By Engr. Ryan Alvin O.

Mercado

Radio wave travel fastest in free space medium Uses the formula:

Radio
System of communications employing EM waves The frequency of the radio wave Is the same frequency of the current in Tx Radiated in the directions as predicted by

radiation pattern of the antenna

Permeability ( )
Is a characteristic of a medium by virtue of which

it allows the creation of magnetic fields Higher permeability the easier the creation of magnetic fields; less is the required force to establish the said field.

Permittivity ( )
Is a characteristic of a medium by virtue of which

it allows the creation of electric fields Higer the permittivity the easier the creation of electric fields; less is the required force to establish the field

Is defined as the radiated power of the transmitting antenna per unit area of the wavefront The radiated power depends on the transmitter saturated power output and the gain of the antenna chosen Further from the radiating antenna the power density drops as the area of the wavefront increases

Relation of pwer density and distance from the source Power density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source

Analogies to Ohms law:

Electric field strength is to voltage Magnetic field strength is to current

As distance increases, power density and electric field strength decrease This reduction is called attenuation or loss
Due to the absorption by the medium

In dB, the attenuation is given by

When travelling through a medium,

Some of its energy is transferred to the atoms and

molecules of the medium Increases greatly when there is fog, rain, snow or when the humidity increases

Reflection
Return or change in direction of radio waves striking

or travelling from one medium into another Occurs at any boundary between materials of differing dielectric constants

The coefficient of reflection

the ratio of the reflected electric intensity to the

incident electric intensity of the radio wave Real is less than 1 since reflected is less than incident due to absorption of the reflecting surface

Refraction
Radio wave is the bending of radio wave as it

passes from one medium to another Velocity of propagation differs in medium The degree of bending of a wave at the boundary increases with frequency

Reflractive index
Ratio of the ligt velocity in free space to the

velocity of the same light in a given medium(Vp)

Interference
Occurs when two radio waves that left one source

travelled by different paths arrive at a point Happens very often in high-frequency sky-wave propagation and microwave propagation

Radio wave is the bending of a radio wave as it passes the edge of an object or an opening Caused by interference between radio wave components scattered by different parts of the object Reason why radio waves may be received even when there are physical obstructions between the transmitter and a receiver and the direct line of sight is impossible

What power density is required to produce electric field strength of 100V per meter in air?

Ans. 26.5 W/m2

What is the resultant field strength between waves travelling in different paths (direct and reflected paths) when the product of the antenna heights (transmitting and receiving) above the reflecting plane is equal to halfwavelength times the total direct distance path between the two antenna?

Ans. )V/m

In a VHF mobile radio system, the base station transmits 100W at 160MHz frequency using half-wave dipole antenna 20meters above ground. Calculate the field strentgth at a receiving antenna at a height of 4 meters and a distance of 30km. (Gain of antenna is 1.64)

Ans. 41.87uV/m

The total power delivered to the radiator of an isotropic antenna is 200,000 W. Determine the power density at a distance of 100meters.

Ans. 1.59W/m2

Calculate the electric fiels intensity in milivolts per meter at 30kW from a 5km source.

Ans. 189.74mV/m

What is the index of refraction of a certain substance if a light travel through the substance at 100meters at a time is 140meters to air?

Ans. 1.4

Determine the effective radiated power of 20kW TV broadcast transmitter whose antenna power gain is 4.

Ans. 80kW

A mobile radio system base station is installed 50meters above the ground and transmits 150W at 54MHz. If the transmitting antenna gain is 5.17, how far will the receiving antenna be, if the antenna height is 30m and the received field strength is 22V/m

Ans. 153,313meters

A microwave radio link is installed on a hill 100m high above the ground. The link is 10km from the ground station, is set to transmit10W from a prabolic dish having a gain of 3000 over isotropic. Calculate the signal strength received if the height of the ground station is 10m operating frequency at 250MHz.

Ans. 99.34mV/m

An unknown medium was used in communication system. If the characteristic impedance of that medium is 150 ohms, what is the relative permittivity?

Ans. 2.51

What is the critical angle of the signal when it passes from glass, with relative permitivity of 7.8, into air?

Ans. 7.4 degrees

What is the angle of incidence of the radio wave signal as it moves from air to glass, if the angle ofrefraction is 8.2degrees?

Ans. 2.93 degrees