Food

BAKERY PRODUCTS Cakes Angel food cake (Loblaw's, Toronto, Canada) Banana cake, made with sugar Banana cake, made without sugar

Glycemic Index

67 478 5510

Chocolate cake made from packet mix with chocolate frosting (Betty Crocker, General Mills Inc., Minneapolis, 383 Cupcake, strawberry-iced (Squiggles, Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Vic, Australia) Lamingtons (sponge dipped in chocolate and coconut) (Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Australia) Pound cake (Sara Lee Canada, Bramalea, Canada) Sponge cake, plain Vanilla cake made from packet mix with vanilla frosting (Betty Crocker, USA) Croissant (Food City, Toronto, Canada) Crumpet (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., Etobicoke, Canada) Doughnut, cake type (Loblaw's, Canada) Flan cake (Weston's Bakery, Toronto, Canada) Muffins Apple, made with sugar4 Apple, made without sugar4 Apple, oat, sultana, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Acacia Ridge, Qld, Australia) Apricot, coconut and honey, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Australia) Banana, oat and honey, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Australia) Bran (Culinar Inc., Grandma Martin's Muffins, Aurora, Canada) Blueberry (Culinar Inc., Canada) Carrot (Culinar Inc., Canada) Chocolate butterscotch, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Australia) Corn muffin, low-amylose5 Corn muffin, high-amylose5 Oatmeal, muffin, made from mix (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada, Peterborough, Canada) Pancakes, prepared from shake mix (Green's General Foods, Glendenning, NSW, Australia) 7312 8717 54 466 424 67 69 76 65 446 4810 544 604 6511 60 59 62 535 102 49 69 675

Pancakes, buckwheat, gluten-free, made from packet mix (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, Vic, Austra 10211 Pastry Pikelets, Golden brand (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) Scones, plain, made from packet mix (Defiance Milling Co., Australia) Waffles, Aunt Jemima (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada) BEVERAGES Coca Cola Coca Cola, soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Coca Cola, soft drink/soda (Coca Cola Bottling Company, Atlanta, GA, USA) mean of two types Cordial, orange, reconstituted (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia) Fanta, orange soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Australia) Lucozade, original (sparkling glucose drink) (Glaxo Wellcome Ltd., Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK) Smoothie, raspberry (Con Agra Inc., Omaha, NE, USA) Smoothie drink, soy, banana (So Natural Foods, Tarren Point, NSW, Australia)6 Smoothie drink, soy, chocolate hazelnut (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 537 63 585 668 686 9510 339 303 343 596 8514 928 76

Solo, lemon squash, soft drink (Cadbury Schweppes, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6

585

Up & Go, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast)6 (Sanitarium Health Foods, Berkeley Vale, N 435 Up & Go, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast)6 (Sanitarium Health Foods, Australia) Xpress, chocolate (soy bean, cereal and legume extract drink with fructose)6 (So Natural Foods, Australia) Juices Apple juice Apple juice, pure, unsweetened, reconstituted (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia) Apple juice, unsweetened Apple juice, unsweetened (Allens, Toronto, Canada) mean of three studies Apple juice, pure, clear, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Wandin, Vic, Australia) Apple juice, pure, cloudy, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Australia) Apple and cherry juice, pure, unsweetened (Wild About Fruit, Australia) Carrot juice, freshly made (Sydney, Australia)6 Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray, Melbourne, Vic, Australia) Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray Inc., Lakeville-Middleboro, MA, USA) Cranberry juice drink, Ocean Spray (Gerber Ltd., Bridgewater, Somerset, UK) Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (Sunpac, Toronto, Canada) Orange juice Orange Juice (Canada) Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted (Quelch, Berri Ltd., Carlton, Vic, Australia) mean of two studies Pineapple juice, unsweetened (Dole Packaged Foods, Toronto, Canada) Tomato juice, canned, no added sugar (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia)6 Yakult, fermented milk drink with Lactobacilus casei (Yakult, Dandenong, Vic, Australia) Sports drinks Gatorade (Spring Valley Beverages Pty Ltd., Cheltenham, Vic, Australia) Isostar (Novartis Consumer Health, Nyon, Switzerland) Sports Plus (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia) Sustagen Sport (Mead Johnson, Rydalmere, NSW, Australia) Drinks made from drinking mix powders Build-Up nutrient-fortified drink, vanilla with fiber, (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Complete Hot Chocolate mix made with hot water (Nestl, Australia) 414 513 7813 7015 746 439 395 40 41 401 442 373 433 433 523 683 564 48 466 536 504 46 384 466 465 392

Hi-Pro energy drink mix, vanilla, containing soy protein and whey powder (Harrod foods, Sefton, NSW, Austra 363 Malted milk powder in full-fat cow's milk (Nestl, Australia) Milo (chocolate nutrient-fortified drink powder) Milo (Nestl, Australia) dissolved in water Milo (Nestl, Auckland, New Zealand) dissolved in water mean of two studies Milo (Nestl, Australia) dissolved in full-fat cow's milk Milo (Nestl, New Zealand) dissolved in full-fat cow's milk mean of two studies Nutrimeal, meal replacement drink, Dutch Chocolate (Usana, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) Quik (sweet drink powder) Quik, chocolate (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia), dissolved in water Quik, chocolate (Nestl, Australia), dissolved in 1.5% fat milk Quik, strawberry (Nestl, Australia), dissolved in water Quik, strawberry (Nestl, Australia), dissolved in 1.5% fat milk 535 414 648 353 553 525 542 352 363 361 263 453

BREADS Bagel, white, frozen (Lender's Bakery, Montreal, Canada) Baguette, white, plain (France) French baguette with chocolate spread (France) French baguette with butter and strawberry jam (France) Pain au lait (Pasquier, France) Bread stuffing, Paxo (Campbell Soup Co Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Barley Breads Coarse barley kernel bread, 75-80% kernels 75% kernels 80% scalded intact kernels (20% white wheat flour) 80% intact kernels (20% white wheat flour) mean of three studies Barley kernel bread, 50% kernels 50% kernels (Canada) 50% kibbled barley (Australia) mean of two studies Sunflower and barley bread (Riga bakeries, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Barley flour breads 100% barley flour (rye bread composition) (Canada) Wholemeal barley flour (80%) bread (20% white wheat flour) (Sweden) Wholemeal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (50% regular barley flour, 50% high-fibre barley flour) (Sweden) Wholemeal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (20% regular barley flour, 80% high-fibre barley flour) (Sweden) 67 67 50 43 43 48 462 576 27 34 40 344 72 9515 728 627 6310 74

Wholemeal barley flour (80%) and white wheat flour (20%) breads - fermented or with added organic acids or salts (Sw Wholemeal barley flour bread (used as reference for the 5 breads below)5 Wholemeal barley flour bread with sourdough (lactic acid)5 Wholemeal barley flour bread with lactic acid5 Wholemeal barley flour bread with calcium lactate5 Wholemeal barley flour bread with sodium propionate5 Wholemeal barley flour bread with higher dose sodium propionate5 Buckwheat bread Buckwheat bread, 50% dehusked buckwheat groats and 50% white wheat flour (Sweden) 47 70 53 66 59 65 57

Fruit Breads Brgen Fruit loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) Fruit and Spice Loaf, thick sliced (Buttercup bakeries, Moorebank, NSW, Australia) Continental fruit loaf, wheat bread with dried fruit (Australia) Happiness (cinnamon, raisin, pecan bread) (Natural Ovens, Mannitowoc, WI, USA) Muesli bread, made from packet mix in bread making machine (Con Agra Inc., USA) Hamburger bun (Loblaw's, Toronto, Canada) Kaiser rolls (Loblaw's, Canada) Melba toast, Old London (Best Foods Canada Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) Gluten-free bread Gluten-free multigrain bread (Country Life Bakeries, Dandenong, Vic, Australia) Gluten-free white bread, unsliced (gluten-free wheat starch) (UK) Gluten-free white bread, sliced (gluten-free wheat starch) (UK) mean of two studies Gluten-free fiber-enriched, unsliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran) (UK) Gluten-free fiber-enriched, sliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran) (UK) mean of two studies Oat Bread Coarse oat kernel bread, 80% intact oat kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) Oat bran bread 50% oat bran (Australia) 45% oat bran and 50% wheat flour (Sweden) mean of two studies Rice bread Rice bread, low-amylose Calrose rice (Pav's Allergy Bakery, Ingleburn, NSW, Australia) Rice bread, high-amylose Doongara rice (Pav's Allergy Bakery, Australia) Rye Bread Rye kernel (pumpernickel) bread Coarse rye kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) Rye kernel bread (Pumpernickel) (Canada) Wholegrain pumpernickel (Holtzheuser Brothers Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Rye kernel bread, Pumpernickel (80% kernels) (Canada) Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Toronto, Canada) Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Canada) mean of six studies Rye bread, wholemeal Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) mean of four studies Rye breads, specialty Blackbread, Riga (Berzin's Specialty Bakery, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Brgen Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Brgen Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) mean of two studies Klosterbrot wholemeal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd., Canada) Light rye (Silverstein's Bakery, Toronto, Canada) 7614 5512 746 6510 67 68 41 62 63 66 586 41 41 46 55 55 62 504 729 619 44 50 473 65 7913 71 80 765 69 76 734 445 546 476 635 546 61 73 70

