Col 101 Rtest

W
????
K
KK
KK
K

K
K K
K
K
WK
K
K
W
K

K
K
K
K
KEFK

"International System
K(SI)of Units"
KSI
--
(1)W
m / sec miles / hr 60
1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 mile = 5280 ft, 1 hr =3600 sec
m
=1
ft
ft
5280
=1
mile
sec
3600
=1
hr
0.3084
EF
W
hr (60 ) (0.3048) (5280 ) m
m
=
= 26.8
m
ft 1
miles
60
0.3048 5280
hr
ft
miles 3600 sec
3600
sec
sec
KSI
WSI
(1 m)
(1 kg)
(1 K)
(1 sec)
K( m3 )W K
( m/sec ) W
(N)NewtonW K

KEm/sec2)
--
K W K
KE N m 2 FL
W K
K( kg/m3)L
W
K
Km3/kg
K(J)E N m FKW K
K( Watt, W)W K
10-1
deci
10
da
deca
10-2
centi
102
hecto
10-3
milli
103
kilo
10-6
micro
106
mega
10-9
nano
109
giga
10-12
pico
1012
tera
EF
1
ma
gc
gc a mF
WSI K
--
1
1 kg 1 m 2
sec
gc
kg m
gc =1
newton sec 2
=
1 newton
32.174
1 lb f
ft lbm
lb f sec 2
1
1 lbm g ft
sec 2
gc
E g c F
K SI
Btu
WSI
1 Btu = 1054.35 J (or N. m)
(SI System)
W
K

KNkg
W N.m J
K
--
KW 400 kJ
Power, P
P
= 2 400 kJ
hr
kJ 1000J hr
= 800
hr kJ 3600 sec
= 222.2 J
sec
= 222.2 W
E1 = 4000 J
E2 = 10 W.hr
E3 = 20 kN.m
KBTUkJ
W
kJ
= (4000 J )
1000 J
3600 sec kJ
kJ
hr
+ 10
+ (20 kN .m )
sec hr 1000 J
kN .m
= 4 + 36 + 20 = 60 kJ
1BTU
= 56.87 BTU
= (60 kJ )
1.055 kJ
--
KW
W
W
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
W
K
W
K
W
K K
K K
W
K
--

Heat Transfer
K
K
KEF

W
K

KK
--
Modes of Heat Transfer W

W
W .
K
KW .
W .
K
Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer

K
KK
KEF
--
15 C
7C
12 C
5C
q1
q2
L
7C
15 C
7C
15 C
q1
q1=q2
L
EF
One-dimensional Steady State Heat Transfer W
EF
K
K

20 C
3C
20 C
3C
20 C
20 C
3C
3C
3C
3C
20 C
20 C
3C
3C
3C 3c
3C
3C
3C
3C
EF
--
Conduction Heat Transfer

Steady State Conduction- One Dimension
K
K
E
F
K
KK
K
Fourier's Law of Heat ConductionW

T1
T2
q
A
EF
--
EF
x E FEFEF
KEFA
Fourier
A dT
dx
(2 1)
k A dT
q =
dx
(2 2)
thermal conductivityk
q =
k A ( T1 T 2 )
x
--
(2-2)
(2 3)
EF
EEFF0.25m 6m8 m
K0.8 w/mC
K4 C 15C
( )EF
A = 8 * 6 = 48 m2
K(2-3)
k A T
x
0.8 48 (15 4)
q=
= 1690 W
0.25
q=
--
EF
0.9W/mCk0.3m5m3m
K2
C 16 C
EFEF
K
K = 0.9 W/m C
A =3 * 5 = 15 m2
x = 0.3 m
q=
k A T 0.9 15 (16 2)
=
= 630 W
x
0.3
--
Thermal Conductivity W
k
K
K
k (W/m oC)
k (W/m oC)
0.72
2300
0.613
429
401
317
237
80
8.9
0.78
0.54
0.17
0.153
0.13
0.072
0.026
KK
EF
--
EF
(L) K
E
F

(q = I * V)
Kq
W
W
T
x
(24)
)
kA
K x q
kA

EFK
EF
(V)(I)
(R)

FTq
K x E
kA
q=
T
R
(2 5)
T1
q
T2
R
--
A composite plane wall

K E F
T1
T2
T3
T4
q
A
k2
k1
T1
k3
T2
T3
R2
R1
T4
R3
EF

q=
T
x
kA
T
R x
kA
W
R=
x
kA
--
q KEF
W
T1 T2
R1
T T3
q= 2
R2
T T4
q= 3
R3
q=
W
q=
T1 T4
R1 + R2 + R3
(2 6)
K

n
q=
( 2 7)
i = n +1
Ri
i =1
= T1 Tn +1
--
EF
KE1F
q=
T1 T2
R
0.25
x
=
= 0.00651
kA 0.8 48
15 4
q=
= 1689.7 W 1690 W
0
.
00651
R=
( )
(k= 0.78 W/m oC)1.5m0.8mEJ F
K10mm4mm
0.026 W/mK
K-8 oC15 oC
W
q=
T1 T4
R1 + R 2 + R 3

A = 0 .8 * 1 .5 = 1 .2 m 2

R1 = R 3 =
R2 =
x 1
0.004
=
= 0.00427 C
W
k A 0.78 * 1.2
x 2
0.01
=
k A 0.026 1.2

= 0.3205 C
--
T1
T2
T3
T4
q
A
x1
x2
x3
T1
T2
R1
T3
R2
T4
R3
EF
HHZ
= R1 + R 2 + R 3
= 0.00427 + 0.3205 + 0.00427 = 0.32477 C
q =
15 ( 8)
= 70.82 W
0.32477
Heat conduction through hollow

cylinders
K
K
--
r1
T2
r2
T1
EF
r1EJ
Kk lr2
K T2T1
W
q = kA r
dT
dr
dT Ar
dr
W.temperature gradient
Ar = 2 r l
dr dT
W
q=
2klT
ln r r
(2 8)
W
q=
(2 9)
ln r r
2kl
--
ln r2 r1

KT(R)
2kl
WEF
6 cm 2 cm(k= 43 w/m oC)
40 m
60
CK
K35 oC
WKEF
3 cm(r1)
5 cmH(r2)
40 m
k= 43 w/m oC
q=
W(2-9)
T
ln r r
2kl
(60 35)
q =
ln 5
= 528903W
3
2 43 40
Composite Cylinders:
r2r1
EFl
--
r4
r3
r2
T4
r1
T3
T2
T1
k1
k2
k3
T1
T2
R1
T3
R2
T4
R3
EF
q =
T
R1 + R 2 + R 3

K(T1-T4)K
K
r2
R1 =
ln r
2k A l
r3
R2 =
ln r
2k B l
B
--
r4
R 3 =
ln r
2k c l
C
W
q=
2cm(
( 2 9)
WEF
k = 85 W/m K)
K(k = 0.2 W/m K)3cm 4cm

100
C600 oC
r3
r2
r1
r1 = 1 cm
r2 = 2 cm
r3 = 5 cm
r3
r2
r1
T3
T2
T1
k1
k2
T1
T2
T3
R2
R1
EFEF
--
EJ F
2
1
R1 =
=
= 0.005806
2k A l 2 19 1
ln
r2
ln r
5
2
R2 =
=
= 0.7292
2k B l 2 0.2 1
WEF
ln
r3
ln r
W(2-9)
q=
q=
600 100
R
500
500
W
=
680.3
0.005806 + 0.7292 0.735
m
--
Convection Heat Transfer

W

K K
KTwT
KKEJ F
KK

Kfluid motion
h
Tw
WEF
--
Natural convection WEF

KEF
Forced convection :EF

K
Newton Law of Cooling

W
q = h A (Tw T )
(2 10)

A (W/m2 C)h
WK(m2)
q =
Tw T
1
hA
WKR
1

h A
q =
Tw T
R
--
KEJ F
Tw
T
h
Rconv= 1/ h
EF
KEJ F
h (W/m2 C)
5-25
EF
EF
10-500
EF
100-15000
2500-25000
5000-100000
h EF
WEF
120 oC 1000 W/m2
K 20 oC

q = h A (Tw T )
--
= h (Tw T )
1000 = h (120 20)

h =
W
1000
= 10 2
100
m C
:
kxEJ F
KAhohi
q=
q=
q=
Ti T1
Rconvi
(I )
T1 T2
R
( II )
T2 To
R convo
(III)
T1
T2
Ti
hi
To
ho
EF
--
q=
Rconvi
(Ti To )
+ R + Rconvo
(2 11)
Rconvi =
hi A
kA
Rconvo =
ho A
K(2-9)
WEF
K90 C 10 mm
K15 C
2800 W/m2 C50 W/m C
K11 W/m2 C
W
KEFEF
Rconvi =
1
1
=
= 0.000357
hi A 2800 1
W
R
0.01
x
=
= 0.0002
k A 50 1
--
T1
T2
q
Ti=90C
To=15 C
k=50
hi=2800
ho=11
10mm
Ti
T1
T2
To
Rconvi
Rwall
Rconvo
EFEF
Rconvo =
1
1
=
= 0.0909
ho A 11 1
0.000357 + 0.0002 + 0.0909 = 0.0915
q=
Rconvi
(Ti To )
90 15
W
=
= 820 2
+ R + Rconvo 0.0909
m
WOverall heat transfer coefficient

WEJ F
( 2 12)
q = U A (T iTo )
W(2-10) KU
(Ti To )
1
)
(
UA
--
(2 13)
T1
T2
Ti
hi
ho
To
Ti
T1
T2
Rconvi
To
Rwal
Rconvo
EF
1
UA
1
U
W(2-11)(2-13)
= Rconvi + R
1
UA
=
1
+
hi
1
hi A
x
+
k
x
kA
+ Rconvo
1
ho A
1
ho
(2 14)
(2-14)
Khohi
E
F
WEJ F
1
U
1
+
hi
x 1
+
k1
x 2
+
k2
1
ho
(2 15)
--
T1
T2
T3
Ti
q
hi
k2
k1
ho
A
To
Ti
T1
T2
T3
To
Rconvi
Rw2
Rconvo
Rw1
EF
1
U
1
+
hi
1
ho
( 2 16)
hohi
WEF
WEJ F
U
K K
T3
K50mm150mm
--
T1
T2
T3
hi=10w/m2 C
To=-10 C
Ti=20 C
k1=1.6
k2=0.14
ho=40w/m2 C
A=1.5m*0.8m
Ti
T1
T3
T2
Rconvi
Rw2
Rw1
To
Rconvo
EFEF
W(2-15) U
1
U
x1
+
k1
1
+
hi
x 2
+
k2
1
ho
1
U
1
+
10
0.15
+
1.6
0.05
+
0.14
= 1.736 W
m2
1
= 0.57589
40
oC
W(2-12)q
= U A (T i To )
q = 1.736 (1.5 0.8) (20 10) = 20.832 W

