P.

1
Trong cng ty c 3 phng ban: Sales, Manager, Accouting. Hin ti ang
s dng ng mng 192.168.1.0/24. Policy ca cng ty qui nh: nhn
vin phng ban no ch c truy xut ti nguyn ca phng ban .
gii quyt c policy ny chng ta cn thc hin chia subnet cho
network 192.168.1.0/24
Cu trc ca a ch 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0
Phn tch a ch net mash 255.255.255.0
Network ID: 11111111.11111111.11111111
HostID: 00000000

S subnet trong network s bng s 2^n vi n l s bit ta mn thm

phn host ID
Ta cn phi mn 2 bit phn host ID v h thng cn 3 subnet
Vi 2^2=4 >3 nn ta phi s dng 2 bit
Mt n mng mi cho subnet h nhi phn s l tt c cc bit 1
Network ID: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11
HostID: 000000
H thp phn s l 255.255.255.192
i vi s bit mn, khi mn n bit th mt n mng mi s theo qui
c sau
N -> Subnet ,mask
1 -> 128
2 -> 192
3 -> 224
4 -> 240
5 -> 248
6 -> 252

7 -> 254
8 ->255
Ta cn tm bc nhy cho cc subnet
Bc nhy k= 256-192=64
Cc subnet s l:
192.168.1.0/26 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.192
192.168.1.64/26 192.168.1.64 255.255.255.192
192.168.1.128/26 192.168.1.128 255.255.255.192
192.168.1.192/26 192.168.1.192 255.255.255.192
Gi n l s bit cn li ca phn host ID n = 32-network ID=32-26=6
S host ca mi subnet s bng 2n-2 =26-2= 62
Phn tch c th tng subnet
192.168.1.0/26
o Network Address: 192.168.1.0
o Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192
o Broadcast: 192.168.1.63
o Host 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.62
192.168.1.64/26
o Network Address: 192.168.1.64
o Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192
o Broadcast: 192.168.1.127
o Host: 192.168.1.65 192.168.1.126
192.168.1.128/26
o Network Address: 192.168.1.128
o Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192
o Broadcast: 192.168.1.191
o Host: 192.168.1.129 192.168.1.190
192.168.1.192/26
o Network Address: 192.168.1.192
o Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192

o Broadcast: 192.168.1.255
o Host: 192.168.1.193 192.168.1.254

P.2
- Ba trc gh qua mt s din n thy mt s bn thc mc
v cch chia subnetmask nn hm nay mnh vit bi ny gip
cc bn mi cn thc mc v vn ny. cc bn d hiu
hn mnh s i lm cc bi tp v chia subnet t cc bn t
hiu nha
- Cng thc tnh:
+ x: s bt mn lm net
+ y: s bt cn li lm host
=>
S lng net c c sau khi chia: 2^x - 2
S lng host c trong 1 net: 2^y - 2
BC NHY: b= 2^(8 - x) Bc nhy ny chng ta thun tin
lm cc tnh ton v sau.
Lit k:
+ Net th i = i * b (Ci ny gii thch hi lng nhng cht na cc
bn xem vd s hiu)
+ host min: Net +1
+ host max: Net (k) - 2
+ Broadcast: Net (k) -1
Nhn vo my ci cng thc ny chc cc bn cm thy lng
nhng kh hiu qu ng khng? Sau y mnh s i gii quyt 3
bi tp tiu biu chia subnet 3 class A B C (xem xong l hiu
100%)
VD: Cho
1, 10.100.100.10/ 12
2, 172.17.100.100/ 19
3, 192.168.100.10/ 27

