K thi chn i tuyn Quc gia d thi Olympic Ton hc Quc t nm 2006

Ngy th nht Bi 1. Cho tam gic nhn ABC , H l trc tm, ng phn gic ngoi gc BHC ct AB v AC ln lt ti D v E . Phn gic gc BAC ct ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ADE ti K . Chng minh rng HK i qua trung im ca on thng BC . Bi 2. Tm tt c cc b s nguyn khng m (n, k ) , k l s nguyn ln hn mt sao cho s sau c th phn tch di dng tch ca k s nguyn dng lin tip:

A = 17 2006 n + 4.17 2 n + 7.19 5 n Bi 3. Cho 2006 im phn bit trong khng gian, khng c bn im no thng hng. S k gi l s tt nu ta c th in ln mi on thng ni hai im trong 2006 im cho mt s t nhin khng vt qu k sao cho vi mi tam gic c ba nh trong 2006 im a cho th c hai cnh c in hai s bng nhau v cnh cn li th c in s ln hn. Tm s tt c gi tr nh nht.
Bi lm: Bi 3. Ta s chng minh s tt nh nht l 10 . Trc ht ta nh ngha mt s khi nim nh sau: Mt cch in cc s t nhin khng vt qu k ln cc on thng ni n im trong khng gian, khng c bn im no ng phng, l mt cch in tt nu vi mi tam gic c ba nh trong n nh cho th c hai cnh c in hai s bng nhau v cnh cn li c in s ln hn, v khi ta gi k l s n-tt. K hiu s n-tt c gi tr nh nht l f (n ) ta s chng minh f (2006 ) = 10 . n + 1 Trc ht ta s chng minh vi mi n 5 th f (n ) = f 2 + 1 (1). Nhn xt rng vi k l th n + 1 n + 1 f (k ) f (l ) nn f (n ) f 2 , nn chng minh (1) ta ch cn chng minh f 2 khng l n + 1 s n-tt v f 2 + 1 l s n-tt. n + 1 n + 1 Gi s f 2 l s n-tt, tc l tn ti mt cch in cc s t nhin khng vt qu f 2 ln cc cnh ni n im l mt cch in tt. Nhn xt rng khng c tam gic no c ba nh trong cc n + 1 n + 1 im c hai cnh in f 2 , hay ni cch khc, hai cnh m c in s f 2 th khng c u mt chung. Suy ra ta c th k hiu n im cho nh sau: A1 , A2 , , A2 k 1 , A2 k , n + 1 A2 k +1 , , An , y cc cnh c in s f 2 l A1 A2 , , A2 k 1 A2 k v cc im cn li l A2 k +1 , , An .

n + 1 im c chn, gi s Xt cc im A1 , A3 , , A2 k 1 , A2 k +1 , , An (do 2k n nn c t nht 2 im chn l m ) v cc on thng ni cc im . Do khng c on thng no in s n + 1 f 2 , v phn chn l mt phn ca mt cch in tt nn n l mt cch in tt vi cc s

 n + 1 khng vt qu f 2 1 suy ra f (m ) < n + 1 f (n ) > f 2 (*).

n + 1 n +1 f 2 , mu thun vi m 2 . Vy gi s sai hay

n + 1 Tip theo ta s chng minh f 2 + 1 l s n-tt. Xt n im A1 , A2 , , An . Ta in s 0 ln cc cnh Ai A j m i j (mod 2 ) . n + 1 Vi cc im A1 , A3 , ta c th in cc s t 0 n f 2 ln cc on ni n sao cho l mt n + 1 cch in tt vi cc im nn cng c th din cc s t 1 n f 2 + 1 sao cho l mt cch in tt i vi cc im (2). n + 1 Lp lun tng t ta cng c th in cc s t 1 n f 2 + 1 ln cc cnh ni cc im A2 , A4 , sao cho l mt cch in tt i vi cc im (3).