Linseed rye (Rudolph's Specialty Bakery Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Roggenbrot, Vogel's (Stevns & Co, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Schinkenbrot, Riga (Berzin's Specialty Bakery, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Sourdough rye (Canada) Sourdough rye (Australia) mean of two studies Volkornbrot, wholemeal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd., Canada) Wheat Breads Coarse wheat kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) Cracked wheat kernel - bulgur bread 50% cracked wheat kernel (Canada) 75% cracked wheat kernels (Canada) mean of two studies Spelt wheat breads White spelt wheat bread9 (Slovenia) Wholemeal spelt wheat bread9 (Slovenia) Scalded spelt wheat kernel bread9 (Slovenia) Spelt multigrain bread (Pav's bakery, Australia) White wheat flour bread White flour (Canada) White flour (USA) White flour, Sunblest (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) White flour (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., Canada) White flour (South Africa) White flour (Canada) mean of six studies White wheat flour bread, hard, toasted (Italian) Wonder, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, Kansas City, MO, USA) Wonder, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, USA) Wonder, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, USA) mean of three studies White Turkish bread (Turkey) White bread with enzyme inhibitors White bread + acarbose (200mg) (Mexico) White bread + acarbose (200mg) (Mexico) mean in two groups of subjects White bread roll + 3 mg trestatin (pancreatic alpha-amylase inhibitor) (Switzerland)5 White bread roll + 6 mg trestatin (Switzerland)5 White bread with soluble fiber White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium) (Mexico) White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium) (Mexico) mean in two groups of subjects White bread eaten with vinegar as vinaigrette (Sweden) White bread eaten with powdered dried seaweed (Nori alga) (Spain) White bread containing Eurylon high-amylose maize starch (France)12 White fiber-enriched bread White, high-fiber (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., Canada) White, high-fiber (Weston's Bakery, Toronto, Canada)

55 595 8615 57 48 535 56

52

58 48 533

74 63 67 5410

695 70 70 71 717 71 700 73 719 724 773 732 87 18 50 3416 48 29

41 65 5312 45 48 42 67 69

mean of two studies White resistant starch-enriched bread Fibre White (Nature's Fresh, Auckland, New Zealand) Wonderwhite (Buttercup Bakeries, Australia) Wholemeal wheat flour bread (whole wheat) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (USA)5 Wholemeal flour (South Africa) Wholemeal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Wholemeal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Wholemeal flour (Kenya) mean of thirteen studies Wholemeal Turkish bread Specialty wheat breads Brgen Mixed Grain bread (Australia) Brgen Mixed Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) Brgen Mixed Grain Brgen Mixed Grain mean of three studies Brgen Oat Bran & Honey Loaf with Barley (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Brgen Soy-Lin, kibbled soy (8%) and linseed (8%) loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) English Muffin bread (Natural Ovens, USA)

681

7710 808

52 64 65 67 67 69 71 726 73 759 779 7816 87 71 2 49

344 4512 696 4910 313 364 777

Healthy Choice Hearty 7 Grain (Con Agra Inc., USA) Healthy Choice Hearty 100% Whole Grain (Con Agra Inc., USA) Helga's Classic Seed Loaf (Quality Bakers, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Helga's traditional wholemeal bread (Quality Bakers, Australia) Hunger Filler, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) Molenberg (Goodman Fielder, Auckland, New Zealand) Molenberg (Goodman Fielder, New Zealand) mean of two studies 9-Grain Multi-Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Multigrain Loaf, spelt wheat flour (Australia) Multigrain (50% kibbled wheat grain) (Australia) Nutty Natural, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) Performax (Country Life Bakeries, Dandenong, Vic, Australia) Ploughman's Wholegrain, original recipe (Quality Bakers, Australia) Ploughman's Wholemeal, smooth milled (Quality Bakers, Australia) Semolina Bread (Kenya) Sourdough wheat (Australia) Soy & Linseed bread (made from packet mix in bread maker) (Con Agra Inc., USA) Stay Trim, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) Sunflower & Barley bread, Riga brand (Berzin's Specialty Bakery, Australia) Vogel's Honey & Oats (Stevns & Co., Sydney, NSW, Australia) Vogel's Roggenbrot (Stevns & Co., Australia) Whole-wheat snack bread (Ryvita Co Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK) 100% Whole Grain bread (Natural Ovens, USA) White wheat flour flatbread (Sweden) Unleavened Breads Lebanese bread, white (Seda Bakery, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Middle Eastern flatbread Pita bread, white (Canada) Wheat flour flatbread (India) Amaranth : wheat (25:75) composite flour flatbread (India) Amaranth : wheat (50:50) composite flour flatbread (India) BREAKFAST CEREALS AND RELATED PRODUCTS All-Bran (high-fiber, extruded wheat bran cereal) All-Bran (Kellogg's, Pagewood, NSW, Australia)13 All-Bran (Kellogg's, Battle Creek, MI, USA) All-Bran (Kellogg's Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) All-Bran (Kellogg's Inc., Canada) mean of four studies All-Bran Fruit 'n Oats (Kellogg's, Australia) All-Bran Soy 'n Fibre (Kellogg's, Australia) Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener (India) Barley porridge Wholemeal barley flour porridge (100% regular barley) (flour:water = 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) Wholemeal high-fibre barley flour porridge (50% regular barley flour: 50% high-fibre barley flour) (Sweden) Barley porridge made from steamed thin (0.5 mm) dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) Barley porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) dehulled barley flakes (Sweden)

556 626 689 7014 598 7510 848 805 435 5410 43 597 383 47 6410 64 54 506 7010 576 555 595 74 5111 79

759 9729 57 669 6610 7620

30 38 50 515 425 39 333 9719

68 55 62 65

Bran Buds (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)15 Bran Buds with psyllium (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)15 Bran Chex (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Toronto, Canada)15 Bran Flakes (Kellogg's, Australia) Cheerios (General Mills Inc., Etobicoke, Canada)15 Chocapic (Nestl, France) Coco Pops (cocoa flavoured puffed rice) Coco Pops (Kellogg's, Australia) Coco Pops (Kellogg's, Australia) mean of two studies Corn Bran (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada, Peterborough, Canada)15 Corn Chex (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 Cornflakes Cornflakes (Kellogg's, Auckland, New Zealand) Cornflakes (Kellogg's, Australia) Cornflakes (Kellogg's Inc., Canada) Cornflakes (Kellogg's Inc., Canada) Cornflakes (Kellogg's, USA)5 mean of five studies Cornflakes, high-fiber (Presidents Choice, Sunfresh Ltd., Toronto, Canada)15 Cornflakes, Crunchy Nut (Kellogg's, Australia) Corn Pops (Kellogg's, Australia) Cream of Wheat (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 Cream of Wheat, Instant (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 Crispix (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)15 Energy Mix (Quaker, France) Froot Loops (Kellogg's, Australia) Frosties, sugar-coated cornflakes (Kellogg's, Australia) Fruitful Lite (Hubbards, Auckland, New Zealand) Fruity-Bix, berry (Sanitarium, Auckland, New Zealand) Golden Grahams (General Mills Inc., Canada)15 Golden Wheats (Kellogg's, Australia) Grapenuts Grapenuts (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc., Toronto, Canada)15 Grapenuts (Kraft Foods Inc., Port Chester, NY, USA) mean of two studies Grapenuts Flakes (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc., Canada)15 Guardian (Kellogg's, Australia) Healthwise for bowel health (Uncle Toby's, Wahgunyah, Vic, Australia) Healthwise for heart health (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Honey Rice Bubbles (Kellogg's, Australia) Honey Smacks (Kellogg's, Australia) Hot cereal, apple & cinnamon (Con Agra Inc., USA) Hot cereal, unflavoured (Con Agra Inc., USA) Just Right (Kellogg's, Australia) Just Right Just Grains (Kellogg's, Australia) Komplete (Kellogg's, Australia)

58 47 58 74 74 849

778 773 77 75 83

7216 77 806 86 92 813 74 724 804 66 74 87 807 699 55 6120 11310 71 718

67 756 714 80 379 669 485 774 7110 376 255 6015 6211 485

Life (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)15 Mini Wheats, whole wheat (Kellogg's, Australia) Mini Wheats, blackcurrant (Kellogg's, Australia) Muesli Muesli, NS8 (Canada) Alpen Muesli (Wheetabix, France) Muesli, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Cheltenham, Vic, Australia) with 1.5% fat milk Muesli, Lite (Sanitarium, New Zealand) Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, New Zealand) Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, Australia) mean of two studies Muesli, No Name (Sunfresh Ltd., Toronto, Canada)15 Muesli, Swiss Formula (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Muesli, toasted (Purina, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Nutrigrain (Kellogg's, Australia) Oat 'n Honey Bake (Kellogg's, Australia) Oat bran Oat bran, raw (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)15 Oat bran, raw mean of two studies Porridge made from rolled oats Porridge (Uncle Toby's, Australia)13 Porridge (Canada)16 Traditional porridge oats (Lowan Whole Foods, Box Hill, Vic, Australia) Porridge (Hubbards, New Zealand) Porridge (Australia) Porridge (Canada) Porridge (Canada) Porridge (USA)6 mean of eight studies Wholemeal oat flour porridge (flour:water = 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) Oat porridge made from thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from roasted thin (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from roasted thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from roasted and steamed thin (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Instant Porridge Quick Oats (Quaker Oats Co., Canada) One Minute Oats (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)15 mean of two studies Pop Tarts, Double Chocolate (Kellogg's, Australia) Pro Stars (General Mills Inc., Canada)15 Puffed Wheat Puffed Wheat (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)15 Puffed Wheat (Sanitarium, Australia) mean of two studies Raisin Bran (Kellogg's, USA)

66 588 7210

669 5510 396 5412 579 406 499 60 568 43+4 6612 7711

50 59 555

42 498 518 589 584 62 69 75 584 74 55 69 50 80 53

65 66 661 702 71

67 8011 747 615

Red River Cereal (Maple Leaf Mills, Toronto, Canada) Rice Bran, extruded (Rice Growers Co-Operative Ltd., Leeton, NSW, Australia) Rice Bubbles (puffed rice) Rice Bubbles (Kellogg's, Australia)13 Rice Bubbles (Kellogg's, Australia) Rice Bubbles (Kellogg's, Australia) mean of three studies Rice Chex (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 Rice Krispies (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)15 Shredded Wheat Shredded Wheat (Canada) Shredded Wheat (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 mean of two studies Special K - formulation of this cereal varies in different countries Special K (Kellogg's, Australia) Special K (Kellogg's, USA) Special K (Kellogg's, France) Soy Tasty (flaked grains, soy nuts, dried fruit) (Sanitarium, Australia)

