Fatigue under wind loading

Wind loading and structural response

Lecture 15 Dr. J.D. Holmes
Fatigue under wind loading
Occurs on slender chimneys, masts under vortex shedding - narrow
(frequency) band
Occurs on steel roofing under wide band loading
May occur in along-wind dynamic response - background - wide band
- resonant - narrow band
Fatigue under wind loading
Failure model - based on sinusoidal test results
Ns
m
= K
N = cycles to failure
s = stress amplitude
K = a constant depending on material
m = exponent between 5 and 20
Fatigue under wind loading
Failure model - based on sinusoidal test results
Typical s-N graph
:
Fatigue under wind loading
Failure model
Miners Rule :
1 =
|
|
.
|

\
|

i
i
N
n
Assumes fractional damage at different stress amplitudes adds
linearly to give total damage
n
i
= number of stress cycles at given amplitude
N
i
= number of stress cycles for failure at that amplitude
No restriction on order of
loading
High-cycle fatigue (stresses below yield
stress)
Fatigue under wind loading
Narrow band random loading :
total number of cycles in a time period, T, is u
o
+
T
for narrow-band random stress s(t), the proportion of
cycles with amplitudes in the range from s to s + os,= f
p
(s).
os
f
p
(s) is the probability density of the peaks
u
o
+
is the rate of crossing of the mean stress (~ natural
frequency)
s(t)
time
Fatigue under wind loading
Narrow band random loading :
since N(s) = K/s
m

total number of cycles with amplitudes in the range s to os,
n(s) = u
o
+
T f
p
(s). os
fractional damage at stress level, s
:
K
s s (s) Tf
N(s)
n(s)
m
p o
+
=
Fatigue under wind loading
Narrow band random loading :
By Miners Rule :
Probability distribution of peaks is
Rayleigh : (Lecture 3)
K
ds s (s) f T
N(s)
n(s)
D
m
p
0
o
0
}

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2
2
p
2
s
exp

s
(s) f
substituting, damage ds
2
s
exp s
K
T
D
2
2
1 m
0
2
o
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+

+
}
1)
2
m
( ) 2 (
K
T
m
o
+ =
+
I(x) is the Gamma Function ( n! = I(n+1) )
EXCEL gives log
e
I(x) : GAMMALN()
Fatigue under wind loading
Narrow band random loading :
Fatigue life : set D =1, rearrange
as expression for T
1)
2
m
( ) 2 (
K
T
m
o
+
=
+
Only applies for one mean wind speed,U, since
standard deviation of stress, o, varies with wind speed
need to incorporate probability distribution of
U
Fatigue under wind loading
Wide band loading :
More typical of wind loading
Fatigue damage under wide band loading : D
wb
=
D
nb
= empirical factor

Lower limit for = 0.926 - 0.033m (m = exponent of s-N
curve)
Fatigue under wind loading
Effect of varying wind speed :
Standard deviation of stress is a function of mean wind
speed : o = AU
n
Probability distribution of U :
(Weibull)
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
k
U
c
U
exp 1 ) U ( F

Loxton 1984-2000 (all directions)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Wind speed (m/s)
data
Weibull fit (k=1.36, c=3.40)
Probability of
exceedence
Fatigue under wind loading
Effect of varying wind speed :
Amount of damage generated during this time :
The fraction of the time T during which the mean wind speed falls
between U and U+oU is f
U
(U).oU.
Probability density of U
(Weibull) :
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

k
k
1 k
U
c
U
exp
c
U k
) U ( f
1)
2
m
( ) AU 2 (
K
U (U) Tf
D
m n
U o
U
+ =
+
Fatigue under wind loading
Effect of varying wind speed :
Total damage for all mean wind speeds :

dU (U) f U 1)
2
m
(
K
A) 2 T(
D
U
mn
0
m
o
}

+
+ =
dU
c
U
exp
c
k
U 1)
2
m
(
K
A) 2 T(
k
k
1 k mn
0
m
o
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+

+
}
)
k
k mn
( 1)
2
m
(
K
c A) 2 T(
D
mn m
o
+
+ =
+
Fatigue under wind loading
Fatigue life :
Lower limit (based on narrow band vibrations) :

)
k
k mn
( 1)
2
m
( c A) 2 (
K
T
mn m
o
lower
+
+
=
+
)
k
k mn
( 1)
2
m
( c A) 2 (
K
T
mn m
o
upper
+
+
=
+
Upper limit (based on wide band vibrations) ( < 1) :

u
o
+
(cycling rate or effective frequency)

Can be taken as natural frequency for lower limit;
0.5 x natural frequency for upper limit

Fatigue under wind loading
Example :
m = 5 ; n = 2 ; k = 2; u
0
+
= 0.5 Hertz
from EXCEL : GAMMALN() function

= 0.926 - 0.033m =0.761
K = 2 x 10
15
[MPa]
1/5

; c = 8 m/s ; A = 0.1
2
(m/s)
MPa
120 5! (6) )
2
2 mn
(
3.323 e (3.5) 1)
2
m
(
1.201
= = =
+
= = = +
secs 10 1.65
120.0 3.323 8 0.1) 2 ( 0.5
10 2
T
8
10 5
15
lower
=


=
years 13.8 years
0.761
5.24 2

T
T
lower
upper
=

= =
years 5.2 years
3600 24 365
10 1.65
8
=


=
Fatigue under wind loading
Sensitivity :
Fatigue life is inversely proportional to
A
m
- sensitive to stress concentrations
Fatigue life is inversely proportional to
c
mn
- sensitive to wind climate


End of Lecture 15

John Holmes
225-405-3789 JHolmes@lsu.edu