Ta chng minh cch in nh vy l mt cch in tt i vi cc im A1 , A2 , , An . Tht vy, xt tam gic Ai A j Ak . Nu i j k (mod 2 ) th t (2) v (3) suy ra c hai cnh c in hai s bng nhau v cnh cn li c in s ln hn. Nu trong ba s i , j , k c hai s cng tnh chn l v khc tnh chn l vi s cn li, khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi s i j (mod 2 ) , i k (mod 2 ) v j k (mod 2 ) . Theo cch in ta c cnh Ai Ak v A j Ak c in s 0 v cnh Ai A j c in mt s ln hn hoc bng 1 , tha mn.
n + 1 Vy f 2 + 1 l s n-tt (**) n + 1 T (*) v (**) suy ra f (n ) = f 2 + 1. Ta c
f (2006 ) = f (1003) + 1
= f (502 ) + 2 = f (251) + 3

= f (126 ) + 4
= f (63) + 5 = f (32 ) + 6

= f (16 ) + 7 = f (8) + 8 = f (4 ) + 9 Tip theo ta s tnh f (4 ) . Trc ht ta thy 0 khng l s 4-tt. Tht vy nu 0 l s 4-tt, xt cch in cc s 0 ln cc on ni bn im, xt ba im bt k to thnh mt tam gic th ba cnh ca tam gic u c in ba s bng nhau, mu thun. Mt khc 1 l s 4-tt, v ta c th in nh sau:

Vy f (4 ) = 1 , suy ra f (2006 ) = 10 . Vy s tt c gi tr nh nht cn tm l 10 . Bi 1.

Gi chn cc ng cao nh B v C ca tam gic ABC ln lt l P v Q . Gi trung im ca cnh BC l M . Ta c: sin MQH sin MCQ sin (90 B ) sin (90 B ) cos B = = = = (1) sin MQP sin (MCQ + CQP ) sin (90 B + CBP ) sin (90 B + 90 C ) sin A sin MPQ sin (MPB + BPQ ) sin (90 C + BCQ ) sin (90 C + 90 B ) sin A = = = = (2) sin MPH sin MPB sin (90 C ) sin (90 C ) cos C Do QHD = PHE nn ADE = AED suy ra tam gic ADE cn ti A , nn AK l ng knh ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ADE . Ta c KE // BP v cng vung gc vi AC nn KHP = 180 HKE suy ra sin KHP = sin HKE (3)
KD // CQ v cng vung gc vi AB nn KHQ = 180 DKH suy ra sin KHQ = sin DKH (4)

1 KH .KE. sin HKE sin KHP sin HKE 2 T (3) v (4) suy ra = = = sin KHQ sin DKH 1 KH .KD. sin DKH 2 1 AH . AE. sin HAE S (HKE ) HE S ( AHE ) 2 sin HAE = = = = = S (DKH ) HD S ( AHD ) 1 sin HAD AH . AD. sin HAD 2

sin (90 C ) cos C = (5) sin (90 B ) cos B

T (1), (2) v (5) suy ra: sin MQH sin MPQ sin KHP =1 sin MQP sin MPH sin KHQ p dng nh l X-va dng sin cho tam gic HPQ ta c HK , PM v QM ng quy hay HK i qua trung im M ca BC , iu phi chng minh.
Bi 2.

Gi s (n, k ) l mt cp s tha mn iu kin bi ton. Trc ht ta chng minh k 3 . Gi s k 4 , do A phn tch c thnh tch ca bn s nguyn dng lin tip nn AM8 . Mt khc ta c: 17 2006 n 1(mod 8) 4.17 2 n 4(mod 8) 7.19 5 n 3 n (mod 8) Nn A 5 3 n (mod 8) . Nu n chn th A 4(mod 8) , nu n l th A 2(mod 8) , mu thun vi AM8 . Vy gi s sai hay n 3 . Do k > 1 , nn k = 2 hoc k = 3 . Nu k = 2 , ta s chng minh (n, k ) = (0,2 ) l cp s duy nht tha mn