49 193

81 853 95 874 89 82

6710 83 758

544 695 8412 605

Soytana, Vogel's, soy and linseed bran crunch with sultanas (20.1 g fiber per 100 g), (Specialty Cereals, Mt 493 Sultana Bran (Kellogg's, Australia) Sustain (Kellogg's, Australia)13 Team (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)15 Thank Goodness (Hubbards, New Zealand) Total (General Mills Inc., Canada)15 7313 68 82 6518 76

Ultra-bran, Vogel's, soy and linseed extruded wheat bran cereal (30.2 g fiber per 100 g) (Specialty Cereals, 414 Wheat-bites (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Wheat biscuits (plain flaked wheat) Vita-Brits (Uncle Toby's, Australia)13 Vita-Brits (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Weet-Bix (Sanitarium, Australia) Weet-Bix (Sanitarium, Australia) Weetabix (Weetabix of Canada Ltd., Thornhill, Canada)15 Weetabix (Weetabix of Canada Ltd.) Whole wheat Goldies (Kellogg's, Australia) mean of seven studies Wheat biscuits (flaked wheat) with additional ingredients Good Start, muesli wheat biscuits (Sanitarium, Australia) Hi-Bran Weet-Bix, wheat biscuits with extra wheat bran (Sanitarium, Australia) Hi-Bran Weet-Bix with soy and linseed (Sanitarium, Australia) Honey Goldies (Kellogg's Australia) Lite-Bix, plain, no added sugar (Sanitarium, Australia) Oat bran Weet-Bix (Sanitarium, Australia) Sultana Goldies (Kellogg's Australia) BREAKFAST CEREAL BARS Crunchy Nut Cornflakes bar (Kellogg's, Australia) Fibre Plus bar (Uncle Toby's, Australia) 684 614 573 723 703 574 656 726 789 61 686 69 694 74 7510 704 702 7211

Fruity-Bix bar, fruit and nut, wheat biscuit cereal with dried fruit and nuts with yoghurt coating (Sanitarium, A564 Fruity-Bix bar, wild berry, wheat biscuit cereal with fruit and covered with yoghurt coating (Sanitarium, Austr 514

K-Time Just Right bar (Kellogg's, Australia) K-Time Strawberry Crunch bar (Kellogg's, Australia) Rice Bubble Treat bar (Kellogg's, Australia) Sustain bar (Kellogg's, Australia) CEREAL GRAINS Amaranth Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener (India) Barley Pearl Barley Barley, pearled (Canada) Barley (Canada) Barley, pot, boiled in salted water 20 min (Gouda's foods, Concord, Canada) Barley (Canada) Barley, pearled (Canada) mean of five studies Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India) mean of two groups of subjects Barley, cracked (Malthouth, Tunisia) Barley, rolled (Australia) Buckwheat Buckwheat (Canada) Buckwheat (Canada) Buckwheat (Canada) mean of three studies Buckwheat groats, hydrothermally treated, dehusked, boiled 12 min (Sweden) Corn/Maize Maize (Zea Mays), flour made into chapatti (India) Maize meal porridge/gruel (Kenya) Cornmeal Cornmeal, boiled in salted water 2 min (McNair Products Co. Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Cornmeal + margarine (McNair Products Co. Ltd., Canada) mean of two studies Sweet corn Sweet corn, 'Honey & Pearl' variety (New Zealand) Sweet corn, on the cob, boiled 20 min (Australia) Sweet corn (Canada) Sweet corn (USA) Sweet corn (USA) Sweet corn (South Africa) mean of six studies Sweet corn, whole kernel, canned, diet-pack, drained (Featherweight, USA) Sweet corn, frozen, reheated in microwave (Green Giant Pillsbury Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Taco shells, cornmeal-based, baked (Old El Paso Foods Co., Toronto, Canada) Couscous Couscous, boiled 5 min (Near East Food Products Co., Leominster, MA, USA) Couscous, boiled 5 min (Tunisia) mean of two studies

724 775 6311 5710

9719

22 22 252 27 29 251 37 48 436 50 665

49 5110 63 544 45

59 109

68 69 691

3712 48 5911 60 60 625 534 46 47 68

61 69 654

Millet Millet, boiled (Canada) Millet flour porridge (Kenya) Rice, white Arborio, risotto rice, boiled (Sun Rice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) White (Oryza sativa), boiled (India) Rice, boiled white, type NS8 Type NS, eaten alone (France) Type NS (India) Type NS (Canada) Type NS (France) Type NS (Canada) Type NS (Pakistan) Type NS (Canada) Type NS, boiled in salted water (India) Type NS, boiled 13 min (Italy) Type NS (Kenya) Type NS, boiled (France) Type NS, boiled (France) mean of 12 studies Type NS, boiled in salted water, refrigerated 16-20h, reheated (India) Type NS, boiled 13 min, then baked 10 min (Italy) Long grain, boiled Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) 45 48 51 52 56 69 729 72 102 112 43 47 647 53 104 41 697 6915 7110 107

Long grain, white, unconverted, boiled 15 min (Mahatma brand, Riviana Foods, Wetherill Park, NSW, Australia 50 Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Toronto, Canada) Long grain, white (Uncle Bens, Auckland, New Zealand) Long grain, boiled 25 min (Surinam) Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) Long grain, boiled 15 min Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) Long grain, white, boiled 7 min (Star brand, Gouda foods, Concord, Canada) mean of 10 studies Rice, long grain, quick-cooking varieties Long grain, parboiled 10 min cooking time (Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, Belgium) Long grain, parboiled, 20 min cooking time (Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, Belgium) 686 757 55 567 562 57 58 60 60 643 562

Long grain, white, pre-cooked, microwaved 2 min (Express Rice, plain, Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods King's Lynn 525 Rice, specialty rices Cajun Style, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Bolton, Canada) Garden Style, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Long Grain and Wild, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Mexican Fast and Fancy, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Saskatchewan wild rice (Canada) Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Lion Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Mill, Bangkok, Thailand) Jasmine rice, white long grain, cooked in rice cooker (Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) 51 55 54 58 57 8610 987 10910

Rice, white low-amylose Calrose, white, medium grain, boiled (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Sungold, Pelde, parboiled (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Waxy (0-2% amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Pelde, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) White, low-amylose, boiled (Turkey) Rice, white high-amylose Bangladeshi rice variety BR16 (28% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, white, long-grain (27% amylose), boiled 17.5 min mean of two studies Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Doongara, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) mean of three studies Koshikari (Japonica), white, short-grain, boiled 15 min then steamed 10 min (Japan) Basmati Basmati, white, boiled (Mahatma brand, Sydney, NSW, Australia) 588 37 39 38 506 649 547 564 488 8313 877 8811 9311 139

Precooked basmati rice in pouch, white, reheated in microwave, Uncle Ben's Express (Masterfoods. Kings L 574 Quick cooking white basmati, cooked 10 min, Uncle Ben's Superior (Masterfoods Olen, Belgium) Rice, brown Brown (Canada) Brown, steamed (USA)5 Brown (Oriza Sativa), boiled (South India)5 mean of three studies Calrose brown (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Doongara brown, high amylose (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Pelde brown (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Parboiled, cooked 20 min, Uncle Ben's Natur-reis (Masterfoods Olen, Belgium) Sunbrown Quick (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Instant/puffed rice Instant rice, white, boiled 1 min (Canada) Instant rice, white, cooked 6 min (Trice brand, Australia) Puffed, white, cooked 5 min, Uncle Ben's Snabbris (Masterfoods Olen, Belgium) mean of three studies Instant doongara, white, cooked 5 min (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Parboiled rice Parboiled rice (Canada) Parboiled rice (USA) Converted, white, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Converted, white, boiled 20-30 min, Uncle Ben's (Masterfoods USA, Vernon, CA) Converted, white, long grain, boiled 20-30 min, Uncle Ben's (Masterfoods USA) Boiled, 12 min (Denmark)6 Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) Long grain, boiled, 10 min (USA)5 Long grain, boiled 15 min (Canada) 48 72 45 38 50 39 42 43 46 38 61 47 46 87 745 6912 947 665 50 5019 555 878 667 766 647 807 605

Long grain, boiled 25 min (Canada) mean of thirteen studies Parboiled rice, eaten as part of a traditional Indian meal (India)5 Parboiled, low-amylose Bangladeshi rice variety BR2, parboiled (12% amylose) Parboiled, low-amylose, Pelde, Sungold (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Parboiled, high-amylose Parboiled, high-amylose (28%), Doongara (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, parboiled (28% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, traditionally parboiled (27% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, pressure parboiled (27% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR4, parboiled (27% amylose) Mean of 5 studies Rye, whole kernels Rye, whole kernels (Canada) Rye, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 30 min in 2 L water (Canada) Rye, whole kernels (Canada) mean of three studies Wheat Wheat, whole kernels Wheat, whole kernels (Triticum aestivum) (India)11 Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) Wheat, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 30 min in 2 L water (Canada) Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) mean of four studies Wheat, type NS8 (India) Wheat, precooked kernels Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 20 min (Ebly, Chateaudun, France) Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 10 min (Ebly, France) Durum wheat, precooked in pouch, reheated in microwave, Ebly Express (Ebly, France) Quick cooking (White Wings, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Semolina Semolina, roasted at 105 C then gelatinised with water (India) Semolina, steamed and gelatinised (India) mean of two studies Cracked wheat (bulgur/bourghul) Bulgur, boiled (Canada) Bulgur, boiled in 800 mL water 20 min (Canada) Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) mean of four studies COOKIES Arrowroot Arrowroot (McCormicks's, Interbare Foods, Toronto, Canada) Arrowroot plus (McCormicks's, Canada) Milk Arrowroot (Arnotts, Sydney, NSW, Australia) mean of three studies Barquette Abricot (LU, Ris, Orangis, France)

