acwfreD nf;pepfrsm;ok;H jcif;wkYdtjyif "gwfajrMoZmok;H jcif;ESihf yk;d owfaq;&nfo;Hk pGjJ cif;wkYdonf
vnf; yg0ifygonf/ Muuf? bJ? uR?J EGm;rsm;ESihf ig;arG;jrLjcif;jzifh v,f,mrS tyk0d ifaiGrsm; &½Sv d mapygonf/
txl;jyKv,f,mtqifrh mS twk;d wufq;Hk tqifjh zpfygonf/ vlaerItqifh jrifrh m;vmjcif;? ZD0aA'ESihf
pdu
k yf sK;d a&;enf;ynmrsm; xGe;f um;wk;d wufvmjcif;? jynfyaps;uGuo f Ydkyg ukeo f , G rf w
I ;dk csUJ vmjcif;wkYdjzpfygonf/
«armifxdefvif;? ]jrefrmhv,f,mvkyfief; aY½SwpfvSrf;wuf}(yxrwGJ)? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1985? pm 32-38? 74»

wkd;wufrIESifh t[efYtwm;rsm;
v,f,mu@toGifajymif;&mwGif a'oqkdif&mvlUtzGJUtpnf;\ "avhp½dkuf? ,kHMunfrI? vlrIa&;
ponfh tpGrJ sm;½Sw d wfMuay&m wpfcgwpf&H wk;d wufrt I oGiaf jymif;a&;twGuf t[efytwm;rsm;jzpfwwfyg
onf/ xkdYaMumifh bufpkHynmay;a&;rSm tvGefta&;BuD;ygonf/ Oyrm -
Ä ajymif;vJonfph epfr&S vmrnfh tjrwftpGe;f tay: oHo,½Sjd cif;/
Ä rdrw d Ydk aus;vuftzGUJ tpnf;\ b0vrf;aMumif;ajymif;vJaprnfh tajymif;tvJrsm;tay: aMumuf½UHG rIEiS hf
oHo,rsm;jzpfjcif;/
Ä uRJ? EGm; tokH;jyKonfhae&mwGif xGefpufESifh pufud&d,mrsm; okH;vmjcif;/
txl;ojzifh aus;vufa'orsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;wk;d wufap&ef ewfwYdu k dk ,kMH unfjcif;jzpfap? ,Zfyal Zmfjcif;
jzpfap t,lrsm;½SMd uouJo h Ydk EGm;rsm;ukv
d nf; v,f,mvkyif ef;twGuf rdrw d Ydk\ aus;Zl;½Sit f jzpf rSw, f rl rI sK;d
vnf; ½SdwwfMuygonf/
pifppf uREJ mG ;½S½d rHk Qjzifh pyg;oD;ESH r&Edik yf g/ a&? ajr? av? rD; ponfh obm0ypön;f rsm;? vlYprG ;f tm;
ESihf enf;vrf;rsm;vktd yfygonf/ ,cktcg uREJ mG ;rsm;ae&mwGif pufu&d,mrsm;ukd tok;H jyKjcif;jzifh ykrd adk umif;rGef
wk;d wuftusK;d ½Sad ompepfoYdk a&muf½adS eayNyD/
oD;ESHzsufykd;ESifh ykd;owfaq;
pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&;wGif oD;ESHzsufykd;rsm;\tEÅ&m,frSm rao;vSacs/ oD;ESHzsufykd;
rsK;d aygif;rsm;pGm½So d nf/ trsm;tm;jzifh tif;qufy;dk rsm;jzpfMuonf/ tif;qufy;dk r[kwb f J zsupf ;D aomtaumif
rsm;rSm <uufEiS v hf ,fypk eG vf ;Hk wkYdjzpfMuonf/
zsuyf ;kd rsK;d aygif;rsm;pGm½So d uJoh Ydk ESrd ef if;enf;rsm;pGm½Sad eygonf/
(1) vufjzifEh rdS ef if;enf;uko d ;Hk Muygonf/ okYdaomf tkyv f ukd f &maxmifcsíD vmwwfaom usKid ;f aumifrsm;twGuf
acsreI ;f pufo;Hk í ESrd ef if;&onf/
 - 35 -

(2) v,f,mvkyif ef;jzifh ESrd ef if;eif;rsm;pGm½So

d nf/ ¤if;wkYdteuf xnfx;dk ? xGeaf rTMum;aygif; aygif;vdu k af y;jcif;jzifh
ajratmuftif;qufrsm; ajray:a&mufum aoaMuMuygonf/
(3) ouf½o dS wå0grsm;ukod ;Hk í ESrd ef if;&mwGif iSu?f zm;? a>r ponfwYdkuo dk ;Hk um yk;d aumifrsm;ukpd m;apygonf/
(4) "gwkaA'yk;d owfaq;rsm;udt k ok;H jyKívnf; yk;d rTm;tEÅ&m,f ESrd ef if;Mu&ygonf/
xkYdaMumifh omrefajrxGe, f uf½rHk Qjzifyh if touf½adS omtif;qufy;dk rsm;aoaMu&onft h jyif oD;ESzH suyf ;dk
rsm;twGuf yk;d owfaq;rsm;ukd ok;H aeMu&ay&m pdu k yf sK;d a&;u@ü toufowfjcif; rnfoYdk rQ rvGwEf ikd af y/
okYdaomf ,if;okYd toufowfjcif;aMumifh jypfrrI xdu k af cs/ ,if; tif;qufy;dk rTm;owå0gwkYdü ezfp0f n d mOfr½SMd ubJ
toufuvmyfpnf; qJvrf sm;om½SMd uíjzpfonf/
urÇmhpm;eyf&du©mqkESifh wDxGifrIqk
tmz&duwdu k o
f m; oef;aygif;rsm;pGm tpm;tpmiwfrw G af cgif;yg;rnfah b;rS u,fq,fay;cJah om qdpG v f rl sK;d
odyyHÜ nm½Sif [ef;pftm&f[m&if;tm; urÇmph m;eyf&u d m© qk cs;D jri§ vhf ukd o
f nf/ [m&if;Edik if w
H umtoif;ukd wDxiG rf I
qk cs;D jri§ rhf nf/ [m&if;Edik if w
H umtoif;onf tmz&duwdu k \ f ta&;Bu;D qk;H pm;ok;H oD;ESjH zpfonfh yavmyDeu H dk
ESppf Ofa':vm oef;(2000)zk;d rQ zsuq f ;D ypfaeaom yk;d rTm;wpfrsK;d tm; tjrpfjzwfow k o
f ifay;onfh aq;&nfwpfrsK;d ukd
wDxGifazmfpyfay;cJhonf/ «jrefrmhtvif;owif;pm - 19.10.95? pm 3»
xkYdaMumifh toufowfwikd ;f jypfrrI xdu k bf J jrwfaomvlYtoufudk umuG,rf t I jzpf *kPjf yKxu
kd af om
udp&ö yfrsm;pGm½Sad eygonf/
bufpkHarG;jrLa&;ESifh EdkifiHwkd;wufa&;
usr;f jrwfu&k tf mefwiG f uke;f arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;? a&arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;ESiihf g;zrf;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd cGijhf yKxm;ay
onf/ (16;5? 16;14? 5;96)
bufpaHk rG;jrLa&;aqmif½u G &f mwGif v,form;rsm;tygt0if jynforl sm;taejzifv h nf; v,f,mxGuu f ek f
rsm;ok;H pGíJ wwftm;orQ wpfEikd af rG;jrLa&;? pkaygif;arG;jrLa&;ESihf or0g,rarG;jra&;wkYdudk wk;d csUJ aqmif½u G &f rnf
jzpfygonf/ okdYrSom ckdif;EGm;? uRJrsm;ESifh om;ig;? EkdY? O pm;eyf&du©mykdrkdxkwfvkyfEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ EdkifiH
wpfEikd if \ H pD;yGm;wk;d wuf&ef bufpaHk rG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd wk;d csUJ vkyu f ikd Mf u&rnfjzpfygonf/
xkdYaMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf; v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;ESifh qnfajrmif;0efBuD;Xmetjyif arG;jrLa&;ESifh
a&vkyif ef;0efBu;D Xmetqifx h al xmifí oD;jcm;aqmif½u G af e&ygonf/ Edik if yH ikd af rG;jrLa&;NcrH sm;pGm wnfaqmufxm;
ygonf/ pHjyarG;jrLa&;NrKd Ue,frsm;ESihf pHjyarG;jrLa&;aus;½Gmrsm;xlaxmifvsu½f ydS gonf/ rsK;d aumif;rsK;d oefY wd&pämef
rsm;ukv d nf; jzefYjzL;ay;vsu½f NdS yD; tpmESiahf q;0g;rsm; a&mif;csay;ae&ygonf/ ig;ESihf ykpeG af rG;jrLa&;twGuf
oifah wmfaomajrae&mrsm; azmfxw k af e&ygonf/ yifv,fig;zrf;vkyif ef;ukv d nf; jynfoyl ikd t f cef;u@tjzpf
aqmif½u G cf iG jhf yKxm;onf/ ig;ESihf a&csKad &iefypk eG af rG;jrLenf;ukv d nf; tm;ay;vsu½f o dS nf/
pifppf bufppHk u kd yf sK;d a&;ESihf arG;jrLa&;vkyif ef;rSm vlUtzGUJ tpnf;wpf&yf? Edik if w H pfEikd if \
H toufaoG;aMum
ozG,f t"duusvaS yonf/ jynfwiG ;f pm;ok;H rIzv l aHk &;rSonf jynfyokYdyg wk;d jri§ ahf &mif;csa&;twGuf a&wkad &½Snf
pDru
H ed ;f rsm; tvGet f a&;ygvSygonf/
 - 36 -

usef;rma&;u@ESifhtouf
vlwYdok nf puúeYfrvyf touf½LS vsu½f MdS u\/ ESmacgif;aygufrpS í tqkwt f xd touf½LS vrf;aMumif;
wGif a&m*gyk;d rTm;rsm;ukd umuG,rf pI epfrsm;½Sad eayonf/ touf½LS ojzifh avESit hf wl0ifvmaom a&m*gyk;d rTm;
rsm;onf ESmacgif;twGi;f tarT;rsm;? eH&½H q dS vJ tf wGi;f rS tustd cRrJ sm;ü uyfapjcif;jzifh umuG,rf pI epf½adS eyg
onf/ a&m*gyk;d rTm; bufw;D &D;,m;[lonf qJvjf zifh wnfaqmufxm;aom ouf½rdS sm;yifjzpfay&m touf
raoapvkyd gu vlwpfO;D touf½LS &efyif rjzpfEikd af wmhay/
xkdYtwl uREfkyfwkdYaomufokH;aeMuaoma&ü rsm;pGmaomykd;rTm;rsm;yg0ifaeayonf/ omrefrsufpdjzifh
rjrif&aomfvnf; rPkMunfrh eS b f vD ;l rsm;jzifMh unfu h awGUEdik af yonf/ a&ukBd uKd csu&f mwGijf zpfap? xrif;[if;csu&f m
wGijf zpfap a&½Syd ;dk rTm;ajrmufrsm;pGmwkYd aoaMuMuygonf/ oufowfvw G [f o l nf a&aomufjcif;üyif rjzpfEikd af cs/
vlwkdYwGif a&m*grsm;jzpfwwfMuay&m a&m*gjzpfapaomaMumif;&if;vnf;½Sdygonf/ xkdYtwl a&m*g
aysmufuif;&mtaMumif;vnf;½Syd gonf/ t"durSm a&m*gjzpfapaom a&m*gyk;d uko d ½d &dS efEiS hf ,if;yk;d uko
d wf&ef
jzpfygonf/ ,if;yk;d ukd BudKwifumuG,&f efvnf;vkt d yfygonf/ pifppf vlwYdkaomufaq;rsm;ESihf xk;d aq;rsm;
ok;H aeMujcif;rSm oufqikd &f ma*gyk;d rTm;(ouf½)dS rsm;ukd owfaeMujcif;yifjzpfygonf/ 0dnmOf½adS eaom vlom;
touf½iS o f efa&;twGuf a&m*gyk;d uko d wf&rnfomjzpfonf/ omreftm;jzifh toufrowfvykd g[lí aq;xk;d jcif;?
aq;aomufjcif;wkYd rjyKu jrwfaomvlUtouf qk;H ½I;H &efom½Syd gonf/
use;f rma&;u@wGif a&m*guku d o k jcif;xuf BudKwifumuG,jf cif;u ykrd x dk ad &mufayonf/ vlwYdkwiG f
aoG;vGefwkwfauG;a&m*gESifh iSufzsm;a&m*gonf jcifaMumifhjzpfay&m urÇmESifht0Srf; usef;rma&;Xmersm;u
jcifwYdkuo dk wfjcif;jzifh tqkyd ga&m*gukd umuG,af eMu&onf/ xkYd wl yvdyaf &m*gonf <uufaMumifjh zpfay&m
jrefrmEdik if tH ygt0if urÇmah 'orsm;pGm½Sd use;f rma&;Xmersm;u <uufwYdkuo dk wfjcif;jzifh yvdyaf &m*gukd umuG,f
aeMu&ygonf/ xkdYtwl aq;ynm? ZD0aA'ynmoifMum;&mwGif "gwfcGJcef;rsm;ESifh aq;okawoersm;ü
owå0gwkdYukd cGJpdwfprf;oyfaeMu&onf/ owå0gtoufrowfvkdyg okdYr[kwf rowf&[lí *½krjyKygu
jrwfaom vlUtoufaygif;rsm;pGm a&m*gul;pufq;Hk ½I;H oGm;ayrnf/
w&m;a&;ESifhtouf
vlom;wkYd\touf? pnf;pdrEf iS hf vlY*P k of u d m© umuG,af pmifah ½Smufa&;ESihf vkNH cKH a&;twGuf w&m;Oya'
pkd;rkd;a&;onf t"dujzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifh w&m;½kH;rsm;ü ]ao'Pf}pD&ifydkifcGifhtmPmukd Oya'ESifhtnD
w&m;olBuD;wkdYtm; tyfESif;xm;ayonf/ tu,fí olwpfyg;touf rowf&[lí cRif;csufr½SdbJqkdygu
vlowfw&m;cHudk ao'Pfay;&rnfh w&m;olBuD;uk, d w f ikd f jypfrt
I ukovdk x
f u
kd o
f mG ;Muayrnf/ tpövmrfwiG f
,if;okYd w&m;Oya'twdik ;f aqmif½u G jf cif;onf ukov dk af umif;rIyifjzpfayonf/ w&m;Oya'ukd apmifx h ed ;f jcif;
jzifoh m Nidr;f csr;f a&;ESihf trSew
f &m;ukd xde;f odr;f Edik af yonf/
EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;ESifhtouf
vGwv f yfjcif;? w&m;rQwjcif;? Nidr;f csr;f jcif;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIudk zsuq f ;D vmaom rnfonf&h efou l rdk qkd
umuG,wf u
kd cf u
kd &f efrmS umuG,af &;wyfrawmfrsm;\ wm0efjzpfayonf/ ,if;okYd umuG,w f u
kd cf u
kd &f mwGif
tzsuo
f rm;&efow l Ydk\ toufuo dk wf&ojzifh umuG,af &;ESiv hf NHk cHKa&;wm0ef½odS w
l Ydkonf vlowform;rsm;
 - 37 -

jzpfroGm;Muyg/ pifppf ¤if;wkYd\&nf½,G cf suEf iS hf vky&f yfay:wGif rlwnfayonf/ rdr\

d vkyyf ikd cf iG u
hf dk tvGo
J ;Hk pm;
jyKí tjypfroJ t
l m;owfvQiu f m; tjypfxu kd af yonf/
w&m;aomppfEiS hf trSewf &m;umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f a&;twGuf owfjzwf&onfqydk gu vlYtowfyifjzpfap
umrl tjypfrxdu k af cs/
tpövmrfhw&m;ESifhvlY0dnmOf

]]tv’m[ft½Sifjrwfu jrifhjrwfpGmjyKvkyfxm;aom ezfpf0dnmOfukd toifwkdY

rowfMuavESifh/ okdYaomf trSefw&m;twGufrl (>cif;csuf½Sdayonf/}
(uk&ftmef 17;33)

]tMuifrnfolrqkd vlowfrItwGuf (Oya't& tpm;ay;jcif;)vnf;r[kwf?

