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Giáo Trình IP
Giáo Trình IP
1. Mt vi im c bn cn nh :
- Chuyn i nh phn thp phn: cn nm vng cch chuyn i gia s nh
phn v thp phn. VD: 5 <-> 101 ; 10 <-> 1010; 64 <-> 1000000.
- Vi n bit nh phn, ta c th thit lp c: 2n s nh phn n bit vi gi tr thp
phn tng ng chy t 0 n 2n 1.
VD:
Vi n = 2, ta lp c 22 = 4 s nh phn 2 bit chy t 0 n 3 ( = 22 1 ):
00 0
01 1
10 2
11 3
Vi n = 3, ta lp c 23 = 8 s nh phn 3 bit chy t 0 n 7 ( = 23 1 ):
000 0
100 4
001 1
101 5
010 2
110 6
011 3
111 7
- C gng nh mt s ly tha ca 2, t nht cho n 28 :
24 = 16
28 = 256
20 = 1
1
5
2 = 32
2 =1
2
26 = 64
2 =4
27 = 128
23 = 8
-
a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.
1
2
128 64
3
32
4
16
5
8
6
4
7
2
8
1
2. a ch IP:
a ch IP l a ch logic c s dng trong giao thc IP ca lp Internet
thuc m hnh TCP/IP (tng ng vi lp th 3 lp network ca m hnh OSI).
Mc ny trnh by cc im chnh cn ghi nh v a ch IP.
2.1. Cu trc a ch IP
- a ch IP gm 32 bit nh phn, chia thnh 4 cm 8 bit (gi l cc octet). Cc
octet c biu din di dng thp phn v c ngn cch nhau bng cc du
chm.
- a ch IP c chia thnh hai phn: phn mng (network) v phn host.
a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.
GV: L c Phng.
a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.
c) Lp C:
GV: L c Phng.
1 126:
128 191:
192 223:
224 239:
240 255:
a ch lp A.
a ch lp B.
a ch lp C.
a ch lp D.
a ch lp E.
GV: L c Phng.
2.5. Bi tp:
Cho bit a ch no sau y c th dng cho host:
150.100.255.255
175.100.255.18
195.234.253.0
100.0.0.23
188.258.221.176
127.34.25.189
224.156.217.73
3. Chia subnet:
3.1. Subnet mask v s prefix:
- Subnet mask :
Subnet mask l mt di 32 bit nh phn i km vi mt a ch IP, c cc host
s dng xc nh a ch mng ca a ch IP ny. lm c iu , host s
em a ch IP thc hin php tnh AND tng bit mt ca a ch vi subnet mask
ca n, kt qu host s thu c a ch mng tng ng ca a ch IP.
V d: Xt a ch 192.168.1.1 vi subnet mask tng ng l 255.255.255.0
Dng thp phn Dng nh phn
a ch IP
192.168.1.1
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
Subnet mask
255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
a ch mng 192.168.1.0
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
( php ton AND: 0 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
1 AND 0 = 0
1 AND 1 = 1 )
i vi chng ta, quy tc gi nh subnet mask rt n gin: phn mng chy
n u, bit 1 ca subnet mask chy n v ng vi cc bit phn host, cc bit
ca subnet mask c thit lp gi tr 0. Mt s subnet mask chun:
Lp A :
255.0.0.0
Lp C: 255.255.255.0
Lp B:
255.255.0.0
- S prefix:
Nh nu ra trn, subnet mask c s dng km vi a ch IP mt host
c th cn c vo xc dnh c a ch mng tng ng ca a ch ny. V
vy, khi khai bo mt a ch IP ta lun phi khai bo km theo mt subnet mask.
Tuy nhin, subnet mask d c vit di dng s thp phn vn kh di dng
nn m t mt a ch IP mt cch ngn gn hn, ngi ta dng mt i lng
a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.
GV: L c Phng.
- Vi mi subnet chia c:
+ a ch mng c octet b chia ct l bi s ca bc nhy (Octet b chia
ct l octet va c cc bit thuc phn mng va c cc bit thuc phn host).
Bc nhy tng ng vi s bit mn c th c tra trong bng 1.2 ca
mc 1.
+ a ch host u = a ch mng + 1 (cn hiu cng 1 y l li v sau
mt a ch).
+ a ch broadcast = a ch mng k tip 1 (cn hiu tr 1 y l li
v pha trc mt a ch).
+ a ch host cui = a ch broadcast 1 (cn hiu tr 1 y l li v
pha trc mt a ch).