W WT3
q
T3 10
1
h
A
T3 10
T 10
= 3
1
0.0208
40 1.5 0.8
T3
= 10.415 o C
--
: U
ri L EF
. k ro
To
hi
Ti
.ho
T2
r1
r2
T1
hi,Ti
ho,To
q
Ti
T1
T2
Rconvi
Rcyl
To
Rconvo
EF
1
EF
hi Ai
Rconvi =
Rcyl =
R convo =
ln rr
o
i
2kl
EF
1
EF
h 0Ao
W
q =
Ti To
=
R
Ti To
ln
ro
ri
1
1
+
+
h i A i 2kl h o A o
--
(2 17)
K
Ao Ai
W (Ui)
= U i A i (Ti To )
(2 18)
(2-17)(2-18)
WK
ro
ri
Ai
1 A i ln
=
+
+
hi
2kL
Aoho
1
Ui
(Uo)
q = U o A o (Ti To )
(2 19)
W
ro
A o ln r
Ao
1
=
+
+
Aihi
2kL
ho
1
Uo
r3
r2
r1
T3
T2
T1
hi,T i
k1
ho,To

k2
T2
T1
Ti
Rconvi
Rcyl
T3
R
To
Rconvo
EFEF
WEF
5 cm (k=80w/m C)320 oC
K5
C5.5 cm
--
Kk=0.05W/m C3cm
18W/m2C60W/m2C
KK
KEJ F
W
A i = 2ri l = 2 0.025 1 = 0.157 m 2
A o = 2ro l = 2 0.0575 1 = 0.361 m 2
Rconvi =
1
1
C
=
= 0.106
Ai hi 0.157 60
W
2.75
2.5
=
=
2k 1l 2(80)(1)
ln
r2
R cyl
ln r
= 0.0002
r3
R insulation =
R convo
ln r
ln 52..75
75
C
W
= 2.35
2k 2l 2(0.05)(1)
C
1
1
=
=
= 0.154
h o A o 18 0.361
W
o
0.106 + 0.0002 + 2.35 + 0.154 = 2.61 C/W
q=
Ti To
R
320 5
2.61
C
W
= 120.7 W
Ti T2
320 T2
320
=
=
R convi + R cyl 0.106 + 0.0002
0.1062
320 T2
=
T2 = 320 120.7 0.1062 = 307.18 C
0.1062
q=
120.7
--
Thermal Insulation
K
K K
EJ FK
K K
EF
cork
Kfiberglass
Insulation Critical Thickness
(A)K
K
--
WK
r1EF
KrokT1
KhTo
Wq
=
T1 To
ln
ro
r1
2kl
1
h (2ro l)
Kroq
Wro
ro
To
k
h
(2 20)
ro
T2
T1
r1
T2
T1
Rcyl
To
Rconvo
EF
Krcr(2-20) ro
--

Kh
K
rcr
0.05 W/moC
WK 5 W/m2 oC
rcr , max
k
= max
h min
0.05 W
5 W
m C
= 0.01 m = 1 cm
m 2 C
(1mmF
WEF
7 mm3 mm(k=0.15 W/m C)
K12 W/m2 oC30 oC5m

8 Volts10A
--
ro
T2
T1
To
r1
T2
T1
To
Rconvo
EFEF
W(resistance heating)
q = V I = 8 volts 10 A = 80 W
KEJ F
Rconvo
1
h ( 2ro l )
1
= 0.76 C
W
12 2 0.0035 5
EF
ln
ro
r1
2kl
ln 13..55
2 ( 0.15 )( 5 )
q=
T1 To
R
--
= 0.18 C
T1 = To + q R = 30 + 80 ( 0.76 + 0.18 ) = 105 C
Rconvo
ro =
k
h
0.15
12
1
h ( 2ro l )
= 0.0125 m = 12.5 mm
1
= 0.2122 C
W
12 2 0.0125 5
ln rro1
2kl
ln 121.5,5
2 ( 0.15 )( 5 )
= 0.45 C
T1 = To + q R
= 30 + 80 0.6623 83 C
Kh
K
K
--
Reynolds
K non-dimensional
KPrandtl numberNusselt NumberNumber

Kh
Rel =
ul
Pr =
cp
k
KRel < 5105

W
Nul = 0.664 Rel0.5 Pr

Nu =
hl

(2-21) h
= ( k / l ) 0.664 Rel0.5 Pr
Rel > 5105
Nul = 0.036 Rel 0.8 Pr
(2-22) h = ( k / l ) 0.036 Rel Pr

0.8
--
Re D =
V D
ReD<2300
NuD = 4.364
(2-23) h = 4.364 (k / l)
ReD>2300
K

Nu D = 0.023 Re D
0.8
Pr 0.4
(2-24) h = (k / D) 0.023 Re D
0.8
Pr
0.4
EKKKKKKKF
W
q = h A (Tw T )
60
C1mEJ
F15
WEF
WK3 m/sec
K
--
c p = 1000 J / kg k = 0.0267 W / m o C = 0.864 10 5 kg / m / s = 1.137kg / m 3
h

Tw
WEF
W
Rl =
u l
Pr
1.137 3 1
0.864 10 5

= 3.947 105
c p 0,864 10 5 1000
=
= 0.325
0.0267
k
W Rl < 5 10 5
Nu l = (k / l)0.664 Re l 0.5 Pr = (0.0267 / 1)0.664(3.947 10 5 ) 0.5 (0.325) = 7.657

1
W
m2 o C
= h A (Tw T )
= 7.657 (1 1) (60 15) = 344.56 W
--
Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces :
q = h A (Tw T )
h
hKA
A K
KEJ F
EJF
KEJ F
EJF
--
W
W
(2-25) q = F A h (TF T )
AhF
KTTF
EJ F

rF
ro
ri
tF
Ti
L
T1
T
T2
EJF
(2-26) q = A i h i (Ti T1 )
W
W
(2-27) q =
2 k L
(T1 T2 )
r2
ln
r1
--
q = A o h o (T2 T ) + A F h o F (T2 T )
(2-28)
= A o h o (1 +
AF
F )(T 2 T )
Ao
(2-29) A o = 2 ro (L t F n F )
(2-30) A F = rF2 ro2 2 n F
W(2-26, 2-27, 2-28)
(2-29) Ti T1 =
q
= Ri q
Aihi
ln 2
r1
(2-30) T1 T2 =
q = Rc q
2 k L
1
q=R q
(2-31) T2 T =
o
AF
) F
A o h o (1 +
A
o
W(2-29, 2-30, 2-32)
T1 T = q (R i + R c + R o )
W
(2-32) q =
Ti T
(R i + R c + R o )
Ri =
1
Aihi
--
ln 2
r1
Rc =
2 k L
1
(2-33) R o =
AF
) F
A o h o (1 +
A
o
mm10 cmEJ
K20 cm3 mm5050 cm
K30
C70 oC
15

W/m2oCK
K85%54 W/m2oCW/m2oC
W
WJ
WW
A i = 2 ri L = 2 0.05 0.5 = 0.157 m 2
W
A o = 2 ro (L n F t F ) = 2 0.053 (0.5 50 0.003) = 0.117 m 2
W
A F = (rF2 ro2 )2 n F F = (0.12 0.053 2 ) 2 50 = 2.259 m 2
W
Ri =
1
1
=
= 0.4246
A i h i 0.157 15
--
5.3
ln 2
ln
r1
5
R c =
=
= 0.000344
2 k L
2 54 0.5
1
1
=
= 0.165
R o =
AF
2.259
) 0.85
) F 0.117 3 (1 +
A o h o (1 +
0
.
117
A
o
q=
Ti T
70 30
=
= 67.8 W
(R i + R c + R o ) 0.4246 + 0.000344 + 0.165
WJ
A o = 2ro L = 2 0.053 0.5 = 0.1665 m 2

1
R o =
Aoho
1
=
= 2.002 m 2
0.1665 3
q=
Ti T
70 30
=
= 16.48 W
(R i + R c + R o ) 0.4246 + 0.000344 + 2.002
K311%
WJ
o
T2 = T + q R o = 30 + 67.8 0.165 = 41.2 C
--

Radiation
K

K
K
K
K
KK

KEF
30 C
5C
900 C
EF
--
Blackbody Radiation W
K
K"Black Body"
KK
E
F
WK
KEJ F
EF

KK
EF
--
EFEF
K
K
Stefan Boltzman's Law

.
(2-34) E b
= T4 W
m2
= 5.669 10 8 W
m2 K 4
KEbKT
--
WEF
.800 K 20 cm EF
.5 min
800
K
c
20
EFEF
Eb
= T 4 = (5.669 10 8 )(800) 4
= 23224 W
m2
Eb
W
A = 4 r 2 = D2 = (0.2)2 = 0.1257 m2
W
Q rad = E b A t = 23224
W
0.1257 m 2 300 sec = 875.8 kJ
2
m
--
Emissivity ( ) W
WTs
(2-35) q emit max
= A Ts4 W
K(=1)
Ts
(2-36) q = A Ts4 W
( = 1) (0 1)
EF
KEFK
E
Eb
E
T4
KE
WA
E = A T4 W
ATs
TsurrEF
W
(2-37) Q rad
4
= A (Ts4 Tsurr
)W
--
WEF
? ?K
K
22 CK
K25 C 10 C
30 CK
K0.951.4 m2
W
Qrad
4
= A (Ts4 Tsurr
)W
Q rad , win
= 0.95 5.67 10 8 1.4 (303 4 283 4 )
= 152 W
Q rad , summer
= 0.95 5.67 10 8 1.4 (303 4 298 4 )
= 40.9 W
0.90
0.85-0.93
0.93-0.96
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.82-0.92
0.02
0.96
0.95
0.17
0.98
EF
--
Absorptivity, Reflectivity & Transmissivity W

WEJ F
J
J
J
EF
"Absorptivity"
"Transmissivty"" Reflectivity"

(2-38) + + = 1
+ =1
= 1 = 1
--
The View FactorW
orientation
shape factorK
F1 2 KEFEF
E2F F21 KE2FE1F
WEJ FKE1F
=0
(2-39) Fi i
Kconvex
K??concave
F1--1
=0
F1--1
F1--1
=0
EF
WEJ F
(2-40) Fi j
--
=1
Ki j
K
K

F1--2 =1
EF
--
K20.5 C20C
K
K
KK0.01m(1.5m * 2m)
5cm K
K15 cm
T1=38C
T3=- 2 C
T2
q
k=0.04
50 C2.5
k=1.37
cm
16 0.8mmK3500 W/m2 C
K

W/m C
K20 C7.6W/m2C
--
T2
r1
r2
T1
hi,Ti
ho,To
q
Ti
T1
Rconvi
T2
Rcyl
To
Rconvo
4cm 5cm K 1cm
20 C 100 C
K K50 W/m2 C
K0.04 W/m C 54W/m C
(k= 0.156W/m C) 0.635 cm

K 21 C EFho=8.52 W/m2 C
E
F65.5 C
KEF
--
xK
K x Ak
kA
W
T = -10 ( -30 ) = 20 C > 0
T
KV = V1-V2
A = 1.5 * 2 = 3 m2
X 1 0 . 05
=
= 1 . 25
K1
0 . 04
R
W
o
2 0.15
=
= 0.109
1.37
K2
HZ
RTot = Rins + RWall = 1.25 + 0.109 = 1.359
q=
T ( 38 ) ( 2 )
40
=
= 29.43 W 2
=
m
1.359
1.359
R
--
W
ri = 1.25 cm
ro
= ri
= 1.25 + 0.08 = 1.33 cm