urÇmN*dK[f0,f tzsufvkyfief; jyefYyGm;apjcif;aMumifhvnf;r[kwfbJ (ezfpf)
0dnmOfwpfckukdowfcJhaomf vlom;rsKd;EG,fwpf&yfvkH;ukd owfouJhokdYyifjzpfonf/
xkdYtwl tMuifrnfolrqkd ,if;(0dnmOf)ukd u,fwif½SifoefapthH/ vlom;xk
wpf&yfvkH;ukd u,fwif½SifoefapouJhokdYyifjzpfonf/} (uk&ftmef 5;32)
w&m;awmfwiG f toufEiS 0hf n d mOfudk xif½mS ;pGm cGjJ cm;jyqkx d m;ay&m tyifEiS hf wd&pämefwYdkrmS vlom;wkYd
tusK;d iSm zefqif;jyKvyk af y;xm;jcif;jzpfaMumif; avhvmcJNh y;D jzpfayonf/ xkYdtwl vlYtoufonfyifvQif trSef
w&m;ESifh w&m;Oya'twGuf cRif;csuftm;jzifh owfcGifh½SdaMumif; vufawGUuspGmoifMum;xm;\/ okdYaomf
trSew f &m;ESihf w&m;Oya'twGurf [kwb f J vlwpfO;D uko d wfjcif;onf vlom;rsK;d EG,t f m;vk;H uko
d wfjcif;jypf'Pf
tjzpf jyif;xefpGmowfrSwfxm;onf/ xkdYtwl vlUtouf umuG,f^u,fwifaom (MuufajceD? olemjyK?
q&m0ef? aq;ynm? umuG,fa&;? w&m;a&; w&m;olBuD;)vkyfief;rsm;ukdvnf; vlom;xk wpf&yfvkH;tm;
u,fwifonfh aumif;rItjzpf *kPjf yKoeG o f ifxm;ayonf/
tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfonf vlom;wkYdtwGuf vufawGUvdu k ef musio
hf ;Hk Edik af om vrf;nTew f &m;wkYduodk m
nTeMf um;usio hf ;Hk apayonf/ olwpfyg;toufrowf&[lí cRi;f csurf o hJ ifMum;vkyd gu vufawGUvlrb I 0wGif
usio hf ;Hk &efrjzpfEikd af wmhacs/ þodYkjzifh tpövmrfwiG f umuG,af &;ESihf vkNH cKH a&;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;? aq;ESihf use;f rma&;
tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;? arG;jrLa&;ESihf a&vkyif ef;rsm;? pdu k yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;rsm;? w&m;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; ponfjzifh oGeo f ifcsuf
ESihf vufawGUb0 [efcsun f n
D aD zmfaqmifusio hf ;Hk Edik af yawmhonf/
tpövmrfonf b0wnfaqmufrv I rf;pOf( )jzpfí avmuDa&;ESihf wrvGeaf &;[lí oD;jcm;cGjJ cm;
xm;jcif;r½Sdyg/ avmuDü b0aeenf;tm;vkH;ukd jy|mef;xm;onf/ avmuDü tv’m[f\vrf;nTeftwdkif;
aexkid yf gu aemifb0twGuf ukov dk wf &m;rsm;jzpfvmayrnf/ wpfO;D csi;f usiphf Of½o dS vkd vlom;xkwpf&yfv;Hk
twGuf tusKd;jyKvkyfief;( )w&m;ukd tav;xm;oifMum;ay;ygonf/
 - 38 -

vlom;ESifh tm[m&
tm[m&"gwf(6)rsKd;
vlom;wkYd ½Sio
f efa&;ESihf use;f rma&;twGuf tm[m&rSm t"dujzpfayonf/ tm[m&ukd aeYpOfpm;ok;H aom
tpmrsm;rS &½Sdygonf/ qef? qD? yJ? tom;? ig;? yef;oD; ponfjzifh tpm;tpmtrsKd;aygif; rsm;pGm½Sdaomf
vnf; tm[m&"gwftjzpfcyJG gu (6)rsK;d ½Sad yonf/ ¤if;wkYdrmS upD"gwf(umbk[
d u
kd Nf 'dw)f ? tqD"gwf? y½kw
d if;
(tom;"gwf)? owåK"gwfqm;? ADwmrifrsm;ESihf a&"gwfwYdk jzpfMuonf/
«jrefrmhtpm;tpm\tm[m&? &efukef? usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme? 1994? pm 23»
tm[m&[lonf taoG;? tom;? tiftm;ukjd zpfapaom MoZm"gwfjzpfygonf/ tm[m&"gwf(6)rsK;d \
*kPo
f wård sm; wpfcEk iS w
hf pfck rwlno
D uJo
h Ydk cE¨muk,
d üf tok;H csyrHk sm;rSmvnf; rwlnMD uyg/
tm[m&rQwaomtpm
tm[m&rQwaomtpm[lonf vlwpfa,muftwGufvkdtyfaom tm[m&"gwf(6)rsKd; trsKd;trnf
tm;jzifh jynfph NHk y;D yrmPtm;jzifh vkaH vmuf&rnft
h jyif aeYpOfvt
dk yfcsuu
f v
dk nf;jznfq
h nf;ay;Ekid af om tpmukd
qkvd ydk gonf/ tqkyd gtpmonf vlwpfO;D csi;f twGuf vlraI &;? pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifv h nf; vdu
k af vsmnDaxG½NdS yD;
vufcHEdkifaomtpmjzpf&ygrnf/ «jrefrmhtpm;tpm\tm[m&? &efukef? usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme? 1994? pm 24»
touft½G,ftrsKd;rsKd;twGuf wpfaeYwmtm[m&"gwfvkdtycsufrsm; rwlnDMuyg/ vlwkdif;onf
rdrdtouft½G,f? tajctaet& vkdtyfaomtm[m&? rQwaomtpmukdpm;&ef vkdtyfygonf/
tpmtkyfpk
À tm[m&"gwf(6)rsK;d ukd atmufygtwdik ;f tpmtkypf rk sm;tjzpf cGjJ cm;Edik yf gonf/
«jrefrmhtpm;tpm\tm[m&? &efukef? usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme? 1994? pm 25-26»
(u) tiftm;jzpfxGef;apaomtpmtkyfpkwGif upD"gwfESifhtqDrsm; yg0ifygonf/ upD"gwfukd qef? *sKH?
ajymif;? tmvl;? uefpeG ;f O? oMum;? xef;vsuf ponfwYdkrS &½Syd gonf/ tqDrsm;ukd toD;tESEH iS hf wd&pämefwYdkrS
&½Sdygonf/
(c) cE¨muk, d Bf u;D xGm;apaomtpmtkypf w k iG f y½kid ;f ac: tom;"gwfyg0ifygonf/ cE¨muk, d \
f tpdwt f ydik ;f
rsm;ukd qJvu f vmyfpnf;rsm;jzifh zGUJ pnf;wnfaqmufxm;&m qJvrf sm;onf tom;"gwfrsm;jzifh zGUJ pnf;xm;yg
onf/ y½kdwif;ac: tom;"gwfukd -
(1) wd&pämefrsm;rS&½Sad omtpmrsm;?
(2) tyifr&S ½Sad omtpmrsm;[lí (2)rsK;d cGjJ cm;Edik o f nf/
wd&pämefrS&½Sdaom y½kdwif;tpmrsm;rSm tom;trsKd;rsKd;? ig;trsKd;rsKd;? ykpGeftrsKd;rsKd;? OtrsKd;rsKd;ESifh
EkYd xu
G yf pön;f wkYd yg0ifMuygonf/
tyifr&S aom y½kw d if;tpmrsm;rSm yJtrsK;d rsK;d ESiahf jryJwYdk jzpfMuygonf/
(*) a&m*gumuG,af omtkypf w k iG f ADwmrifEiS hf owåK"gwfrsm;yg0ifNy;D [if;oD;[if;½Gu?f opfo;D ponfwYdkrS
&½SEd ikd yf gonf/
vlom;uk, d \f ok;H ykEH pS yf rHk mS a&jzifzh UJG pnf;xm;í a&onf vlom;twGi;f r½Srd jzpf vkt d yfcsuw
f pf&yf
 - 39 -

jzpfavonf/ tajccHtm;jzifh tiftm;"gwfjzpfapaom upDESifh tqD"gwfrsm;? cE¨mukd,fBuD;xGm;apaom

y½kw d if;"gwfrsm;onf wd&pämefEiS hf tyifrsm;ü ysUH ESYH yg0ifaeaMumif; awGUjrif&ayonf/
xkdYaMumifh tpövmrfhtpm;tpmpepfwGif [vmvfac: w&m;0ifcGifhjyKxm;aom tpmjzpf&rnfhtjyif
odKG i,f Ad af c: oefYpifaumif;jrwfonfth pm (0g) tm[m&jzpfaponfh tpmvnf;jzpf&ef nTeMf um;xm;ygonf/
(uk&ftmef 2;168)

tpmtvdkuf tpmvrf;aMumif;oifhavsmfatmif zGJUpnf;xm;ykH

]xkdt½Sifjrwfonf (t&mcyfodrf;ukd) zefqif;xif½Sm;apawmfrlcJhonf/ xkdYaemuf
zefqif;cH&onfhobm0ESifhtnDjzpfap&ef aeom;wusjzpfatmifvnf; jyKawmf
rlcJhonf . . . . ./} (uk&ftmef 87;2)
vlUtwGuf vkt d yfaomtm[m&"gwfrsm;onf tyifEiS hf wd&pämefwYdw k iG f ysUH ESUH ½Sad eaMumif; avhvmcJNh y;D jzpfygonf/
tpövmrfhvrf;pOfwGif oufowfvGwfpm;jcif;ukd bmoma&;t& vrf;nTefxm;csufr½Sdacs/ vlom;onf
toD;t½GuEf iS hf tom;ESprf sK;d pvk;H pm;ok;H &ef tv’m[fu vlom;\tpmvrf;aMumif;ukd zGUJ pnf;xm;ayonf/
«Biology: Standard Ten, &efukef? tajccHynmoif½kd;nTef;wrf;? oif½kd;rmwdumESifh ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 124»
EkYdwu
kd o
f wå0grsm;onf tqifjh rifw
h &d pämeftyk pf jk zpfMuayonf/ EkYdwu dk o
f wå0grsm;ukd ¤if;wkYdpm;ok;H aom
tpmtvdkuf owåaA't& atmufygtwdkif; cGJjcm;Edkifygonf/
(1) toD;t½Gupf m; EkYd wu kd o
f wå0g (tpmukd tyifrsm;rSom &,lonf/) Herbivorous mammals
(2) tom;pm; EkYd wu kd o
f wå0g (tpmukd tyifEiS hf wd&pämefwYdkrS &,lonf) Carnivorous mammals
(3) toD;t½GuEf iS hf tom;pm; EkYw d u
kd o
f wå0g (tpmukd tyifEiS hf wd&pämefwYrdk S &,lonf/) Omnivorous mammals
EkYd wu
kd o
f wå0gwkYd \ tpmvrf;aMumif;zGUJ pnf;ykEH iS hf vkyif ef;uGjJ ym;rIonf ¤if;wkYd pm;ok;H aom tpmtavsmuf
oifah vsmatmif pD&ifxm;jcif;cH&NyD; txl;ojzifh oGm;rsm;ESihf ar;½k;d rsm;ü awGUjrif&ayonf/
«Biology: Standard Ten, &efukef? tajccHynmoif½kd;nTef;wrf;? oif½kd;rmwdumESifh ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 124»

oGm;aygufjcif;
EkYdwukd of wå0grsm;wGif EkYdomG ;(i,fomG ;)ESihf tNrw J rf;oGm;[lí ½SMd uygonf/ ,if;wkYdudk tpmvkyif ef;rsm;
tvdu k f aY½o S mG ;rsm;? pG,o
f mG ;rsm;? aY½t
S o H mG ;rsm;ESihf aemuftoH mG ;rsm;tjzpf oifah vsmaf om t&nftwGurf sm;
ESifh tpDtpOfwus wnfaqmufxm;Muayonf/ wpfcgwpf&H vlukd toD;t½Gufpm;owå0gESifha&maxG;um
rSm;,Gi;f pGm aumufcsucf suw f wfMuayonf/ vufawGUusus avhvmMuygpkYd /
À toD;t½GuEf iS hf tom;pm; EkYdwu kd of wå0gjzpfaom vlwiG f tNrw J rf;oGm;aygufjcif;ü nmbufjcrf;wGif
txuf aU½SomG ; pG,foGm; 1 aY½StH 2 atmuftH 3
atmuf aU½SomG ; pG, foGm; 1
txuf aY½StH 2 atmuftH 3

xkYdaMumifh nmbuf(16)acsmif;? b,fbuf(16)acsmif;? pkpak ygif;(32)acsmif;½So

d nf/ «Biology: Standard
Ten, &efukef? tajccHynmoif½kd;nTef;wrf;? oif½kd;rmwdumESifh ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 124»
 - 40 -

À tom;pm;EkYd wu
dk o
f wå0g(Oyrm - acG;)\ tNrJwrf;oGm;aygufjcif;ü nmbufjcrf;wGif
txuf aU½SoGm; 3 pG,foGm; 1 aY½StH 4 atmuftH 2
atmuf aU½SoGm; 3 pG,foGm; 1 aY½StH 4 atmuftH 3
nmbuf(21)acsmif;? b,fbuf(21)acsmif;? pkpkaygif; (42)acsmif;½Sdonf/ «Biology: Standard Ten,
&efukef? tajccHynmoif½kd;nTef;wrf;? oif½kd;rmwdumESifh ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 124»
ikwo f @mefaY½o S mG ;rsm;onf om;aumifudk uku d xf m;&efjzpfayonf/ pG,o f mG ;rsm;rSm tvGeBf u;D rm;Ny;D
om;aumifudk xk;d pdu k &f efjzpfayonf/ aY½t S EH iS ahf emuftrH sm;rSm tpGe;f rsm;xufNy;D tom;ukd qGjJ zwf&ef jzpfayonf/
pwkw¬ajrmuf tay:aY½StHoGm;ESifh yxrajrmuf atmufaemuftHoGm;rSm tom;rsm;ukd yg;yg;vSD;jzwf&efESifh
t½k;d rsm;acs&ef txl;ykpH jH zpfayonf/
xkYjd yif tom;pm;EkYw d u kd of wå0gESihf atmufar;½k;d ESihf ar;½k;d <uufom;rsm;rSm tvGeo f efrmMuNy;D om;aumifudk
ukud &f mwGif uku d tf m;aumif;apygonf/
toD;t½Gupf m; EkYd wu dk of wå0g(Oyrm-,ke)f \ tNrJwrf;oGm;aygufjcif;ü nmbufjcrf;wGif
txuf aU½SoGm; 2 pG,o f mG ;r½Sd aY½StH 3 atmuftH 3
atmuf aU½SoGm; 1 pG,o f mG ;r½Sd aY½StH 2 atmuftH 3
xkYd aMumifh nmbuf(14)acsmif;? b,fbuf(14)acsmif;? pkpak ygif; (28)acsmif;½Sad yonf/
aqmufo@mefaY½o S mG ;rsm;onf toD;t½Gurf sm;uku d u kd jf zwf&ef oifah vsmo
f nf/ pG,o f mG ;rsm;r½Sb d J
aY½oS mG ;rsm;ESihf aY½t
S o H mG ;rsm;Mum;ü ae&mvGwjf zpfaeayonf/ xkYdaMumifh xkad e&mvGwüf tpmrsm;a&maxG;&ef
ae&mus,Nf y;D yg;ukv d nf; xkt d wGi;f ü aY½aG pEdik Nf y;D tpmukad emufbufoYdkaY½aG p&ef tultnDay;onf/ aY½t S EH iS hf
aemuftHoGm;rsm;rSm qifwlMuNyD; tpmukdBudwfacs&ef tokH;jyKMuonf/ «Biology: Standard Ten, &efukef?
tajccHynmoif½kd;nTef;wrf;? oif½kd;rmwdumESifh ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 125-126»
À xkYdjyif toD;t½Gupf m; EkYdwu dk o
f wå0g,keEf iS hf toD;t½Gu+f tom;pm; vlwYd\
k tpmvrf;aMumif;rSmvnf;
uGjJ ym;jcm;em;ygonf/ ,keo f nf toD;t½Gupf m;owå0gjzpfí ¤if;\tpmwGif tyif\qJvef &H (H Cellulose)
rsm;yg0ifonf/ vlwGif ,if;qJvfeH&H qJvlvkdYpfukdacszsuf&ef tpmacstifZdkif;r½Sdcs/ vlwGif ,if;qJvfeH&H
qJvv l Ypdk af cszsu&f ef tpmacstifZikd ;f rxkwv f yk af omfvnf; Caecum ESihf appendix wkYrd S bufw;D &D;,m;tcsKUd u
tifZdkif;ukd0Sufxm;NyD; ,if;wkdYu qJvlvkdYpfukd acszsufay;Muonf/ «Biology: Standard Ten, &efukef?
tajccHynmoif½kd;nTef;wrf;? oif½kd;rmwdumESifh ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 126»
xkdYjyif toD;t½Gufpm;owå0g EGm;? okd; ponfwkdY\ pm;NrHKUjyefjcif;vkyfief;wGif tpmtdrfü tcef;
(4)cef; oifah vsmpf mG yg0ifaeayonf/ «Biology: Standard Ten, &efuek ?f tajccHynmoif½;dk nTe;f wrf;? oif½;dk rmwdumESihf
ausmif;okH;pmtkyfaumfrwD? pm 126»
tom;ukd tpmacs&efxuf toD;t½Guu f dk tpmacs&efyrdk Mdk umygonf/ xkYdaMumifh tom;pm;owå0g\
tpmvrf;aMumif;xuf toD;t½Gupf m;owå\vrf;aMumif;rSm yk½d n S yf gonf/ okYdaomf vl\tpmvrf;aMumif;rSm
tom;pm;owå0g\ tpmvrf;aMumif;xuf yk½d n S of nf[qk ½dk rHk Qjzifh vlrmS toD;t½Gupf m;owå0gomjzpfonf[íl
aumufcsucf sír&Edik af cs/ pifppf vl\oGm;ESihf tpmvrf;aMumif;wnfaqmufyrHk mS txufygavhvmcsurf sm;t&
toD;t½Gupf m;owå0goD;oefYvnf;r[kw?f tom;pm;owå0goD;oefYvnf;r[kw/f okYdaomf toD;ESihf tom;pm;
owå0gtjzpf awGUjrifEikd af yonf/ tjcm;xl;jcm;csuf rsm;pGm½SEd ikd yf gao;onf/
 - 41 -