Yu cu: Tnh s subnet, host c c. Tm cc net, host min,

host max v broadcast ca net.
Gii:
1, y l ip thuc lp A (net.host.host.host) ngha l c 8 bit lm
net v 24 bit lm host
10.100.100.10 / 12 <=> 10.100.100.10 / 255.240.0.0 vy
mn 4 bit ca host lm net. Vy nn:
+ x = 4 => y = 24 - 4 = 20
+ S subnet: 2^4 -2 = 14
+ S host trong 1 net : 2^20 - 2 = ....
Bc nhy: b = 2 ^ (8-x) = 16
+ Lit k (ci ny quan trng n)
- Net 1: 10.16.0.0 (net i = i *b - mnh ch quan tm ti Octet 2 v
mn bit Octet ny)
- Net 2: 10.32.0.0
=> host min: 10.16.0.1 (Net +1)
host max: 10.31.255.254 (Net (k) - 2)
Broadcast: 10.31.255.255 (Net (k) -1)
(Cc bn i chiu vi cng thc nh! Cc net cn li lm tng
t)
2, 172.17.100.100 / 19
- Phn tch tng t cu 1 => x =3, y = 13
+ S subnet: 2^3 -2 = 6
+ S host trong 1 net : 2^13 - 2 = ....
Bc nhy: b = 2 ^ (8-x) = 32
+ Lit k
- Net 1: 172.17.32.0 (net i = i *b - mnh ch quan tm ti Octet 3
v mn bit Octet ny)
- Net 2: 172.17.64.0
=> host min: 172.17.32.1
host max: 172.17.63.254
Broadcast: 172.17.63.255
3, Cu ny cc bn t lm cho hiu nh!

Cc bn c th dng nettool kim tra kt qu ng hay sai.

link nettool
5 http://hotfile.com/dl/118291361/400e....0.70.zip.html
CHC CC BN HC TT
- bn no thy hay thanks cho
mnh ly tinh thn vi nha!

P.3
Chia subnet l mt trong nhng gii php hu dng xy
dng mng ni b, va bo mt, ngn chn broadcast, va
tit kim ti nguyn trong vic phn pht a ch IP cho
tng my trm.
1. Quy hoch a ch IP
Bn cn xy dng mt mng ni b (mng LAN) cho mt vn
phng, mt cng ty quy m va v nh vi khong 7 n 8
phng, mi phng 30 my. Vn cn t ra l lm th no cho
hiu qu, va bo mt c h thng mng, phng trnh cc ri
ro c th xy ra, m cn c th tit kim c ti nguyn mng.

Mt m hnh mng LAN.

Mt trong nhng phng php xy dng hiu qu l quy hoch
a ch IP bng cch chia subnet. Vi phng n ny, bn s ch
cung cp va s a ch IP cho cc my tnh s dng, va chia
ra thnh nhiu mng con, phng trnh c hin tng broadcast
v nu xy ra s c th ch b trong cc b mt nhnh mng con.
Mt a ch IP gm 4 octet, mi octet l 1 byte cha 8 bit, tng
cng l 32 bit. a ch IP s c nhn din lp A, B hay C
thng qua a ch subnet mask. Vi bi ton nh trn, chng ta
s s dng lp mng C. Bn cn 30 my, ta thy 25 = 32, tr i

2 a ch u v cui l a ch network v a ch broadcast ca

nhnh mng, bn s cn li 30 a ch. Nh vy, 1 octec c 8 bit,
ta s ly 28 - 23 = 25, ngha l bn s mn thm 3 bit chia
subnet cho mng ca mnh.
Cch chia theo mt th thut nh sau:
Lp C c subnet mask 255.255.255.0 hay cn c vit l /24.
Mt octet c 8 bit, bn mn i 3 bit th s bit c mn s bt
ln gi tr l 1, s bit cn li s vn nm gi tr l 0.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Bn ly 3 bit c gi tr 1 cng li: 128 + 64 + 32 = 224. Tng
t, nu bn mn 4 bit th subnet mask s l 240. T , cho
d nh, dn c trn mng t ra mt bng tra cu.
1 128 -128 2 192 -64 3 224 -32 4 240 -16 5 248 +8 6 252 +4 7
254 +2 8 255 +1 Bn ch cn nh gi tr bit th 4 cn mn s
c gi tr subnet mask tng ng l 240, t bn cng, tr theo
nh bng trn l tm ra c a ch subnet mask ca cc bit
khc.
Tr li bi ton trn, s dng lp mng C v mn thm 3 bit (24
+ 3 = 27), bn s c subnet mask 255.255.255.224, v mi
nhnh mng con s c chia ra tng ng nh sau:
0. 192.168.1.0/27
1: 192.168.1.32/27
2: 192.168.1.64/27
3: 192.168.1.96/27
4: 192.168.1.128/27
5: 192.168.1.160/27
6: 192.168.1.192/27
7: 192.168.1.224/27
8: 192.168.1.254/27
y, bn lu s th t th 8, gi tr 224 + 32 = 256, nhng
do lp C ch c 254 a ch IP, a ch 255 l a ch broadcast, do
vy network y l 192.168.1.254, v phng s 8 bn c th
t a ch IP t 192.168.1.225/27 192.168.1.253/27.
Tng t, bn t cho phng s 1 di a ch