K thi chn i tuyn Quc gia d thi Olympic Ton hc Quc t nm 2006
Ngy th hai Bi 1. Cho x , y , z l cc s thc trong on [1,2] , chng minh bt ng thc sau: x y z + + x y z y+ z z+ x x+ y Bi 2. Cho tam gic nhn khng cn ABC ni tip ng trn (O, R ) . Mt ng thng l thay i lun vung gc vi ng thng AO v ct cc tia AB , AC ln lt ti M v N . Gi s rng BN ct CM ti K v AK ct BC ti P . 1/ Chng minh rng ng trn ngoi tip tam gic MNP lun i qua mt im c nh khi l thay i. 2/ K hiu H l trc tm ca tam gic AMN , BC = a , d l khong cch t im A ti ng thng HK . Chng minh rng
d 4R 2 a 2 Bi 3. Cho dy (a n )n =0 xc nh nh sau:

1 1 1 (x + y + z ) + + 6

a 0 = 1 v a n +1 = K hiu An =

1 1 an + 2 3a n

, chng minh rng vi mi n nguyn dng th An l s chnh phng v c t 3a 1 nht n c nguyn t phn bit.
2 n

Bi lm: Bi 2. 1/ Ta k hiu ( A, C , B, D ) l t s kp ca bn im thng hng A , B , C v D c xc nh nh sau:

( A, C , B, D ) =

AB CB AD CD

Hng im A , B , C , D l hng im iu ha khi v ch khi ( A, C , B, D ) = 1

B 1. Cho bn im phn bit A , B , C v D trn mt phng. Gi s rng AD ct BC ti E , AB ct CD ti F , AC ct BD ti I v EI ct AB ti K th ( A, B, K , F ) = 1 , hay A , K , B , F l hng im iu ha. Chng minh.

Ta c cc ng thng IA , IK , IB , IF ln lt ct ng thng CD ti C , L , D , F nn:

( A, B, K , F ) = (C , D, L, F ) (1)
Cc ng thng AD , AL , AC , AF ln lt ct ng thng AB ti A , K , B , F nn

(C , D, L, F ) = (B, A, K , F ) (2)
Mt khc ta c ( A, B, K , F ) =

(B, A, , K , F )
2

(3)

T (1), (2) v (3) suy ra ( A, B, K , F ) = 1 , ta li c ( A, B, K , F ) 1 nn ( A, B, K , F ) = 1 , B 1 c chng minh.

K hiu (a, b ) l gc c hng gia hai ng thng a v b , trong li gii ny cc gc c hng c ly theo mod .
B 2. Tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn tm O c trc tm l H th cc ng thng AO v AH i xng vi nhau qua ng phn gic trong gc A ca tam gic ABC , hay ni cch khc th ( AB, AO ) = ( AH , AC ) . Chng minh.

ng thng AO ln na ct ng trn (O ) ti D . Ta c:

( AB, AO ) = ( AB, DB ) + (DB, AD ) = + (CB, CA) = ( AH , CB ) + (CB, CA) = ( AH , AC )

2 B 2 c chng minh.

Gi giao im ca MN v BC l R , trung im ca BC l Q , T l trc tm ca tam gic ABC . Ta c:

(MB, MN ) = (MB, AO ) + ( AO, MN ) = ( AB, AO ) +

2 p dng B 2 cho tam gic ABC ta c ( AB, AO ) = ( AT , AC ) (6) T (4), (5) v (6) suy ra (MB, MN ) = (CB, CN ) nn bn im M , N , B v C cng thuc mt ng trn, suy ra RM .RN = RB.RC (7) p dng B 1 cho bn im B , C , M , N ta c (B, C , P, R ) = 1 hay: BP CP = 1 BP.CR + BR.CP = 0 BR CR RP RB CR + BR RP RC = 0