pifppf zefqif;½Siftv’m[fonf zefqif;cHtoD;oD;tm; oufqdkif&mzefqif;cHobm0ESifhavsmfnDpGm

pDrjH yKvyk x
f m;jcif;omjzpfayonf/

urÇmhpm;eyf&du©m
owå0gavmu &du©y"ge
vlwpfO;D csi;f taejzifh rQwaomtm[m& vdt k yfygonf/ tom;ig;rSjzpfap? [if;oD;[if;½Gurf jS zpfap
vkt
d yfaomtm[m&rsm; &½SEd ikd Mf uygonf/ vlwpfO;D taejzifh tom;ig;pm;jcif;rS a½Smif½mS ;Edik rf nfjzpfaomfvnf;
vlYtzGUJ tpnf;wpf&yfv;Hk jzpfap? Edik if w
H pfEikd if v
H ;Hk jzpfap? wpfurÇmvk;H jzpfap tom;ig;pm;jcif;rS a½Smif½mS ;&ef
vufawGUtm;jzifh vk;H 0rjzpfEikd af cs/
tm[m&csKdUriwfzkdY 0dkif;0ef;wdkufzsufMupkdY
urÇmESit hf 0Sr;f Edik if t
H vduk f vlO;D a&wk;d EIe;f ESihf &dum© xkwv
f yk rf n
I rD Qap&eftwGuf pDrcH surf sm; csrw S f
aqmif½u G af eMu&onf/ &dum© w k v
f yk rf aI vsmeh nf;vmygu tm[m&"gwfcsKUd wJrh aI y:aygufNy;D vlom;wkYd a&m*gb,
xlajymjcif;? iwfrw G af oqk;H jcif;wkYd ay:aygufvmrnfjzpfonf/ tm[m&csKUd wJrh o I nf rdom;pkuo dk mru Edik if H
rsm;\ Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh cspfcif&if;ESD;rIukdyif xdyg;Edkifayonf/ Oyrm - iwfrGwfaom vlYtpkta0;jzpfap?
ppfwyfjzpfap? ajrvGw½f &dS ma'orsm;okYd 0ifa&mufwwfMuayonf/ &dum© xkwv f yk af &;twGuo f m tm½kx H m;ae
Mu&í acwfrw D ;dk wufNyD; tqifjh rifv h Ul tzGUJ tpnf;xlaxmifa&;u@rsm; aqmif½u G Ef ikd pf rG ;f r½Sad wmhacs/ xkYdjyif
tm[m&csKUd wJrh aI Mumifh uav;i,frsm; OD;aESmufzUHG NzKd ;rIenf;yg;vmNy;D tem*wfurÇmvlom;rsK;d qufrsm; ½Sio f ef
zGUH NzdK;wk;d wufa&;twGuf qk;d ½Gm;aomt[efYtwm;ESihf tusK;d tqufrsm;BuHKawGUEdik af yonf/
pm;eyf&du©mzlvkHzkdY &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHaqmif½GufpkdY
xkYdaMumifh urÇmu h vk or*¾tzGUJ tpnf;wpfcjk zpfaom ]urÇmph m;eyf&u d m© ESihf pduk yf sK;d a&;tzGUJ BuD;( )}u
,cktcg atmufwb dk m(16)&ufaeYudk ESppf Of urÇmph m;eyf&u d m© aeY[o k wfrw S uf m ESppf Ofaqmify'k rf sm;jzifh ynmay;
vkyif ef;ukv d nf; aqmif½u G af eMu&ayonf/ ESppf Ofusi;f y&onf&h nf½, G cf surf mS urÇmvlom;wkYd aeYpOfBuHKawGU
ae&aompm;eyf&u d m© ESihf pdu k yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef; tav;ay;aqmif½u G &f efEiS hf urÇmih wfrw G rf jI yóemukd rnfoYdkrnfyHk
ajz½Si;f &rnfudk vlxt k aejzifh tpOftNrJowd½adS p&efjzpfayonf/ 1997-ckEpS af qmify'k rf mS ]pm;eyf&u d m© zlvzdk Ydk
&if;ES;D jr§KyEf aHS qmif½uG pf Ydk}jzpf\/ xkt d zGUJ BuD;\ pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& urÇmv h Ol ;D a&xuf0ufausmaf exdik &f m tm½S?
tmz&duESihf vufwiftar&du Edik if aH ygif;(43)Edik if w H iG f vlaygif;(455)oef;rSm tpma&pm 00vifvifrpm;&bJ
tm[m&csKUd wJv h su½f adS eMuaMumif;od&onf/ xkYdjyif urÇmu h av;i,f ESpyf w Hk pfyHk okYdr[kwf ok;H ykEH pS yf rHk mS vnf;
tpma&pm0vifpGmrpm;&aMumif;od&onf/ «jrifhxGef;OD;? &du©mjynfhNzdK;tm[m&wkd;? aMu;rkHowif;pm-7.10.92? pm 3»
urÇmajrjyifBuD;wGif vlom;wkYd\wDxiG zf efw;D Edik af ompGr;f tm;aMumifh ajrxGuo f ;D ESrH sm;pGm qufvuf
xGuaf y:aeayonf/ oJuEÅm&vkad e&mrsK;d üyif vlom;wkYdatmifjrifpmG oD;ESrH sm;pdu k yf sK;d vmEdik Mf uNyDjzpfayonf/
arG;jrLa&;vnf;atmifjrifpmG aqmif½u G af eMuNyDjzpfonf/
urÇmyh ifv,fork'&´ mBuD;rsm;onfvnf; rsuaf rSmufpm;eyf&u d m© ? ta&;ay:pm;eyf&u d m© ESihf tem*wf
pm;eyf&u d m© zlvaHk &;twGuf tpm;tpmt&if;tjrpfBuD;rsm;jzpfMuayonf/ urÇmBuD;\ ok;H ykEH pS yf rHk mS a&jyifBuD;
 - 42 -

jzpfayonf/ a&xkrS ESpfpOf ig;wefcsdefoef;rsm;pGmxkwf,laeMu&ayonf/ ykpGefESifh tjcm;o,HZmwrsm;

xkw, f al eMu&onf/ a&wGif pdu k yf sK;d arG;jrLa&;enf;pepf(Aquaculture)vnf; ay:aygufvmaeNyDjzpfonf/
a&csK?d a&iefrsm;ü vlwYdktwGuf tyifEiS o hf wå0grsm; arG;jrLpdu
k yf sK;d jcif;ynmjzpfayonf/ Oyrm - t,fvaf *s;
ac: a&rIrd sm;pdu
k yf sK;d jcif;? ig;? uEkurmrsm;? rkwaf umifrsm;ESihf ck;H aumifrsm; a½G;cs,af rG;jrLjcif;jzpfayonf/
«armifMunfoefY? <u,f0&du©m? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1982? pm 60-62»
urÇmyh ifv,fork'&´ murf;ajcrsm;ESihf uRe;f pkrsm;ü vlO;D a&ajrmufjrm;pGmaexdik Mf uonf/ a&xGu&f u d m© ukd
rsm;pGmtav;xm;aeMu&onf/ Oyrm - 1958-59twGi;f pl;prf;avhvmrIrsm;t& tdE, d´ ork'&´ mwpfco
k nfyifvQif
urÇmrh suEf mS jyif\ (14)&mcdik Ef eI ;f ausmaf usmu
f s,0f ef;NyD; tdE,
´d ork'&´ murf;ajcwpfavQmufü urÇmv h Ol ;D a&\
av;ykw H pfyaHk usmaf exdik Mf uonf/ xku d rf;ajcwpfavQmufEikd if rH sm;ü &dum© rsm;vkt
d yfvsu½f aSd eayonf/
«cspf0if;nGefY? vljynfhMuyfaeaomþurÇm(bmomjyef)? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1986? pm 114-115»
*syefEikd if o
H nfvnf; yifv,fxu G t f m[m&ukd trsm;qk;H tm;xm;ae&onf/ jrefrmhyifv,furf;½k;d wef;
onf rdik (f 1700)ausm½f n S v f sm;NyD; uRe;f BuD;uRe;f i,f(800)ausm½f adS eayonf/ jrefrmEdik if o H nf jrpf? acsmif;?
tif;? tdkif aygrsm;NyD; arG;jrLa&;jzpfxGef;aomEdkifiHjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh pm;eyf&du©mtwGuf pdkufysKd;a&;ESifh
tom;ig;xk, f jl cif;u@ukd pepfwusenf;ynmrsm;jzifh xde;f odr;f jcif;? xkw, f jl cif;? BuKd ;yrf;aqmif½u
G jf cif;jzifh
Edik if t
H usK;d ESihf urÇm&h u
d m© jyóemukd 0dik ;f 0ef;ulno D rl sm;jzpfatmif BudK;yrf;Mu&rnfjzpfygonf/
tpövmrfwiG f om;owfvw G u
f siphf OfEiS hf arG;jrLa&;ESihf a&xGu&f u
d m© rsm;ukd a½Smif½mS ;apaom vrf;nTecf suf
r½Sdyg/ tom;pm;usL;jcif;aMumifh a&m*g&Edkifygonf/ pepfwuspm;okH;jcif;jzifh vlwpfOD;csif;Esifh urÇmh&du©m
jyóemukd xde;f odr;f ygonf/

]. . . xkdYjyif igt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;urÇmN*dK[f0,f owfrSwfNyD;jzpfaom

t&mwkdif;ukd aygufa&mufjzpfxGef;apawmfrlcJh\/ xkdYjyif ,if;urÇmN*dK[fü
toif w k d Y t wG u f v nf ; aumif ; ? toif w k d Y a xmuf y h H j cif ; rjyKol w k d Y t wG u f
vnf;aumif;? toufarG;0rf;aMumif;rsm; pDrHjyKvkyfxm;awmfrlavonf/ pifppf
rnfonfht&mrsKd;rqkd ,if;\t&if;tjrpfonf igt½SifjrwfxHawmfüom½Sd\/
okdYaomf igt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;wkdYukd owfrSwfNyD;jzpfaom twdkif;twmjzifh
om csay;oem;awmfrl\/} (uk&ftmef 15;19-21)

]toifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY\vkyf&yfrsm;aMumifh ysufpD;jcif;okdY ra&mufMuapESifh/}

(uk&ftmef 2;195)
 - 43 -

pm;okH;&ef wm;jrpfxm;aomtpmrsm;
pm;okH;cGifhjyKxm;aomtpm

]tkd-vlom;taygif;wkdY urÇmN*dK[fxGuft&mrsm;teufrS w&m;0ifcGifhjyKxm;aom

oefYpifaumif;jrwfaomt&mwkdYukd pm;okH;Muavmh . . ./} (uk&ftmef 2;168)
À tpövmrfb0wnfaqmufrv I rf;pOfonf Ny;D jynfph aHk y&m tpmtm[m&pnf;rsO;f ukd oGeo
f ifxm;ayonf/
pm;cGi½hf adS omt&mrsm;rSm -
(1) [vmvf ac: w&m;0ifciG jhf yKxm;aomt&mjzpf&rnft h jyif
(2) odGKif,Af ac: oefYpifaumif;jrwfaom? tm[m&jzpfapaom? usef;rma&;ukd taxmuftuljzpfapaom
t&mukd pm;ok;H cGijhf yKxm;ygonf/
[if;oD;[if;½GufESifh oD;ESHwkdYukd pm;okH;cGifhjyKxm;\/ (2;22)
ig;ESifh a&xGuftpmrsm;ukdvnf; pm;okH;cGifhjyKxm;\/ (6;141? 16;14? 5;99)
cGijhf yKxm;aomtpmrsm;ukd oefY½iS ;f pifMu,frI (0g) use;f rma&;ukd taxmuftuljzpfaprI½rdS o
S m pm;ok;H cGihf
½Syd gonf/ xkYd twl tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfu pm;ok;H &efwm;jrpfxm;aomtom;rsm;ukv d nf; jy|mef;xm;ygonf/
wm;jrpfxm;aomtom;rsm;
usr;f jrwfu&k t f mef (2;172-173)? (5;3)? (6;146)ESihf (16;115)t& [&mrftjzpf wm;jrpfxm;aom
tom;rsm;rSm -
(1) tvkt d avsmufaoaomwd&pämef\tom;
(2) pD;xGuaf omaoG;
(3) 0ufom;
(4) tv’m[ft½Sijf rwf\emrawmfrv S íJG tjcm;trnfrsm;woí vS;D jzwfxm;aomowå0g\tom;? ½kyx f rk sm;ü
ylaZmf&ef vS;D jzwfxm;aomtom;
(5) vnfrsKv d rd ^f n§pcf &H íaoaomowå0g\tom;
(6) ½du
k Ef u S ^f xdcu kd íf aoaomowå0g\tom;
(7) jrif&h mrSusíaoaomowå0g\tom;
(8) OD;csKjd zifah Y0cS wfc&H íaoaomowå0g\tom;
(9) om;&Jw&d pämefrsm; udu k cf o
J wfjzwfxm;aomowå0g\tom;
txufygtom;rsm;onf vlom;wkYd\ ½ky?f emrfEiS hf uk, d uf siwhf &m;wkYd zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufruI dk xdcukd af pí
t<uif;rJo
h ad wmfral om zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fu, dk w
f idk u
f wm;jrpfxm;jcif;jzpfayonf/ ,aeYvo l m;wkYd aq;odyjHÜ zifh
avhvmrItcsKUd ukd azmfjytyfygonf/
(1) tvkdtavsmufaoaomowå0g\tom;
obm0tavsmufaoaomwd&pämefwYdk\tom;onf vlom;wkYdpm;ok;H &ef roifah wmfacs/ ,if;wd&pämef
onf rnfonft
h wGuaf Mumifah ocJ&h onfudk twdtusrodEikd af cs/ tqdyt
f awmufwpfcck ak Mumifjh zpfap? a&m*gyk;d
 - 44 -