= 2 (0 . 0125 ) l
= 0 . 0786 m 2
AO = 2ro l
= 2 (0 .0133 ) * 1
RCOVI =
RCONVO
R CLY
1
hi Ai
=
= 0 . 0836
1
3500 * 0.0785
1
ho AO
ro
R
q =
= 0.00364
1
7.6 * 0.0836
Ln1 .33
ri
1 .25
=
=
2 k l
2 (16 ) * 1
Ln
m2
= 1.574
0 .062035
= 0 .0006
100 .531
= 1.57825
50.20
1.57825
--
30
= 19 W
m
1.57825
r1 = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m
r2 = 3.5 cm = 0.035 m
r3 = r2 +
= 7.5 cm = 0.075m
r2
3.5
ln
r1
2.5 = 0.00099 = 9.9 10 4 C / W
=
R1 =
2kl 2 ( 54 1 )
r
7.5
ln 3
ln
r2
3.5
R2 =
=
= 3.03 C / W
2kl 2 ( 0.04 1 )
ln
1
1
=
= 0.04244 C / W
h( 2rl ) 50 ( 2 ( 0.075 1 )
100 20
80
q =
=
= 26.03 W
=
m
3.0734
3.0734
R
Rconv =
W
q=
T1 T2
R1
T2 = T1 q R1
= 100 ( 26.03 0.00099 ) = 99.97 C
k 0.156
=
= 0.0183 = 1.83 cm
h 8.52
1
1
R conv =
=
= 1.021 C / W
h( 2rl ) 8.52( 2 ( 0.0183 1 )
r
1.83
ln o
ln
ri
0.65
=
= 1.056 C / W
R cond =
2kl 2 ( 0.156 1 )
RTot = R = 2.0767 C / W
ro =
q=
T 65.5 21
44.5
=
=
= 21.4 W / l
R
2.0767
2.0767
--
KW
W
W
KEF
KEF
K
W
K
W
K
W
K K
K K
W
K K
- -
K
WK
KW
KW
- -

Physical Properties of Fluids
Density:L
m kg
V m3
(3.1)
20 CK1000 kg/m3 4 C
EKKKKKFK1.2 kg/m3
Specific weight L
W N
V m3
(3.2)
W
= g =
mg
V
(3.3)
Specific volume
v :L
K
v=
V 1 m3
=
m kg
(3.4)
Specific Gravity SGL
K(4 C)
- -
SG =
f
w
(3.5)
W
P V = m R T
( 3 .6 )
P
RT
(3.7)
p = N m2
R ( R= 287 J/kg K)
T (K)
kg/m3
WEJ F

K3.6 m K4 m2 cm W
K
m
V
kg
m3
9772 kg
m = 9772 kg
V=
d2 h
d=
h = EF
V=
:V
2 2 3.6 = 11 31 m 3
- -
W
=
m 9772
kg
=
= 864 3
V 11 31
m
WEJ F
F6750 kg 1000 kg/m3
KE
h w
Fw E F2w w
KE
WV
V = l w h = 2w w w = 2w 3
=
1000
6750
2 w3
6750
= 3.375
2000
w3 =
w =
m
V
3.375 = 1.5 m
l = 2 w = 2 1 .5 = 3 .0 m
h = w = 1.5 m
- -
WEF
K 1.6 k
(0.001 m3)
f =
m
=
V
1000 cm3
1.6
kg
= 800 3
2 0.001
m
W
SG f =
f
w
800
1000
= 0.8
- -
Viscosity

K
K
K
KK
u=U
u=0
EF
EFF
A y U
KF
shear stress F
W w
w =
F
A
(3.8)
u
w
du
dy
- -
Wy
w =
du
dy
( 3 9)
WK
=
N s
= Pa.Sec
m2
( 3 10 )
du
dy
??EKKFEKKF
E F
kinematic Viscosity
=
m 2
sec
( 3 . 11 )
Km
sec
W
K
- -
EF
dv
1
= 100
dy
sec
WEF
dv
dy
= 10 3 100 = 0.1 Pa
- -
. 10 3 Pa. sec
W

Fluid static's
W
KK
K
Pressure
K
P =
F N
A m 2
( 3 12 )
N
= Pascal
2
m
= (Pa)
F =(N)
A= (m2)
( m)
1Pa = 1 N
(Pa )
( m ) = 100kPa
1bar = 100000 N
EF
K1kN 5mm (piston)

A=
d2
- -
P=
P =
F
A
1000
50 2 10 6
kN
m2
P = 509
P = 509
kPa = 5.09 bar
EF
K
(b)(a)
K(d)(c)
- -
(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
EF
Pressure Head EF
K
K
K
F
()
()EF
(m)(F)
W(P)(g)
P = gh
P = g (h )
(3 13)
(3 14)
h
- -
EFW
450cm 250cm 300cm
K1000kg/m3.
W
EFEF
F = 1000
F = mg
F = ( V ) g
F = (A h) g
kg
m
0 . 25 m 0 . 30 m 0 . 45 m 9 . 81
3
m
sec
F = 331 N
P=
F
331
N
=
= 4400 2
A 0.30 0.25
m
P = g h
P = 1000
P = 4400
kg
m
9.81 2 0.45 m
3
m
sec
N
kN
= 4.40 2 = 4.40 kPa
2
m
m
K
- -
EF
K 200m 300m B A
K1023 kg3
m
KE3-10F
A
PA = g h A
PA = 1023 9.81 300
PA = 3.011 10 6 Pa
PB = g h B
PB = 1023 9.81 200
PB = 2.007 10 6 Pa
W
PA PB = 3.011 10 6 2.007 10 6 = 1.004 10 6 Pa
P = PA PB = g h
= 1023 9.81 (300 200 ) = 1.004 10 6 Pa
- -
: ( 101.325 kN/m2)
. 1000 kg/m3
. 13.6
EF

(13.6) (1000kg/m3) (101.325kN/m2)
K(9.81m/sec2)
hH 2o
p = g h
p
=
H 2o g
h H 2o
101.325 100000 N
1000 kg
m3
9.81 m
m2
sec 2
= 10.33 m
10.33m
Hg
Hg
= H 2o 13.6
= 1000 13.6 kg
- -
m3
hHg
101.325 100000 N
m2
(13.6 1000 kg 3 )(9.81 m 2 )
m
sec
10.33m
h Hg
= 0.76 m
0.76m
- -
W
K
E F
K
K
1.013 bar 101.3 kN/m2
(standard)
EF
1 atm
- -
EF
K
0.61m3.66m
K K

917kg/m31000kg/m3 K
K101.3 kN/m2
po
h2
p2
p1
h1
EFEF
p1Kp2EF
Kp2
p2
= p0 + 2 gh2
= ( 101.3 1000 N 2 ) + ( 917 kg 3 ) ( 9.81 m
) ( 3.05m )
m
m
sec 2
p2
= 128737 N
m2
W p1
p1 = 128737 N
m2
= p2 + 1 gh1
+ ( 1000 kg 3 ) ( 9.81 m
) ( 0.61m )
m
sec 2
p1
= 134721.1 N
- -
m2
W
p1( guage )
p1 p0( atm )
= 134721.1 101.3 1000
= 33421.1 N
m2
3.34 kN/m2
- -
Pressure Measurement
the barometer
EF
EFK
(p)
hK
W
p = gh
KKg
1.013 bar
1.013 100000 = 1000 9.81 h

1.013 100000
h =
= 10.326 m
1000 9.81
- -
K10.326 m

K 13.6
1.013 100000 = 13600 9.81 h
h =
1.013 100000
13600 9.81
= 0.76 m = 760 mm
K(760 mm Hg)760 mm
The ManometersW
KK
K
K

KU
KEF
KCB
KhB
KC
- -
pB
= pC
= p 0 + Hg gh
(3 15)
A
C
EF
differential manometer
K

K(h)K
KCD
Kzhp2D
K(h + z)p1C
p1 + (h + z ) A g = p2 + B gh + A gz
p1 p2 = B hg + A gz A gz A gh
- -
P
2
z
A
h
D
EF
p1 p 2 = ( B A )gh
( 3 16 )
W(3-12) KBA
p1 p 2
= B g h
(3 17)
inclined manometerW
K
xx sinh K
.
p1 p 2 = gx sin
(3 18)
P1
P2
h
EF
- -
W

Fluids in Motion

Types of Fluid Flow
K K

(particles)

K
EF(laminar
flow)
KEF(turbulent flow)
EF
EF
Fluids in Motion
Fsteady uniform flowK
(convergent) KE
EFF
K
K(steady non-uniform flow)
- -
EF
EF
Rate of FlowW
K Q
EF
Q = Av
(3 19)
m3
sec
m = V
m& = Q&
( 3 20 )
- -
EF
.0.6 m/sec 15mm
Q& = A v
Q& = 4 ( 0.015 ) 2 0.6
3
= 106.02 10 6 m
sec
m& = Q&
m& = 1000 ( 106.02 10 6 ) = 0.106 kg
- -
sec
Continuity EquationEF
EF
m = 1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v 2
(3 21)
continuity equation E F EF
. law of conservation of mass
K
W
1 = 2 =
A1 v 1 = A2 v 2
Q1 = Q2
converging
0.3
m3
(3 22)
WEF
pipe
0.15m 0.46m
A1
A2
v1
v2
EFEF
- -
W
Q = A1 v1
K
v1 =
Q
A1
WA1
A1 =
(0.46 ) = 166.19 10
4
d12 =
v1 =
m2
0.3
= 1.8 m
sec
1.66019 10 3
v2 =
Q
=
A2
0 .3
m
(0.15 2 ) = 16.98 17 sec
KK
K
A1 v1 = A2 v 2
v2 =
A1 v1
=
A2
d12 v1
2
4 d2
v2 =
0.46 2 1.8
0.15
= 16.93
m
sec
WEF
5cm998kg/m3
3.75cm7.5cm
W 0.015m3/sec
- -
K
K
3
2
1
EFEF
W
m 1 = A1 v1
m1
m1 = Q 1
= (998 kg
)(0.015 m
sec
= 14.970 kg
sec
m1
m 3 =
= 2 m3
1
m1
2
1
14.97 = 7.485 kg
sec
2
- -
A1
A1 = 4 d12 = 4 (0.05) 2 = 0.001963 m 2
= A1 v1
Q1
v1 =
Q1
A1
0.015 m
sec
0.001963 m 2
= 7.6 m
sec
A3 = 4 d 32 = 4 (0.0375) 2 = 0.001104 m 2
v3
Q3
=
A3
0.0075 m
A3
sec
0.001104 m 2
= 6.76 m
sec
- -
Energy of a liquid in motion

K? ?