(CB, CN ) = (CB, AT ) + ( AT , CN ) = + ( AT , AC ) (5)

(4)

( ) ( ) (RP RB )RC + RB(RP RC ) = 0 RP(RB + RC ) = 2 RB.RC

RP.RQ = RB.RC (8)

T (7) v (8) suy ra RP.RQ = RM .RN , nn bn im M , N , P v Q cng thuc mt ng trn hay ng trn ngoi tip tam gic MNP lun i qua trung im Q ca BC c nh, iu phi chng minh.
2/ B 3. Cho tam gic nhn ABC ni tip ng trn (O, R ) vi H l trc tm th
AH = 4 R 2 a 2 Chng minh.

Gi M l trung im ca on BC , ng thng AO ln na ct ng trn ti D . Ta c AH // CD (v cng vung gc vi BC ) AD // HC (v cng vung gc vi AB ) V AHCD l hnh bnh hnh, nn AH = CD (9). OM l ng trung bnh ca tam gic BCD nn CD = 2OM (10) T (9) v (10) suy ra AH = 2OM = 2 BO 2 BM 2 = 4 R 2 a 2 , b c chng minh.

p dng nh l X-va dng sin cho tam gic BKC vi cc ng thng qua cc nh v ng quy ti T ta c:
sin K 1 sin TCK sin TBC =1 sin K 2 sin TCB sin TBK sin K 1 sin TCB sin TBK Suy ra (11) = sin K 2 sin TCK sin TBC

p dng nh l X-va dng sin cho tam gic MNK vi cc ng thng qua cc nh v ng quy ti H ta c:
sin K 3 sin HMK sin HNM =1 sin K 4 sin HMN sin HNK sin K 3 sin HMN sin HNK Suy ra (12) = sin K 4 sin HMK sin HNK

Mt khc ta c: TCB =

MBC =

MNA = HMN suy ra sin TCB = sin HMN

TBK = TBC = HNK =

BNC = BCN =

BMC = TCK suy ra sin TBK = sin TCK NMA = HNM suy ra sin TBC = sin HNM MCN = HMK suy ra sin HNK = sin HMK

MBN =

T cc ng thc trn v (11), (12) ta c

sin K 1 sin K 3 (13) = sin K 2 sin K 4

t = K 1 K 2 th = K 3 K 4 . Xt tam gic 1 c cc gc l , K 1 , K 2 vi cc cnh tng ng l m , n , p ; tam gic 2 vi cc gc l , K 3 , K 4 vi cc cnh tng ng l x , y , z . T n y (13) ta c: = suy ra hai tam gic 1 v 2 ng dng nn K 1 = K 3 v K 2 = K 4 nn H , K v T p z thng hng. Gi hnh chiu ca A trn ng thng HK l U v giao im ca l vi AO l V . Ta c:
d = AU AT = 4 R 2 a 2 , iu phi chng minh.

Ta nhn thy rng ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi HK // BC . Nhn xt rng vi mi im V th xc nh mt im H , tc l vi hai im V khc nhau th xc nh hai im H khc nhau. Vy chng minh ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi V thuc BC ta ch cn chng minh khi V thuc BC th HK // BC .

Gi R l chn ng cao nh A ca tam gic ABC . Trong phn 1/ ta chng minh M , N , B , C AM AC = nn AMN ng dng vi cng thuc mt ng trn nn AM . AB = AN . AC suy ra AN AB AH AT ACB suy ra = nn HT // BC , iu phi chng minh, vy bi ton c chng minh xong. AV AR
Bi 3. Ta c 1 1 a1 = a0 + 2 3a 0

1 1 2 = 2 1 + 3 = 3

3 = 9 = 32 4 3a 1 3 1 9 7 1 1 1 2 1 = a2 = a + = + 1 2 12 2 3a1 3 2 3 3 3 3 A2 = 2 = = 144 = 12 2 3a 2 1 3 49 1 144 3 3 = Ta c An +1 = 2 3a n +1 1 1 1 3 an + 3a n 2 A1 =