wpfcck ak Mumifjh zpfap aoEdik o

f nfjzpfay&m ,if;owå0g\tom;rSm rnfoYdk rQ rpm;oifah cs/ wd&pämefrsm;wGif
tusw d af &m*g(Antrax)rSm ul;pufEikd af oma&m*gjzpfNy;D ,if;a&m*g½So
d al omowå0g\tom;rSm vludk aoap
Edik af vmufatmiftxd tEÅ&m,f½adS yonf/
(2) aoG;
owå0gwkYd\aoG;ukv d nf; pm;ok;H &efwm;jrpfxm;ayonf/ aoG;[lonf vSnv hf nfaeaomaoG; okYdr[kwf
vnfrsKvd ;DS jzwf&mwGif xGuv f maomaoG;ukq d v
dk ykd gonf/ (uk&tf mef 6;145? 7;157)
cE¨muk, d w
f iG ;f aoG;\vkyif ef;rsm;teuf vkyif ef;wpfcrk mS aoG;vTwaf Mumrsm;rSwpfqifh atmufq*D sif
ESifh tpm paom tm[m&jzpfapaomt&mrsm;ukd wpf½SL;qJvf tom;rQifuvmyfpnf;rsm;okdYykdYay;onf/
xkYdaemuf wpf½LS ;wkYd\ "gwkajymif;vJrjI zpfpOfrsm;aMumifh pGeYfy,ftydx k u
G yf pön;f tnpftaMu;ukd aoG;jyefaMum
rsm;rSwpfqifh jyefvnfo,faqmifvmMu&onf/ xkpd eG Yfy,fypön;f wkYdrmS cE¨muk, d u
f dk xdcu
kd af pojzifh aoG;rsm;
onf ausmufuyfukd jzwfoef;pOf xkdpGefYy,fypönf;rsm;ukd ausmufuyfu z,f½Sm;ypfvkdufNyD; qD;tjzpf
cE¨mjyifyokYd xkwyf pfvu kd yf gonf/
aoG;onf pGeYfy,fypön;f uko d mrubJ a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d jzpfapwwfaomt&mpk ZD0½ky(f Organism)rsm;ukd
vnf; o,faqmifygonf/ xkYdaMumifh aoG;ukpd m;ok;H jcif;onf tEÅ&m,fjzpfapygonf/ pm;ok;H cGijhf yKxm;aom
owå0gukd ,if;cE¨mwGi;f rSaoG;rsm;xGuaf p&ef ZA[fenf;jzifh vS;D jzwf&ygonf/ ,if;okYd tpövmrfw&m;awmfEiS hf
tnD vS;D jzwfNyD;aomowå0g\cE¨mwGi;f ü <uif;useaf omaoG;ukrd l wm;jrpfcsurf ½Sad cs/
aoG;jzpfap? aoG;ygaomtom;jzpfap pm;ok;H jcif;\ tBu;D qk;H tEÅ&m,fwpfcrk mS pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m tEÅ&m,f
jzo
f nf/ aoGpm;ok;H jcif;aMumifh aoG;qmwwfaom ½dik ;f pdik ;f Murf;wrf;aomtjyKtrlrsm; ay:xGuv f mEdik yf gonf/
vlom;\ oefYpifaomobm0udk ysupf ;D apygonf/
(3) 0ufom;
0uf\tom;ukd npfnL;rI( )ESifh roefYpifrI( )aMumifh wm;jrpfxm;onf[k uk&ftmef
(6;145)ü jyqkx d m;onf/ aq;odyyHÜ nmt&vnf; 0ufqED iS hf 0ufom;wkYd rpm;oifah Mumif; taxmuftxm;
rsm;pGm jyqkdaeayonf/ Oyrm -
(u) uyfyg;temul;jcif;wpfrsK;d jzpfonfh x&DcseD ;D ,ppf(Trichiniasis)onf 0uf\tom;üysUH ESYHvsu½f o dS nf/
xku
d yfyg;\trnfrmS x&DcseD ,fvm pydik &f mvpf(Trichinella spiralis)jzpfonf/ vk;H 0ef;aom oHaumif
jzpfonf/ pm;ok;H rdou l dk emwm½Snaf &m*gjzpfaponf/ aoavmufatmifvnf; tEÅ&m,fjzpfapwwfonf/
tar&duefuo hJ YdEk idk if rH sK;d üyif ,if;uyfyg;aMumifjh zpfaoma&m*gukd rwm;qD;Edik af cs/ 0ufom;pm;jcif;rS a½Smifjcif;
onfom enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ [(1) Scientific Indications, In the Holy Quran, Islamic Foundation
Bangladesh, 1990, p. 55, (2) Why Islam Forblds Pork, Islamabad, Islamic Research Institute, p. 6-
7]

(c) tjcm;a&m*gwpfcrk mS 0ufusK;d jym;oef wDe,

D mqkv
d ,
D rf(Taenia solium pork tape worm)jzpfonf/
oefaumifOyg½Sdaom0ufom;ukd aumif;pGmrcsufbJ pm;okH;rd&mu ,if;a&m*g &½Sdwwf\/ vlom;\
tlwGif;ü usKd;jym;oefaumifBuD;xGm;aeonf/ wpfcgwpf&H tpmtdrfxJjyef0ifonf/ tpmacs"gwfESifh
awGU&mrS oefaumifOrsm;onf tpmtdrfxJüyif taumifi,frsm;aygufyGm;NyD; xkdoefaumifi,fwkdYu
 - 45 -

tlrsm;ukad zmufum cE¨muk, d tf ESYH a&mufomG ;NyD; tvk;H tcJrsm; jzpfay:apygonf/ <uufom;rsm; emusif
udu k cf aJ pygonf/ OD;aESmufx0J ifomG ;ygu 0uf½;l jyefa&m*gjzpfapygonf/ 0rf;a&m*g? cHwiG ;f csOjf cif;ESihf
tm;enf;jcif;wkdYukdvnf; jzpfapwwfygonf/ ESvkH;aoG;aMuma&m*g? avjzwfa&m*g? aoG;wkd;a&m*g
tcH½o dS rl sm;twGuf ykrd q
dk ;dk ½Gm;aomtEÅ&m,fjzpfapygonf/
1957-ckEpS af vmufuyif 0ufü uyfyg;aygif; (15)rsK;d ESihf ,if;wkYdaMumifjh zpfwwfaoma&m*grsm;ukd awGU½Sd
cJMh uayonf/ [Haji Ibrahim T.Y. Mah, WHY PORK IS PROHIBITED IN ISLAM, Manila, Islamic Dawah
Council of the Philipphine, 1993, p. 8-15]

,cktcg rsm;pGmaomtEÅ&m,f½o
dS nfh bufw;D &D;,m;rsm; 0ufü½Sad Mumif;awGUaeMu&onf/ [Javid Aziz

Awan, ISLAMIC FOOD LAWS, AL-NAHDAH, RISEAP, Kuala Lumpur]

(*) 0uf\obm0rSmvnf; npfywfpmG aeonfh obm0½Sad eayonf/ t&mwkid ;f ukpd m;onf/ txufygtcsurf sm;
tjyif tjcm;taMumif;tcsuf rsm;pGm½Sad eayonf/ rkpv f ifrwf Ydk url t<uif;rJo
h ad wmfral om zefqif;½Sif
tv’m[f\trdeYfuedk mcHrjI zifh 0ufom;pm;jcif;rS a½SmifMujcif;jzpfygonf/ txufygtcsurf sm;rSm aq;ody\ HÜ
awGU½Scd sutf csKUd omjzpfygonf/
*sL;ESihf c&pf,mefwYdk \ or®musr;f pmüvnf; 0ufom;pm;jcif;ukd wm;jrpfxm;ayonf/
[Leviticus Chap XI, Verse 7-8]
(C) 0ufwiG f tqDyg0ifrjI rifrh m;ojzifh vlYtpmtdrüf tpmacs&ef rvG,u f al cs/ xkYdaMumifh q&m0efrsm;pGmwkYdu
0ufom;? aq;vdyEf iS hf t&ufudk jzwfcikd ;f aeMujcif;jzpfonf/
0uftaoaumifü tqDyrmPrsm;pGmyg0ifaejcif;onf jyóemrsm;pGmukw d ifu;l jzpfaponf/ 0uftaoaumif
ü ykyaf paom bufw;D &D;,m;jrifw h ufNy;D touftEÅ&m,fjzpfapaom ajymif;tvJrsm;jzpfay:onf/ 0uf\
<uufom;rsm;onf vlwkdYpm;okH;&efvkdtyfcsufjzpfonfh vkHavmufaom ]aoNyD;aemuf tufqpfowåd}
(Post-mortem acidity) tqifhr½Sday/
csuxf m;aom trJqED iS hf 0ufqw D YdkwiG f uGmjcm;csurf sm;pGm½Syd gonf/ 0ufqw D iG yf gaom zufw;D tufqpf
obm0onf vlom;twGuf tEÅ&m,f½adS pygonf/ 0uf\wpf½LS ;rSm wd&pämef\wpf½LS ;omvQif jzpfaeNy;D
,if;ü rdik uf w
dk pdk if[Mycotoxin (Ochratoxin A)]ukd rsm;pGmawGU&NyD; ,if;onf wd&pämrsm;ü a&m*g
rsm;pGmjzpfapaMumif; avhvmawGU½S&d ayonf/
(4) tv’m[ft½Sifjrwf\emrawmfrSvGJí tjcm;trnfrsm;woívSD;jzwfxm;aom
owå0g\tom;
tpövmrfü ½kycf E¨mqkid &f muse;f rma&;uko d eG o
f ifovkd emrfcE¨m^pdw0f nd mOfuse;f rma&;ukv d nf; txl;
*½kjyKaponf/ zefqif;½Siaf us;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[f\emrawmfrv S íJG tjcm;trnfudk wovS;D jzwfxm;aom
owå0g\tom;ukd pm;ok;H jcif;rS wm;jrpfxm;jcif;rSm opömw&m;wkYd\t½Sif wpfyg;wnf;om½Sad Mumif; w&m;ukd
twnfjyKjcif;jzpfayonf/ zefqif;½Siu f t&mcyford ;f ukd vlom;wkYdtwGuf jyKvyk af y;xm;aomfvnf; vlom;onf
aus;Zl;opömapmifoh w
d wfow l pfO;D tjzpf cGijhf yKxm;aomowå0g\tom;ukd pm;ok;H awmhrnfqv dk Qif tv’m[f\
emrawmfwoívS;D jzwfciG ½hf adS yonf/ toufuw dk efz;dk xm;jcif;vnf;jzpfayonf/ tv’m[frv S íJG tjcm;emr
woxm;aomtom;ESihf ,Zfyal Zmfxm;aomtom; ponfwYdkrmS pm;ok;H &efwm;jrpfxm;NyD;jzpfayonf/
 - 46 -

(5) vnfrsKdvdrf^n§pfcH&íaoaomowå0g\tom;
owå0g\tom;ukpd m;rnfqv dk Qif ,if;cE¨mwGi;f rS tqdytf awmuf pGeYfypfypön;f rsm; o,faqmifxm;
onfh aoG;rsm;ukd z,fxw k &f rnfjzpfaMumif;azmfjyNy;D jzpfygonf/ vnfrsKvd rd íf jzpfap? n§pcf &H íjzpfap aoaom
wd&pämefonf touf½LS rGe;f Muyf&mrS arsmoGm;jcif;jzpfayonf/ xdYkaMumifh umAGe'f ikd af tmufqu kd "f gwfaiGUonf
xkdowå0g\aoG;twGif;ü pkykHvsuf½Sdayonf/ xkdYjyif tqdyftawmufpGefYy,fypönf;rsm; bufwD;&D;,m;rsm;
o,faqmifxm;onfh xko d wå0g\aoG;ukd raorD jyifyokYd xw k &f ef tcGithf vrf;r&bJ½jdS yefonf/ xkYd aMumifh
vnfrsKvd rd ^f n§pcf &H íaoaomtom;rSm pm;ok;H oltwGuf tEÅ&m,fjzpfapaomt&mrsm;½Sad eayonf/
(6) ½dkufESuf^xdcdkufíaoaomowå0g\tom;
½du
k Ef u
S jf cif;? ykqw
d jf zifch w
k jf cif;? usnq
f jH zifyh pfjcif;? vQypf pf"gwfjzifw
h Ydkjcif;ponfwYdkonf u½kPm
w&m;uif;aomvky&f yfrsm;jzpfonf/ owå0g\twGi;f rS aoG;ukv d nf; pepfwusrxkwEf ikd af cs/ xkYdwl rawmfwq
xdcu kd íf aojcif;üvnf; owå0g\cE¨mwGi;f rS aoG;rsm;ukd rxkwEf ikd af cs/ tpövmrfeh nf;us ZA[fv;DS jzwfenf;
ESifh tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;ukd aemufwGif ½Sif;vif;xm;ayonf/
(7) jrifh&mrSusíaoaomwd&pämef\tom;
,if;onfvnf; xdwv f efYjcif;? vnfyif;usK;d jcif;? jyif;xefpmG vIy½f mS ;jcif;? a&epfjcif;ponfjzifh aojcif;
jzpfí xdcu
kd íf aoaomowå0g\tom;uJo h Ydk jzpfayonf/
(8) OD;csKdjzifh aY0ScwfcH&íaoaomowå0g\tom;ESifh
(9) om;&Jwd&pämefrsm;udkufcHowfjzwfxm;aomwd&pämef\tom;
wd&pämeftcsi;f csi;f aY0íS jzpfap? udu k jf zwfMuíjzpfap aoaomwd&pämef\tom;ukd wm;jrpfxm;onf/
,if;onfvnf; xdcu kd í
f aoaomwd&pämefuo hJ Ydk yifjzpfayonf/ om;&Jw&d pämef wpfpw d wf pfyikd ;f pm;xm;aom
owå0g\tom;ukv d nf; wm;jrpfxm;ayonf/ taMumif;aomf aoaomowå0gukd udu k jf zwfaomowå0grS
tqdyaf Mumifjh zpfap? cE¨mrSp;D xGuaf omaoG;yrmPrS vdt k yfaomyrmPxd ra&mufjcif;aMumifjh zpfap? wdu k cf u
kd f
&mwGif ½ke;f uefvyI ½f mS ;&ojzifh Lactic acid (EkYdtufqpf)rsm;pGmxGuEf ikd íf jzk pfap aoaomowå0g\tom;rSm
pm;ok;H oltwGuf tEÅ&m,f½EdS ikd af yonf/ ,if;owå0grsm;ukd ½Siv f suaf wGUvsiu f m; raoao;ojzifh tpövmrfh
enf;us tv’m[f\trnfwí ZA[fv;DS jzwfjcif;jzifh pm;ok;H Edik af yonf/
tvkdtavsmufaoonfjzpfap? rawmfwq xdcdkufaoonfjzpfap? taoaumifí ,kd,Gif;rIjzpfpOf
pwifawmhonf/ ,if;ukd tifZikd ;f ESihf rdu k cf ½kad tmf*eJ pfZifrsm;ujyKvyk jf cif;jzpfNyD; <uufom;rsm;½Sd y½kw d if;ukd
NydKuaJG ponf/ teHYtoufrsm;xGuaf ponf/ pm;ok;H ol\ use;f rma&;ukd xdcu kd af ponf/
xkYdaMumifh taoom;ukpd m;jcif;onf vlom;\use;f rma&;ukd tEÅ&m,fjzpfapygonf/ okYdaom tpövmrf
omoemwGif t,lronf;&efoifMum;xm;ygonf/ ta&;ay:tajctaeü txufygwm;jrpfxmaomtpmrSty
tjcm;tpm;xk;d p&mr½Syd gu touf½iS ½f rHk Qom wyfrufjcif;r½Sb d J pm;ok;H cGiahf y;xm;ayonf/
(Munfh - uk&ftmef 2;173? 6;146)
odyyHÜ nmonf vlom;wkYdtusK;d iSm obm0w&m;ukd pl;prf;avhvm½SmazGaeaom ynm&yfjzpfygonf/
rNyD;jynfph aHk o;yg/ tpövmrfbmom0ifrsm;aejzifh zefqif;½Sit f v’m[f\ t<uif;rJo h ad wmfral omÓPfawmfudk
 - 47 -

t<uif;rJ, h MHk unfNy;D txufygtom;rsm;ukd a½Smif½mS ;Mujcif;omjzpfygonf/ tv’m[fwm;jrpfxm;aomt&mukd

a½Smif½Sm;jcif;tm;jzifh rnfonfhtcgrQ qkd;usKd;r½SdEdkifay/ aumif;usKd;om &Edkifayonf/