IP: 192.168.1.1/27 192.168.1.30/27, trong c th s

dng a ch 192.168.1.1 lm a ch default getway cho
phng s 1 ny.
2. ng dng xy dng h thng mng
Bn hon thnh vic chia subnet, by gi s ng dng vo
trong mng ni b. Lc ny cc phng u l mt nhnh mng
con, hon ton tch bit. Bn khng th ngi phng s 1
truyn d liu, truy cp hoc dng giao thc ICMP nh lnh ping
n 1 my khc phng s 2.
cc phng c th kt ni ra internet, bn cn phi c mt my
tnh lm chc nng router. My router ny s gip cc my trong
tng mng cc b kt ni n modem ADSL v truy cp ra ngoi
internet. Nu bn s dng thit b ca Cisco nh Router 2800 th
vic chia subnet trong router c gi l k thut Inter Vlan.
Ty theo chnh sch bo mt ca cng ty hay c quan m bn c
th xy dng thm tng la (firewall), access list v c ch Nat
inside hay outside cc my trm truy cp ra ngoi internet,
bn ngoi internet remote vo trong mng ni b.

PHNG PHP CHIA SUBNET BNG CCH M LNG NGN TAY

Khi tnh ton IP, chia subnet th chng ta thng p dng cng
thc tnh ton.
Cng thc tnh l 2^n v 2^h - 2 ( 2^m -2 ),
- tnh tng s subnet c c sau khi chia ta dng cng thc
2^n, trong n l s bit mn chia subnet trong octet
(mn lm network id).
- tnh tng s host/subnet ta dng cng thc 2^h-2, trong

h l tng s bit cn li dng lm host sau khi mn . Ta phi

tr 2 v cn b a ch subnet id v broadcast.
Ni s s qua cch tnh truyn thng nh vy thi, gi chng ta
tm hiu cch nhm nhanh bng cch m lng tay nh!
PHNG PHP CHIA SUBNET BNG CCH M LNG NGN TAY
u tin cc bn xe bn tay tri ra v m theo hnh:

m theo s mu en nh!
Cc bn bn tay chng ta c tt c 14 lng tay, mi lng tay
tng trng cho 1 bit nh! ^^
m 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384.
m i m li cho thuc i nh cc bn.
- tnh tng s lng Subnet id c c sau khi chia, ta m s
bit mn lm subnet id trong octet l ra. Mn 3 bit th m 2

4 8, mn 4 bit th m 2 4 8 16, gi tr ca bit m sau cng

chnh l tng s subnet id sau khi c chia ra.
V d: 10.10.0.0 /13 ---> mn 5 bit ---> m 2 4 8 16 32.
Vy mng ny c 32 subnet.
- tnh bc nhy trong mi subnet id. Ta m s bit cn li
dng lm host trong ring octet . Gi tr ca bit c m sau
cng cng l gi tr ca bc nhy trong octet .
V d: 172.35.0.0/19. Tc l a ch lp B s mn 3 bit octet
th 3 lm subnet id. Dng phng php m ta c 2 4 8, 3 bit
mn ri, vy tng s subnet id l 8. Ta bit trong octet th 3
sau khi cho mn 3 bit lm net id th cn li 5 bit lm host, vy
ta m 2 4 8 16 32, 5 bit ri, gi tr l 32, v cng chnh l
bc nhy ca subnet id., th xem no:
-172.35.0.0/19
-172.35.32.0/19
-172.35.64.0/19
-172.35.96.0/19
-172.35.128.0/19
-172.35.160.0/19
-172.35.192.0/19
-172.35.224.0/19
Ta c tng cng 8 subnet id, vi bc nhy l 32.
- tnh a ch broadcast ca mt subnet id ta ly subnet id k
tip gim 1. V d, tnh broadcast ca subnet id
172.35.64.0/19, ta ly subnet id k tip l 172.35.96.0/19 gim
1 == 172.35.95.255/19 y chnh l broadcast ca subnet id
172.35.64.0
- tnh s host trong mt subnet, ta m ton b s bit host
cn li trong subnet v ly gi tr bit sau cng -2, Lu l
khng phn bit octet. Nhc li, ta ly gi tr ca bit c m
sau cng - 2 ta c s host trong subnet id c th xi.
Trong v d subnet 172.35.64.0/19, ta nhn bit ton b s bit
dng lm host cn li l 13. Ta m 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512