"the capacity to do
.work"
K

K??
W
K
(
(
(
K
potential energy W
datum linez m
WK
m
potential energy = m g z kg
2
sec
(3.23)
"J""Joule"??
W
datum line
mEF
J
potential energy per unit mass = g z
kg
- -
(3.24)
Pressure Energy

pAK
K pA
KQ
Q = Av
KEF v = Q
pA
W(work)
work = force dis tan ce
work = p A v
Q
work = p A
A
work = p Q
W m
m = Q
WEF
work done per unit mass =
kg
p Q
p J
kg
K p EF
pressure energy
- -
(3.25)
kinetic energyW
1
2
m v2
)EF
kinetic energy = 12 m v 2
(3.26)
kinetic energy per unit mass = 12 v 2
J

kg
(3.27)
WK
HH=
total energy per kg
gz+
+ 12 v 2
(3.28)
E F

W(height or head)
(potential head)
(pressure head)
(velocity head)

WK
total head per kg
p
v2
+
z+
g 2g
(3.29)
N m 3 sec 2
total head per kg = m + 2
kg
m
m
m 2 sec 2
+
m
sec 2
total head per kg = m + m + m = m
- -
Bernoulli Equation
?W

E F
W?
K + +
W
p1
v12
p
v2
gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz 2
2
2
(3 30)
K

K
A
EF
KC BAKhv
C=B=A
pA
v 2A
+ gz A
2
pB
v B2
+ gz B
2
pC
v C2
+ gz C
2

(3.31)
K
BA
W
0 + 0 + gz A
pB
+0+0 = 0+
- -
vC2
+0
2
B A
WKC
pA
2
A
v
+ gz A
2
pB
2
B
v
+ gz B
2
KB
v 2A
+
+ gz A
pA
v B2
=
+
+ gz B +
2
pB
energy loss between A and B
(3.32)
WEF
1.52m/sec
K9.14m/sec
K2.339kPa15.2m
K983 kg/m3 998 kg/m3
p1
v12
+ gz1
2
p2
v22
+ gz2
2
p
2.339 1000 1.52 2
9.14 2
+
+ 9.81 0 = 2 +
+ 9.81 15.2
998
2
983
2
2.344 + 1.155 + 0 = p 2 + 41.77 + 149.112
983
- -
ht = h s + h v
(3.33)
K hvhsht
K
K
WK
hv
v2
2g
= 2 gh v
(3.34)
(m/sec)
(m)
W
v
hv
:( )
K
KK21.6m 22m
hv = ht hs
hv
= 22 21.6 = 0.4 m
= 2 ghv
= 2 9.81 0.4
- -
= 2.8 m
sec
WEF
13600kg/m31.2kg/m3K 20mm

pv
= ghHg
= 13600 9.81 0.02 = 2668.32 N
m2
v2
=
2
pv
air
v2
= 2
pv
air
v = 2
2668.32
1.2
= 66.7 m
sec
K K
K
- -
Pitot TubeW
K
K
WEFEF
p1
v12
+ gz1
2
p2
v 22
+ gz 2
2
KEF
v12 p 2
=
2
v1
p p1
= 2
2
p1
v2
( p 2 p1 )
( 3 . 35 )
p2p1
K

2
EF
- -
Venturi-Meter
KEFK
KEFEF
EF
KK
K
KEFEF
p1
v12
p
v2
+ gz1 = 2 + 2 + gz2
2
2 2
v12
+
2
p1
v 22
=
+
2 2
p2
v 22 v12
2
(I )
p1 p 2
v1
A2
v2
A1
WEF(I)
- -
2( p 1 p 2 )
v2
(1
A22
A12
(3.36)
K EFEF A2A1
:( )
EFK25 C
2.5 cm EF7.5 cmEF42.1 cm

K
:
EF
2 p
A22
(1 2 )
A1
v2
2 g h
A22
(1 2 )
A1
v2
2 9.81 0.421
0.0252
1
2
0
.
075
v2
8.08
0.988
= 8.18 = 2.86 m
sec
Q = A2 v2 = 4 (0.025) 2.86 = 0.0014 m

2
sec
- -
0.0014 m
3
0.001 m
sec = 1.4 lit

lit
sec
= 84 lit
min
Orifice MeterW
K
K K
v2
2( p 1 p 2 )
(1
A22
A12
(3.37)
WEJ F
WEF
K0.3 m/secEJ F
K0.06 m0.3 m
KCv = 0.82
W
v2 = Cv
2 p
A
1 2
A1
W v 2

- -
v2 =
v 1 A1
A2
v 2 = 7.5 m / sec
p =
v 22 ( 1
A22
)
A12
2 C v2
= 73048 .9 Pa
- -
W

Fluid Flow in Piping and Ducts
W
K
KE
K
W
v
K

K

Re =
vd
(3.38)
- -
10000 K 2100
100002100 K
K
WEF
= 1050 kg/m3
2cm
.10000 . = 995*10-6 Pa.sec
Re =
10000
D
= A v
vD
= 10000
995 10 6 10000
1050 0 . 05
= 0 . 1895 m
3
= 4 (0.05) 2 0.1895 = 3.72 10 4 m
= 0.372 lit
sec
= 22.3 lit
sec
sec
min
KEFEF
Ksurface roughness
- -
energy head losspressure drop
Kfriction head loss
EF
EF
W(2) (1)
p1 p 2
= f
l v2
D 2
(3 39)
Kvf
KN/m2
WH
Hf
p1 p 2
g
= f
l v2
d 2g
(3 40)
Km
(Re = V d )
(Relative roughness)
EF D
- -
(f)
mm
(material)
Riveted Steel
Concrete
0.9-9
0.3-3
Cost Iron
0.26
Galvanized Iron
0.15
Asphalted Cast Iron
0.12
Commercial Steel
0.046
Drawn Tubing
0.0015
Glass
Smooth
EF
Moody Diagram
(1944)
Friction
E F
Reynolds Number Factor

W
Re 2 10 3

f =
64
Re
(3.41)
0.001 Re 4 10 3
WSmooth Pipe
f .=
0.316
Re 0.25
- -
(3.42)
Zone.

Rough Pipe
(d () F
Transitional Zone
=0.014 6mm15m
K848 kg/m32 m/secPa.sec

W
Re
vD
848 2 0.006
0.014
= 727
. 2100
W
f =
64
Re
64
727
= 0.088
l v2
d
2
15
22
848
p 1 p 2 = p = 0.088
0.006 2
p1 p 2
= f
= 373.12 kpa
6 mm
15 m
EF
- -
) ( -
- -
Moody Diagram
WEF
Q = 20
min
10m (P)
. = 50 103 Pa sec1030kg/m33.81cm
Q = 20 l
m3
= 0.02
min
min
0.02 m 3
sec
60
3
= 3.333 10 4 m
sec
W
Q = A v
Q 3.333 10 4
=
A 4 ( 0.0381 )2
= 0.292
= 0.292 m
sec
m
sec
Re =
v D
1030 0.292 0.0381
=
= 229.2
50 103
Q Re
p = f
2100
l V2
D 2
f =
f =
64
229.2
Laminar Flow
64
Re
= 0.279

p =
0 .279
( 0 .292 ) 2
10
1030 = 3215 .5 Pa
0 .0381
2
- -
WEF
80C 3 L/sec
3
971.64 kg/m
40m 52.5mm
80 C
0.358*10-3 Pa.sec 80 C
Q=3L
V=
sec
= 0.003 m
sec
Q
0.003
=
= 1.386 m
sec
A
2
(0.0525)
4
Re =
v D 971.64 1.386 0.0525

=
= 197500 200000
0.358 10 3
40000
0.000876
0.000046
0.0525
= 0.000046 m
.
= 0.000876
Re = 197500
= 0.0208

p = f
L V2
D 2
= 0.0208
40 (1.386) 2
971.64 = 14.8 kPa
0.0525
2
- -
K
Correction FactorK
KEF
50mm
K0.881.386m/sec80 C()425pa/m

p
= 425 0.88 = 374 Pa / m
m
for 40m
40 m
= 374 40 = 15 kPa
- -
Pressure drop,
pa / m
3000
2000
1500
1000
800
500
400
300
200
150
100
80
50
40
30
0.03
0.06 0.1
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
15
mm
20
mm
0.5
m
25
mm
/s
1m
3 4 5
/s
50
mm
60
mm
Water flow rate,
35
mm
40
mm
75
mm
8 10
L/s
10
0
12
5
20
mm
Ve
l
o
cit
y
/s
mm
4m
mm
/s
80 100
30
0
3m
/s
25
0
2m
mm
/s
30 40 50
20
0
mm
1.5
m
15
0
mm
200 300
20C
- -
1.05
Correction factor
1.00
0.95
Ve
loc
ity
4.0
m
3.0
m
2.0
m
0.90
1.0
/s
/s
/s
/s
0.85
0.5
0.80
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
/s
100
Temperature, C
EF
Pressure Drop in Fittings EF
KK
- -
EKKKKTF
EFKK
(mm)
15
20
2.5
35
40
50
60
75
100
125
150
(mm)
EF
90
45
15.80
20.93
26.46
34.04
40.90
52.51
62.65
77.92
102.3
128.2
154.1
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.1
2.4
3.0
4.3
5.2
6.1
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.7
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
3.0
3.7
4.6
6.4
7.6
9.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
5
6
8
11
14
17
20
24
38
43
50
0.2
0.25
0.28
0.42
0.51
0.65
0.79
0.90
1.27
1.70
2.00
EF
W
75mm
30m 90 o
kg
KK 1.008 10 3 Pa / sec 998.21 mg
.6 L/sec
= 3.0 m
(90)
= 9 3 = 27 m
= 0.90 m
- -
= 2.7 m
= 30 m
L = 30 + 27 + 2.7
= 59.7 m
Q
0.006
=
A
(0.07792) 2
4
V =
= 1.258 m / sec
pvD
Re =
998.21 1.258 0.07792
1.008 10 3
= 97071
= 0.00046 = 0.0006
D
0.07792
f = 0.0208 EF
p = f
L V2

D 2
59.7
( 1.258 ) 2
998.21
0.07792
2
= 0.0208
= 12587 Pa = 12.587 kPa
- -
pumps and pumping requirements :

K

(pressure
head) K
(power)(flow
rate)
K(efficiency)
K
p2,v2
z2
p1,v1
z1
EF
WEFEFEF
p1
v12
p
v2
+ z1 g + w = 2 + 2 + z 2 g + ( p frict )
2
g
(3.43)
2.1 Pa sec1100 kg/m3
K(w)50 kg/sec52.51mm
- -
T90
K30 kPa
p2,v2
3m
1m
p1,v1
1m
3m
p1
3m
15m
3m
1m
EF
v12
p
v2
+ z1 g + w = 2 + 2 + z 2 g + ( p frict )
g
KEFEFEF
2
2
v
+ z 2 g z1 g + ( p ) frict
2
HH
Re =
v D 1100 v 0.0508
=
2.11
Q
50
=
A 1100 60 ( 4 (0.0521) 2 )
- -
W
= 0.35 m
sec
Re =
v D 1100 0.35 0.05251

=
= 9.6 2100
2.11
f =
64 64
=
= 6.67
Re 9.6
W
L V2
D 2
L = 1 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 15 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 6 2.1 + 1 0.6 + 2 0.65
L = 29 + 12.6 + 0.6 + 1.3 = 43.5 m
p = f
(0.35) 1100 = 372.1 kPa

43.5
0.05251
2
2
= 6.67
p tot
p tot
= 372.1 + 30 = 402.1 kPa
WEF
=
402.1 1000 N
1100 kg
m2
- -
= 365.55 J
kg
Pressure Drop in Air Duct Flow
p = f
L v 2
D 2
1
p = k ( v 2 )
2
L
k =(f )
D
(3.44)
Resistance Coeff. or Press. Loss Coefficient

(Dampers)
E
K= f
Le =
Le
D
KD
f
Le = Equivalent Length(m)
- -
K =
f =
D =(m)

