A CH IP

a ch IP, subnet, VLSM, summary.

I. Mt vi im c bn cn nh :
- Chuyn i nh phn thp phn: cn nm vng cch chuyn i gia s nh
phn v thp phn. C gng tp tnh bng tay cng nhanh cng tt v khi i thi,
khng c mang my tnh vo phng thi.
VD: 5 <-> 101 ; 10 <-> 1010; 64 <-> 1000000
- Vi n bit nh phn, ta c th thit lp c: 2n s nh phn n bit.
VD: vi n = 3, ta c c 23 = 8 s nh phn 3 bit: 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101,
110, 111.
- Sau y l cc chui nh phn 8 bit cng cc s thp phn tng ng cn phi
thuc phc v cho vic tnh nhanh subnet mask:
00000000
0
10000000
128
11000000
192
11100000
224
11110000
240
11111000
248
11111100
252
11111110
254
11111111
255
- Cc bc nhy:
S bit mn 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Bc nhy

128

64

32

16

II. a ch IP:
1. Cu trc a ch IP
- a ch IP gm 32 bit nh phn, chia thnh 4 cm 8 bit octet. Cc octet c
biu din di dng thp phn v c ngn cch nhau bng cc du chm.
- a ch IP c chia thnh hai phn: Phn network v phn host.
- Cc bit phn mng khng c php ng thi bng 0

- Nu tt c bit phn host = 0 ->a ch mng.

- Nu tt c bit phn host = 1 ->a ch qung b (broadcast).

2. Cc lp a ch IP:
a) Lp A:

- a ch mng: 1.0.0.0 -> 127.0.0.0

- Mng 127.0.0.0 : loopback network

a ch mng s dng c: 1.0.0.0 -> 126.0.0.0 (126 mng).
- Phn host: 24 bit => mi mng lp A c (224 2) host.

b) Lp B:

a ch mng:
128.0.0.0 -> 191.255.0.0
C tt c 214 mng trong lp B.
Phn host: 16 bit
Mt mng lp B c 216 2 host.

c) Lp C:

a ch mng:
192.0.0.0 -> 223.255.255.0
C tt c 221 mng trong lp C.
Phn host: 8 bit
Mt mng lp C c 28 2 = 254 host.

d) Lp D:
- a ch:
224.0.0.0 -> 239.255.255.0
- Dng lm a ch multicast.
V d: 224.0.0.5 dng cho OSPF
224.0.0.9 dng cho RIPv2
e) Lp E:
T 240.0.0.0 tr i.
D phng.
3. a ch Private v Public:
- Trong LAN: Private, khng c nh tuyn trn mi trng Internet.
Internet: Public.
- Di a ch private (RFC 1918):
Lp A: 10.x.x.x
Lp B: 172.16.x.x -> 172.31.x.x
Lp C: 192.168.x.x
- NAT: chuyn i private <-> public.
- ngha ca a ch private: bo tn a ch IP public.
4. a ch qung b (broadcast):
Gm hai loi:
- Direct:
VD: 192.168.1.255
- Local:
VD: 255.255.255.255
II. Chia subnet:
tng: mt phng ban, mt b phn nhiu khi chim c mt subnet l khng
cn thit v lng ph a ch IP chnh v vy m ta phi chia mng chnh ra
thnh nhiu mng con ( subnet ).
- Subnet mask: ch ra phn no ca a ch IP l mng, phn no l host. Cc bit
1 ch mng, cc bit 0 ch host.
VD: 255.255.255.0 subnet mask ca mt mng lp C.
255.255.0.0 subnet mask ca mt mng lp B.
- Mn thm mt s bit ca phn host tng thm chiu di cho phn mng,
chia nh mt mng chnh (major network ) thnh nhiu mng con (subnet):

Gi n l s bit mn, gi m l s bit host cn li, m 2. Ta c:

S subnet c th c: 2n
nu c h tr subnet-zero
n
2 -2
nu khng h tr subnet-zero (b i hai mng
c cc bit subnet bng 0 ht hay bng 1 ht).
S host trn mi subnet: 2m-2.
Bc nhy: BN = 2m

III. Cc dng bi tp v chia subnet

1. Cho mt mng ln v s bit mn. Xc nh :
- S subnet
- S host/subnet
- a ch host u ca mi subnet.
- a ch host cui ca mi subnet.
- a ch broadcast ca mi subnet.
a) Chia mt mng lp C hoc mt mng /24:
+
+
+
+
+
+

Cn c vo s bit mn tnh bc nhy.

a ch mng c octet th 4 l bi s ca bc nhy.
a ch host u = a ch mng + 1.
a ch broadcast = a ch mng sau -1.
a ch host cui = a ch mng sau 2.
a ch mng sau = a ch mng trc + bc nhy.