- tnh ra subnet mask c s dng, ta s dng cch nh: phn mng ca a
ch chy n u, cc bit 1 ca subnet mask chy n v bng 1.1 ca mc 1.
VD1: Xt mng 192.168.1.0/24 , mn 2 bit, cn li 6 bit host, bc nhy l 64.
Ta c:
- S subnet c th c: 22 = 4 subnet.
- S host trn mi subnet = 26 2 = 62 host.
- Cc a ch mng s c octet b chia ct (octet th 4) l bi s ca 64.
- Lit k cc mng nh sau:
192.168.1.0/26 -> a ch mng
192.168.1.1/26 ->a ch host u.
.
192.168.1.62/26 ->a ch host cui.
192.168.1.63/26 ->a ch broadcast.
--------------------------------------------192.168.1.64/26 -> a ch mng
192.168.1.65/26 ->a ch host u
..
192.168.1.126/26 ->a ch host cui
192.168.1.127/26 ->a ch broadcast.
--------------------------------------------192.168.1.128/26 -> a ch mng
192.168.1.129/26 ->a ch host u.
.
192.168.1.190/26 ->a ch host cui.
192.168.1.191/26 ->a ch broadcast.
--------------------------------------------a ch IP
GV: L c Phng.
192.168.1.192/26
192.168.1.193/26
.
192.168.1.254/26
192.168.1.255/26
-> a ch mng
->a ch host u.
->a ch host cui.
->a ch broadcast.
10
GV: L c Phng.
------------------------------------------------------172.16.192.0/18
-> a ch mng
172.16.192.1/18
-> a ch host u
-> a ch mng
-> a ch host u
172.16.0.62/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.0.63/26
-> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------172.16.0.64/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.0.65/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.0.126/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.0.127/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.0.128/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.0.129/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.0.190/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.0.191/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------a ch IP
11
GV: L c Phng.
172.16.0.192/26
172.16.0.193/26
..
-> a ch mng
-> a ch host u
172.16.0.254/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.0.255/26
-> a ch broadcast
========================================
172.16.1.0/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.1.1/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.1.62/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.1.63/26
-> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------172.16.1.64/26
172.16.1.65/26
..
-> a ch mng
-> a ch host u
172.16.1.126/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.1.127/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.1.128/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.1.129/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.1.190/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.1.191/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.1.192/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.1.193/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.1.254/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.1.255/26
-> a ch broadcast
========================================
172.16.2.0/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.2.1/26
-> a ch host u
..
a ch IP
12
GV: L c Phng.
172.16.2.62/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.2.63/26
-> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------172.16.2.64/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.2.65/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.2.126/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.2.127/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.2.128/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.2.129/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.2.190/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.2.191/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.2.192/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.2.193/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.2.254/26
172.16.2.255/26
..
172.16.255.0/26
172.16.255.1/26
..
-> a ch mng
-> a ch host u
13
GV: L c Phng.
a ch IP
14
GV: L c Phng.
a ch IP
15
GV: L c Phng.
16
GV: L c Phng.
a ch IP
17
GV: L c Phng.
a ch IP
18
GV: L c Phng.
4.6. Bi tp:
thng tho cc k thut tnh ton IP, cn phi thc hnh nhiu cc k nng
nu ra trn. Sau y l mt s bi tp thc hnh:
4.6.1. Cho mng v s bit mn. Gi s c h tr subnet zero. Hy xc nh :
- S subnet c th c.
- S host/subnet.
- Vi mi subnet, hy xc nh: a ch mng, a ch host u, a ch host cui,
a ch broadcast (nu s lng mng qu nhiu ch cn ghi ra mt vi mng u
v mng cui cng), subnet mask v s prefix.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
192.168.2.0/24 mn 5 bit.
192.168.12.0/24 mn 3 bit.
172.16.2.0/24 mn 2 bit
172.16.0.0/16 mn 3 bit
172.16.0.0/16 mn 12 bit.
10.0.0.0/8 mn 5 bit.
10.0.0.0/8 mn 10 bit.
10.0.0.0/8 mn 18 bit.
19
GV: L c Phng.
g) 158.16.23.208/29
4.6.4. Hy tm tt cc a ch mng sau y v thnh mt a ch mng i din:
a) 192.168.0.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
b) 172.16.16.0/24
172.16.20.0.24
172.16.24.0/24
172.16.28.0/24
a ch IP
20
GV: L c Phng.