46 473 99

51 877

506 35 32 27 33 354

29 34 39 343

309 42 44 48 413 90

524 505 405 5411

559 5413 551

46 46 46 53 482

63 62 697 652 716

Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Dobre Rano Honey and Hazelnuts (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Jemne Susenky (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) Digestives Digestives (Canada) Digestives (Canada) Digestives, Peak Freans (Nabisco Ltd., Toronto, Canada) mean of three studies Digestives, gluten-free (maize starch) (Nutricia Dietary Care Ltd., Redish, Stockport, UK) Evergreen met Krenten (LU, Netherlands) Golden Fruit (Griffin's Foods Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand) Graham Wafers (Christie Brown & Co., Toronto, Canada) Gran'Dia Banana, Oats and Honey (LU, Brazil) Grany en-cas Abricot (LU, France) Grany en-cas Fruits des bois (LU, France) Grany Rush Apricot (LU, Netherlands) Highland Oatmeal (Westons biscuits, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Highland Oatcakes (Walker's Shortbread Ltd., Aberlour-on-Spey, Scotland) LU P'tit Djeuner Chocolat (LU, France) LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat (LU, France) LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat (LU, France) LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat (LU, France) mean of three studies Maltmeal wafer (Griffin's Foods Ltd., New Zealand) Morning Coffee (Arnotts, Australia) Nutrigrain Fruits des bois (Kellogg's, France) Oatmeal (Canada) Oro (Saiwa, Italy) Oro (Saiwa, Italy) mean of two studies Petit LU Normand (LU, France) Petit LU Roussillon (LU, France) Prince Energie+ (LU, France) Prince fourr chocolat (LU, France) Prince fourr chocolat (LU, France) mean of two studies Prince Meganana Chocolate (LU, Spain) Prince Petit Djeuner Vanille (LU, France and Spain) Rich Tea (Canada) Sabl des Flandres (LU, France) Shortbread (Arnotts, Australia) Shredded Wheatmeal (Arnotts, Australia) Snack Right Fruit Slice (97% fat-free) (Arnott's, Australia) Th (LU, France) Vanilla Wafers (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) Vritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) CRACKERS

579 519 6711

55 597 62 592 58 6612 7725 74 285 556 505 623 558 57 425 455 523 498 492 5010 796 574 544 619 6717 643 513 484 735 535 505 522 4912 456 554 5710 648 624 453 417 77 518

Breton wheat crackers (Dare Foods Ltd., Kitchener, Canada) Corn Thins, puffed corn cakes, gluten-free (Real Foods, St Peters, NSW, Australia) Cream Cracker (LU Triumfo, Brazil) High-calcium cracker (Danone, Malaysia) Jatz, plain salted craker biscuits (Arnotts, Australia) Puffed Crispbread (Westons, Australia) Puffed rice cakes Puffed rice cakes, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Leeton, NSW, Australia) Rice cakes, Calrose rice (low-amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) Rice cakes, Doongara rice (high-amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) mean of three studies Rye crispbread Rye crispbread (Canada) Ryvita (Canada) High-fiber rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK) Rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd., UK) mean of four studies Kavli Norwegian Crispbread (Players Biscuits, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Sao, plain square crackers (Arnotts, Australia) Stoned Wheat Thins (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) Water cracker Water cracker (Canada) Water cracker (Arnotts, Australia) mean of two studies Premium Soda Crackers (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) Vita-wheat, original, crispbread (Arnott's, Australia) DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES Custard No Bake Egg Custard, prepared from powder with whole milk (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Custard, home made from milk, wheat starch, and sugar (Australia) TRIM, reduced-fat custard (Pauls Ltd., South Brisbane, Qld, Australia) mean of three studies Ice cream, Regular/NS8 Ice cream, NS (Canada) Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate) (Italy) Ice cream, NS (USA) Ice cream, chocolate flavored (USA) Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate) (Italy) mean of five studies Ice cream, Reduced- or Low-fat Ice cream, low-fat, vanilla, 'Light' (Peter's, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Ice-cream, low-fat (1.2 % fat), Prestige Light rich vanilla (Norco, Lismore, NSW, Australia)6 Ice-cream, low-fat (1.4% fat), Prestige Light traditional toffee (Norco, Australia)6 Ice-cream, reduced-fat (7.1 % fat), Prestige golden macadamia (Norco, Australia)6 Ice cream, Premium (high-fat) Ice cream, premium, Ultra chocolate, 15% fat (Sara Lee, Gosford, NSW, Australia) Ice cream, premium, French vanilla, 16% fat (Sara Lee, Australia)

67 8710 6511 528 555 819

8211 917 615 789

63 6910 59 63 642 717 709 67

639 7811 718 74 554

352 4310 374 382

368 57 62 6815 80 617

508 475 374 393

373 383

Milk, full-fat Full-fat (Italy) Full-fat (3% fat, Sknemejerier, Malm, Sweden)6 Full-fat (Italy) Full-fat cow's milk, fresh (Dairy Farmers, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Full-fat (Canada) Full-fat (USA) mean of five studies Fermented cow's milk (ropy milk, lngfil, 3% fat) (Arla, Gvle, Sweden)6 Fermented cow's milk (filmjlk, 3% fat) (Sknemejerier, Malm, Sweden)6 mean of two foods Milk, full-fat, plus bran Full-fat + 20g wheat bran (Italy) Full-fat + 20g wheat bran (Italy) mean of two studies Milk, skim (Canada) Milk, condensed, sweetened (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with aspartame, Lite White (Dairy Farmers, Australia) Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with sugar, Lite White (Dairy Farmers, Australia) Mousse, reduced-fat, prepared from commerical mousse mix with water Butterscotch, 1.9% fat (Nestl, Australia) Chocolate, 2% fat (Nestl, Australia) Hazelnut, 2.4% fat (Nestl, Australia) Mango, 1.8% fat (Nestl, Australia) Mixed berry, 2.2% fat (Nestl, Australia) Strawberry, 2.3% fat (Nestl, Australia) mean of six foods Pudding instant, chocolate, made from powder and whole milk (White Wings, Sydney, NSW, Australia) instant, vanilla, made from powder and whole milk (White Wings, Australia) mean of two foods Yoghurt Yoghurt, type NS8 (Canada) Low-fat yoghurt Low-fat, fruit, aspartame, Ski (Dairy Farmers, Australia) Low-fat, fruit, sugar, Ski (Dairy Farmers, Australia) Low-fat (0.9%), fruit, wild strawberry (Ski d'lite, Dairy Farmers, Australia) Non-fat yoghurt, sweetened with acesulfame K and Splenda Diet Vaalia, exotic fruits (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Diet Vaalia, mango (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Diet Vaalia, mixed berry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Diet Vaalia, strawberry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Diet Vaalia, vanilla (Pauls Ltd, Australia)6 mean of five foods Reduced-fat yoghurt Reduced-fat, Vaalia, apricot & mango (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Reduced-fat, Vaalia, french vanilla (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 264 264 232 232 253 232 232 241 144 337 3114 364 474 404 444 364 314 364 335 365 323 341 25 28 272 325 616 246 344 11 21 24 312 346 40 274 11 11 11

Reduced-fat, Extra-Lite, strawberry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 mean of three foods Yoghurt drink, reduced-fat, Vaalia, tropical passionfruit (Pauls Ltd., Australia)6 Soy-based dairy product alternatives Soy milks (containing maltodextrin) Soy milk, full-fat (3%), 0 mg calcium, Original (So Natural Foods, Taren Point, NSW, Australia)6 Soy milk, full-fat (3%), 120 mg calcium, Calciforte (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), 120 mg calcium, Light (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 Soy milk drinks Soy smoothie drink, banana, 1% fat (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 Soy smoothie drink, chocolate hazelnut, 1% fat (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 mean of two drinks

284 271 384

445 364 443

303 343 322

Up & Go, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast)6 (Sanitarium, Berkeley Vale, NSW, Austra435 Up & Go, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal liquid breakfast)6 (Sanitarium, Australia) mean of two drinks 465 452

Xpress, chocolate (soy bean, cereal and legume extract drink with fructose)6 (So Natural Foods, Australia) 392 Soy yoghurt Soy yoghurt, peach and mango, 2% fat, sugar (So Natural Foods, Australia)6 Tofu-based frozen dessert, chocolate with high-fructose (24%) corn syrup (USA) FRUIT AND FRUIT PRODUCTS Apples, raw Apple, NS8 (Denmark) Apple, Braeburn (New Zealand)6 Apple, NS8 (Canada) Apple, Golden Delicious (Canada) Apple, NS8 (USA) Apple, NS8 (Italy) mean of six studies Apple juice Apple juice, unsweetened, reconstituted (Berrivale Orchards Ltd, Berri, SA, Australia) Apple juice, unsweetened (USA) Apple juice, unsweetened (Allens, Toronto, Canada) mean of three studies Apple, dried (Australia) Apricots Apricots, raw, NS8 (Italy) Apricots, canned in light syrup (Riviera, Aliments Caneast Foods, Montreal, Canada ) Apricots, dried (Australia) Apricots, dried (Wasco foods, Montreal, Canada) mean of two studies Apricot fruit bar, pureed dried apricot filling in wholemeal pastry (Mother Earth, Auckland, New Zealand) Apricot fruit spread, reduced sugar (Glen Ewin Jams, Para Hills, SA, Australia) 57 64 307 32 311 508 557 395 40 41 401 295 28 324 34 393 40 44 382 503 11514

Apricot Fruity Bitz, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snack (Blackmores Ltd., Balgowlah, NSW, Austra423 Banana, raw Banana (Canada) Banana (Italy) Banana (Canada) 46 58 58