2 1

3 3 2 1 2 1 an + 2 + 4 9a n 3

4 2 1 2 a n + 9a 2 3 n

4 1 a n 3a n
2

(3a

2 36a n 2 n

(1)

Mt khc t An =

3 3a 1
2 n

suy ra a n =
36 + 12 An 3 A n
2

1 1 + , thay vo (1) ta c: An 3
4 An ( An + 3) (2) 3

An +1 =

1 1 36 A + 3 n 1 1 3 1 A + 3 n
2

T (2) ta suy ra:

4 An ( An + 3) 4 An ( An + 3) + 3 4 An +1 ( An +1 + 3) 3 3 = An + 2 = 3 3 2 16 An ( An + 3)(2 An + 3) A 2 = = n +1 (4 An + 6) (3) 27 9 4

Trc ht bng quy np ta s chng minh An l s nguyn dng v chia ht cho 9 vi mi s nguyn dng n (*). Vi n = 1 th A1 = 9 , (*) ng. Gi s (*) ng n n = k . T (2) suy ra:
4 Ak ( Ak + 3) nn Ak +1 cng l s nguyn dng v chia ht cho 9 . Theo nguyn l quy np suy 3 ra (*) ng vi mi n l s nguyn dng. Ak + 1 =

Tip theo ta chng minh bng quy np rng An l s chnh phng vi mi n nguyn dng (**). Vi n = 1 , A1 = 3 2 , (**) ng. Vi n = 2 , A2 = 12 2 , (**) ng.

Gi s (**) ng n n = k . T (3) ta c:
Ak (4 Ak 1 + 6)2 9 T (*) suy ra Ak +1 cng l s chnh phng. Theo nguyn l quy np th (**) ng vi mi n nguyn dng. Ak +1 =

Cui cng, ta chng minh bng quy np rng vi mi n nguyn dng th An c t nht n c nguyn t phn bit (***). Vi n = 1 , A1 = 3 2 c mt c nguyn t l 3 . Vi n = 2 , A2 = 12 2 c hai c nguyn t l 2 v 3 . Gi s (***) ng n n = k . Ta c:
A +3 4 Ak ( Ak + 3) = 4 Ak k . 3 3 A +3 l s nguyn khng chia ht cho 3 , v ta c vi mi m 2 th Am l s chn nn Do Ak M9 nn k 3 Ak + 3 l s l (4). 3 Ak +1 =

A + 3 t d = 4 Ak , k suy ra d | 12 , t (4) suy ra d = 1 . 3

Suy ra Ak +1 c nhiu c nguyn t phn bit hn Ak , m Ak c t nht k c nguyn t nn Ak +1 c t nht k + 1 c nguyn t. Theo nguyn l quy np th (***) c chng minh. Vy bi ton c chng minh xong.
Bi 1.

Do x, y, z [1,2] , nn x + y z , y + z x , z + x y nn tn ti cc s thc khng m a , b v c khng ng thi bng 0 tha mn:

x = b+c, y = c + a , z = a +b

Thay vo bt ng thc ta c:

c+a a+b 1 1 1 b+c + + + + 2(a + b + c ) 6 (1) a+b b+c c+a b + c + 2a c + a + 2b a + b + 2c

t a + b + c = m , ab + bc + ca = n , abc = p . Ta c:

(1)m

1 1 1 ma mb mc + + + + 3 ma mb mc m+a m+b m+c

(m a )(m b ) + (m b )(m c ) + (m c )(m a ) (m a )(m b )(m c ) (m a )(m + b )(m + c ) + (m b )(m + c )(m + a ) + (m c )(m + a )(m + b ) 3 (m + a )(m + b )(m + c )
m m 3m 2 2(a + b + c )m + (ab + bc + ca ) (m a )(m b )(m c )