440:221 Intro to Engineering Mechanics: Statics

Alberto Cuitino, Heather Emady, Sara Salahi, Bereket Yohannes Instructors Juan Ren, Jingjin Xie

Lecture 4 Equilibrium of Particle Systems (2D)

Assistants

Spring 2014
Based on Textbook Material: Engineering Mechanics Statics, R.C. Hibbeler, Pearson 2010.

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Topics to be covered
What is equilibrium? How do we find the forces that make a system to be in equilibrium? What is a Free Body Diagram (FBD)? How do we deal with cables, springs and pulleys?

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Equilibrium

F=0
What Forces? Free Body Diagram

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The what, why and how of a Free Body Diagram (FBD)

Free Body Diagrams are one of the most important things for you to know how to draw and use.

What ? - It is a drawing that shows all external forces acting on the particle. Why ? - It is key to being able to write the equations of equilibriumwhich are used to solve for the unknowns (usually forces or angles).

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The what, why and how of a Free Body Diagram (FBD)

How ?
1. Imagine the particle to be isolated or cut free from its surroundings. 2. Show all the forces that act on the particle. Active forces: They want to move the particle. Reactive forces: They tend to resist the motion. 3. Identify each force and show all known magnitudes and directions. Show all unknown magnitudes and / or directions as variables . y
FBD at A

FB
A

FD

30 x

FC = 392.4 N (What is this?)

Note : Cylinder mass = 40 Kg
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Free Body Diagram Procedure

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Example

FBD of: Sphere Cord CE Knot C

6 Kg

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Example

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Example

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Equations of 2-D equilibrium

FBD at A

y FB 30 x

Since particle A is in equilibrium, the net force at A is zero. So FB + FC + FD = 0 or F = 0

FD A

FC = 392.4 N

Or, written in a scalar form, Fx = 0 and Fy = 0 These are two scalar equations of equilibrium (E-of-E). They can be used to solve for up to two unknowns.

In general, for A a particle in equilibrium, F = 0 or + Fy j = 0 = 0i + 0j F of iEngineering, School x Spring 2014

FBD at A

(a vector equation)

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Equations of 2-D equilibrium

FBD at A y

FD A

30 x

FB

FC = 392.4 N
Note : Cylinder mass = 40 Kg

Write the scalar E-of-E: + Fx = FB cos 30 FD = 0 + Fy = FB sin 30 392.4 N = 0 Solving the second equation gives: FB = 785 N From the first equation, we get: FD = 680 N
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Solving Problems

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Example
Given: Cylinder E weighs 30 lb and the geometry is as shown. Find: Forces in the cables and weight of cylinder F.

Plan: 1. Draw a FBD for Point C. 2. Apply E-of-E at Point C to solve for the unknowns (FCB & FCD).
School of Engineering, Spring 2014 3. Knowing FCB , repeat this process at point B.

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Example (continued)
FCD
30

y x
15

FBC 30 lb

A FBD at C should look like the one at the left. Note the assumed directions for the two cable tensions.

The scalar E-of-E are: + Fx = FBC cos 15 FCD cos 30 = 0 + Fy = FCD sin 30 FBC sin 15 30 = 0

Solving these two simultaneous equations for the two unknowns FBC and FCD yields: FBC = 100.4 lb FCD = 112.0 lb
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Example (continued)
FBC =100.4 lb
15

FBA
45

x WF

Now move on to ring B. A FBD for B should look like the one to the left.

The scalar E-of-E are: Fx = FBA cos 45 100.4 cos 15 = 0 Fy = FBA sin 45 + 100.4 sin 15 WF = 0 Solving the first equation and then the second yields FBA = 137 lb and WF = 123 lb

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Springs, Cables and Pulleys

T1 T2

Spring Force = spring constant * deformation, or F=k*s

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With a frictionless pulley, T1 = T2.

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Conceptual Problem

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Take-home message
Equilibrium is the core concept of this course Equilibrium of a particle means that the sum all forces applied to the particle are zero Construction of a FBD is EXTREMELY IMPORTANT Be organized and methodical

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