VD: Xt mng 192.168.1.0/24 , mn n = 2 bit, m = 6, bc nhy l BN = 26 =

64. Ta c:
- S subnet c th c: 22 = 4 subnet.
- S host trn mi subnet = 26 2 = 62 host.
Ta th phn tch:
192.168.1.00 000000 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.192 hay 192.168.1.0/26
192.168.1.01 000000 192.168.1.64 255.255.255.192 hay 192.168.1.64/26
192.168.1.10 000000 192.168.1.128 255.255.255.192 hay 192.168.1.128/64
192.168.1.11 000000 192.168.1.192 255.255.255.192 hay 192.168.1.192/26
Bit nh du : l cc bit mn chia subnet.

Nh vy:
Subnet 0: 192.168.1.0/26
Subnet 1: 192.168.1.64/26
Subnet 2: 192.168.1.128/26
Subnet 3: 192.168.1.192/64
- Lit k cc mng nh sau:
Subnet 0:
192.168.1.0/26 -> a ch mng
192.168.1.00 000001 192.168.1.1/26 -> a ch host u.
.
192.168.1.00 111110 192.168.1.62/26 -> a ch host cui.
192.168.1.00 111111 192.168.1.63/26 -> a ch broadcast.
--------------------------------------------Subnet 1:
192.168.1.64/26 -> a ch mng
192.168.1.01 000001 192.168.1.65/26 -> a ch host u
..
192.168.1.01 111110 192.168.126/26 ->a ch host cui
192.168.1.01 111111 192.168.1.127/26 ->a ch broadcast.
--------------------------------------------Subnet 2:
192.168.1.10 000000 192.168.1.128/26 -> a ch mng
192.168.1.10 000001 192.168.1.129/26 ->a ch host u.
.
192.168.1.10 111110 192.168.1.190/26 ->a ch host cui.
192.168.1.10 111111 192.168.1.191/26 ->a ch broadcast.
--------------------------------------------Subnet 3:
192.168.1.11 000000 192.168.1.192/26 -> a ch mng
192.168.1.11 000001 192.168.1.193/26 ->a ch host u.
.
192.168.1.11 111110 192.168.1254/26 ->a ch host cui.
192.168.1.11 111111 192.168.1.255/26 ->a ch broadcast.
Vy, mt mng lp C 192.168.1.0/24 c chia thnh 4 mng :192.168.1.0/26,
192.168.1.64/16, 192.168.1.128/26, 192.168.1.192/26.

b)Chia mt mng lp A hoc lp B:

Ta xem xt 2 v d sau rt ra cch tnh:

VD1: Xt mng 172.16.0.0/16, mn 2 bit. Octet b chia ct ( thnh 2 phn l net
v host ) l octet th 3.
- S bit mn l 2 => s mng con c th c (tnh theo lut subnet zero): 2 2 = 4
mng. S bit mng by gi l 18 bit.
- S bit host cn li: 32 18 = 14 bit. => s host/subnet = 214 2 host.
Phn tch c bao nhiu subnet:
172.16.00 000000.0 172.16.0.0/18: subnet 0.
172.16.01 000000.0 172.16.64.0/18: subnet 1.
172.16.10 000000.0 172.16.128.0/18: subnet 2.
172.16.11 000000.0 172.16.192.0/18: subnet 3.
- Ta c di a ch nh sau:
Subnet 0:
172.16.00 000000.00000000 172.16.0.0/18 -> a ch mng
172.16.00 000000.00000001 172.16.0.1/18 -> a ch host u
.. .
172.16.00 111111.11111110 172.16.63.254/18 -> a ch host cui.
172.16.00 111111.11111111 172.16.63..255/18 -> a ch broadcast
-----------------------------------------------------Subnet 1:
172.16.01 000000.00000000 172.16.64.0/18 -> a ch mng
172.16.01 000000.00000001 172.16.64.1/18 -> a ch host u
...
172.16.01 111111.11111110 172.16.127.254/18 -> a ch host cui.
172.16.01 111111.11111111 172.16.127.255/18 ->a ch broadcast.
-------------------------------------------------------Subnet 2:
172.16.10 000000.00000000 172.16.128.0/18 -> a ch mng
172.16.10 000000.00000001 172.16.128.1/18 a ch u tin.