ZA[fvSD;jzwfjcif;enf;vrf;ESifh tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;
ZA[f( )
ZA[f[o l nf vlom;wkYd pm;ok;H &ef tom;tjzpfjyKvyk &f ef &nf½, G cf sujf zifh cGijhf yKxm;aomwd&pämefudk
vS;D jzwfonfeh nf;vrf;ukad c:onf/ ZA[f\t"dymÜ ,fwiG f oefY½iS ;f apjcif; okYdr[kwf use;f rma&;ESin hf n
D w
G af pjcif;
[laom oabmvnf;yg0ifayonf/
ZA[fvSD;jzwfjcif;\ pnf;urf;csufrsm;
(1) vSD;jzwfol
À ZA[fv;DS jzwfool nf trsK;d om;jzpfap? trsK;d orD;jzpfap tpövmrfbmom0ifwpfO;D jzpf&rnf/ okYdwnf;
r[kwf udomAD ac: ]tv’mh[fxHrS a½S;usrf;&oltkyfpk}rS jzpf&rnf/ qkdvkdonfrSm zefqif;½Sif aus;Zl;½Sif
tv’m[fudk ouf0if,MHk unfow l pfO;D jzpf&rnf/
À rl;,pfaeol? ½l;oGyfaeol? t½G,fra&mufao;í qifjcifwkHw&m;rokH;wwfao;olwpfOD;jyKvkyfygu
rydik af cs/ qkvd o
dk nfrmS todw&m;ESi, hf OS íf jyKvyk Ef ikd o
f jl zpf&rnf/
À tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfudk ,kaH omfvnf; tv’m[fEiS hf wpfpw Hk pf&mukd wef;wlxm;uk;d uG,o
f ?l woolwpfO;D
jyKvyk yf guvnf; rydik af cs/
(2) vSD;jzwfonfhud&d,m
À ZA[fjyKvkyfonfhtcg vSD;jzwfonfhud&d,mrSm tvGefxuf&rnf/ wd&pämef\om;a&? avydkufESifh
aoG;aMumrsm;ukd vsijf refpmG jywfapNyD; aoG;rsm;csucf si;f vsijf refpmG xGuaf pEdik &f rnf/
(rkpfvifrf? t[fr'f? tAl'g0k'? epmtD? tdAfEkrm*s[f)
qkvd o
dk nfrmS wd&pämefudk emusirf rI ½Sad pbJ oufawmifo h ufomjzpfap&rnf/ rvS;D jzwfrt D vsiv
f nf;
nifompGmqufq&H rnf/ (rkpv f ifr)f tpmESiahf &wdu
k af uR;&rnf[k wrefawmfjrwfu oifMum;cJo h nf/ xkYdjyif
vnfyif;½So
d m;a&ukod mjywfapNyD; aoG;aMumukrd jywfapaomud&, d mukd ok;H pGjJ cif;rS wm;jrpfxm;onf/
(3) vSD;jzwf&rnfhae&m
À vS;D jzwf&rnfah e&mrSm vnfyif;wGijf zpfonf/ vnfacsmif;0\atmufbufEiS hf vnfyif;\t&if;tjrpf
ae&mwGijf zpfonf/ (Akcg&D? rkpv f ifr)f
À ukvm;tkyjf zpfygu vnfyif;\ [du k af eaomae&m(vAfA[f)üjzpfonf/ ukvm;tkyv
f ;DS jzwfjcif;enf;ukd
t&ADwGif e[f&f( )[kac:onf/ ukvm;tkyf\vnfyif;½Sd csKdifh^[dkufaeaomae&mukd xkd;azmufjcif;
jzpfonf/
À vS;D jzwf&mwGif OD;acgif;ydik ;f okYd aoG;vTwaf Mum ua&mwpfaoG;aMumr(carotid artery)tjyif (spinal
cord)[kac:aom tm½kaH MumrBuD;ukd rjywf&acs/ OD;acgif;vk;H 0rjywfbJ ½Sad p&efjzpfonf/
 - 48 -

À ta&;ay:tajctaewpf&yf&yfaMumifh wd&pämef\vnfyif;ukd rvS;D jzwfEikd o

f nft
h aetxm;wGif tqifoif&h m
ae&mwpfae&mukd vSD;jzwfcGifh½Sdonf/ ,if;ukd ZA[f td'fod&m&D(vdktyfcsuft& vSD;jzwfjcif;) (dhabh of
necessity)[kac:onf/ (rkcg&D? rkpv f ifr)f
(4) aus;Zl;awmf½Sif tv’m[f\emrawmfukd trSwf&wojcif;
À owå0gukrd vS;D jzwfrD ]Adprf v
d m[f tv’m[f\emrawmfjzif}h [lí wo½Gwq f Ndk y;D vS;D jzwf&rnf/ touf\
jrifjh rwfrEI iS hf touftm;vk;H \t½Sio f cif tv’m[fudk ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;jzifh &ufpufMurf;wrf;rIudk a½Smifjcif;jzpf\/
owå0gukdvSD;jzwf&mwGif a½SmifusOf&rnfht&mrsm;
(1) vS;D jzwfrnfo h wå0gaY½üS "g;aoG;jyaejcif;/
(2) tm½kaH Mum½S&d mausm½k;d wdik af tmifv;DS jzwfojzifh acgif;jywfomG ;jcif;/
(3) vS;D jzwfNyD; toufrxGuaf o;rD vnfyif;ukcd sK;d jcif;/
(4) wk;H aom"g;jzifh vS;D jcif;/
ZA[fvSD;jzwfjcif;enf;vrf;\ tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;
xufaom"g;jzifh vsijf refpmG vS;D jzwfaomtvsio
f nf a,bl,stm;jzifh emusirf rI ahJ omenf;vrf; wpf&yf
jzpfygonf/ ½kww
f &uf thtH m;oifah pNyD; tjcm;pufryI pön;f rsm;rvkyd g/
vnfrsKdüvSD;jzwfíaoG;xkwfjcif;
owå0g\vnfrsKdukd ,if;okdYvSD;jzwfjcif;jzifh owå0g\cE¨mwGif;rS aoG;rsm;ukd tvGefvsifjrefpGmESifh
vkaH vmufpmG xGuaf pygonf/ wd&pämefwYdkonf aovQif aoG;cJomG ;ojzifh aoNyD;aemufrS cE¨mwGi;f rS aoG;ukd
xkwfír&yg/ owå0g½SifaepOf (0g) toufrxGufcifüom ,if;cE¨mwGif;rSaoG;rsm;ukd xkwfí&ayonf/
cE¨mwGi;f ütqufrjywf vnfywfaeaomaoG;rsm;ukd aoG;aMumrsm;tm;jzwfawmufjcif;jzifo h m z,f½mS ;Edik yf g
onf/ aoG;aMumukv d ;DS jzwfrEI iS hf owå0gaorI Mum;umvwGi;f ü aoG;aMumt0ef;rsm;rsm;jzwfEikd af vav? z,fxw k f
Edik af om aoG;yrmPrsm;avavjzpfygrnf/
vnfacsmif;t0ef;? aoG;vTwaf Mum? aoG;jyefaMumESihf tjcm;aoG;aMumi,frsm;½So d nfh owå0g\vnfyif;
onf vS;D jzwf&efEiS hf aoG;xGuaf p&ef taumif;qk;H ae&mjzpfygonf/ xkYdjyif ,if;okYdv;DS jzwfNy;D aemuf OD;aESmufoYdk
(5)puúefY aoG;ra&mufygu owå0gonf owdvpfoGm;ayonf/ toufraoao;yg/
aoG;oHo&mvnfjcif;
aoG;tzGUJ twGi;f aoG;tqufrjywfvn S yhf wfap&ef ESv;Hk rSnp§ x
f wk \
f / ESv;Hk rSnp§ x f w
k v
f u
kd af om oeYpf if
onfah oG;onf aoG;vTwaf Mumrsm;rSwpfqifh cE¨muk, d t
f ESYHtjym;½Sd qJvrf sm;Mum;½Sd qHjcnfrQiaf oG;vTwaf Mum
uav;rsm;okYd a&mufonf/ xkrd w S pfqifh wpf½LS ;rsm;? qJvrf sm;twGi;f okYd a&mufNyD; ZD0udpaö qmif½u G rf aI Mumifh
roefYpifaomaoG;jzpfomG ;onf/
xkrd oefYpifaomaoG;onf qHjcnfrQiaf oG;jyefaMumuav;rsm;rSwpfqifh aoG;jyefaMumtwGi;f a&muf½u dS m
ESv;Hk okYdjyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonf/ roefYpifaomaoG;onf ESv;Hk rS tqkww f iG ;f okYdjyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonf/
roefYpifaomaoG;onf ESv;Hk rS tqkww f iG ;f okYd0ifa&mufum avtdwu f av;rsm;ü aoG;oefYpifrjI yKvyk af y;onf/
 - 49 -

oefYpifaomaoG;onf tqkwrf ES v S ;Hk wGi;f okYd jyefvnfa&muf½o dS mG ;Ny;D txufygenf;twdik ;f ESv;Hk rSnp§ x
f w
k af y;jcif;
jzifh cE¨muk,
d t f ESYH oYdk aoG;a&muf½jdS cif;ukd aoG;oHo&mvnfjcif;[kac:onf/
ESv;Hk ckerf aI Mumifh aoG;vSnyhf wf&jcif;jzpfygonf/ vQijf refeuf½idI ;f pGm touf½LS rIonf vkaH vmufaom
atmufq*D sijf zpfru I dk umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f ay;NyD; atmufq*D si&f yfpjJ cif;rSvnf; umuG,af y;ygonf/ tom;rQif
wpf½LS ;\ (Acid base ratio)(tufqpfabhpt f csK;d )ukv
d nf; wk;d jrifah pygonf/ ,if;tcsurf sm;onf tom;\
t&nftaoG;xde;f odr;f rIEiS hf obm0t&omukd wk;d wufaumif;rGeaf pygonf/
ausm½kd;eAfaMumr
ausm½k;d eAfaMumr(Spinal cord)onf OD;aESmufEiS w hf pfqufwnf;jzpfonf/ OD;aESmufonf OD;acgif;cG½H ;dk
twGi;f wnf½ídS ausm½k;d eAfaMumronf ausm½k;d qpf>yefacgif;twGi;f tNr;D txd oG,w f ef;wnf½o dS nf/ OD;aESmufrS
aomfvnf;aumif;? ausm½k;d eAfaMumrSaomfvnf;aumif; OD;acgif;ydik ;f ESihf cE¨muk,d t f ESYHtjym;okYd eAfaMum okYdr[kwf
tm½kaH Mumrsm; ab;wpfzufwpfcsurf S jzmxGuv f monf/ rnfonfh cHpm;csuu f rdk qkd xked AfaMumrsm;u OD;aESmuf
okYd wduk ½f ukd af omfvnf;aumif;? ausm½k;d eAfaMumrrSwpfqifah omfvnf;aumif;tm½kaH y;ykYd onf/
owå0g\vnfrsKu d vdk ;DS jzwfaomfvnf; owå0g\cE¨mwGi;f rS aoG;tm;vk;H ukn d x
§ wk af p&efrmS OD;aESmufEiS hf
cE¨muk, d ef AfaMumqufo, G rf uI xde;f odr;f xm;rnfjzpfygonf/ vnfrsKu d v
dk ;DS jzwf&mwGif aoG;aMumrsm;uko d m
jywfapNyD; ausm½kd;eAfaMumr (0g) tm½kHaMum½Sd&m ausm½kd;rukd jywfapjcif; (0g) OD;acgif;ukd rjywfapjcif;
jzpfygonf/
taMumwufjcif;
,if;okdY vnfrsdKjzwfcH&NyD; tm½kHaMumESifh OD;acgif;rjywfbJ½Sdaeaom owå0gwkdYwGif qefYiifqefYiif
taMumwwfr(I convulsion) jzpfay:vmygonf/ vnfrsKEd iS hf aoG;aMumrsm;jywfomG ;aomfvnf; OD;aESmufEiS hf
qJvw f pf½LS ;rsm;tMum; eAfaMumqufo, G rf I rjywfb½J adS ejcif;jzpfayonf/
taMumwufrrI mS OD;aESmufqv J u
f vmyfpnf;rsm;ü atmufq*D siv f t dk yfro
I wif;rsm;okYd <uufom;rsm;u
wkYHjyef&mwGijf zpfay:onf/ xkYdaMumifh ,if;okYdqefYiifqefYiiftaMumwufro I nf cE¨muk, d ½f adS oG;aMumrsm;ay:rS
<uufom;rsm;ukd n§prf jI zpfay:apNy;D tom;rQiw f pf½LS ;rsm;rS aoG;yrmPtrsm;qk;H ukd A[kad oG;vnfywfrrI w S pfqifh
OD;aESmufoYdxk wk af y;apygonf/ okYdaomf OD;aESmufoYdrk a&mufrD vnfrsKad e&m½Sd vS;D jzwfxm;aom aoG;aMumae&mrS
cE¨mjyifyokYdxu G of mG ;onf/ xkad oG;rsm; OD;aESmufoYdrk a&mufbJ OD;aESmufqv J u f vyfpnf;rsm;u cE¨m<uufom;rsm;
ukd aoG;n§px f wk &f efowif;ukrd l eAfaMumrSwpfqifh tqufrjywfyYdkvsu½f adS e&m owå0graorcsi;f jzpfayonf/
þenf;jzifh owå0graorD tm½kHeAfaMum rjywfbJ½Sdaeojzifh cE¨mwGif;rSaoG;rsm;ukd n§pfxkwfrI
tqufrjywfjzpfaeNyD; aoG;rsm;ukd cE¨mjyifyokYd vnfrsKad e&mrS xkwNf yD;jzpfaeayawmhonf/
vnfrsKv d ;DS jzwfcx
H m;&aomowå0gonf qefYiifqefYiiftMumwufjcif;rSm owå0gowdvpfaepOfü jzpfay:
aeayonf/ aoG;tvGerf sm;pGmxGujf cif;aMumifh owdvpfjcif;jzpfayonf/ xkYdaMumifh vlom;wkYdpm;ok;H &efoifah om
tom;aumif;jzpfap&eftwGuf taMumwufjcif;rSm r½Srd jzpfvt dk yfaomobm0jzpfayonf/ owå0gukd &ufpuf
Murf;wrf;jcif;oabmESihf obm0tvsO;f r½Sad cs/ zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fu pepfwusprD x H m;rIyifjzpfayonf/
 - 50 -

aoG;\tEÅ&m,f
tpövmrfwGif aoG;pm;okH;jcif;ukdvnf;([&mrf)wm;jrpfxm;ayonf/ aoG;\vkyfief;rsm;teuf
vkyif ef;wpfcrk mS (atmufq*D si+f tpm)tm[m&jzpfapaomt&mrsm;ukd tom;rQiu f vmyfpnf; (wpf½LS ;qJv)f rsm;qDoYdk
ykYday;NyD; tom;rQiw f Ydk\ "gwkajymif;vJrjI zpfpOfrsm;aMumifh (tykx
d uG pf eG Yfy,f)ypön;f rsm; (waste products)
tnpftaMu;rsm;ukd jyefvnfo,faqmifvm&efjzpfayonf/ xkt d ykx
d uG pf eG Yfy,fypön;f rsm;onf cE¨mukd xdcu kd af p
ojzifh aoG;rsm;onf ausmufuyfujdk zwfoef;pOf ,if;aoG;twGi;f rS tykx d uG pf eG Yfy,fypön;f rsm;ukd ausmufuyfu
z,f½mS ;ypfvu kd yf gonf/ a&wGiaf ysm0f ifNy;D owå0gonf ,if;tEÅ&m,fjzpfapaom tykyd pön;f rsm;ukd ausmufuyfrS
qD;tjzpf cE¨mjyifyokYd xkwyf pfvu kd yf gonf/
aoG;onf a&m*gtrsK;d rsK;d jzpfapwwfaom t&mpk ZD0½ky?f ouf½(dS Organism)rsm;ukv d nf; o,faqmif
ygonf/ ,if;t&mpkrsm;onf a&m*gvu©PmwpfpkHwpf&m cE¨mukd,fürjybJ aoG;xJüvSnfhywfMuygonf/
xkYdaMumifh aoG;ukpd m;ok;H jcif;onf tEÅ&m,fjzpfapygonf/ xkYdtwl aoG;rsm;pGmyg0ifaomtom;ukpd m;ok;H jcif;jzifh
aoG;xJrSa&m*gjzpfapaomt&mpkrsm;aMumifh tEÅ&m,fjzpfapygonf/ xkdYtwl aoG;rsm;pGmyg0ifaomtom;ukd
pm;ok;H jcif;jzifh aoG;xJraS &m*gjzpfapaomt&mpkrsm;aMumifh tEÅ&m,f½EdS ikd yf gonf/ xkYdaMumifh owå0gukv d ;DS jzwf
&mwGif aoG;yrmPtrsm;qk;H xGuaf p&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/
aoG;jzpfap? aoG;ygaomtom;jzpfap pm;okH;jcif;onf tBuD;qkH;tEÅ&m,fwpfckrSm pdwfydkif;qdkif&m
tEÅ&m,fjzpfonf/ oefYpifaom tom;pm;jcif;rSm tEÅ&m,fr[kwaf cs/ aoG;pm;ok;H jcif;aMumifh aoG;qmwwfaom
½dkif;pdkif;Murf;wrf;aomtjyKtrlrsm;ay:xGufEdkifygonf/ aoG;pm;jcif;onf vlom;\oefYpifaomobm0udk
zsuq f ;D ygonf/
ZA[fenf;jzifhvSD;jzwfrIwGif wd&pämefüemusifrIr½Sdjcif;
tpövmrfeh nf;us ZA[fv;DS jzwfjcif;rSm owå0g\cE¨mwGi;f rSaoG;ukx d w
k &f mwGif txda&mufq;Hk enf;vrf;
jzpfaMumif; awGUjrif&Ny;D jzpfayonf/ odYkqv dk Qif ZA[fenf;jzifv
h ;DS jzwfjcif;onf owå0gudk emusiaf pygoavm/
wd&pämefwkdYrSm vlwkdYuJhokdY pum;rajymEdkifMuay&m ZA[fvSD;jzwfpOf ¤if;wkdYrnfokdYcHpm;Mu&oenf;/
emusirf I jzpfEikd ^f rjzpfEikd q
f &dk mwGif atmufygtqif(h 4)qifuh dk avhvm&efvydk gonf/
(1) vnfyif;\om;a&jym;ukd vS;D jzwfjcif;/
(2) vnfyif;wGif 'Pf&m&apjcif;/
(3) aoG;xGujf cif;/
(4) qefYiifqefYiif taMumwufjcif;/
vnfyif;ta&jym;vSD;jzwfjcif;ESifh emusifrI
vlwpfOD;onf EIwfcrf;arT;? yg;odkif;arT; ponfwkdYonf &dwf&mwGif wpfcgwpf&H ta&jym;ukd "g;½Sd
oGm;wwfygonf/ okdYaomf'Pf&mrS aoG;rxGufrD pyfaomcHpm;rIr&rD xkd'Pf&mukd owdrxm;rdwwfMuyg/
uREykf w
f Ydkonf þemusirf u I dk xdcu
kd ½f NdS yD;rSom cHpm;Mu&ygonf/ "g;½SpOf owdrjyKrv d u
kd Mf uyg/ taMumif;rSm
tvGeaf o;i,faom qHjcnf>yefaoG;aMumrsm;rS aoG;xGujf cif;rSm vlwpfO;D ukd owdvpfomG ;apavmufatmif
rjyif;xefacs/ xkYdtwl owå0gwpfaumiftaejzifv h nf;,if;\vnfyif;om;a&jym;ukd tvGex f ufaom "g;ud&, d m
jzifh tvGew f adk wmif;aomtcsed t
f wGi;f vQyw f jyufv;DS jzwfjcif;jzifh emusirf cI pH m;&ef tcsed yf ifr&vdu
k af cs/
 - 51 -