P = p Q

Friction Loss
p = f
L v2

D 2
Dynamic Press. Losses

p = K
v2
WEF
W
W
K
EF K
K
KKKK K
K
(Diagrams)
- -
0.2m3015m3012m3
K1.15
kg/m3

997 15002750 FK
KE
100 1/sec
EF
.0.001 Pa.sec
F
0.85 E
2.87 10 3 N sec/ m 2
W
EF
EF
EF
.7.5
(R-134a)7.5
cm
K 6000N
K1 MPa1206 kg/m3
.95 kPa E
F 150 kPa
K
EF
.999kg/m3K101.325 kPa
- -

750 kg/m3
2m 3mK103kg/m3
K1 barK
2m
3m
()
30 C1.5 bar ()
250
mmB400mm*300mmA
BBA0.2
bar
K18 m/secAR = 287J/kg K
4m
d = 100 mm
2
- -
EF
80 C 6 L/sec EF
801 kg/m3 80 C K40m52.5 mm

K4.46*10-3 Pa.sec80 C
K60mm42
K
480

45 90
L/min0.02
KE1000kg/m3FK
- -
K K

K K
v=
WK
m 1
=
V v
V
1
=
m
mg
ms
mw
ma
= 2750 0.12 = 330 kg
W
= 1500 0.15 = 225 kg
W
= 997 0.2 = 199.4 kg
W
= 1.15 0.53 = 0.61 kg
Wmt
m = V
mt
= 755 kg
mt 755
=
= 755 kg 3
m
Vt
1
- -
vt
3
Vt
1
=
= 0.001325 m
kg
mt 755
du
dy
K du
dy
W
= 0.001 100 = 0.1 Pa
W
EF
K
KH
W
p =
E
F
F
A
A = r 2 = 4 D 2 = 4 (0.075) 2 = 0.004418 m 2
p = 6000 = 1358080 Pa 1358 kPa
0.004418
EF
7.5 m
R-134a
EF
- -
p = ptop + p134 a
= ptop + ( g h)134 a
p = 1000000 + (1206 9.81 7.5) = 1088704 Pa = 1088.7 kPa
Kp
EF
p abs
= p g + p atm
= 150 + 95 = 245 kPa
p = g h
101.325 = 999 9.81 h
h =
101.325 10 3
999 9.81
= 10.34 m
E13600 kg/m3F
p = g h
101.325 10 3 = 13600 9.81 h
K
1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v 2
WEF
A1 v1 = A2 v 2
- -
W
A

EBFEAFK
WEFA
p1
RT1
1.5 10 5
287 (30 + 273)
= 1.725 kg
m3
EFB
p2
RT2
(1.5 0.2) 10 5
287 (30 = 273)
= 1.495 kg
m3
EF( B)
1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v 2
v2
v2 =
1 A1 v1
2 A2
1.725 (0.4 0.3) 18

1.495 (0.25) 2
- -
W
= 39.87 m
sec
K
v12
+
+ z1 g
p1
v 22
=
+
+ z2 g
2
p2
EFK
EFEF
KEF
W
v 22
2
= z1 g z 2 g
= g ( z1 z 2 )
W 4m
v2
= 2 g ( z1 z 2 )
v2
= 2 9.81 4
= 8.86 m
( z1 z2 )
sec
WQ
Q = A 2 v 2
Q = 4 (d 22 ) v 2
= 4 (0.1) 2 8.86 = 0.0695 m
sec
EF
F K
WE
p = f
L v2
D 2
EF
v =
Q
10 0.001
=
= 4.62 m
sec
A 4 (0.0525) 2
Re =
801 4.62 0.0525

v D
=
= 43561 40000
4.46 10 3
- -
K
EF0.046 mm
0.000046
= 0.000876
0.0525
f = 0.025
W
p = f
L v2

D 2
40
(4.62) 2
p = 0.025
801 = 162827.3 Pa = 162.8 kPa

0.0525
2
L = 42 + 8 2.4 + 4 1.5 + 6 0.79 = 71.94 m
E0.001m3FW
Q = A v
480 0.001
Q
v = =
A 60 ( 4 (0.06265) 2 )
= 2.6 m
sec
p = 0.02
L v2
p = f
D 2
71.94
2.62
1000 = 77333 Pa = 77.333 kPa

0.06265
2
- -
W
K
W
W
K K
K K
K K
K K
K
K
K
K
W
K
W
KEF
W
K K
K K
W
K
- -
Thermodynamics
W

K
K
KK
K
- -

Thermodynamic Definitions
boundariesK
KsurroundingsKflexible
K
closed system
open system
KEJ FEJ FK
WEF
- -
WEF
?
?K
K K"properties".
intensive K
100 oC
extensive K
homogeneous K K
K
KK K
- -
1-2K

process
K(2)(1)EJ F
K
thermodynamic
cycle
KE1-2-3-1FEJ F
1-2-3-1
EF
reversibility

K
K
KEJ F

KEJ FK
FK

KE
- -
K
K
EJ F
the state of the working fluid

K
KKworking fluid
(pure working fluid) K

v1 p1 K
KEJ F(1)
T1
KEJ F
(2)
K(2)(1)
K

- -
J J
K
KJ
p
2
EF
K
K
W
K equation of state
K

pv = RT
(4 1)

p = R T
pV = mR T
(4 2)

(4 3)
W
N/m2
- -
m3
m3/kg
kg
J/kg K
kg/m3
K101.325 kPa25 oC
KR=287 J/kg K
W
p v = R T
(101.325 1000) v = 287 (25 + 273)
v =
287 298
101.325 1000
= 0.884 m
kg
- -
17
100 bar30EJ F
75 bar
KC
K260 J/kg KKK7 C
W
pV = mRT
m2 m1
K
p1 V
R T1
m1
m2
p V
= 2
R T2
(100 105 )(30 10 3 )

260 (17 + 273)
= 3.98 kg
(75 105 )(30 10 3 )

=
260 (7 + 273)
= 3.09 kg

m1 m 2 = 3.98 3.09 = 0.89 kg
O2

WEJ F
- -
specific heatW

K
Kcvcp
K

KEJ FK
Cp kJ/kg K
0.45
0.9
0.65
0.386
1.0
Cp kJ/kg K
0.8
4.187
25 oCEJ F
Kcvcp
Energy
K
K
K
EF
K
K
- -
heat
K K

KK
K
work
K

K

K

K
K

EJ F
KLEF
- -
EF
pEJ F
p0pKp0
wout
p0
EF
p0p
KKwin
EF EF
- -
electric workdisplacement work
Kshaft work
displacement workW
W K
w = F dl
KW F dl
F= pA
KAp
WEFpF
W = p A dl
WdVdV dlA
dW = pdV
WEJ F1-2
2
W = pdV
( 4 4)
p1
p
p2
V1
V2
dV
p2
p1
EJ F
- -
KK
K
K
W
constant volume process : .
(4-5) V = C
KC
EJ F
V=C

v
V1=V2=V3
EF
KdV
2
(4-6) W = pdV = 0
1
constant pressure process W K

W
(4-7) p = C
- -
KC
EJ F
p3
p1=p 2=p 3
p1
-ve
V3
p2
+ve
V1
V2
EJ F
KV3V1V2V1
W
(4-8) w12
v2
p dV = p (V2 V2 ) = + ve work
W
v3
w13 = v p dV = p (V3 V1 ) = ve work

1
0.5 m3 2 bar0.2 m3
K
W = pdV = p(V2 V1 ) = 2 10 5 (0.5 0.2) = 6 10 4 J

1
- -
isothermal processW K
W
(4-9) pV = C
KC
p3
p1
pV=C
p2
V3
V2
V1
EF
1-2KEJ F
WK1-3
V2
w = V pdV
1
p=
mRT
V
V2
dV
V
= mRT [ln V ]V
V V
W = mRT
(4-10) W = mRT ln
V2
V1
- -
0.4 27 oC1 bar0.2 m3
Km3

W = mRT ln
V2
V1
p1V1 = mRT
W = p1V1 ln
V2
0.4
= 1 10 5 ln
= 69314.7 J
0.2
V1
p
p3
pVk=C
p1
p2
V3
V1
V2
EJ F
adiabatic processWK
K
K
- -
pV k = C
K k
V2
w=
V1
WKEJ F
V2
V k +1
dV
1 k
1 k
pdV = C k = C
= C V2 V1
k
+
1
V
V1
WC
(4-11) W =
p1V1 p2V2
k 1
K 0.015m3 1.02
bar
22

6.8bar
.1.4 k K
W
p
6.8 bar
pV1.4=C

1.02 bar
V2
0.015 m3
EF

pV k = C
p1V1k = p 2 V2k
- -
p
= 1
p2
V2
V1
V2
1.02
=
0.015
6.8
1/ k
1 / 1.4
V2 = 0.00387 m 3
w12
w 12
W12
p1V1 p 2 V2
k 1
10 5 (1.02 0.015 6.8 0.00387)

=
1.4 1
= 2754 J = 2.754 kJ
KEJ F
. K
Ww1212
1
(5 1.5) 10 2 (0.15 0.05) + 1.5 10 2 (0.15 0.05)
2
w12
w12
= 32.5 kJ
w23
= 1.5 10 2 (0.15 0.05)
w23
= 15 kJ
32
w13 = 0
- -
13
1231
w1231 = w12 w23 = 32.5 15 = 17.5 kJ

EFw23
p (ba)r
1
1.5
3
0.05
0.15
(m3)
EF
- -
W
First law of thermodynamic
K?
K1.17 kW
K1.9 kW
Qout
Qin
EF
W
1.17 1.9 = 0.73 kW
K730W
?W

WK
Q = W
(4 12)
- -
WEF
EJ F w1
1.421 kg sec

W 1=?
system
Qin=2800kJ/kg
boundary
W 2= 5kw
Qout=2100kJ/kg
EF
W
Q = W
2800 1.421 2100 1.421 = W1 5
W1 = 700 1.421 + 5
W1 = 999.7 kw
- -
First Law for a non-flow SystemW

p
p
a
1
()
()
()
EF

E F
E F
gain in intrinsic
WKenergy

Kloss in intrinsic energyE F
uinternal
energy
K(J, kJ)U(J/kg)
- -
(4-13) q w = u
K u
W1
KK 90kJ / kg 45kJ / kg
q = 45kJ / kg
w = 90 kJ / kg
q w = u
45 (90) = u 2 u1
45 = u 2 u1
K
- -
200 kJ / kg 420 kJ / kg
K100kJ / kg
q w = u
q 100 = ( 200 420)

q = 120kJ / kg
120kJ / kg
( )
- -
100 300 K0.2 kgEJ FF
K5 kJpaddle wheelKkPa
E0.7165 kJ/kg KcvFK
WEJ F
Q W = U
Q = 0K
= U
(5 kJ )
= U
K5 kJ
U 2 U1 = + 5
KU1U2

= mcv (T2 T1 )
5 = 0.2 0.7165 (T2 300)
T2
= 334.89 K = 61.89 C
E pv = RT F
T
= 2
T1
334.89
= 100
= 111.63 kPa
300
p2
p2
p1
- -
K95
EF
C15 C1200 W 1.2kg
4.18 kJ/kg C0.7 kJ/kg C0.5kg