1024 2048 4096 8192, 13 bit ri, ok, s host trong mng s l
8192 -2 = 8190. V sao -2, v ta phi tr b a ch subnet id v
broadcast. Hay n gin hn c th nhn thy l s host c th
xi c trong dy:
172.35.64.1/19 ----> 172.35.95.254/19
V ng thi n cng lt gia 2 subnet id v broadcast.
Lu : Phng php m t 2 khng c dng tnh tng s
gi tr ca 1 octet chy t 0->255. Hay ni cch khc l khng
c dng tnh tng gi tr ca 1 dy bit nh 10101101.
tnh tng s gi tr ca dy trn ta phi m t 1, cng cc gi tr
c bit 1 vi nhau.
Ngoi ra, yu cu cc bn cn nh v thuc:
1xxxxxxx =128
11xxxxxx =192
111xxxxx =224
1111xxxx =240
11111xxx =248
111111xx =252
1111111x =254
11111111 =255
v
2^0 = 1
2^1 = 2
2^2 = 4
2^3 = 8
2^4 = 16
2^5 = 32
2^6 = 64
2^7 = 128
2^8 = 256
Cc bn cng c th dng bn tay phi ghi nh cc gi tr trn
, dng nhm nhanh subnet mask ca mng.

Mn
Mn
Mn
Mn
Mn
Mn
Mn
Mn

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

bit
bit
bit
bit
bit
bit
bit
bit

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255

V d : 10.10.0.0 /13 --mn 5 bit ---> S/M: 255.248.0.0

155.55.3.32 /28 -- mn 12 bit = 8 +4 ----> S/M:
255.255.255.240
Nu cc bn nhun nhuyn cch tnh ny, ti tin rng cc bn s
tnh ton, chia subnet rt nhanh!!

Subnet Masks

Khi ta chia mt Network ra thnh nhiu Network nh hn, cc Network nh

ny c gI l Subnet. Theo quy c, cc a ch IP c chia ra lm ba
Class (lp) nh sau:
Address
Class
Class A
Class B
Class C

Subnet mask trong dng nh

phn
11111111 00000000 00000000
00000000
11111111 11111111 00000000
00000000
11111111 11111111
11111111 00000000

Subnet mask
255.0.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.255.0

Subnet Mask ca Class A bng 255.0.0.0 c ngha rng ta dng 8 bits, tnh
t tri qua phi (cc bits c set thnh 1), ca a ch IP phn bit cc
NetworkID ca Class A. Trong khi , cc bits cn st li (trong trng hp
Class A l 24 bits uc reset thnh 0) c dng biu din computers,
gi l HostID. Nu bn cha quen cch dng s nh phn hy c qua
bi H thng s nh phn.
Subnetting
Hy xt n mt a ch IP class B, 139.12.0.0, vi subnet mask
l 255.255.0.0 (c th vit l: 139.12.0.0/16, y s 16 c ngha l 16
bits c dng cho NetworkID). Mt Network vi a ch th ny c th
cha 65,534 nodes hay computers (65,534 = (2^16) 2 ) . y l mt con
s qu ln, trn mng s c y broadcast traffic.
Gi t chng ta chia ci Network ny ra lm bn Subnet. Cng vic s bao
gm ba bc:
1) Xc nh ci Subnet mask
2) Lit k ID ca cc Subnet mi
3) Cho bit IP address range ca cc HostID trong mi
Subnet
Bc 1: Xc nh ci Subnet mask
m cho n 4 trong h thng nh phn (cho 4 Subnet) ta cn 2 bits.
Cng thc tng qut l:

Y = 2^X
m

Y = con s Subnets (= 4)
X = s bits cn thm (= 2)

Do ci Subnet mask s cn 16 (bits trc y) +2 (bits mi) = 18 bits

a ch IP mi s l 139.12.0.0/18 ( con s 18 thay v 16 nh trc
y). Con s hosts ti a c trong mi Subnet s l: ((2^14) 2) = 16,382.
V tng s cc hosts trong 4 Subnets l: 16382 * 4 = 65,528 hosts.
Bc 2: Lit k ID ca cc Subnet mi
Trong a ch IP mi (139.12.0.0/18) con s 18 ni n vic ta dng 18 bits,
m t bn tri, ca 32 bit IP address biu din a ch IP ca mt
Subnet.
Subnet mask trong dng nh
phn
11111111 11111111 11000000
00000000