vnfyif;rS'Pf&mESifh emusifrI
vnfyif;wGif vS;D jzwfr'I Pf&maMumifh owå0grSm emusirf rI cHpm;&acs/ ZA[fenf;jzifh vS;D jzwf&mwGif
xufaom"g;jzifh ta&jym;NyD;aemuf wpf½LS ;tom;rQirf sm;ukv d ;DS jzwf&mwGif BuD;rm;aom aoG;aMumBuD;(4)ckudk
jzwfvu kd yf gonf/ aoG;yrmPrsm;pGmonf tvGev f sijf refpmG xGuo f mG ;ojzifh owå0grSm owdvpfomG ;ygonf/
OD;aESmufokdY aoG;ra&mufbJ aoG;qufvufxGufaeorQ owdvpfrIjyif;xefaernfjzpfygonf/ xkdYaMumifh
owå0gü emusirf rI cHpm;&yg/
tu,fí owåg\cE¨muk, d \f tjcm;wpfae&mü vS;D jzwf'Pf&m&apygu aoG;tajrmuftjrm; xGurf nf
jzpfaomfvnf; owå0grSm owd&aernfjzpfNyD; 'Pf&mrS emusirf u I dk cHpm;&rnfjzpfygonf/
wd&pämefudk ZA[fv;DS jzwfjcif;jzifh jzpfay:rnfeh musirf w I pfpw Hk pf&mukd touf½LS vrf;aMumif;ydwo f jzifh
av>yefütaygufwpfaygufazmufonfh atmfya&;½Si;f jyKvyk jf cif;jzifh rSe;f qpOf;pm;Edik yf gonf/ ,if;ukd xkaH q;jzifh
jyKvyk Ef ikd of nf/ pepfwusprD x H m;aom atmfya&;½Si;f ü vlem\tm½kEH iS hf emusirf NI ird o f ufap&ef aomufaq;ukd
ay;rnf/ tvsm;vdu k af v>yefay:½St d a&jym;atmufoYdk xkaH q;xk;d oGi;f rnf/ okYdaomf wd&pämefwiG rf l vnfyif;ü
a'gifvu kd ½f adS eaom aoG;aMumudjk zwfawmuf&efvt dk yfygonf/ owå0gonf aoG;tvGex f u
G Nf y;D rdepftenf;i,f
twGi;f aoqk;H oGm;ygonf/ xkaH q;xk;d oGi;f p&mrvk/d
vlEiS hf wd&pämefwYdw
k iG f ta&jym;OD;aESmufEiS hf xdcu dk ef musirf w I YdEk iS phf yfvsO;f í uGjJ ym;Muygonf/ zefqif;½Sif
tv’m[fu wd&pämefrsm;okYday;xm;aom emusifrIukd odomcHpm;EdkifpGrf;tqifh (level of sensitivity)rSm
¤if;wkYd\ obm0tjyKtrlrsm;ESihf vdu k af vsmnDaxGjyKxm;Ny;D jzpfayonf/ ¤if;wkYd½dS xlaomom;a&? tvGeef rd ahf om
tm½kHodpnf;(threshold)ESifh zefqif;cHxm;&ayonf/ xkdYaMumifh pm;okH;cGifhjyKaom owå0g\vnfyif;ukd
tpövmrfeh nf;usv;DS jzwfjcif;jzifh emusirf rI cHpm;&yg/
aoG;xGufpOfemusifrI
ZA[fenf;jzifh vnfrsKu d v
dk ;DS jzwfraI Mumifh owå0g\vnfyif;'Pf&mrS aoG;rsm;xGuof nfudk &ufpuf
Murf;MuKwfonf[lí emusifrIESifhywfoufaomt*Fgrsm;\ vIyf½Sm;rI,EÅ,m;(Physiology of pain)ukd
*½k rjyKrdolwkdYu xifaumif;xifaMuayrnf/ aoG;rsm;pGmxGufrIjzpfpOfü emusifrIr½Sdyg/ þtcsufukd
aoG;vSL½Siw
f idk ;f od½cdS pH m;Edik Mf uygonf/ xkYdjyif aoG;xGurf rI sm;av owå0g\ owdarhrI euf½idI ;f avjzpfygonf/
taMumwufrIESifhemusifrI
vnfyif;vSD;jzwfcH&rIaMumifh aoG;rsm;xGufaeojzifh qefYiifqefYiif taMumwufaeaomowå0gukd
Munfhí emusifrIcHpm;ae&onf[k xifaumif;xifayrnf/ taMumwufrIESifhqdkifaomt*Fgrsm;\ vIyf½Sm;rI
,EÅ,m;(Physiology of convulsion)jzpfpOfukdrodbJ MunfhaeolwpfOD;url &ufpuf&ma&mufonf[k
xifayrnf/
aY½w
S iG f ½Si;f cJNh y;D onft
h wdik ;f taMumwufr[ I ol nf OD;aESmuf\ qJvu f vmyfpnf;rsm;wGif atmufq*D sif
csKUd wJrh aI Mumifh tm½keH AfaMumrSwpfqifh owif;ykYdru I dk wpf½LS ;u wkYHjyefonfth aejzifh <uufom;rsm;u usKUH Mu
ayonf/ ,if;okdY <uufom;wkdY\usKHUrIaMumifh <uufom;rsm;u wpf½SL;tm;rQifrsm;½Sd aoG;aMumrsm;xJrS
aoG;ukd n§px f w k Nf yD; A[kad oG;vSnrhf pI epfoYdk xkwaf y;vdu
k of nf/ xkrd wS pfqifh OD;aESmufoYdk ykYday;&efjzpfonf/
okYdaomf vnfyif;okYd aoGrsm;ta&mufwiG f aoG;aMumvS;D jzwfxm;rIaMumifh aoG;rsm;OD;aESmufoYdk ra&mufawmhbJ
 - 52 -

jyifyokYdxu G af vonf/ OD;aESmuf½q dS vJ w f Ydkurl atmufq*D sicf sKUd wJo h jzifh aoG;vTwaf y;&efowif;ukd <uufom;rsm;
okYd tm½kaH MumeAfaMumrSwpfqifh qufvufowif;ykYdvsu½f adS eay&m <uufom;uku d sKUH jcif;? aoG;ukd OD;aESmufoYdk
ykYd jcif;? vrf;c&D;ü vnfyif;rSjyifyokYd xu G o
f mG ;jcif;jzpfpOfrmS owå0gaoqk;H oGm;onftxd jzpfayonf/
À xkYdaMumifh qefYiifqefYiiftaMumwufr[ I o l nf
Ä vnfyif;rSaoG;aMumrsm;ukjd zwfxm;jcif;/
Ä OD;aESmufrv S nfyif;wpfavQmuf oG,q f if;vmonfh ausm½k;d eAfaMumrukd rjzwfbcJ sex f m;jcif;/
Ä owå0g owdvpfaerSom jzpfay:Edik yf gonf/
þenf;jzifhom owå0g\cE¨mwGif;rS tqdyftawmufjzpfapaomaoG;wkdYukd owå0gemusifrIr½SdbJ
jyifyokdY vkHavmufpGm xkwfEdkifojzifh taMumwufaom tom;onfom pm;okH;ol\ usef;rma&;twGuf
tusK;d jzpfapNyD; t&omvnf; aumif;rGeaf pygonf/
tcsKUd olrsm;onf vnfrsKu d vdk ;DS jzwfaomfvnf; owå0gaoG;xGurf EI iS hf taMumwufru I dk rapmifq h idk ;f bJ
tm½kaH Mum eAfMumESihf ausm½k;d ½Sad eonfh vnfyif;ukcd sK;d vdu k jf cif;rSm ZA[fenf;\ &nf½, G cf suuf dk jynfph aHk pjcif;
r[kwfacs/ taMumwufrIjzpfpOfukd &yfqkdif;apojzifh tqdyftawmufjzpfaprnfhaoG;rsm;pGmonf owå0g\
cE¨mwGi;f ü use½f adS eygonf/
xkYad Mumifh tpövmrfeh nf;us ZA[fenf;jzifh vS;D jzwfjcif;onf owå0gtwGuf emusirf rI ½Sad pbJ vlom;wkY\ d
use;f rma&;ukv d nf; tusK;d jyKapygonf/
ZA[ftESpfcsKyf
À ZA[fenf;jzifh vS;D jzwfjcif;onf owå0g\vnfrsKu d dk vS;D jcif;jzifh -
Ä tvGev f sijf refpmG ESihf aoG;tajrmuftjrm; xGuaf pjcif;/
Ä vsijf refpmG owdvpfomG ;apNyD;aemuf aojcif;ukd acwåtcsed q f x JG m;Edik jf cif;/
Ä OD;aESmufEiS chf E¨muk, d \f eAfaMumqufxm;rIurdk jzwfbJ csex f m;ojzifh taMumwufapum cE¨mwGi;f rS
tqdyt f awmufjzpfapaomaoG;rsm;ukd xkwyf pfEikd jf cif;/
Ä xkYtd wl aoG;xGujf cif;? taMumwufjcif;wkYrd mS t*Fgrsm;\ vIy½f mS ;rI,EÅ&m;(physiology)jzpfpOfom
jzpfNyD; &ufpufMurf;wrf;rIr[kwaf y/ owå0ukd emusiaf pjcif;vnf;r[kwyf g/ ZA[fjyKorl sm;rSm
vnf; pMu0Vmtaygif;wkYdk\t½Sif tv’m[fudk owd&apNyD; owå0gukv d nf; use;f rma&;twGuf
tusK;d ½Sad om tom;ukjd zpfapygonf/ wd&pämefwYdkudk ZA[fjyK&ef vScJ sjcif;rSm &ufpufrrI [kwaf cs/
¤if;wkYd udk aq;0g;uko&efppfaq;rItwGuv f nf; vScJ saomtaetxm;jyKMu&ygonf/

wd&pämefavmuESifhywfoufaom vlwkdY\wm0efrsm;
wd&pämefrsm;tygt0if pMu0VmtwGif;½Sd t&mwkdYukd wkEIdif;rJhaus;Zl;awmf½Sif tv’m[ft½Sifjrwfu
vlom;wkYd twGuf -
(1) uk;d uG,&f mt½Sif tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf; edpx
ö m0&Ny;D jynfph pHk mG ½Sad ejcif;\ oufaovu©Pmawmf]tm,of}
awmfrsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
(2) vlom;wkYd pepfwuso;Hk pGíJ avmuukt d vSqif&ef aus;Zl;awmf]edtrf of}rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/
 - 53 -

(3) tv’m[ft½Sifjrwfu vlom;ukd,kHMunfvTJtyfol ]trmeof}tay: tvGJokH;pm;rjyKbJ opöm½SdpGm b0

wnfaqmuf&efvnf;aumif; pDrjH yKvyk af y;xm;jcif;jzpfayonf/
(1) aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[f½adS wmfral Mumif; oufaovu©Pmrsm;ukd ESv;Hk oGi;f tyfjcif;
]xk d ( tv’ m [f ) t½S i f j rwf \ ouf a ovu© P mawmf r sm;teuf rk d ; aumif u if
pMu0Vmrsm;zefqif;awmfrljcif;onfvnf;aumif;? urÇmN*dK[fukd zefqif;awmfrl
jcif;onfvnf;aumif;? ,if;rkd;aumif;uifrsm;ESifh urÇmN*dK[fESpfckpvkH;wGif
jzefYxm;awmfrlaomouf½Sdtaygif;wkdYtm; zefqif;awmfrljcif;onfvnf;aumif;
tygt0ifjzpfayonf/ xkdYjyif xkdt½Sifjrwfonf rdrdtvkd½Sdawmfrlaomtcg
,if;wkdYtm; pk½kH;jcif;ukdvnf; jyKpGrf;Edkifawmfrl\\/} (uk&ftmef 42;29)
]. . . pifppf t&mcyfodrf;wkdYonf xkdt½Sifjrwftm; csD;rGrf;jcif;ESifhwuG twdkif;
tqr½Sd oefY½Sif;pifMu,fawmfrlaMumif; ½GwfqkdusL;&ifhvsuf½SdMuukef\/}
(uk&ftmef 17;44)
xkdYaMumifh vlom;taejzifh ouf½Sdwd&pämefavmutygt0if pMu0VmtwGif;rS tv’m[ft½Sifjrwf
wpfyg;wnf;½SdaMumif; oufaovu©Pmrsm;ukd avhvmMunfh½I&ef? em;vnfatmifBudK;pm;NyD; ESvkH;oGif;&ef
vdtk yfygonf/ tv’m[f\vrf;nTef uk&t f mefusr;f awmfjrwfonf pmawGUoufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;jzpfMuNyD;
tv’m[f\zefqif;rIobm0avmuBuD;onf vufawGU oufaovu©Pmawmfrsm;jzpfMuay&m ,if;oufao
vu©PmESp&f yfv;Hk ukd odem;vnfEikd af om ynm&yfrsm;ukv d nf; qnf;yl;avhvmqifjcif&m\/
txufyguk&t f meftm,wfawmfü urÇmN*Kd [t f jyif tjcm;pMu0Vmrsm;ü ouf½rdS sm;½Sad Mumif;yif jyqkx d m;
ayonf/
xkYdjyif wd&pämefrsm;taMumif; uk&t f mefüazmfjyxm;csurf sm;teuf ysm;aumifudk tdraf qmuf? tpm½Sm?
ysm;&nfxw k &f efvrf;nTecf suu f dk (16;68-69)üazmfjyxm;&m rl&if;t&ADo'´gtok;H tEIe;f rsm;ü ysm;rukad zmfneT ;f
xm;ayonf/ ysm;tkHü ysm;bk&ifrESifh ysm;vkyfom;rsm;rSm trrsm;jzpfMuNyD; ysm;xD;rSm rsKd;yGm;a&;twGuf
tenf;i,fom½Sad Mumif; od½MdS uonfrmS rMumao;acs/ uk&t f mefurl vGecf ahJ om ESpaf ygif;(1400)ausmu f wnf;u
ysm;r(bk&ifrESiv hf yk o
f m;rsm;)udk &nfneT ;f azmfjyxm;onfudk thzH , G af wGU½SEd ikd af yonf/ xkYdtwl EkYdjzpfay:yku
H v
dk nf;
(16;66)ü thzH , G af zmfjyxm;onf/
(2) tv’m[f\aus;Zl;awmfrsm;ukdodtyfjcif;
]toif(vlom;)wkYd rjrifcMhJ uavoavm/ pifppf tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfonf toifwYdt k usK;d iSm rk;d aumif;uif
pMu0Vmrsm;ü½So d nfwYdkuv
dk nf;aumif;? urÇmN*dK[üf ½So
d nfwYdkuv dk nf;aumif; tok;csEikd af pawmfrcl ahJ vonf/
xkYd jyif xktd ½Sijf rwfonf rdr\ d xif½mS ;aom aus;Zl;awmfrsm;ukv d nf;aumif;? rxif½mS ;aom aus;Zl;awmfrsm;
ukv d nf; toifwYdk tay:0,f tjynft h pkcH say;oem;awmfrcl o hJ nf/ (uk&ftmef 31;20)
]¤if;jyif xk(d tv’m[f)t½Sijf rwfonf ajcav;acsmif;wd&pämefrsm;ukv d nf; zefqif;xif½mS ;apawmfrcl ahJ v
onf/ toifwkdYtwGuf ,if;wkdYütaEG;xnfonfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;
½Sad yonf/ xkYd jyif ,if;wkYd teufryS if toifwYdk pm;ok;H Muuke\ f / ¤if;jyif ,if;wkYd udk naecsr;f wGif tdro f Ydk
jyefoiG ;f vmcsed üf vnf;aumif;? eHeuf,w H iG f pm;usuof Ydk vTwcf sed üf vnf;aumif; oifwYdw k uG f vSyESpv f zdk ,G v
f nf;
 - 54 -