Banana (Canada) Banana (South Africa) Banana, ripe (all yellow) (USA) Banana, under-ripe (Denmark) Banana, slightly under-ripe (yellow with green sections) (USA) Banana, over-ripe (yellow flecked with brown) (USA) Banana, over-ripe (Denmark) mean of 10 studies Banana, processed fruit fingers, Heinz Kidz (H J Heinz, Malvern, Vic, Australia) Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), raw (Australia)6 Cherries, raw, NS8 (Canada) Chico (Zapota zapotilla coville), raw (Philippines)6 Cranberry juice Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray, Melbourne, Vic, Australia) Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray Inc., Lakeville-Middleboro, MA, USA) Cranberry juice drink, Ocean Spray (Gerber Ltd., Bridgewater, Somerset, UK) Custard apple, raw, flesh only (Australia) Dates, dried (Australia) Figs, dried, tenderised, Dessert Maid brand (Ernest Hall & Sons, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Fruit Cocktail, canned (Delmonte Canadian Canners Ltd., Hamilton, Canada) Grapefruit, raw (Canada) Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (Sunpac, Toronto, Canada) Grapes, raw Grapes, NS8(Canada) Grapes, NS8 (Italy) mean of two studies Grapes, black, Waltham Cross (Australia) Kiwi fruit, raw Kiwi fruit, Hayward (New Zealand)6 Kiwi fruit (Australia)6 mean of two studies Lychee, canned in syrup and drained, Narcissus brand (China) Mango, raw Mango (Mangifera indica) (Philippines)6 Mango (Mangifera indica) (Australia)6 Mango, ripe (Mangifera indica) (India)11 mean of three studies Mango, low-fat frozen fruit dessert, Frutia (Weis Frozen Foods, Toowong, Qld, Australia) Marmalade, orange (Australia) Oranges, raw Oranges, NS8 (Denmark) Oranges, NS8 (South Africa) Oranges, NS8 (Canada) Oranges, NS8 (Italy) Oranges (Sunkist, Van Nuys, CA, USA) Oranges NS8 (Canada) mean of six studies

629 705 51 30 42 48 52 524 6111 68 22 40

523 683 564 542 10321 616 55 25 48

43 49 463 59

474 587 536 798

41 513 6016 515 423 489

31 336 403 48 48 51 423

Orange juice Orange Juice (Canada) Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted concentrate, Quelch brand (Berri Ltd., Australia) Orange juice, reconstituted from frozen concentrate (USA) mean of three studies Paw paw/papaya, raw Paw paw (Carica papaya) (Australia)6 Paw paw (papaya), ripe (India)11 Papaya (Carica papaya) (Philippines)6 mean of three studies Peaches Peach, raw (Canada) Peach, raw (Italy) mean of two studies 28 56 4214 566 6016 60 591 466 536 576 523

Peach, canned in natural juice (Goulburn Valley, Ardmona Foods, Mooroopna, Vic, Australia) Peach, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd., Shepparton, Vic, Australia) mean of two studies Peach, canned in heavy syrup (Letona Foods, Hawthorn East, Vic, Australia) Peach, canned in light syrup (Delmonte, Canadian Canners Ltd.) Peach, canned in reduced-sugar syrup, SPC Lite (SPC Ltd., Australia) Pears Pear, raw, NS8 (Canada) Pear, Winter Nellis, raw (New Zealand)6 Pear, Bartlett, raw (Canada) Pear, raw, NS8 (Italy) mean of four studies Pear halves, canned in reduced-sugar syrup, SPC Lite (SPC Ltd., Australia) Pear halves, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd., Australia) Pear, canned in pear juice, Bartlett (Delmonte, Canadian Canners Ltd.) Pineapple Pineapple, raw (Australia)6 Pineapple (Ananas comosus), raw (Philippines)6 mean of two studies Pineapple juice, unsweetened (Dole Packaged Foods, Toronto, Canada) Plums Plum, raw, NS8 (Canada) Plum, raw, NS8 (Italy) mean of two studies Prunes, pitted (Sunsweet Growers Inc., Yuba City, CA, USA) Raisins (Canada) Rockmelon/Cantaloupe, raw (Australia)6 Strawberries, fresh, raw (Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 Strawberry jam Strawberry processed fruit bars, Real Fruit Bars (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Sultanas Tomato juice, no added sugar (Berri Ltd., Berri, SA, Australia)6 Tropical Fruity Bitz, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snack (Blackmores Ltd., Australia) Vitari, wild berry, non-dairy, frozen fruit dessert (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Watermelon, raw (Australia)6 Wild Berry Fruity Bitz, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snack (Blackmores Ltd., Australia) INFANT FORMULA AND WEANING FOODS Formula Infasoy, soy-based, milk-free (Wyeth Nutritionals, Baulkham Hills, NSW, Australia)6 Karicare gold starter formula with omega plsu LCP oils (Nutricia, Auckland, New Zealand)6 Nan-1 infant formula with iron (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 S-26 infant formula (Wyeth Nutritionals, Australia)6 Weaning Foods Farex baby rice (Heinz Wattie's Ltd., Malvern, Vic, Australia)6 Robinsons First Tastes from 4 months (Nutricia, Wells, UK) Apple, apricot and banana cereal6 Creamed porridge6

304 456 388 5811 52 629

33 344 41 42 382 256 4315 44 667 51 598 46

24 53 3915 294 6411 659 407 5110 9012 5611 384 413 598 7213 354

556 355 306 366

9513

568 598

Rice pudding6 Heinz for Baby from 4 months (Heinz Wattie's Ltd., Australia) Chicken and noodles with vegetables, strained6 Sweetcorn and rice6 LEGUMES AND NUTS Baked Beans Baked Beans, canned (Canada) Baked Beans, canned haricot/navy beans in tomato sauce (Libby, McNeill & Libby, Chatham, Canada) mean of two studies Beans, dried, boiled Beans, dried, type NS8 (Italy) Beans, dried, type NS8 (Italy) mean of two studies Blackeyed beans/peas (Cowpeas), boiled Blackeyed beans (Canada) Blackeyed beans (Canada) mean of two studies Butter Beans Butter beans (South Africa) Butter beans, dried, cooked 1.25 h (South Africa) Butter beans (Canada) mean of three studies Butter beans, dried, boiled + 5g sucrose (South Africa) Butter beans, dried, boiled + 10g sucrose (South Africa) Butter beans, dried, boiled + 15g sucrose (South Africa) Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans, Bengal gram), boiled Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum Linn), dried, soaked, boiled 35 min (Philippines) Chickpeas, dried, boiled (Canada) Chickpeas (Canada) Chickpeas (Canada) mean of four studies Chickpeas, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Chickpeas, curry, canned (Canasia Foods Ltd., Scarborough, Canada) Haricot/Navy beans Haricot/Navy beans, pressure cooked at 15 psi for 25 min (King Grains, Toronto, Canada) Haricot/Navy beans, dried, boiled (Canada) Haricot/Navy beans, boiled (Canada) Haricot/Navy beans (King Grains, Canada) Haricot/Navy beans, pressure cooked at15 psi for 25 min (King Grains, Canada) mean of five studies Kidney Beans Kidney/white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), soaked, boiled 17 min (Philippines) Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (India) Kidney beans (USA)5 Kidney beans, dried, boiled (France) Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red, soaked 20 min, boiled 70 min (Sweden) Kidney beans (Canada)

596

6711 6513

403 56 488

36 20 299

50 334 429

287 298 364 313 302 312 544

10 31 33 365 286 42 41

29 30 316 39 59 386

13 19 23 231 25 298

Kidney beans, dried, boiled (Canada) Kidney beans (Canada) mean of eight studies Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) - autoclaved Kidney beans, canned (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Kidney beans, dried, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h (India)11 Black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), soaked overnight, cooked 45 min (Philippines) Lentils, type NS8 Lentils, type NS (USA) Lentils, type NS (Canada) mean of two studies Lentils, green Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Canada) Lentils, green, dried, boiled (France) Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Australia) mean of three studies Lentils, green, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Lentils, red Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) mean of four studies Lima beans, baby, frozen, reheated in microwave oven (York, Canada Packers, Toronto, Canada) Marrowfat peas Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (USA) Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (Canada) mean of two studies Mung beans Mung bean (Phaseolus areus Roxb), soaked, boiled 20 min (Philippines) Mung bean, fried (Australia) Mung bean, germinated (Australia) Mung bean, pressure cooked (Australia) Peas, dried, boiled (Australia) Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan Linn. Huth.), soaked, boiled 45 min (Philippines) Pinto beans Pinto beans, dried, boiled (Canada) Pinto beans, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Romano beans (Canada) Soya beans Soya beans, dried, boiled (Canada) Soya beans, dried, boiled (Australia) mean of two studies Soya beans, canned (Canada) Split peas, yellow, boiled 20 min (Nupack, Mississauga, Canada) MEAL REPLACEMENT PRODUCTS Hazelnut & Apricot bar (Dietworks, South Yarra, Vic, Australia)