KE
FK
EHFW
Q W
= U
= U sys
W
K
= U w + U teapot
= ( mcv T )w + ( mcv T )teapot
= 1.2 4.18 ( 95 15 ) + 0.5 0.7 ( 95 15 ) = 429.3 kJ
W429.3 kJE1.2 kJ/secF1.2 kW
) =
t (
= U sys
t (
429.3 kJ
1.2 kJ
sec
= 358 sec 6 min
= 1.2 4.18 ( 95 15 ) = 401.28 kJ
) =
401.28 kJ
1.2 kJ
sec
= 334.4 sec = 5.57 min
- -
K EJ FK
K(2)(1)
K
W
Ku1
c12
2
KZ1g
EpvFKp1v1
FKQ
KE
(1)
Z1
(2)
W
Z2
datum
EF
- -
Ku2
c 22
2
KZ2g
EpvFKp2v2
KW
c2
m& u1 + 1 + z1 g + p1 v1 + Q W
2
c2
= m& u 2 + 2 + z 2 g + p 2 v 2
2
( 4 14)
WK
h = u + pv
( 4 15)
Kh
K
c
m& h1 +
+ z1 g
2
2
1
+ Q W
c
= m& h2 +
+ z2 g
2
2
2
( 4 16)
K280kPaEJ F
K 6m
KE1000kg/m3 FK
- -
p2
z2
6m
z1
p1
EJ F
KQ
K
( 4-16)
c2
m& u1 + 1 + z1 g + p1 v1 + Q W
2
c2
= m& u 2 + 2 + z 2 g + p 2 v 2
2
p1v1 + z1 g w = p2 v 2 + z 2 g
w = p2 v 2 p1v1 + z 2 g z1 g
WEF
p 2 p1
+ g ( z 2 z1 )
w =
280 1000
+ 9.81 6
1000
w = 338.86 J
kg
K
- -
W
W
WEF K
KEJ F

EJ F
mw,Tw
ma,Ta
ma,Ta
mw,Tw
EF
c2
m& h1 + 1 + z1 g
2
+ Q W
c2
= m& h2 + 2 + z 2 g
2
Q = m& h
- -
Q w = m& ( hw 2 hw1 )
Qa = m& ( ha 2 ha1 )
W
Qa
Qw
WK
Qa = Qw
Condenser & Evaporator
EF
K

c2
m& h1 + 1 + z1 g
2
+ Q W
c2
= m& h2 + 2 + z 2 g
2
Q = m& ( h2 h1 )
WK
(4-17) Q = m& ( h3 h2 )
(4-18) Q = m& (h1 h 4 )
- -
Qout
3
Qin
EJ F

R-134a
K241.63 kJ/kg417 kJ/kg
W
Q
h2
h1
EJ F
WEJ F
= h2 h1
= 241.63 417 = 175.37 kJ
kg
175.37 kJ/kg
- -
h1
h2
EJ F
R-EF
396 kJ/kg256 kJ/kg134a

W
Q = m ( h 2 h1 )
Q = 396 256
= 140 kJ
kg
Heat Exchanger W
KEJ F
F
WE
Q1 = m& ( h 2 h1 )

out
in
EF
- -
Q 2 = m& ( ha hb )
KQ2Q1
:
TurbineW
K
KEF
h1
h2
EJ F
w = h 2 h1
h2h1
WK
w = h1 h2
CompressorW
h2
K h1
WEF
W = m& ( h2 h1 )
- -
h2
h1
EJ F
= ( h2 h1 )
PumpW
EJ F
W = m& ( h2 h1 )
W = m& ( h1 h2 )
h2
h1
EJ F
- -
W
NozzleWJ
KEJ F
q w = h + KE
h2 h1 = (
c 22 c12
)
2
2
c 22 c12
(4-19) = + (h1 h2 )
2
2
EJ F
KEJ F
K

1
EJ F
- -
q w = h2 h1 +
C22 C12
2

(4-20) h2 = h1
K100 kJ

h2 = h1 = 100 kJ
- -
The Second Law Of Thermodynamics
K

K
20%
K80%
K
K
K??
- -
?
K?
KEJ F
Qout
W in
Wf
L1
L2
Wf
Qin
W out
( -)
KWin

KQout
WK
Win = Qout + W f
- -
QinW
W K

W
W
Qin = Wout + W f
WQoutQin
Win = Wout + 2W f
Wf
K

40
50 kJ
KkJ
K

W
Q Q = Wout + W f
W f = 50 40 = 10
kJ

W50 kJ10 kJ
- -
40
= 80%
50
KK
dQ
1 T
(4-21) ds
1
dQ ds
>
=K
(dQ=0)(4-21)
EF

KEJ F
ds = 0(4-21)W1-2
ds > 0(4-22)W1-2'
- -
T
p=c
2'
p=c
EJ F
isent
h2 h1
h2' h1
K
K
Heat Engines
Sink
ESourceF
K
K
EJ F
K
W
EF 1-2
3K2-3
3K1
- -
K1
KEJ F
K

V=c
s=c
T=c

EJ F
EJ F
QH
K WQL
Q = W
KQLQH
(4-23) QH QL = W
TH
QH
W
QL
TL
EJ F
- -
:thK
(4-24) th =
th
W
QH
QH QL
QH
(4-25)th = 1
QL
QH
K(4-25)
Esteam power plant)
K EJ F
QL QHK EFK

K
W
QH
system
boundaries
QL
EJ F
- -
.800 kJ/kg 1600 kJ/kg
TH
QH = ?
W = 800 kJ/kg
QL = 1600
TL
EJ F
WEJ F
QH QL = W
Q H = 1600 + 800
th
= 2400 kJ
work done
heat sup plied
kg
W
=
W
QH
th
work done
heat sup plied
800
= 0.3333 = 33.33 %
2400
The Heat Pump & The RefrigeratorW

QH TL QL
K W TH
- -
TH
QH
QL
TL

EJ F

W = QH QL
Coefficient Of
QL

KPerformance(COP).

W
(4-26) COPREF
QL
W
QL
QH QL
QH
1
Q L
QH
(4-27) COPHP =
QH
W
QH
QH QL
1 Q L
QH
W
(4-28) COPHP COPREF = 1
- -
200
kJ/kg
K 600 kJ/kg
TH
Q H = Q R = 600

w = 200 kJ/kg
QL = Q A = ?
TL

EJ F
(QA)
WEJ F
200 = Q A 600
QA
W = Q A QR
kg
QA
W
400
=
=2
200
COPREF
COPREF
= 400 kJ
COPHP
- -
QR
W
COPHP
600
=3
200
K +
The Carnot Cycle:EF

WT-sEJ F
K1-2
K2-3
K3-4
K4-1
T
TH
TL
1
2
EJ F
th
=1
QL
QH
( 4 29)
WEJ F
2
dQ
T
1
ds =
1
- -
(4-30) Q = T ds = T (s 2 s 1 )
1
QH = TH ( s2 s1 )
Q L = TL ( s1 s 2 )
(4-31) c = 1
QL
QH
=1
TL ( s 2 s 1 )
T
=1 L
TH ( s 2 s1 )
TH
(4-32) W = c QH
EF
WEJ F
K1-2
K2-3
K3-4
K4-1
TH
TL
1
2
EJ F
- -
WWQLQH
QL = TL ( s2 s1 )
Q H = TH ( s1 s2 )
W
Q = W
W = Q H + Q L = ( TH TL )( s 2 s1 )
(4-33) COPREF
QL
W

(4-34) COPREF =
TL ( s 2 s1 )
TL
=
( TH T L)( s2 s1 ) TH TL
W
(4-35) COPHP =
(4-36) COPHP =
QH
W
TH ( s2 s1 )
TH
=
( TH T L)( s2 s1 ) TH TL
K40 oC, -10 oC
COPREF
COPREF
TL
TH TL
10 + 273
= 5.26
40 + 10
- -
W ()
K
7C27CEF
8m3
KR = 320 J/kg KK10kg
200
kPaisothermal
K4
m32 m3
= pdV = p1V1 (ln
V2
)
V1
2.3 MN/m2
K8 cm7.5 cm
- -
p(kPa)
620
pvk = c
2
0.15
1.0
v(m3)
EF
K EF
K
EF
K50 kJ/kg
K350 m/sec2300 kJ/kg

70
m/sec160 kJ/kg
K (nozzle)
2790kJ/kgK60 m/sec3025kJ/kg
KK

0.1m2
K0.19 m3/kg
- -

.40%
0.1 620 kPa
FK 50 kJ/kgm3
KE
T
TH
TL
s1
s2
EJ F
- -
W
EF
K K
K K
K
K K
K K
EF
WK
V
T
= mRT
pV
K
=
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
EFEF
8
V2
=
(27 + 273) (7 + 273)
300 V2
V2
EF
= 8 280
8 280
300
= 7.466 m3
W
W = pdV = p( v 2 v1 )
= 120 kPa (7.466 8) = 120000 0.534 = 64080 J = 64.08 kJ

- -
WK
= mRT
pV
pV
p1V1
W = p1V1 ln
= p 2V 2
W = 200 2 ln
4
2
V2
V1
= 277.26 kJ
W
W = p(V2 V1 )
K
8 cm
W
V2 V1 = 4 d 2 (0 0.08) = 4 (0.075) 2 0.08 = 0.00035343 m 3

W = p(V 2 V1 )
W = 2.3 10 6 ( 0.00035343) = 812.9 J
- -
W=
p1V1 p 2V2
k 1
Kp2
V
p 2 = p1 1
V2
1.5
0.15
= 620
= 620 0.0581 = 36.02 kPa
1.0
620 0.15 36.02 1.0 56.98

=
114 kJ
W =
1.5 1
0.5
EF
K
q w = u
c12
c 22
m(h1 +
+ z1 g ) + Q W = m(h2 +
+ z2 g)
2
2
K EF
K K
K
q w = u
EF
- -
50 w = 0
w = 50 kJ
kg
K
K

c12
c 22
m(h1 +
+ z1 g ) + Q W = m(h2 +
+ z2 g)
2
2
Qout
c1
Wc2
c12
c 22
h1 +
+ Q = h2 +
2
2
W
(350) 2
(70) 2
+ Q = 160 +
2
2
2300 +
2300 + 61.250 + Q = 160 + 2.450
Q = 2198.8 kJ / kg
- -
3025 1000 ( J
c12
c2
= h2 + 2
2
2
h1 +
)+
c2
60 2 J
(
) = 2790 1000 ( J ) + 2
kg
kg
2
2
kg
3025000 + 1800 2790000 =
c 22
2
c 22
= 236800
2
c = 236800 2 = 688 m
sec
W m&
WEF m&
A c
v
0.1 688
m& =
= 31.6 kg
sec
0.19
m& = A c =
- -
W T1
T1 =
p1 v1 = R T1
p1 v1 620 103 0.1

=
= 216 K
287
R
W TL
therm = 1
0.4 = 1
TL
TH
TL
216
TL
= 129.6 K
COPref
TL
129.6
=
= 1 .5
TH TL 216 129.6
- -
W
W
K K
K K
K
K
Kh K
K K
K K
K K
K
K
K K
K K
K
K
K K
K K
W
K
W
K
- -
W

W
K
- -
K
K K
K
K
- -
EFW

W
W
K K
K
q =
k A ( T1 T 2 )
x
q=
T
R
. R
thermal conductivity
k .a
K
q=
i =n+1
R
i =1
K
q=
T
ln r2 r1
2kl
K
q=
R
R
- -
K
K
K-30 C-10 C
KEFEFW
KK0.01m(1.5m * 2m)
xK
K x Ak
kA
W
T = -10 ( -30 ) = 20 C > 0
T
KV = V1-V2