172.16.10 111111.11111110 172.16.191.254/18: a ch cui cng

172.16.10 111111.11111111 172.16.191.255/18: a ch broadcast

------------------------------------------------------Subnet 3:
172.16.11 000000.00000000 172.16.192.0/18 -> a ch mng
172.16.11 000000.00000001 172.16.192.1/18 -> a ch host u

172.16.11 111111.11111110 172.16.255.254/18

-> a ch host cui
172.16.11 111111.11111111 172.16.255.255/18
-> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------------VD2: Xt mng 172.16.0.0/16, mn n=10 bit => octet b chia ct (thnh hai
phn net v host ) l octet th 4. Ta c
- S bit mn l 10 => s bit mng l 26 bit.
S subnet c th c: 210 = 1024 mng.
- S bit host cn li: 32 26 = 6 bit => s host trn mi subnet: 26 2 = 62 host.
- Ta c di a ch nh sau:
Subnet 0:
172.16.0.0/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.0.00 000001 172.16.0.1/26 -> a ch host u
..
172.16.0.00 111110 172.16.0.62/26 -> a ch host cui
172.16.0.00 111111 172.16.0.63/26 -> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------172.16.0.64/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.0.65/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.0.126/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.0.127/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.0.128/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.0.129/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.0.190/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.0.191/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.0.192/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.0.193/26
-> a ch host u

..
172.16.0.254/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.0.255/26
-> a ch broadcast
========================================
172.16.1.0/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.1.1/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.1.62/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.1.63/26
-> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------172.16.1.64/26
172.16.1.65/26
..

-> a ch mng
-> a ch host u

172.16.1.126/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.1.127/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.1.128/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.1.129/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.1.190/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.1.191/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.1.192/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.1.193/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.1.254/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.1.255/26
-> a ch broadcast
========================================
172.16.2.0/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.2.1/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.2.62/26

-> a ch host cui

172.16.2.63/26
-> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------172.16.2.64/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.2.65/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.2.126/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.2.127/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.2.128/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.2.129/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.2.190/26
-> a ch host cui
172.16.2.191/26
-> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.2.192/26
-> a ch mng
172.16.2.193/26
-> a ch host u
..
172.16.2.254/26
172.16.2.255/26

-> a ch host cui

-> a ch broadcast

..
172.16.255.0/26
172.16.255.1/26
..

-> a ch mng
-> a ch host u

172.16.255.62/26 -> a ch host cui

172.16.255.63/26 -> a ch broadcast
------------------------------------------------172.16.255.64/26 -> a ch mng
172.16.255.65/26 -> a ch host u
..
172.16.255.126/26 -> a ch host cui
172.16.255.127/26 -> a ch broadcast
--------------------------------------------------

172.16.255.128/26 -> a ch mng

172.16.255.129/26 -> a ch host u
..
172.16.255.190/26 -> a ch host cui
172.16.255.191/26 -> a ch broadcast
-------------------------------------------------172.16.255.192/26 -> a ch mng
172.16.255.193/26 -> a ch host u
..
172.16.255.254/26 -> a ch host cui
172.16.255.255/26 -> a ch broadcast
Ta thy octet th 3 (l octet b mn nhng khng b chia ct thnh net v
host) tng dn t 0 n 255. Trong khi , octet th 4 (l octet b chia ct) thay i
theo bc nhy khi a ch l a ch mng (n b mn 2 bit nn c bc nhy l
64).

Vy vi mng lp A v lp B ta c quy tc:

Cn c vo s bit mn tnh bc nhy.
+ a ch mng c octet b chia ct l bi s ca bc nhy.
+ a ch host u = a ch mng + 1.
+ a ch broadcast = a ch mng sau -1.
+ a ch host cui = a ch mng sau 2.
+ Octet b chia ct ca a ch mng sau = octet b chia ct ca a ch mng
trc + bc nhy. Octet b mn nhng khng b chia ct s tng dn t 0 n
255.
2. Cho mt a ch host. Xc nh xem host thuc mng no:
Ta xem xt cc v d sau:
VD1: Cho a ch host 192.168.1.158/28. Hy cho bit, host ny thuc v subnet
no?
Gii: /28 => c 28 bit mng. Octet b chia ct l octet th 4 => s bit mn ca
octet ny l 4 => bc nhy l 16. Ly octet th 4 ca a ch host l 158 chia cho

16 c 9 v cn d. Ta ly 16 nhn vi 9 c 144. Host ny thuc mng

192.168.1.144/28
VD2: Cho a ch host 172.16.159.2/18. cho bit a ch ny thuc subnet no?
Gii: /18 => c 18 bit mng. Octet b chia ct l octet th 3 => s bit mn ca
octet ny l 2 => bc nhy l 64. Ly octet th 3 l 159 chia cho 64 c 2 v
cn d. Ta ly 64 nhn vi 2 c 128. Host ny thuc mng 172.16.128.0/18.
VLSM ( Variable Length Subnet Mask )
3. Cho s mng, xc nh s bit mn ph hp chia subnet:
VD:

25 host

20 host

10 host

Ch cho mt mng 192.168.1.0/24. Hy m bo cung cp cc a ch IP

cho s mng trn.
Gi n l s bit mn chia subnet.
m l s bit cn li ca phn host.
Ta thy trong s : th ch c network s dng 25 host l cao nht do
ta s mn mt s bit ca phn host lp C chia cho ph hp.
Suy ra: 2m - 2 = > 25 do m = 5 v n = 3.
Nh vy s c 23 = 8 subnet v s host ca mi subnet = 30 ( host ).
BN = 25 = 32.
Ta s chia nh sau:
192.168.1.0/27. ( 25 host )
192.168.1.32/27 ( 20 host )
192.168.1.64/27

.
192.168.1.224/27
Tip tc ta s chia subnet th 2 tha mn l 10 host: khi ta s mn thm 1
bit ca mng 192.168.1.64/27 khi subnet tip tc c chia thnh:
192.168.1.0100 0000 192.168.1.64/28 ( 10 host )
192.168.1.0110 0000 192.168.1.80/28
Tip tc ta s chia mng 192.168.1.80/28 thnh nhng mng con /30:
192.168.1.011000 00 192.168.1.80/30 ( chia cho point-to-point ).
192.168.1.011001 00 192.168.1.84/30 ( chia cho point-to-point ).
.
4. Chia subnet VLSM:
- VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask): l k thut chia nh mt mng thnh
cc mng c di khc nhau (s c cc subnet mask khc nhau).
- Xem xt v d sau:

100 host

50 host

20 host

- Cng dng mng 192.168.1.0/24 t a ch cho tt c cc mng trn .

Vy. ta c kt qu chia VLSM nh sau:

192.168.1.224/30
.225

192.168.1.0/25

100 host

192.168.1.228/25
.229

.226

192.168.1.128/26

50 host

.230

192.168.1.192/27

20 host

- Ch : m bo ti u ha s phn b a ch, ta thng dng VLSM

chia nh mng. c bit, cc kt ni serial thng s dng cc mng c
prefix l 30 vi subnet mask 255.255.255.252.
IV. Tm tt a ch (summary):
- Tm tt a ch nhm mc ch lm gn bng nh tuyn ca cc router. Cc
a ch mng s c tm tt v mt a ch mng ln hn i din bao trm tt c
cc mng c tm tt.
- Chng ta xem xt v d sau:
VD: Hy tm tt cc mng sau y thnh mt a ch mng duy nht:
192.168.0.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
Nguyn tc khi tm tt l xem xt cc octet t tri qua phi v bt u phn
tch t octet c s khc nhau u tin. Trong trng hp ca v d trn, octet th
ba l octet khc nhau u tin. Ta xt chi tit octet ny:
192.168.|000000|00.0
192.168.|000000|01.0
192.168.|000000|10.0
192.168.|000000|11.0
Ta thy octet th ba cn c thm 6 bit ging nhau. Vy ta c mng tm tt l
192.168.0.0/22. Ch : subnet mask by gi l 255.255.252.0 vi prefix l 22.

V. Bi tp:
Mi ngi cn lm nhiu bi tp v chia subnet tnh nhanh. Sau y l mt
s bi tp:
1. Cho mng v s bit mn. Gi s c h tr subnet zero. Hy xc nh :
- S subnet c th c.
- S host/subnet.
- Vi mi subnet, hy xc nh: a ch mng, a ch host u, a ch host cui,
a ch broadcast (nu s lng mng qu nhiu ch cn ghi ra mt vi mng u
v mng cui cng), subnet mask v s prefix.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

192.168.2.0/24 mn 5 bit.
192.168.12.0/24 mn 3 bit.
172.16.2.0/24 mn 2 bit
10.0.0.0/24 mn 6 bit.
172.16.0.0/16 mn 4 bit
172.16.0.0/16 mn 12 bit.

2. Cho mng 172.16.5.0/24. Hy chia nh sao cho ph hp vi s sau:

10
host

5 host

78 host

50 host

20 host

3. Cho cc a ch host sau y. Hy xc nh cc a ch subnet tng ng.:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

192.168.1.130/29
172.16.34.57/18
203.162.4.191/28
1.1.1.1/30
10.10.10.89/29
70.9.12.35/30

4. Hy tm tt cc a ch mng sau y v thnh mt a ch mng i din:

a) 192.168.0.0/24
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
b) 172.16.16.0/24
172.16.20.0.24
172.16.24.0/24
172.16.28.0/24

VI. Phn loi cu hi:

9, 37,163, 173, 174, 205, 208, 218, 251, 260, 274, 297, 335, 339.
Lu : cu 163 b sai mt chi tit trn hnh v, tuy nhin p n vn ng.
Mi ngi c th cho mnh bit l chi tit g khng? Th nh.