½Sad yonf/ xkYdjyif ,if;wkYdonf toifwYdk\ 0efpnfpv,frsm;ukd toifwYdktvGet f rif;cJ,Of;pGmom a&muf½dS

Edik Mf uaom NrKd U½GmokYd o,fy;dk jcif;ukv d nf;jyKMu\/ rkcs{uef toifwYdktm; tqifq h ifjh yKpyk sK;d axmifawmfral om
t½Sio f nf trSeyf if wkEidI ;f rJh El;nhaH wmfral omt½Si?f wkEidI ;f rJh aumif;cs;D u½kPmay;awmfral omt½Sif jzpfawmfrl
ayonf/ xkdYjyif xkd(tv’m[f)t½SifjrwfonfyifvQif jrif;? vm;ESifh jrnf;wd&pämefrsm;ukdvnf; toifwkdY
pD;eif;Mu&efvnf;aumif;? cefYnm;wifw h ,fvyS ap&efvnf;aumif; pDrjH yKvyk af wmfrcl o hJ nf/ xked nf;wl xdt k ½Sijf rwf
onf toif(vlom;)wkYd rodMuaomt&mrsm;ukv d nf; zefqif;awmfral vonf/} (uk&t f mef 16;5-8)
vlom;onf ausmufacwfrpS í ,cktcg tEkjrLukd ok;H wwfaeayNy/D tmumoukd xk;d azmufaeayNy/D
xkdYaMumifh vlom;taejzifh opfyifrsm;ukd aygufaponfh opfaphukdvnf;aumif;? a&çajrçavçrD; obm0
t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukv d nf;aumif; wDxiG Bf uq H ok;H pGEJ ikd pf rG ;f ½So
d nfh qifjcifww
Hk &m;ukvd nf;aumif;? wd&pämefrsm;ukd
vnf;aumif; pDrjH yKvyk af y;awmfro l nfh wkEidI ;f rJh aus;Zl;awmf½iS f tv’m[fudk opöm½So d t l jzpf b0wnfaqmuf
&rnfjzpfayonf/
xkYdjyif tv’m[f\aus;Zl;awmfrsm;ukd pepfwuso;Hk pGEJ ikd af &;twGuf oufqikd &f m odyHÜ 0dZmÆ ynm&yfrsm;
ukd pepfwusem;vnf&efvt dk yfovk?d aq;ynm? ZD0aA'ynm&yfrsm;twGuf owå0grsm;jzifh tajccHvt dk yfcsuf
ukd okawoejyKydkifcGifh½Sdygonf/ tEÅ&m,f½Sdygu okwfoifcGifh½Sdygonf/ vlonf ukd,fusifhw&m;ukdom
apmifx h ed ;f tyfygonf/
(3) tv’m[f\,kHMunfvTJtyfrIukd tvGJokH;pm;rjyKtyfjcif;
zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fonf pMu0VmtwGi;f ü vlom;ukd trmeofac: ,kMH unfvt JT yfrjI yKxm;&m ,if;ukd
tvGo J ;Hk pm;rjyKtyfacs/ (uk&t f mef 33;72) t&mwkid ;f ukd ,if;wkYd EiS hf xdu
k o
f ifah om&ydik cf iG u
hf dk ay;tyf&rnf/
w&m;rQwrIudk xde;f odr;f &rnf/ (uk&mf tef 4;58) xkYdaMumifh wd&pämefavmu todu k t
f 0ef;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufí
vlom;vky&f yfrsm;ukv d nf; rSww f rf;wifxm;Ny;D ½Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnfah eYwiG f ppfaq;cH&rnfjzpfaMumif; atmufyg
twdik ;f owday;vrf;nTex f m;ayonf/
]¤if;jyif urÇmN*dK[f0,f ½Sd½SdorQaom ouf½Sdowå0gtaygif;wkdYonfvnf;aumif;?
rdrdwkdY\ awmifyHESpfzufjzifh ysHoef;vsuf½Sdaom iSufwd&pämeftaygif;wkdYonf
vnf;aumif; toifwkdYuJhokdY tkyfpkrsm;jzpfMuayonf/ igt½SifjrwfrSwfwrf;
awmfwGif wpfpkHwpf&mukdrQ csefvSyfxm;awmfrlcJhonfr½Sdacs/ xkdYaemuf ,if;wkdY
onf ¤if;wkdYtm; tqifhqifhjyKpkysKd;axmifawmfrlaom t½SifjrwfxHawmfokdY
omvQif pk½kH;apjcif;ukd cHMu&ayrnf/} (uk&ftmef 16;38)
]trSefaomfum; urÇmN*dK[f0,f ½Sd½SdorQ owå0gtaygif;wkdY\&du©monf tv’m[f
t½Sifjrwf\tay:ü½Sdayonf/ ¤if;jyif xkdt½Sifjrwfonf ,if;wkdY\ owfrSwf
ae&mrsm;ukdvnf;aumif;? xdef;odrf;&mae&mrsm;ukdvnf;aumif; t<uif;rJh
od½Sdawmfrlayonf/ t&mwkdif;onf xif½Sm;aomrSwfwrf;awmfwGif ½Sdae\/}
(uk&ftmef 11;6)
tkypf t
k oduk t f 0ef;[lonf wlnaD omwpfO;D csi;f wkYd aygif;pnf;aexdik Mf ujcif;jzpfayonf/ wd&pämefwYdkwiG f
ZD0aA'jzpfpOftay:tajccHNyD; tkypf t k odu
k t
f 0ef;jyKMuNyD;? todÓPf½adS om vlom;wkYd url ,Ofaus;rItay:
tajccHí vlYtzGUJ tpnf;wnfaqmufMuayonf/
 - 55 -

tv’m[ft½Sifjrwfonf a&xk? ajrxk? avxk toD;oD;ü½SdMuaom owå0gwkdYtwGuf &du©mukd

oufqidk &f mobm0tavsmuf qifu h q
J ifu h o
J wfrw S x f m;ay\/ (20;54) xkYd aMumifh vlom;onf ¤if;wkYd \
pm;usurf sm;? tqifq h ifth odu k t f 0ef;vku d jf zpfwnfrrI sm;ukd xde;f odr;f ay;Mu&ayrnf/ wd&pämefwYdkwiG f toufEiS hf
obm0todpw d (f instinct)om½SNd y;D qifjcifww Hk &m;? vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG Ehf iS hf ezfp0f n d mOfwYdk r½SMd uojzifh
ukov dk f tukov dk (f aumif;rIjypfr)I rjzpfMuacs/ obm0todpw d rf wS pfqifh zefqif;½Sit f v’m[fu ¤if;wkYdtwGuf
owfrw S jf y|mef;csurf sm;twdik ;f wpfaoGrwdr;f emcHvsu½f MdS uay&m ½Sijf yefxajrmuf&rnfah eYwiG f ¤if;wkYd w&m;pD&if
ppfaq;cHMu&rnfvnf;r[kwaf cs/ uk&t f mefusr;f jrwfüvnf; wd&pämefwYdk w&m;pD&ifppfaq;cH&rnf[k azmfjy
xm;jcif;tvsO;f r½Sad cs/ tv’m[ h x f H pk½;Hk jcif;cH&rnf[o l nf tv’m[f\pGr;f aqmifEikd rf u I dk jyqkNd y;D wd&pämefwYdkudk
w&m;pD&ifppfaq;rnf[k qkv d jdk cif;r[kwaf y/
okYdaomf tv’m[ h x f rH S ,kMH unfvt JT yfrcI xH m;&aomvlom;onf wd&pämefavmutygt0if pMu0VmESihf
pyfvsO;f í rdr\ d qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,v f yk yf ikd cf iG u
hf dk tvGo
J ;Hk pm;jyKrEI iS phf yfvsO;f í ½Sijf yefxajrmuf
&rnfah eYwiG f w&m;pD&ifcMH u&rnfjzpfayonf/
wd&pämefwYdkxrH v S o l m;u &ydik cf iG rhf sm;½So d uJoh Ydk vlwYdku wd&pämefwYdktm;ay;&rnfh tcGit hf a&;rsm;vnf;
½Sad eayonf/ tMuifrnforl qkd wd&pämefwYdktm;ay;&rnft h cGit hf a&;ukd ray;bJ tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKjcif;onf tv’m[ h f
xHrS ,kMH unfvt JT yfruI dk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKjcif;jzpfí jypfrx I ukd af yonf/
wd&pämefwkdYtm;ay;&rnfhtcGifhta&;rsm;
tv’m[ft½Sijf rwfu wd&pämeftoD;oD;tm; vlom;\tusK;d iSm obm0toD;oD;jzifh zefqif;xm;\/
vlom;wkYdtaejzifh oufqikd &f mobm0tavsmufom tok;H csMu&rnf/ obm0ESiq hf efYusiíf tok;H rcs&/ rEdik 0f efudk
rxrf;ap&/ tusK;d rJo h wfjzwfjcif;rjyK&/ n§i;f yef;ESyd pf ufjcif;rjyK&/ pm;ydik cf iG ½hf adS omowå0gukd pm;ok;H awmhrnf
qkdvQif ydkif½Siftv’mh[fxH cGifhyefí ZA[fvSD;jzwfenf;jzifhom vSD;jzwfNyD;rS pm;okH;cGifh½Sdonf/ ZA[fenf;jzifh
vSD;jzwfxm;jcif;r½Sdaomowå0g\tom;ukd pm;okH;jcif;onf aus;Zl;½Siftv’m[fukd opömrJh&m? owå0gukd
apmfum;&ma&mufojzifh rpm;&/
tESpcf sKyrf mS tpövmrfwiG f vlom;tcsi;f csi;f touf? Opöm"eESihf *kPo f u d m© ukd apmifx
h ed ;f tyfouJo h Ydk
wd&pämef\touf? &dum© ESihf ae&mXmersm;? wd&pämeftjzpf jznfwnfrrI sm;ukd umuG,af pmifx h ed ;f Mu&rnf/
uk&t f mefusr;f jrwfrmS rl acwfwidk ;f ? a'owkid ;f twGuf trSm;r½Sb d J NyD;jynfph NHk yD;jzpfayonf/ okYd aomf
wd&pämefwYd\k tcGit hf a&;ESiphf yfvsO;f í wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'awmfrw S wf rf;wkYdudk avhvm&mwGif ajymcH&onfo h ?l
rSww f rf;wpfqifjh yefo?l ajymonft h csed ?f ajymonft
h ajctaersm;ukd *½krjyKrb d J em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;r½Syd gu
t"dymÜ ,faumuf,&l mwGif vGrJ mS ;rIrsm;jzpfwwfonfudk owdjyKMu&rnfjzpfygonf/ xkYdaMumifh Mo0g'awmfrw S w f rf;
wkYd udk uk&tf mefvrf;nTet f vif;a&mifatmufüom zGiq hf edk m;vnfEikd af yonf/
wd&pämefwkdY\toufESifhpyfvsOf;í Mo0g'rSwfwrf;tcsKdU
(1) ]rnfolrqkd pmuav; (okdYr[kwf) pmuav;xufBuD;aomwd&pämefukd wmef0efrJhowfjzwfygu ,if;
owfjzwfrEI iS phf yfvsO;f í xko
d pl pfaq;ar;jref;jcif;cH&rnf/} (t[fr'f? epmtD)
qkv
d o dk nfrmS touftEÅ&m,f½ydS gu umuG,o f wfjzwfciG ½hf ydS gonf/ pm;ok;H cGi½hf adS omowå0gukd ZA[fenf;jzifh
vS;D jzwfciG ½hf ydS gonf/
 - 56 -

okYd aomf wm0efr?hJ tusK;d rJo h wfjzwfjcif;rjyK&ef oGeo f ifcsujf zpfayonf/

(2) owå0gtcsi;f csi;f wdu k af y;jcif;? aY0cS ikd ;f jcif;rjyK&/ (od&rf Zd ?D tAl'g0k')f
owå0gwkYdprG ;f &nfjrifwh ufvmap&ef pepfwusavhusirhf jI yKay;Edik af omfvnf; taMumif;rJah rm[du k yf ifyef;atmif?
xdcu kd ef musiaf tmifrjyK&ef (Oyrm - Muufwu kd jf cif;? EGm;aY0cS ikd ;f jcif;wkYdurdk jyK&ef)oGeof ifcsujf zpfayonf/
(3) tpm;tpmtwGurf [kwb f J wd&pämefudk vufwnfph rf;jcif;rjyK&/ (Akcg&D? rkpfvifrf? rpf½Sfumof)
tpm;tpm&du©mvdktyfcsuftwGuf trJvdkufjcif;? ig;½Smjcif;jyKvkyfcGifh½Sdaomfvnf; owå0gukd tusKd;rJh
vufwnfph rf;&mypfrw S t f jzpf rjyK&efjzpfonf/
(4) pm;cGi½hf adS omowå0gukd ZA[fenf;jzifh vS;D jzwf&mwGif owå0g oufawmifo h ufomjzpfap&ef *½kjyK&rnf/
Oyrm - tpma&pmauR;jcif;? xufaom"g;uko d ;Hk jcif;? ZA[fenf;pepftjynft h 0usio hf ;Hk jcif; (rkpv f ifr?f
rpf½u fS mof)/ xkYdaMumifh tEÅ&m,fay;onfw h &d pämefudk okwo f if&mwGiyf if raumif;aomapwemjzifh tcsed q f íJG
owfjcif;rsK;d rjyKtyfacs/
(5) ukvm;tkyfbkdYrsm;? okd;NrD;rsm; tp½SdonfwkdYukd ZA[frvSD;cif t½Sifvwfvwf vSD;jzwfpm;aomufjcif;
rjyK&/ ,if;onf taoom;uJo h Ydk yifjzpfonf/ (od&rf Zd ?D tAl'g0k')f
wd&pämefwkdY\ pm;eyf&du©mESifhae&mXmersm;
(1) vlwpfO;D onf auR;arG;&efwm0ef½ydS gvsuf rauR;bJaejcif;onf w&m;cHjzpf&ef vkaH vmufayonf/
(rkpvf ifr)f
(2) qmavmifrw G o
f yd o
f jzifh 0rf;ESichf g; wpfajy;wnf;jzpfaeaom ukvm;tkyw f pfaumifudk wrefawmfjrwf
awGUawmfral omtcg pum;rajymEdik ½f mS aom þwd&pämefrsm;ESiyhf wfoufí tv’m[fudk aMumuf½UHG ½kad oMu\/
xkud o
f ifo
h aY½oG mpD;Mu? tpmukv d nf;a<u;Mu? xdu k of ifah omtcsed üf vTwíf tem;ay;Mu[k rdeYf awmfrl
cJo
h nf/ (tAl'g0k')f
(3) c&D;oGm;aepOf owå0gwkYd \ ajrBuD;rS&ydik cf iG uhf v
dk nf; ay;Mu&rnf/ (rpf½u
fS mof)
wd&pämeftjzpf jzpfwnfrIukd ESdrfcs½dkif;jypGm qufqHrIrjyK&jcif;
(1) c&D;oGm;pOf pcef;csygu tpD;teif;rS vSn;f tdrjf zKwNf yD;rS qGvmof0wfjyKMu&rnf/ (rpf½u
fS mof)
rvktd yfbJ tpD;teif;owå0gü vSn;f tdrw f yfxm;jcif;rjyK&/ iJn h m§ rI½&dS rnf/
(2) c&D;oGm;&mwGif pD;eif;aejcif;r[kwb f J rvktd yfbJ owå0gtay:xdik íf pum;ajymaejcif;rsK;d rjyK&/
(rpf½u
fS mof)
(3) wd&pämefrsm;rsuEf mS ay:okYd ½du
k Ef u
S jf cif;? rsuEf mS ukd trm½Gwjf zpfatmif jyKvyk jf cif;wkYd rjyK&/ (rkpvf ifr)f
(4) Muufzukd qJa&;wkid ;f xGmjcif;rjyKEiS /hf ¤if;onf 0wfjyK&ef EI;d aqmfay;onf/ (rpf½u
fS mof)
qkv
d odk nfrmS owå0gwkYd udk qJa&;wkid ;f xGmjcif;rjyK&/ ½dik ;f jypGmqufqjH cif;rjyK&/ pGr;f &nfxufjrufa&;
twGuf pepfwusavhusiahf y;cGi½hf ydS gonf/
(5) wd&pämefwYdkudk erdwq f ;dk ^tr*Fvm[k oabmrxm;&/ (tAl'g0k')f
Oyrm - tcsKdUwd&pämefrsm;onf pD;yGm;wkd;apNyD;? tcsKdUwd&pämefwkdYrSm usufoa&r½Sd[lí rajymtyf/
wrefawmfjrwfonf ½Su D mvfjrif;(nmajcb,fvuf^b,fajcnmvufü tjzLuGu½f adS omjrif;)ukd rESpo f uf/
(rkpvf ifr)f
 - 57 -