A = 1.5 * 2 = 3 m2
K3 cm370 W/m C K
K1m2 100 C 400 C

K
- -
q =
k A T
x
370 1 ( 400 100)

0.03
W
= 3700000 W
m2
= 3700 kW
m2
15cmK
K5cm
T1=38C
T3=- 2 C
T2
q
k=1.37
k=0.04
EF
W
R1 =
R2 =
x1 0.05
=
= 1.25 C
W
k1
0.04
x 2 0.15
=
= 0.109 C
W
k2
1.37
( R1 + R2 ) = 1.359 C
q =
T
R1 + R2
38 ( 2)
1.359
- -
W
Wq
= 29.43 W
m2
9cm
5cm
K43W/mC
40

mK
40 C70 C
K
r1
T2
r2
T1
EF
KW
r1 = 2.5 cm
= 4.5 cm
r2
2 k L (T1 T2 )
ln rr12
q =
2 (43)(40)(70 40)
ln 42..55
324212 .36
= 551581 .7 W = 551 .582 kW
0 .58778666
- -
1cm5cm(k = 54 W/m C) K
(k = 0.038 W/m C)6.4 cm(k=0.149W/m C)
315 CK2.5cm
E1mFK38 C
r4
r3
r2
T4
r1
T3
T2
T1
k1
k2
k3
EF
W
KK
r1 = 1.5 cm
r2
= 2.5 cm
r3
= 8.9 cm
r4
= 11.4 cm
R1 =
ln r12
2k1L
ln 12..55
0.5108256
=
2 54 1
339.292
- -
= 0.00151
R2
ln r32
2k2 L
ln 82..95
1.26976
=
= 1.3563
2 0.149 1 0.93619
R3
ln r43
2 k3 L
ln 118..94
0.247562
=
= 1.03686
2 0.038 1 0.238761
= 0.00151 + 1.3563 + 1.03686 = 2.39467
q =
T
315 38
=
R 2.39467
q =
T3 T4
R3
115.65 =
T3
= 115.65 W
T3 38
1.03686
T3 38
1.03686
= 157.9 C
- -
WT3
WLD
KK
K
K
K0.01 m2 m1.5 m
K3 CM370 W/M C
K1m2100 C400 C
K 54kW
8.4mm (k=50.5W/m C)
135
.124 C
93 C 370 C15 cm
K0.01m(2m*1.5m)
KK1m2K=0.78 W/mC
KK0.3m
6m4m(k=0.8 W/m C )
6C 14C
3
kW2.5cm
1m2 K
KTK0.2 W/m C
K K
85C 13cm
- -
K WK0.035W/mC
K
qcond
EF
Ek=0.7F10 cm K
Ek=0.065FKEk=0.48F4cm
E1m2FK80%
1m2
17 W/m c30cm K
qK
10
50 C250 C
K100 C25 cm 15 cmcm
0.25m6m8m K
0.8W/m C
WK10hr 15C4C

SR0.3/kWh
- -
Ti To
R
K R
K
R = Rconvi+ Rcond + Rconvo
x
kA

Rcyl
Rconv =
ln rroi
2kl
1
h A
W
rcr =
k
h
- -
270 K(k = 0.7 W/m C) 10 cm K
K40 W/m2 K
10 W/m2 K 330 K
K
T1
T2
To
Ti
k=0.7
ho
hi
EF
KK
W 1
hi
x
k
1
40
1
ho
= 0.025 K
0.1
= 0.1429 K
W
0.7
1
10
W
= 0.1
W
= 0.025 + 0.1429 + 0.1 = 0.2679 K
Wq
- -
q =
(Ti To )
R
330 270
0.2679
= 223.96 W
m2
50 C2.5 cm K
0.8mmK3500 W/m2 C
16 W/m C
7.6W/m2C K
K20 C
W
T2
r1
r2
T1
hi,Ti
ho,To
q
Ti
T1
Rconvi
T2
Rcyl
To
Rconvo
EF
W
Ri =
1
1
=
= 0.00364 C
W
hi Ai 3500 (2 0.0125 1
W
- -
Rt
Ro
ln r12
2 kL
0133
ln 00..0125
= 0.00062 C
W
2 16 1
1
1
=
ho Ao 7.6 (2 0.0133 1)
W
= 1.575 C
F
E
q =
T
50 20
=
R 1.57926
= 19 W
EF K
K0.03W/m C10
mm
K
K
Rins
ln r32
2 k L
33
ln 12..33
= 2.9745 C
W
2 0.03 1
K
Ro
1
1
=
ho Ao 7.6 (2 0.0233 1)
= 0.89877 C
q =
T
50 20
=
= 7.74 W
R 3.87753
19 7.74
= 0.5926 = 59.26 %
19
- -
r3
r2
r1
T3
T2
T1
hi,Ti
k1
ho,To

k2

T2
T1
Ti
Rconvi
Rcyl
T3
R
To
Rconvo
EF
5 cm(k = 0.17 W/m C) K
3 W/m2 C 20 C200 C
K
K200 C
ro
k
h
0.17
= 0.0567 = 5.67 cm
3.0
q =
(T1 T )
ln
ro
r1
2kL
1
2ro L h
q =
(200 20)
5.67
2.5
ln
1
+
2 0.17 1 2 0.0567 1 3.0
- -
= 105.7 W
q = h A(T1 To )
q = 3.0 2 (0.025) 1(200 20) = 84.4 W
3.17 cm
K
- -

K
W
Kq
4mm K
F8mm
E
K K
K
KK
(k=0.035
W/m
C)
mm(k=15.1 W/mC)
4 W/m2 C 3C
25 CK9W/m2 C
K20 C
(k=0.15 1mm
10 m
2mm K
K8V10AKW/m
C)
h=18 W/m2 C30 C

K
W K
Kk= 400 W/m C
K10cm
K12 cm
K110 C
K30 C
- -
15 W/m2 10000 W/m2 C
K C
K5cm
0.2 W/m C
K120 C(k = 15 W/m C)

K
K0.2 cm1.6cm
K25 C40 C
70 W/m2 C
EF20 W/m2 C
K0.038 W/m C
(k = 0.13 W/m C)EF K
1.5
mm K0.1mm
28CK0.026 W/m C
1.1m2
K25 W/m2 C-5 C
EF
- -
EFW

WW
:
KK
KK
KK
W
015m3012m3 K
K1.15 kg/m30.2m3
FK
KE997 15002750
v=
WK
m 1
=
V v
V
1
=
m
mg
ms
mw
m = V
= 2750 0.12 = 330 kg
W
= 1500 0.15 = 225 kg
W
= 997 0.2 = 199.4 kg
W
- -
= 1.15 0.53 = 0.61 kg
ma
Wmt
= 755 kg
mt
mt 755
=
Vt
1
W
= 755 kg
m3
vt
3
Vt
1
=
= 0.001325 m
kg
mt 755
287J/kg 25 C1 bar
K300 CKK
1
2
p
RT1
1 10 5
287 ( 25 + 273)
p
RT2
1 10 5
287 (300 + 273)
= 1.169 kg
m3
= 0.608 kg
m3
100 1/sec
.
.0.001 Pa.sec
du
dy
K du
dy
W
= 0.001 100 = 0.1 Pa
- -

0.85
K2.87*10-3Ns/m2
0.156 m3 137 kg K
K11.3
.kg
W K
r 2
u (r ) = u 0 1
r1
Wrr1
(r = 0)
(r = r1)
u0
(r)
- -
WEF
p = g h
KH
K
- -
6000NK7.5 cm K
K
p =
F
A
A = r 2 = 4 D 2 = 4 (0.075) 2
= 0.004418 m 2
p =
6000
= 1358080 Pa 1358 kPa
0.004418
(R-134a)7.5 m K
K1 MPa1206 kg/m3
7.5 m
R-134a
EF
p = ptop + p134 a
= ptop + ( g h)134 a
p = 1000000 + (1206 9.81 7.5) = 1088704 Pa = 1088.7 kPa
Kp
.95 kPa EF 150 kPa K

K
- -
p abs
= p g + p atm
= 150 + 95 = 245 kPa
.999kg/m3K101.325 kPa K
K
p = g h
101.325 = 999 9.81 h
h =
101.325 10 3
999 9.81
= 10.34 m
E13600 kg/m3F
p = g h
101.325 10 3 = 13600 9.81 h
- -

K2kN10cm K
K
K500m 200m K
1000kg/m3
K
750 kg/m3
K 2m3mK103kg/m3
K1 barK
2m
3m
EF
K5m/sec15mm K
F
K20 C2barE
K30C
1.4 barEF
K 1.03bar
K187.8R
K 2000m K
K(1002kg/m2)
12mEF
K101KN
/m2103kg/m3K
K600kg/m31 bar
- -
800kg/m38m K
.0.97 bar
W K
13.6400mm
7.9kg/m2 (specific weight) 400mm
- -
W
K
K
1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v 2
WEF
A1 v1 = A2 v 2

K
30 C1.5 bar K
250 mmB400mm*300mmA
BBA0.2 bar
AR = 287J/kg K
K18 m/sec
EF
- -

EBFEAFK
K
WEFA
p1
RT1
1.5 10 5
287 (30 + 273)
p2
RT2
= 1.725 kg
m3
()B
(1.5 0.2) 10 5
287 (30 = 273)
= 1.495 kg
m3
EF( B)
1 A1 v1 = 2 A2 v 2
v2
v2 =
1 A1 v1
2 A2
1.725 (0.4 0.3) 18

1.495 (0.25) 2
W
= 39.87 m
sec
K K
K
4m
d = 100 mm
2
EF
K
p1
v12
+ z1 g
2
- -
p2
v 22
+ z2 g
2
EFKEFEF
KEF
W
v 22
2
= z1 g z 2 g
= g ( z1 z 2 )
W 4m
v2
= 2 g ( z1 z 2 )
v2
= 2 9.81 4
= 8.86 m
( z1 z2 )
sec
WQ
Q = A 2 v 2
Q = 4 ( d 22 ) v 2
= 4 (0.1) 2 8.86 = 0.0695 m
- -
sec

0.150.3m1800lit/min K
KK
0.5m/sec12mm
K3mm
37 C 3.09 bar0.15m K
K4m/sec
K4m/sec
100mm(1) K
(2)K50 mm
(2)
K
KK
0.1mAB0.015m3
0.05mBE0.025mBD0.025mBCB
BE BC
K4
m/sBD
KBEBCAB
KBA K
K0.056m3930 kg/m3015 mAC
0.03
m3/s870 kg/m30.1mB
0.175 mC
KC
EF
- -
KhA K
Q
Q = A 2 gh
400 kPa3m/sec0.5 m800 kg/m3 K
K30 m0.15 m
K
EFK3.5 mK
30 m
z1
EF
- -
z2
FK
WE
p = f
L v2
D 2
K K
64
Re
K K
W
80 C6 L/secJ
801 80 C
K40m52.5 mm
K4.46*10-3 Pa.sec80 Ckg/m3
10 0.001
Q
v = =
= 4.62 m
2
sec
A 4 (0.0525)
Re =
801 4.62 0.0525

v D
=
= 43561 40000
4.46 10 3
K
EF0.046 mm
0.000046
0.0525
= 0.000876
f = 0.025
- -
W
L v2
p = f
D 2
2
40
(4.62)
p = 0.025
801 = 162827.3 Pa = 162.8 kPa