42 46 284 34 52 7011 20

28 293 291

22 3015 373 304 52

18 21 31 32 264 32

31 473 398

31 538 254 425 22 22

39 45 46

155 203 183 142 32

427

L.E.A.N products (Usana Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, US) L.E.A.N Fibergy bar, Harvest Oat Nutrimeal, drink powder, Dutch Chocolate L.E.A.N (Life long) Nutribar, Peanut Crunch L.E.A.N (Life long) Nutribar, Chocolate Crunch mean of two Nutri bars Worldwide Sport Nutrition reduced-carbohydrate products (2000 formulations) (Worldwide Sport Nutritional Supplements Inc., Largo, FL, US) Designer chocolate, sugar-free6 Burn-it bars Chocolate deluxe6 Peanut butter6 Pure-protein bars Chewy choc-chip6 Chocolate deluxe6 Peanut butter6 Strawberry shortcake6 White chocolate mousse6 Pure-protein cookies Choc-chip cookie dough6 Coconut6 Peanut butter6 Ultra pure-protein shakes Cappuccino Frosty chocolate Strawberry shortcake Vanilla ice cream MIXED MEALS AND CONVENIENCE FOODS Chicken nuggets, frozen, reheated in microwave oven 5 min (Savings, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Vic, Aust 464 Fish Fingers (Canada) Greek lentil stew with a bread roll, home made (Australia) Kugel (Polish dish containing egg noodles, sugar, cheese and raisins) (Israel) Lean Cuisine, French style chicken with rice, reheated (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 Pies, beef, party size (Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Australia) Pizza Pizza, cheese (Pillsbury Canada Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Pizza, plain baked dough, served with parmesan cheese and tomato sauce (Italy) Pizza, Super Supreme, pan (11.4% fat) (Pizza Hut, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Pizza, Super Supreme, thin and crispy (13.2 % fat) (Pizza Hut, Australia) Pizza, Vegetarian Supreme, thin and crispy (7.8 % fat) (Pizza Hut, Australia)6 Sausages, NS8 (Canada) Sirloin chop with mixed vegetables and mashed potato, home made (Australia) Spaghetti bolognaise, home made (Australia) Stirfried vegetables with chicken and boiled white rice, home made (Australia) Sushi Sushi, salmon (from 'I Love Sushi' chain store, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan) 488 55 60 80 366 304 496 286 6612 529 7317 386 405 656 366 456 476 376 424 325 253 425 377 304 384 224 434 404 293 233 143 454 263 304 324 311

Mean of two studies White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, cheese, and butter (France) White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, cheese and butter (France) Mean in two groups of subjects White bread with toppings White wheat flour bread, butter, cheese, regular cow's milk and fresh cucumber (Sweden)6 White wheat flour bread, butter, yoghurt and pickled cucumber (Sweden)6 White bread with butter (Canada) White bread with skim milk cheese (Canada) White bread with butter and skim milk cheese (Canada) White/wholemeal wheat bread with peanut butter (Canada) White/wholemeal wheat bread with peanut butter (Canada) mean of two studies NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT PRODUCTS Choicedm, vanilla (Mead Johnson Nutritionals, Evansville, IN, US) Enercal Plus, made from powder (Wyeth-Ayerst International Inc., Madison, NJ, US) Ensure (Abbott Australasia, Kurnell, NSW, Australia) Ensure, vanilla (Abbott Australasia) Ensure bar, chocolate fudge brownie (Abbott Australasia) Ensure Plus, vanilla (Abbott Australasia) Ensure Pudding, old fashioned vanilla (Abbott Laboratories Inc., Ashland, OH, USA) Glucerna, vanilla (Abbott Laboratories Inc., USA)6 Jevity (Abbott Australasia) Resource Diabetic, French vanilla (Novartis Nutrition Corp., Young America, MN, USA)6 Resource Diabetic, Swiss chocolate (Novartis, Auckland, New Zealand) Resource thickened orange juice, honey consistency (Novartis, New Zealand) Resource thickened orange juice, nectar consistency (Novartis, New Zealand) Resource fruit beverage, peach flavour (Novartis, New Zealand) Sustagen, Dutch Chocolate (Mead Johnson, Bristol Myers Squibb, Rydalmere, NSW, Australia) Sustagen Hospital with extra fiber, drink made from powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia) Sustagen Instant Pudding, vanilla, made from powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia) Ultracal with fiber (Mead Johnson, Evansville, IN, USA) PASTA and NOODLES Capellini (Primo Foods Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Corn pasta, gluten-free (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, Vic, Australia) Fettucine, egg Fettucine, egg Fettucine, egg (Mother Earth Fine Foods, Rowville, Vic, Australia) mean of two studies Gluten-free pasta, maize starch, boiled 8 min (UK) Gnocchi, NS8 (Latina, Pillsbury Australia Ltd., Mt. Waverley, Vic, Australia) Instant noodles Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi (Nestl, Auckland, New Zealand) Instant noodles (Mr Noodle, Vancouver, Canada) mean of three studies Linguine

524 27 22 252

55 39 59 55 62 51 67 598

234 6113 508 483 433 404 364 312 483 343 164 479 547 408 314 334 273 40

45 7810

324 476 408 54 689

465 488 47 471

Thick, durum wheat, white, fresh (Sweden) Thick, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 8 min (Sweden) mean of two studies Thin, durum wheat (Sweden) Thin, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 3 min (Sweden) Thin, fresh, durum wheat with 39% w/w egg, (Sweden) Thin, fresh, with 0.6% w/w monoglycerides and 30% w/w egg, boiled 3 min (Sweden) mean of four studies Mung bean noodles Lungkow beanthread noodles (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, Qingdao & Guangdong, China) Mung bean noodles (Longkou beanthread), dried, boiled (Yantai cereals, China) mean of two studies Macaroni Macaroni, plain, boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Macaroni, plain, boiled (Turkey) mean of two studies Macaroni and Cheese, boxed (Kraft General Foods Canada Inc., Don Mills, Ontario) Ravioli, durum wheat flour, meat filled, boiled (Australia) Rice noodles/pasta Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, Bangkok, Thailand) Rice noodles, freshly made, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia) Rice pasta, brown, boiled 16 min (Rice Grower's Co-op., Leeton, NSW, Australia) Rice and maize pasta, gluten-free, Ris'O'Mais (Orgran Foods, Carrum Downs, Vic, Australia) Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, China) Spaghetti Spaghetti, gluten-free, rice and split pea, canned in tomato sauce (Orgran Foods, Australia) Spaghetti, protein enriched, boiled 7 min (Catelli Plus, Catelli Ltd., Montreal, Canada) Spaghetti, white, boiled 5 min Boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Boiled 5 min (Canada) Boiled 5 min (Canada) Boiled 5 min (Middle East) mean of four studies Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 10-15 min White, durum wheat, boiled 10 min in salty water (Barilla, Parma, Italy)12 White, durum wheat flour, boiled 12 min (Starhushlls, Kungsrnen AB, Jrna, Sweden) White, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 12 min (Sweden) Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Boiled 15 min (Canada) White, boiled 15 min in salted water (Unico, Concord, Canada) mean of seven studies Spaghetti, white or type NS8, boiled 20 min White, durum wheat, boiled 20 min (Australia) Durum wheat, boiled 20 min (USA) mean of two studies Spaghetti, white, boiled

43 48 463 49 61 45 53 523

26 399 337

45 48 472 64 391

616 404 928 766 58

689 27

32 34 40 44 383

58 47 53 32 36 41 443 443

587 6415 613

White (Denmark) White, durum wheat (Catelli Ltd, Montreal, Canada) White (Australia) White (Canada) White (Canada) White (Vetta, Greens Foods, Glendenning, NSW, Australia) White (Canada) mean of seven studies Spaghetti, white, durum wheat semolina (Panzani, Marseilles, France) Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 11 min Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 16.5 min Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 22 min mean of three cooking times Spaghetti, wholemeal, boiled Wholemeal (USA) Wholemeal (Canada) mean of two studies Spirali, durum wheat, white, boiled to al dent texture (Vetta, Australia) Split pea and soya pasta shells, gluten-free (Orgran Foods, Australia) Star Pastina, white, boiled 5 minutes (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Tortellini, cheese (Stouffer, Nestl, Don Mills, Canada) Udon noodles, plain, reheated 5 min (Fantastic, Windsor Gardens, SA, Australia)6 Vermicelli, white, boiled (Australia) SNACK FOODS AND CONFECTIONERY Burger Rings, barbeque-flavored (Smith's Snack Food Co., Chatswood, NSW, Australia) Chocolate, milk, plain Chocolate, milk, plain with sucrose (Belgium)6 Chocolate, milk (Cadbury's Confectionery, Ringwood, Vic, Australia) Chocolate, milk, Dove (Mars Confectionery, Ballarat, Vic, Australia) Chocolate, milk (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) mean of four studies Chocolate, milk, plain, low-sugar with maltitol (Belgium)6 Chocolate, white, Milky Bar (Nestl, Australia) Corn chips Corn chips, plain, salted (Doritos original, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia, 1998) Corn chips, plain, salted (Doritos original, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia, 1985) Nachips (Old El Paso Foods Co., Canada) mean of three studies Fruit Bars

33 34 38 42 48 497 508 423 5915 6515 4610 576

32 424 375 4310 296 38 50 628 357

9016

345 496 458 428 433 3516 446

424 72 74 6310

Apricot filled fruit bar (pureed dried apricot filling in wholemeal pastry) (Mother Earth, Auckland, New Zealand) 508 Heinz Kidz Fruit Fingers, banana (HJ Heinz, Malvern, Vic, Australia) Real Fruit Bars, strawberry (Uncle Toby's, Wahgunyah, Vic, Australia) Roll-Ups, processed fruit snack (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Fruity Bitz, vitamin and mineral enriched dried fruit snacks Fruity Bitz, apricot (Blackmores Ltd., Balgowlah, NSW, Australia) Fruity Bitz, berry (Blackmores Ltd., Australia) Fruity Bitz, tropical (Blackmores Ltd., Australia) 423 354 413 6111 9012 9912

mean of three flavours Jelly beans Jelly beans, assorted colors (Allen's, Nestle, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Jelly beans, assorted colors (Savings, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Vic, Australia) mean of two studies Kudos Whole Grain Bars, chocolate chip (M & M/Mars, Hackettstown, NJ, USA) Life Savers, peppermint candy (Nestl, Australia) M & M's, peanut (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Mars Bar Mars Bar (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Mars Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) mean of two studies Muesli bar containing dried fruit (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Nougat, Jijona (La Fama, Spain) Nutella, chocolate hazelnut spread (Ferrero Australia, Milson's Point, NSW, Australia) Nuts Cashew nuts, salted (Coles Supermarkets, Australia)6 Peanuts Peanuts, crushed (South Africa)6 Peanuts (Canada)6 Peanuts (Mexico)6 mean of three studies Popcorn Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven (Green's Foods, Glendenning, NSW, Australia) Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven (Uncle Toby's, Australia) mean of two studies Pop Tarts, double choc (Kellogg's, Pagewood, NSW, Australia) Potato crisps Potato crisps, plain, salted (Arnott's, Homebush, NSW, Australia) Potato crisps, plain, salted (Canada) mean of two studies Pretzels, oven-baked, traditional wheat flavour (Parker's, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia) Skittles (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Snack bars Snack bar, Apple Cinnamon (Con Agra Inc., Omaha, NE, USA) Snack bar, Peanut Butter & Choc-Chip (Con Agra Inc., USA) Snickers Bar Snickers Bar (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Snickers Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) mean of two studies Twisties, cheese-flavoured, extruded snack, rice and corn (Smith's Snackfood Co., Australia) Twix Cookie Bar, caramel (M&M/Mars, USA) SPORTS BARS Power Bar Power Bar, chocolate (Powerfood Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA) Power Bar, chocolate (Powerfood Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA) mean of two studies