qkvd o
dk nfrmS xkjd rif;rsK;d onf tr*Fvmr[kw/f okYd aomf trsK;d tpm;ukd rBudKujf cif;omjzpfygonf/
wrefawmfjrwfonf teDa&mifjrif;ukd ESpo f uf\/ (od&rf Zd )D
t&AfwkdYonf ,cifu c&D;oGm;cgeD; iSufodkufwGif;rS iSufrsm;ukd armif;xkwfwwfMu\/ iSufwkdYu
taY½b S uf^nmbufoYdkyso H ef;u edrw d af umif;NyD; b,fbufoYdkyso H ef;u edrw d rf aumif;[lí ,lqMu&m
wrefawmfjrwfu ]iSurf sm;ukd iSuo f u kd rf sm;ü½Syd gap}(tAl'g0k')f [k qk;H r\/ ,if;okYd edrw d rf aumufMu&ef
oifMum;xm;\/ (uk&t f mef 17;13)uk&d nfneT ;f í tv’m[fu, dk yHk NHk yD; rdrMd ur®m rdrzd efw;D Mu&ef oGo f if
awmfr\ l /
(6) wd&pämef&ifaoG;i,frsm;ukd rdcifxrH S cGrJ ,l&/ (tAl'g0k'?f rpf½u fS mof)
rdcifEiS &hf ifaoG; cGjJ cif;jzifh rdcifudk 'kur© a&;&/
wrefawmfjrwf\ Mo0g'awmfrw S w f rf;rsm;\ tESpcf sKyo f abmrSm wd&pämefuo hJ Ydk rjzpfapbJ tv’m[fu
rdru
d adk y;oem;xm;aom qifjcifww Hk &m;ÓPfpifwYdkudk pepfwustok;H csí zefqif;½Si?f aus;Zl;½Sif tv’m[f\
oufaovu©Pmrsm;ukd odjrifem;vnfEv S ;Hk oGi;f Mu&ef atmufygtwdik ;f tv’m[fu vrf;nTex f m;\/
]. . . xkdolwkdYü pdwfESvkH;rsm;um;½SdMu\/ okdYaomf ,if;pdwfESvkH;rsm;jzifh
¤if;wkdYonf pOf;pm;qifjcifem;vnfjcif;r½SdMuacs/ xkdolwkdYü rsufpdrsm;um;
½SdMu\/ okdYaomf ,if;wkdYjzifh xkdolwkdYrjrifMuacs/ xkdolwkdYü em;rsm;um;
½SdMu\/ okdYaomf ,if;wkdYjzifh xkdolwkdYrMum;Muacs/ xkdolwkdYonf wd&pämef
rsm;uJhokdYomjzpfNyD; ykdíyif qkd;0g;Muao;onf/ xkdolwkdYonf *½krjyKolrsm;
jzpfMuayonf/} (uk&ftmef 7;179)
uk&fAgeD[lonf ,ZfylaZmfjcif; tvsOf;r[kwfyg/
urÇmah 'otcsKUd ½Sd ½k;d &m,Ofaus;rIrsm;ukad vhvmMunfv h Qif wd&pämefrsm;jzifh ,Zfyal ZmfryI pHk rH sK;d pku
H dk awGUjrif
&ayonf/ &nf½, G cf sut
f oD;oD;½SMd u\/ txl;ojzifh ewfuydk ojcif;jzpfayonf/ ,Zfyal Zmfonfh wd&pämefwYdkrmS
uRJ? EGm;? EGm;aemuf? 0uf ponfwkdYjzpfMuonf/ ,if;okdY ,ZfylaZmf&mwGif
(u) ewfuGef; okdYr[kwf ewfpif
(c) ,ZfaumifEiS hf ,Zfpif
(*) ewfyal Zmfjcif;? ewfay;jcif;? ewfuEém;ay;jcif;
(C) OD;aqmifay;aom ewfq&mrsm; . . . ponfwYdk ½SMd uayonf/ wkid ;f &if;om;wkYd \ "avhx;Hk pHrsm;tjzpf
tcsi;f csi;f av;pm;Muayonf/
odYkaomf tpövmrf\ uk&Af geDusiphf OfrmS ,if;okYd ,Zfyal Zmfonft h oGiw f pfcrk Q ryg½Sad cs/ &nf½, G cf suf
rSmvnf; oD;jcm;pDomjzpfaMumif; azmfjyNyD;jzpfygonf/
xkYdjyif tpövmrf\ tpm;tpmpepfwiG f vlYzUJG pnf;ykt H & tom;ig;ESihf oD;ESu H dk wGzJ ufpm;ok;H rI½ydS gonf/
tom;ukd uk&Af geDaeYwiG rf S pm;ok;H jcif;r[kwyf g/ touf[o l nf qJvEf iS hf y½kw d ydk vmZrfudk tajccHxm;ojzifh
oufowfvw G pf epfrjzpfEikd af Mumif; azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ aeYpOf om;ig;ykpeG Ef iS hf toD;t½Guu f dk pm;ok;H aeMu&
ayonf/ tom;pm;&mwGiyf if opömw&m;ukd rnfrQxed ;f odr;f xm;aMumif;vnf; azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh
rkpfvifrfpm;aomufqdkifrsm;wGif ]786}[lí azmfjyxm;jcif;rSm pm;aomufrIpnf;urf;ukd apmifhxdef;&aom
rkpv
f ifrwf YdktwGuf tpövmrfeh nf;usprD x H m;aom tpm;tpmrsm;[lí oauFwjzifh azmfjyjcif;omjzpfygonf/
 - 58 -

tjcm; rnfonf&h nf½, G cf surf Qr½Syd g/

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ukvm;tkyfraygbJ EGm;aygí EGm;rsm;ukd uk&fAgeDjyKjcif;jzpfygonf/ EGm;okH;pGJrsm;u
xkwfvkyfrIykdrsm;onfrSm "r®wmjzpfygonf/ v,f,mudkif;uRef;udpw ö Gif uRJEGm;ukdokH;&mrS ykdrkdxa&mufaom
pufypön;f wkYd aem,lvmaeNyDjzpfygonf/
okYdaomf AvD0wfausmif;awmfrsm;wGif uk&Af geDjyKjcif;rSm tpövmrfw h &m;awmfEiS rhf avsmn f yD g/ rtyfpyfyg/
utfA[fausmif;awmfüvnf; uk&Af geDrjyKyg/ rDemt&yfü oD;jcm;jyKMu&ygonf/ AvDtwGi;f ZA[fjyKjcif;aMumifh
roefYpifrrI sm;pGmay:ayguf&onf/ tajccHoefY½iS ;f pifMu,frI oG[m&ofuif;rJah pygonf/ uk&Af geDjyKot l csKUd
rSmvnf; uk&Af geDoabmw&m;ESihf tESpo f m&ukd odjrifem;vnfjcif;r½Sb d J tom;azmfpm;olomomrQ jyKusihf
aeMujcif;wkYdudk a½SmifMuOfMu&ygrnf/ tjcm;bmom0ifwYdkEiS hf Nird ;f csr;f pGm twl,OS w f aJG exdik af &;rlEiS hf tjyeftvSef
av;pm;rIudk owdrvpfoifah cs/ jrifjh rwfaom uk&Af geD pGeYfvLS jcif;oabmw&m;ukd vufawGUazmfaqmifMu&ygrnf/

ed*kH;
tpövmrfac: Nidr;f csr;f a&;b0wnfaqmufrv I rf;pOfonf yk*Kd¾ vpf ?JG a'opG?J vlrsK;d pGJ ponfh tpGw J &m;
tm;vkH;tay: tajccHrxm;acs/ tcsdefESifh ae&mtmumo? taMumif;w&m;ESifh tusKd;w&m;? EIdif;,SOfrI
ponfh uefYowfcsuw f Ydkudk vGeaf jrmufawmfral om avmucyford ;f wkYdudk jyKjyifp&D ifawmfral om wkEidI ;f rJh u½kPm
awmf½iS f tv’m[fwpfyg;wnf;tay:ü tajccHxm;ayonf/
okdYjzpfay&m tpövmrfhusifhpOfwkdYrSmvnf; yk*dK¾ vfpGJ? a'opGJ? vlrsKd;wkdYtay: tajcrcHacs/ qifjcifwkH
w&m;rJhjcif;? t,lonf;jcif;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhqefYusifjcif; ponfh vrf;nTefcsufrsm;vnf; tvsOf;rygacs/
pMu0Vmavmucyford ;f ESi, hf OS af om Nidr;f csr;f a&;w&m;rsm;uko d m awGUjrif&ayrnf/
uk&Af geDusiphf OfrmS vnf; pMu0VmESi, hf OS af om jrifjh rwfonfyh ef;wdik t f wGuf ]ig}tpGcJ Rw&f ef trSew f &m;
tay: opömapmifo h ½d adk ojcif;ESihf pGeYf vLS &Jaomowåu d dk xde;f odr;f apaom taMumif;w&m;wpf&yfjzpfaMumif;
avhvmawGU½SdcJh&NyD;jzpfayonf/ trSefw&m;ay: opöm½Sdjcif;ESifh pGefYvSL&Jaom owåd½SifwkdYomvQif ukd,fusKd;
rzufbJ Nird ;f csr;f a&;w&m;ukd umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f Murnfh pMu0Vm\ ol&aJ umif;rsm;jzpfMuayonf/ ¤if;wkYdonfom
]ig}wnf;[laomtpGu J dk atmifEikd Mf uolrsm;jzpfMuayonf/
vlom;wkid ;f onf qifjcifww Hk &m;ESihf vGwv f yfpmG a½G;cs,jf yKyikd cf iG u
hf dk ydik q
f ikd x
f m;Muonf/ vlom;\
vuf½v dS yk &f yfwikd ;f onf ¤if;\tem*wfuMH ur®mtwGuf taMumif;w&m;rsm;omjzpfayonf/ vlYtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
onf Nidrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwGJaexdkifa&;rljzifh&yfwnf&ef BudK;yrf;aeMuonf/ bmomw&m;toD;oD;uvnf;
wpfcck si;f \jzpfwnfru I dk oabmxm;Bu;D pGm todtrSwjf yKí vlom;xkwpf&yfv;Hk \ Nird ;f csr;f a&;ESihf zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wuf
a&;twGuf w&m;rQwrIay: tajccHum BuKd ;yrf;aqmif½u G af eMuonf/ tpövmrfac: Nird ;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOfuvnf;
w&m;rQwrI( )ESifh tvSqifaumif;usKd;jyKjcif;( )w&m;wkdYukd aqmif½Guf&mwGif trSefw&m;twGuf
pGefYvSL&ef tNrJtoifh½Sdapjcif;? ½IdifoGmefac: tzsuftiftm;pkukd qefYusif&eftoifh½Sdapjcif;wkdYukd uk&fAgeD
pdw"f gwfu yJjh yifxed ;f ausmif;ay;aejcif;jzpfygonf/
vlom;wGif ½kyEf iS ehf mrf [lí yl;wG½J adS eay&m tpövmrfu h siphf Ofrsm;onf ,if; ½kyEf iS ehf mrf ESprf sK;d pvk;H ukd
o[Zmwjzpfapaom w&m;wkYduo dk mjyqko d nf/ uk, d çf EIwçf ESv;Hk ok;H yg;pvk;H ukd wpfxyfwnf;usap&ef oGeo f if
ygonf/ w&m;wpfc\ k oabmw&m;ESihf tESpo f m&ukd azmfaqmif&mwGif ,if;ESiphf yfvsO;f aeonfh ½kyw f &m;
 - 59 -

wkdY\ yuwdtajctaeESifhvnf; vufawGUo[Zmwjzpfap&ef vrf;nTefoifMum;ygonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,ck

uk&fAgeDusifhpOfwGifvnf; wkEIdif;rJhu½kPmawmf½Sif tv’m[fESifh eD;uyfrI½Sdap&ef (0g) vlom;onf rdrd\
ezfp0f nd mOfonf tzGUH NzdK;qk;H jzpfap&ef tESpo f m&oabmaqmifvsuf wrefawmfBuD; tdA&f m[DrEf iS hf om;awmf
tdprf mtDvo f rkid ;f wkYd udk *kPjf yKvsuf vkt d yfcsu½f o
dS rl sm;xH tom;tvSLay;a0jcif;jzpfayonf/
tpövmrfwGif toufESifh ezfpf0dnmOfwkdY\ uGmjcm;ykHrsm;ukdvnf; avhvmcJhNyD;jzpfygonf/ xkdYjyif
oufowfvw G [
f o l nf vufawGUtm;jzifrh &Edik af Mumif;vnf; ½Si;f vif;cJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ tpövmrfh tpm;tpmpepf
wGif zefqif;½Sit f ay: opömapmifo h ½d adk ojcif;w&m;ukv d nf; azmfjycJNh yD;jzpfygonf/
jrifjh rwfaom vlom;wpfO;D jzpfap? ,Ofaus;rI½adS om vlYtzGUJ tpnf;wpf&yftwGujf zpfap opömw&m;ukd
apmifo h ½d adk ojcif;ESihf pGeYf vLS jcif;wkYd onf r½Srd jzpf vkt d yfaomt&nftaoG;rsm;yifjzpfayawmhonf/

]toifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY cspfcifESpfoufonfht&mxJrS rokH;pGJorQumvywfvkH;

jrifhjrwfaom ukd,fusifhw&m;ukd rnfonfhtcgrQ &,lEdkifrnfr[kwfacs/}
(uk&ftmef 3;92)

Nidr;f csr;f vkvif

1.11.1997
 - 60 -

usrf;ukd;pm&if;
(1) usr;f awmfjrwfu&k t
f mef t&ADr&l if;/
(2) Akcg&D? rkpfvifrf? od&frdZD? tAl'g0k'f? tdAfEkrm*s[? epmtD
(3) Ghulam Mustafa Khan, “AL-DHABH”
Jeddah, Abul Qasim Bookstore, 1991.
(4) BIOLOGY (Standard Ten)
Yangon, Ministry of Education, 1986.
(5) John Pfeiffer, “THE CELL”
United States, Time Inc., 1969.
(6) “SCIENTIFIC INDICATIONS IN THE HOLY QURAN”
Dhaks, Islamic Foundation Bangladesh, 1990.
(7) “WHY ISLAM FORBIDS PORK”
Islamabad, Islamic Research Institute
(8) Muhammad lqbal Saddiqi,
“THE RITUAL OF ANIMAL SACRIFICE IN ISLAM”
Lahore, KAZI PUBLICATION,
(9) armifarmfO;D (aq;-2)? ]oifch E¨muk,
d ½f q
dS v
J }f ?
&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1994/
(10) tajccHowåaA'(e0rwef;)?
&efuek ?f txufwef;oif½;dk rmwdum/
(11) jrefrmhtpm;tpm\tm[m&?
&efuek ?f use;f rma&;0efBuD;Xme? 1994/
(12) armifxed v
f if;? jrefrmhv,f,mvkyif ef; aY½w
S pfvrS ;f twuf(yxrwG)J ?
&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1985/
(13) udopf bD m½Ge?f ]pm;eyf&u
d m© -vlwYdk \ tem*wfjyóem} (bmomjyef)?
&efuek ?f tar&duefjyefMum;a&;Xme? 1978/
(14) csp0f if;nGeYf ? ]vljynfu
h syaf eaom þurÇm} (bmomjyef)?
&efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1986/
(15) armifMunfoefY? ]<u,f0&du©m? &efukef? pmayAdrmef? 1982/