0.0525
2
K60mm42 m K
K 45 90
480 L/min0.02
KE1000kg/m3FK
W
L = 42 + 8 2.4 + 4 1.5 + 6 0.79 = 71.94 m
E0.001m3FW
Q = A v
v =
480 0.001
Q
=
A 60 ( 4 (0.06265) 2 )
= 2 .6 m
sec
p = f
L v2

D 2
71.94 2.62
p = 0.02
1000 = 77333 Pa = 77.333 kPa

0.06265
2
- -

K0.5m3/min 150mm K
W920kg/m384*10-3 Pa.sec
K
Re
W K
400mm1.49*10-3Pa.sec0.01m/sec
K870 kg/m3
EFW K
150
K0.0150000
K0.000150000
K60mm42m K
454908
0.02fK 6
K480 l/min
- -
EFW
W
W
K
KK
K K
KK K
K K
K
K
K K
7C27C K
8m3
KR = 320 J/kg KK10kg
WK
pV
= mRT
K
V
T
= Cons tan t
- -
V1 V2
=
T1 T2
EFEF
EF
8
V2
=
(27 + 273) (7 + 273)
300 V2
V2
= 8 280
8 280
300
= 7.466 m3
W
W = pdV = p( v 2 v1 )
= 120 kPa (7.466 8) = 120000 0.534 = 64080 J = 64.08 kJ
0.178 m3
200kPa K
K 1.549 m3
W = pdV = p( v 2 v1 )
= 200 kPa (1.549 0.178) m 3
= 274.2 kJ
200 kPaisothermal K
K4 m32 m3
W
= pdV = p1V1 (ln
V2
)
V1
- -
K K
2.3 MN/m2 K
7.5 cm
K8 cm
50kJ .
0.2m30.01m3
5m3
520 C1kg
W10m3
R = 287 J/kg K
10 m3 5 m35 kg K
W3 bar
K
K
0.15m3
0.286
57C0.42kg
KkJ/kg K
K
K0.286 kJ/kg K15 bar0.12 kg0.0075m3
K
R=0.286 kJ/kg 97 C1.12 bar0.1 kg
KK
- -
0.005
m3
1.1bar ,
0.1 m3
K k =1.4
0.73 kJ/kg K K
KK1.09 kJ/kg K
W K
K
K K15 C12 bar80 kg K

F60C
ER=0.286 kJ/kg K
4 m310 m3 K
KK3 bar
1bar K
K1.43 kg/m3
K15 m35 m3 6.3bar K
37 C0.15m3 K
KER= 0.286 kJ/kg KFK10.2 bar
K
Vi=0.01m3
KKV2=0.02 m3p=140 kPa
K K
2kg K
K4 m32 m3300 K
K
KK
- -
p(kPa)
620
pvk = c
2
0.15
1.0
v(m3)
EF
- -
q w = u
K
W
c12
c 22
m(h1 +
+ z1 g ) + Q W = m(h2 +
+ z2 g)
2
2
K50 kJ/kg
KK
K
q w = u
Q
2
EF
50 w = 0
- -
w = 50 kJ
kg
. 22 kJ 20 kJ .
K
K
KKK
Q W = U
Q ( 22) = 20
Q = 42 kJ
350 2300 kJ/kg
70 m/sec160 kJ/kgKm/sec
KEF
KK
m(h1 +
c12
c2
+ z1 g ) + Q W = m(h2 + 2 + z 2 g )
2
2
Qout
c1
Wc2
- -
h1 +
c12
c2
+ Q = h2 + 2
2
2
2300 +
(350) 2
(70) 2
+ Q = 160 +
2
2
2300 + 61.250 + Q = 160 + 2.450
Q = 2198.8 kJ / kg
650 kJ/kg20 kg/minEF K

K200 m/sec300 m/secK360 kJ/kg
K
KK
KK
- -
m(h1 +
c12
c2
+ z1 g ) + Q W = m(h2 + 2 + z 2 g )
2
2
W
m& ( h1 +
c12
c2
) + Q = m& ( h 2 + 2 )
2
2
20
(300) 2
20
( 200) 2
kg kJ
(650 +
)+Q =
(360 +
)
) , (
60
2
60
2
sec kg
231.667 + Q = 126.667
Q = 104 kW
- -

K3750 W K
K
420
K
K200 kJ/kg kJ/kg
K100 kJ/kg
K1090 kJ/kg1850 C
K0.73 kJ/kg K
K27 C5 barsK300 Liters K

K127 C
- -
K0718 kJ/kg K
th =
Q QL
Q
W
= H
= 1 L
QH
QH
QH
COPREF =
QL
QL
=
W
QH QL
W
COPHP =
QH
QH
=
W
QH QL
W
th =
Q QL
Q
T
W
= H
= 1 L = 1 L
QH
QH
QH
TH
EF
175 kJ/kg
KK144 kJ/kg
Qout
3
Qin
- -
EF
COPREF =
QL
QL
=
W QH QL
144
144
=
= 4.65
175 144 31
EF
COPHP =
QH
QH
175
175
=
=
=
= 5.65
W
Q H Q L 175 144 31
EF

wout
Qin
system
win
boundary
Qout
- -

K300 K100 kPa

3.5
(k=1.4)K80%
20 C200 C K
KQLQH15 kW

K
.30%
500 kPa
172
kJ/kg0.15 m3
EFK
KEF K
kJ20 C200 C
K
600 kJ/minQLQH120 C-30 C
.30%
(shaft power)
136 hp
K35000kJ/kg
= th Q H = 136 hp 0.7355
- -
kW
= 100 kW
hp
th =
W
QH
QH =
th
100
= 333.4 kW
0.3
Q L = Q H W = 333.4 100 = 244.3 kW
m qH
= QH
333.4 kW
35000 kJ
kg
= 0.0095 kg
- -
sec

m2
Area
Velocity
Cp
Constant pressure specific heat
kJ
Cv
Constant volume specific heat
kJ
COP
Coefficient of performance
d ,D
Diameter
Total energy
kJ
Eb
Blackbody emissive Flux
W / m2
Friction Factor
Force
Fij
View factor
Gravitational acceleration
Incident radiation
Gr
Grashof number
Enthalby
Convection heat transfer coefficient
Thermal conductivity
Length; half thickness of a plane wall
Mass
kg
sec
kg. k
kg k
sec 2
W 2
m
kJ
--
kg
m C
2
m C
kg
m&
Mass flow rate
Nu
Nusselt number
perimeter
pressure
kPa
Prandtl number
Total amount heat transfer
kJ
q&
Heat flux
Q&
Volume flow rate
m3
Radius
rcr
Critical radius of insulation
Gas constant
Thermal resistance
Ru
Universal gas constant
Re
Reynolds number
Thickness
Time
sec
Temperature
C or K
Ti
Initial Temperature ,inside

Temperature
C or K
Internal energy, velocity
Overall heat transfer coefficient
Specific volume ,velocity
Total volume
m3
W&
power
kW
Absorptivity ; Thermal diffusivity,
sec
m2
sec
kJ
kJ
kJ
m3
kmol K
m C
m
kg
sec
m2
--
kg
kg K
C
W
Emissivity ;heat exchanger or fin

effectiveness
fin
Fin efficiency
Dynamic viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Density
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
Transmissivity, Shear stress
atm
Atmospheric
cyl
Cylinder
Electrical
Inlet, initial, or indoor conditions
Outdoor conditions
rad
Radiation
Surface
surr
Surrounding Surface
sys
System
wall
Difference
Ambient conditions
kg
m sec
m2
kg
--
, Pa sec
sec
m3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Heat Transfer: A practical Approach- Yunus A. Cengel, McGraw-Hill
1998
Heat Transfer, J P Holman, 8th edition 1997.
Heat Transfer, Lindon C. Thomas,1992.
Principles of Refrigeration, Dossat,4th ed. 1997.
Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Roberson-Crowe.1995.
Applied Thermodynamics, Eastop & McConkey, 5th ed. 1996.
Classical Thermodynamics, Gordon Van Wylen, Richard Sonntag, 4th ed
1994.

KK K
KK K
KKK K
KK K
KLLK K
KJ K
KJ L .
--
W
W
J J J
W
J

EF

EF
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

Col 101 Rtest

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Col 101 Rtest

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

W

1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 mile = 5280 ft, 1 hr =3600 sec

1 Btu = 1054.35 J (or N. m)

Modes of Heat Transfer W

Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer

One-dimensional Steady State Heat Transfer W

Conduction Heat Transfer

Fourier's Law of Heat ConductionW

A composite plane wall

(k= 0.78 W/m oC)1.5m0.8mEJ F

= 0.00427 + 0.3205 + 0.00427 = 0.32477 C

Heat conduction through hollow

6 cm 2 cm(k= 43 w/m oC)

K(k = 0.2 W/m K)3cm 4cm

Convection Heat Transfer

Natural convection WEF

Forced convection :EF

Newton Law of Cooling

120 oC 1000 W/m2

1000 = h (120 20)

2800 W/m2 C50 W/m C

0.000357 + 0.0002 + 0.0909 = 0.0915

WOverall heat transfer coefficient

q = 1.736 (1.5 0.8) (20 10) = 20.832 W

0.106 + 0.0002 + 2.35 + 0.154 = 2.61 C/W

Insulation Critical Thickness

7 mm3 mm(k=0.15 W/m C)

K12 W/m2 oC30 oC5m

T1 = To + q R = 30 + 80 ( 0.76 + 0.18 ) = 105 C

KPrandtl numberNusselt NumberNumber

KRel < 5105

Nul = 0.664 Rel0.5 Pr

Rel > 5105

Nul = 0.036 Rel 0.8 Pr

(2-22) h = ( k / l ) 0.036 Rel Pr

c p = 1000 J / kg k = 0.0267 W / m o C = 0.864 10 5 kg / m / s = 1.137kg / m 3

Nu l = (k / l)0.664 Re l 0.5 Pr = (0.0267 / 1)0.664(3.947 10 5 ) 0.5 (0.325) = 7.657

= 7.657 (1 1) (60 15) = 344.56 W

Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces :

(2-30) A F = rF2 ro2 2 n F

W(2-26, 2-27, 2-28)

W(2-29, 2-30, 2-32)

K20 cm3 mm5050 cm

A i = 2 ri L = 2 0.05 0.5 = 0.157 m 2

A o = 2ro L = 2 0.053 0.5 = 0.1665 m 2

T2 = T + q R o = 30 + 67.8 0.165 = 41.2 C

Stefan Boltzman's Law

(2-35) q emit max

= 0.95 5.67 10 8 1.4 (303 4 283 4 )

= 0.95 5.67 10 8 1.4 (303 4 298 4 )

Absorptivity, Reflectivity & Transmissivity W

The View FactorW

4cm 5cm K 1cm

(k= 0.156W/m C) 0.635 cm

= 1.25 + 0.08 = 1.33 cm

Specific Gravity SGL

F6750 kg 1000 kg/m3

K1kN 5mm (piston)

kPa = 5.09 bar

450cm 250cm 300cm

PB = 1023 9.81 200

= 1023 9.81 (300 200 ) = 1.004 10 6 Pa

1.013 bar 101.3 kN/m2