392

808 766 782 628 706 333

628 6812 653 617 32 334

225

74 136 23 148

557 89 7217 702

57 517 543 839 705

408 376

415 68 5514 745 446

585 53 563

Ironman PR bar, chocolate (PR Nutrition, San Diego, CA, USA) SOUPS Black Bean (Wil-Pack Foods, San Pedro, CA, USA) Green Pea, canned (Campbell Soup Co Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Lentil, canned (Unico, Concord, Canada) Minestrone, Traditional, Country Ladle (Campbell's Soups, Homebush, NSW, Australia)6 Noodle soup (traditional Turkish soup with stock and noodles) Split Pea (Wil-Pak Foods, USA) Tarhana soup (traditional Turkish soup with wheat flour, yoghurt, tomato, peppers) Tomato soup (Canada) SUGARS AND SUGAR ALCOHOLS Blue Agave cactus nectar, high-fructose Organic Agave Cactus Nectar, light, 90% fructose (Western Commerce Corp., City of Industry, CA, USA)6 Organic Agave Cactus Nectar, light, 97% fructose (Western Commerce Corp., USA)6 Fructose 25g portion (Sweeten Less, Maximum Nutrition Inc., Toronto, Canada)6 50g portion (Sweeten Less, Maximum Nutrition Inc., Toronto, Canada) 50g portion 50g portion 50g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO, USA) 25g portion, fed with oats28 mean of six studies Glucose 50 g portion (dextrose) 25g portion, fed with oats28 50 g portion 50 g portion (dextrose) 50 g portion 50 g portion (Bio-Health, Dawson Traders Ltd., Toronto, Canada) 50 g portion 50 g portion (Glucodin glucose tablets, Boots, North Ryde, NSW, Australia) 25 g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)6 50 g portion (dextrose) 100 g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)12 mean of 11 studies Glucose consumed with American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) 25 g glucose (Glucodex solution, Rougier Inc., Chambly, Quebec) with 3 g dried ginseng5 25 g glucose (Glucodex) 40 min after 3 g dried ginseng5 25 g glucose (Glucodex) 40 min before 3 g dried ginseng5 mean in two groups of subjects Glucose consumed with gum/fiber

39

64 66 44 393 1 60 20 389

111 101

11 12 205 21 24 25 192

85 92 93 96 96 96 100 1029 103 111 114 993

78 80 76 782

46 g Glucose + 15 g apple and orange fiber extract (FITA, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) (total carbohydrate co 793 50 g Glucose + 14.5 g guar gum 50 g Glucose + 14.5 g oat gum (78% oat -glucan) 100 g Glucose + 20 g acacia gum7 Glucose consumed with a mixed meal 30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, 30 g cheese, 10 g butter (total meal contained 50 g carbohydrate) 55 62 57 85

30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, 30 g cheese, 10 g butter (total meal contained 50 g carbohydrate) 57 mean in two groups of subjects Honey Locust honey (Romania)6 Yellow box (46% fructose) (Australia)6 Stringy Bark (52% fructose) (Australia)6 Red Gum (35% fructose) (Australia)6 Iron Bark (34% fructose) (Australia)6 Yapunya (42 % fructose) (Australia)6 Pure (Capilano Honey Ltd., Richlands, Qld, Australia) Commercial Blend (38% fructose) (WA blend, Capilano Honey Ltd., Australia)6 Salvation Jane (32% fructose) (Australia)6 Commercial Blend (28% fructose) (NSW blend, Capilano Honey Ltd., Australia)6 Honey, NS8 (Canada)6 mean of 11 types of honey Lactose 50 g lactose (Sigma Chemical Company, USA) 25 g lactose (BDH, Poole, UK)6 25 g lactose28 mean of three studies 50 g maltose Sucrose 50 g sucrose (Sigma Chemical Company, USA) 50 g sucrose (Redpath Sugars, Toronto, Canada) 50 g sucrose 50 g sucrose 25 g sucrose (Redpath Sugars, Canada)6 25 g sucrose28 50 g sucrose 100 g sucrose (Redpath Sugars, Canada)12 30 g sucrose29 25 g sucrose6 mean of 10 studies Sugar alcohols and sugar-replacement compounds Lactitol 25 g lactitol30 25 g lactitol MC (Danisco sweeteners, Redhill, Surrey, UK)30 mean of two studies Litesse 25 g Litesse II, bulking agent with polydextrose and sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)30 25 g Litesse III ultra, bulking agent with polydextrose and sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)30 Maltitol-based sweeteners or bulking agents 25 g Malbit CR (87% maltitol) (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 25 g Maltidex 100 (> 72% maltitol) (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 25 g Malbit CH (99% maltitol) (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 25 g Maltidex 200 (50% maltitol) (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)30 Xylitol 3012 4411 7329 8928 72 42 -17 31 23 58 58 5910 60 60 64 659 65 82 11021 685 43 48 48 462 10512 32 354 444 463 483 525 586 623 645 726 878 555 561

25 g xylitol30 25 g Xylitol C (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)30 mean of two studies VEGETABLES Green peas Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)6 Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)6 Pea, green (Pisum Sativum) (India)11 mean of three studies Pumpkin (South Africa) Sweet corn Sweet corn, 'Honey & Pearl' variety (New Zealand) Sweet corn on the cob, boiled 20 min (Sydney, Australia) Sweet corn (Canada) Sweet corn, boiled (USA) Sweet corn, boiled (USA) Sweet corn (South Africa) mean of six studies Sweet corn, whole kernel, diet-pack, Featherweight, canned, drained, heated (USA) Sweet corn, frozen, heated in microwave (Green Giant, Pillsbury Canada Ltd., Toronto, Canada) VEGETABLES, ROOT Beetroot (Canada)6 Carrots Carrots, raw (Romania)5,6 Carrots, peeled, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 Carrots, peeled, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 Carrots, NS8 (Canada)6 mean of four studies Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya, Africa) Parsnips (Canada)6 Potato Baked potato Ontario, white, baked in skin (Canada) Baked Potato, Russet Burbank potatoes Russet, baked without fat (Canada) Russet, baked without fat, 45-60 min (USA) Russet, baked without fat (USA) Russet, baked without fat (USA) mean of four studies Boiled potato Desiree, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) Nardine (New Zealand) Ontario, white, peeled, cut into cubes, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) Pontiac, peeled, boiled whole for 30 min (Australia) Pontiac, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) Sebago, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia)

77 82 81

39 516 5414 485 759

3712 48 5911 60 60 625 544 46 47

6416

16 325 492 9220 4716 46 9719

60

56 78 94 111 8512

10115 7017 58 56 889 63 877

Boiled/cooked potato, white/Type NS8 Type NS (Kenya, Africa) White, cooked (Romania)5 White, boiled (Canada) Type NS, boiled (Australia) Type NS, boiled in salted water (India) mean of five studies Type NS, boiled in salted water, refrigerated, reheated (India) Canned potatoes Prince Edward Island, canned, heated in microwave (Avon, Cobi Foods Inc., Port Williams, Canada) New, canned, heated in microwave 3 min (Mint Tiny Taters, Edgell's, Cheltenham, Vic, Australia) mean of two studies French Fries French fries, frozen, reheated in microwave (Cavendish Farms, New Annan, Canada) Instant Mashed potato Instant (France) Instant (Canada) Instant (Edgell's Potato Whip, Edgell's, Australia) Instant (Carnation Foods Co. Ltd., Manitoba, Canada) Instant (Canada) Instant mashed potato (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA) mean of six studies Mashed potato Type NS8 (Canada) Type NS8 (South Africa) Type NS8 (France) mean of three studies Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, mashed (Canada) Pontiac, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, mashed (Australia) Microwaved potato Pontiac, peeled and microwave on high for 6-7.5 min (Australia) Type NS8, microwaved (USA) New Potato New (Canada) New (Canada) New (Canada) mean of three studies New, unpeeled and boiled 20 min (Australia) Steamed potato Potato, peeled, steamed 1 h (Solanum Tuberosum) (India)11 Potato dumplings (white wheat flour, white potatoes, boiled in salted water (Italy)) Sweet potato Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (Australia) Sweet potato, NS8 (Canada) Sweet potato, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) 44 486 59 7712 786 6511 52 47 54 708 577 7812 799 82 67 7110 83 745 73 919 7412 8013 86 86 88 976 853 75 61 659 632 24 41 54 56 76 509 23

mean of five studies Swede Swede (rutabaga) (Canada)6 Tapioca Tapioca boiled with milk (General Mills Canada Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) Tapioca (Manihot Utilissima), steamed 1 h (India)11 Taro Taro (Colocasia esculenta) peeled, boiled (Australia) Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) mean of two studies Yam Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) Yam (Canada) mean of three studies INDIGENOUS OR TRADITIONAL FOODS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS AFRICAN Brown beans (South Africa) Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya) Ga kenkey, prepared from fermented cornmeal (Zea mays) (Ghana)31 Gari, roasted cassava dough (Manihot utilissima) (Ghana)31 Gram dhal (South Africa) Maize meal porridge, unrefined, maize-meal:water = 1:3 (South Africa) Maize meal porridge, refined, maize-meal:water = 1:3 (South Africa) Maize meal porridge/gruel (Kenya) M'fino/Morogo, wild greens (South Africa) Millet flour porridge/gruel (Kenya) Unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) (Ghana)31 Yam (Dyscoria species) (Ghana)31 ARABIC AND TURKISH Hoummous (chickpea salad dip) Kibbeh saynieh (made with lamb and burghul) Lebanese bread (white, unleaved), hoummous, falafel and tabbouleh Majadra (Syrian, lentils and rice) Moroccan Couscous (stew of semolina, chickpeas, vegetables) Stuffed Grapevine Leaves (rice and lamb stuffing with tomato sauce) Tarhana soup (wheat flour, yoghurt, tomato, green pepper) Turkish bread, white wheat flour Turkish bread, whole wheat Turkish noodle soup ASIAN Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Lion foods, Bangkok, Thailand) Butter rice, warm white rice and butter (Japan) Curry rice (Japan) Curry rice with cheese (Japan) Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Co., Bangkok, Thailand) Glutinous rice NS8 (Esubi Shokuhin, Japan)