Subnet mask
255.255.192.0

Nh th NetworkID ca bn Subnets mi c l:
Subnet
1
2
3
4

Subnet ID trong dng nh phn

10001011.00001100.00000000.00000000
10001011.00001100.01000000.00000000
10001011.00001100.10000000.00000000
10001011.00001100.11000000.00000000

Subnet ID
139.12.0.0/18
139.12.64.0/18
139.12.128.0/18
139.12.192.0/18

Bc 3: Cho bit IP address range ca cc HostID trong mi Subnet

V Subnet ID dng ht 18 bits nn s bits cn li (32-18= 14) c dng
cho HostID.
Nh ci lut dng cho Host ID l tt c mi bits khng th u l 0 hay 1.
Subnet
1
2

HostID IP address trong dng nh phn

10001011.00001100.00000000.00000001
10001011.00001100.00111111.11111110
10001011.00001100.01000000.0000000110001011.00001100.01111111.111

3
4

10001011.00001100.10000000.00000001
10001011.00001100.10111111.11111110
10001011.00001100.11000000.0000000110001011.00001100.11111111.111

Bn c thy trong mi Subnet, ci range ca HostID t con s nh

nht (mu xanh) n con s ln nht (mu cam) u y ht nhau khng?
By gi ta th t cho mnh mt bi tp vi cu hi:
Bn c th dng Class B IP address cho mt mng gm 4000 computers
c khng? Cu tr li l C. Ch cn lm mt bi ton nh.
Gi t ci IP address l 192.168.1.1. Thay v bt u vi Subnet mask,
trc ht chng ta tnh xem mnh cn bao nhiu bits cho 4000 hosts.
Con s hosts ta c th c trong mt network c tnh bng cng thc:
Y = (2^X 2)
Nh ci lut dng cho Host ID l tt c mi bits khng th u l 0 hay 1.
4094 = (2^12 2)
X = 12 , ta cn 12 bits cho HostIDs, do Subnet mask s chim 20 (=3212) bits.
Qu trnh tnh ton ni trn ny mang tn l Variable Length Subnet
Mask(VLSM).
Supernetting
Gi t ta mng ca ta c 3 Subnets:
Accounting: gm 200 hosts
Finance : gm 400 hosts
Marketing: gm 200 hosts
Bn ha mng vi Internet v c Internet Service Provider (ISP) cho 4
Class C IP addresses nh sau:
192.250.9.0/24

192.250.10.0/24
192.250.11.0/24
192.250.12.0/24
Bn c 3 segments v bn mun mi segment cha mt Network.
By gi bn lm sao?
a ch IP trong Class C vi default subnet mask 24 cho ta con s Hosts ti
a trong mi Network l [(2^X) 2] = (2^8) 2 = 254. Nh th segments
Accounting v Marketing khng b tr ngi no c.
Nhng ta thy Segment Finance cn thm 1 bit mi . Ta lm nh sau:
Bc 1: Lit k Network IP addresses trong dng nh phn
192.250.9.0/24
192.250.10.0/24
192.250.11.0/24
192.250.12.0/24

11000000 11111010 00001001 00000000 (1)

11000000 11111010 00001010 00000000 (2)
11000000 11111010 00001011 00000000 (3)
11000000 11111010 00001100 00000000 (4)

Bc 2: Nhn din network prefix notation

23 bits u (t tri qua phi) ca 2 network IP address (2) and (3) u
ging nhau.
Nu chng ta thu Subnet mask t 24 xung 23 cho (2) v (3) ta s c mt
Subnet c th cung cp 508 hosts.
IP address ca mi segment tr thnh:
Accounting: gm 200 hosts: 192.250.9.0/24
Finance: gm 400 hosts:
192.250.10.0/23
Marketing: gm 200 hosts: 192.250.12.0/24
By gi IP address 192.250.11.0 tr thnh mt HostID tm thng trong
Subnet 192.250.10.0/23.
Qu trnh ta lm va qua bng cch bt s bits trong Subnet mask khi gom
hai hay bn (v.v..) subnets li vi nhau tng con s HostID ti a trong
mt Subnet, c gi l SUPERNETTING.

Supernetting uc dng trong router b xung CIDR (Classless Interdomain

Routing v VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask).
V lun lun nh rng trong internetwork, NETWORK ID phi l a ch c
o (unique).