617

728

81 7010

54 5612 551

254 355 5112 378

248 46 121 563 53 716 747 109 688 107 404 66

64 6116 8612 245 589 3011 20 87 49 1

8610 79 67 55 987 86

Mean of two studies Glutinous rice ball with cut glutinous cake (mochi) (Japan) Glutinous rice cake with dried sea algae (Japan) Glutaminous rice flour, instant, served warm with roasted ground soybean (Japan) Jasmine rice, white, cooked in rice cooker (Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) Low-protein white rice with dried sea algae (Japan) Lungkow beanthread (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, Qingdao & Guangdong, China) Lychee, canned in syrup, drained (Narcissus brand, China) Mung bean noodles, dried, boiled (China) Non-glutaminous rice flour, served warm with drink (Yamato Nousan, Japan) Rice cracker, plain (Sakada, Japan) Rice gruel with dried algae (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, Bangkok, Thailand) Rice noodles, fresh, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia) Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, China) Roasted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) Salted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) Soba noodles, instant, reheated in hot water, served with soup (Japan) Stirfried vegetables, chicken and rice, home made (Australia) Sushi, salmon ('I Love Sushi' chain store, Sydney, NSW, Australia)6 Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan) Mean of two studies Udon noodles, fresh, reheated (Fantastic, Windsor Gardens, SA, Australia)6 Udon noodles, instant, with sauce and fried bean curd (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan) Mean of two studies White rice, dried sea algae and milk, eaten together (Japan) White rice, dried sea algae and milk (milk eaten before rice) (Japan) White rice, dried sea algae and milk (milk eaten after rice) (Japan) Mean of three types White rice with dried fish strip (okaka) (Japan) White rice with fermented soybean (natto) (Japan) White rice with instant miso soup (soybean paste soup) (Japan) White rice with low-fat milk (Japan) White rice and non-sugar yoghurt (yoghurt eaten before rice) (Japan) White rice and non-sugar yoghurt eaten together (Japan) Mean of two types White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber (pickled food eaten before rice) (Japan) White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber (pickled food eaten with rice) (Japan) Mean of two types White rice topped with raw egg and soy sauce (Japan) White rice with roasted ground soybean (Japan) White rice with salted dried plum (umeboshi) (Japan) White rice with sea algae rolled in sheet of toasted sea algae (Japan) ASIAN INDIAN Amaranth, Amaranthus esculentum, popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum),eaten as roasted bread made from bajra flour Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum) Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum)

926 48 83 65 10910 70 26 798 399 68 91 81 616 404 58 77 80 46 7317 488 55 524 628 48 557 57 56 55 561 79 56 61 69 59 58 591 63 61 621 72 56 80 77

9719 5513 49 67

Mean of three studies Banana, (Musa sapientum), Nendra variety, unripe, steamed 1 h 11 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Mean in two groups of subjects Bengal gram dhal, chickpea Black gram, (Phaseolus mungo), soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h 11 Chapatti Chapatti, amaranth-wheat (25:75) composite flour, served with bottle gourd and tomato curry Chapatti, amaranth-wheat (50:50) composite flour, served with bottle gourd amd tomato curry Chapatti, baisen Chapatti, bajra Chapatti, bajra Mean in two groups of subjects Chapatti, barley Chapatti, barley Mean in two groups of subjects Chapatti, maize, (Zea mays) Chapatti, maize, (Zea mays) Mean in two groups of subjects Chapatti, wheat, served with bottle gourd and tomato curry Chapatti, flour from malted wheat, moth bean (Phaseolus aconitifolius)and bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) Chapatti, flour made from popped wheat, moth bean and bengal gram Chapatti, flour from roller dried wheat, moth bean and bengal gram Chapatti, wheat flour, thin, with green gram (Phaseolus aureus) dhal Chapatti, wheat flour, thin, with green gram (Phaseolus aureus) dhal Mean in two groups of subjects Cheela (thin savoury pancake made from legume flour batter) Cheela, bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) Cheela, bengal gram (Cicer arietinum), fermented batter Cheela, green gram (Phaseolus aureus) Cheela, green gram (Phaseolus aureus), fermented batter Dhokla, leavened, fermented, steamed cake; dehusked chickpea and wheat semolina Dhokla, leavened, fermented, steamed cake; dehusked chickpea and wheat semolina Mean in two groups of subjects Dosai (parboiled and raw rice, soaked, ground, fermented and fried) with chutney Dosai (parboiled and raw rice, soaked, ground, fermented and fried) with chutney Mean in two groups of subjects Green gram, (Phaseolus aureus), soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h 11 Green gram, whole with varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked Green gram dhal with varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked Horse gram, (Dolichos biflorus) soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h 11 Idli (parboiled and raw rice + black dhal, soaked, ground, fermented, steamed) with chutney Idli (parboiled and raw rice + black dhal, soaked, ground, fermented, steamed) with chutney Mean in two groups of subjects Jowar, roasted bread made from Jowar flour (Sorghum vulgare) Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted legume powder, fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted legume powder, fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup

575 7011 48 37 436 11 4310

6610 7620 27 67 49 589 37 48 425 64 59 623 669 669 408 609 814 443 6319

421 361 451 381 354 316 332 773 552 6611 3814 576 7812 5111 772 602 699 778 244 294

Mean in two groups of subjects Lentil and cauliflower curry with rice (Australia) Millet/Ragi, (Eleucine coracana), dehusked, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h 11 Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana)11 Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana) flour eaten as roasted bread mean of two studies Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, pressure cooked) Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, pressure cooked) Mean in two groups of subjects Poori (deep-fried wheat flour dough) with potato palya (mashed potato) Poori (deep-fried wheat flour dough) with potato palya (mashed potato) Mean in two groups of subjects Rajmah, Phaseolus vulgaris Rice, (Oryza Sativa) boiled served with bottle gourd and tomato curry Semolina Semolina (Triticum aestivum), steamed Semolina (Triticum aestivum), pre-roasted Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented black gram dhal (Phaseolus mungo) Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented green gram dhal (Phaseolus aureus) Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented bengal gram dhal (Cicer arietum) Tapioca (Manihot utilissima), steamed 1h11 Varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked 15lb 12-15 min Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water) Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water) Mean in two groups of subjects Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds; roasted and cooked in water) Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds; roasted and cooked in water) Mean in two groups of subjects AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL Acacia aneura, mulga seed, roasted, wet ground to paste6 Acacia coriacea, desert oak,seed bread6 Araucaria bidwillii, bunya tree nut, baked 10 min6 Bush honey, sugar bag6 Castanospermum australe, blackbean seed, sliced, soaked 1 wk, pounded and baked6 Dioscorea bulbifera, cheeky yam, peeled, sliced, soaked 2 d, baked 15 min6 Macrozamia communis, cycad palm seed, sliced, soaked 1 wk, pounded, baked6 PACIFIC ISLANDERS Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) (Australia)6 Banana/plantain, green Green banana, boiled (New Zealand) Sweet Potato Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (Australia) Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) mean of three studies Taro Taro (Colocasia esculenta) peeled, boiled (Australia)

273 6010 6810 84 10413 9410 903 452 6823 822 571 7013 19 6915

559 766 4612 6220 547 7010 688 673 694 681 183 193 181

8 46 47 43 8 34 402

68

3810

44 7712 786 6611

54

Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) mean of two studies Yam Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) mean of two groups of subjects ISRAELI Melawach (dough made from white wheat flour and butter, fried) Melawach mean of two studies Melawach + 15 g locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua) fiber (soluble) Melawach + 15 g maize cob fiber (insoluble) Melawach + 15 g lupin (Lupinus albus) fiber PIMA INDIAN Acorns, stewed with venison (Quercus emoryi)6 Cactus jam (Stenocereus thurberi) Corn hominy (Zea mays)6 Fruit Leather (Stenocereus thurberi) Lima beans broth (Phaseolus lunatus)6 Mesquite cakes (Prosopis velutina)6 Tortilla (Zea mays and Olneya tesota) White teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)6 Yellow teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)6 SOUTH AMERICAN Arepa, corn bread cake, made with corn flour (Mexico) Arepa, made from ordinary dehulled dent corn flour (25% amylose) 9, 34 Arepa, made from dehulled high-amylose (70%) corn flour 9, 34 Black Beans Brown Beans Corn tortilla (Mexican) Corn tortilla, served with refried mashed pinto beans and tomato sauce (Mexican) Corn tortilla, fried, with mashed potato, fresh tomato and lettuce (Mexican) Nopal (prickly pear cactus) Pinto beans, boiled in salted water Wheat tortilla (Mexican) Wheat tortilla, served with refried pinto beans and tomato sauce (Mexican)

5612 551

254 355 305

6110 717 665 316 5910 7210

161 91 405 70 363 253 38 313 293

72 81 44 30 38 52 39 78 7 14 30 28