Phần 1 - Tập 1

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GS. TSKH. Pham Hong Giang

A(B% 6CD%
PGS. TS. Ph c Anh - PGS. TS. Nguyen Huu Bao
GS. TS. Pham Ngoc Khnh - GS. TS. Nguyen Van Le
PGS. TS. Duong Van Th - PGS. TS. Hong nh Tr

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2 S TAY KTTL * PHN 1 - CO SO KY THUT THUY LOI * TP 1

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Thung truc Ban bin tp:

GS. TSKH. Phm Hng Giang, Trung ban
GS. TS. Nguyn Tun Anh, Ph Trung ban
ths. Nguyn Bnh Thn, y vin
PGS. TS. L Minh, y vin
TS. inh V Thanh, y vin
CN. Trn Th Hng Lan, y vin thu ky

LI GII THIU 3 3

Li Gii Thiu

Hng ngy, hng gi, n- c khng th thiu cho cuc sng,
cho s pht trin kinh t x hi. ng thi, qu nhiu n- c li c
th gy nhiu tai ha. Vit Nam c ngun n- c t- ng i di do
nhng l- ng n- c phn b theo thi gian ht sc chnh lch
do m- a hu nh- ch tp trung trong chng 3 thng mi nm.
Thuy loi gp phan quyet dinh vo viec diu ha ngun nuc, dua nuc
den nhung noi can thiet v giam nhe mc ngap lut khi xay ra mua lu. V
vay, thuy loi l ket cau ha tang rat quan trong cua ton xa hoi.
ng v Nh n- c ta rt quan tm pht trin thy li. Nhn
dn ta dnh nhiu cng sc xy dng nhng h thng thy li,
gp phn khng nh vo thng li ca s nghip gii phng dn
tc cng nh- trong cng cuc i mi gn 20 nm qua. i ng
cc nh nghin cu, cc chuyn gia, k s- , k thut vin trng
thnh nhanh chng. Hng lot cc quy trnh, quy phm, tiu chun
k thut - c ban hnh cng vi rt nhiu ti liu tra cu,
tham kho, sch gio khoa,... - c xut bn.
Trong thi k mi, s nghip cng nghip ha v hin i
ha t n- c ang t ra nhng yu cu cao cho nhim v pht
trin thy li. Nhu cu n- c cho dn sinh, cho sn xut cng
nghip, nng nghip, cho cc hot ng dch v, giao thng, cho
gi gn v ci thin mi sinh,... ang khng ngng tng ln. Mc
an ton phi cao khi i ph vi l lt. Nhiu h thng thy li v
cc cng trnh thy in vi quy m khc nhau s - c xy dng
trn c n- c. Cng tc qun l thy li cng phi - c tng c- ng
nhm pht huy hiu qu cao cc h thng - c xy dng.
gp phn thc hin nhim v y, - c s ch o ca
B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn v B Khoa hc v Cng
ngh, Vin Khoa hc Thy li t chc, mi cc Gio s- , cc nh
nghin cu, cc chuyn gia c kinh nghim trong tng lnh vc
tham gia bin son tp ti liu tra cu v tham kho "So tay Ky
thuat Thuy loi" gm 3 phn:
- C s k thut Thy li.
- Cng trnh Thy li.
- Qun l khai thc cng trnh Thy li.
Mi phn gm mt s tp.
S tay ny phc v cng vic tra cu v tham kho ca k
s- , k thut vin cc ngnh c lin quan n thy li khi lp qui
hoch, tin hnh kho st, xy dng (thit k, thi cng) cng
trnh, qun l h thng. S tay cng rt hu ch cho cn b ging
dy v nghin cu, nghin cu sinh, hc vin cao hc, sinh vin
i hc, cao ng v trung hc chuyn nghip.
Cc tc gi c gng theo st nhng quy trnh, quy phm,
tiu chun k thut hin hnh, nhng thnh tu mi trong v
ngoi n- c. Tuy nhin, do kh nng v iu kin c hn nn cun
s tay khng trnh khi nhng khim khuyt. Chng ti rt mong
nhn - c s gp ca bn c s tay s - c hon thin hn
trong ln xut bn sau.
Xin chn thnh cm n B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng
thn, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, cc c quan v ng nghip
nhit tnh gip , to iu kin cho vic bin son v xut bn.

Thay mat tap the cc tc gia

GS. TSKH. Pham Hong Giang

CHUONG 1 - TON HOC 9

Chuong 1

ton hc

1.1. Ton s cp
1.1.1. i s v l ng gic
1.1.1.1. Cc cong thc ket hop - Nhi thc Niu ton
1. Hon v (khng lp) ca n phn t phn bit (n N)
(K hieu: n N n l mot so nguyen, duong hoac bang 0).
a) inh nghia
Moi cch xep (khong lap) n phan tu phan biet thnh dy c th tu cho ta mot hon
vi cua n phan tu d. V du: (5, 3,1, 2, 4) l mot hon vi cua 5 so tu nhien dau tien.

b) So hon vi cua n phan tu phan biet
P
n
= n(n -1)(n -2)...1 = n! (1.1.1)
( n! doc l giai tha n hoac n giai tha. So ny bang tch cua n so tu nhien dau tien).
V du: So hon vi cua 5 so tu nhien dau tien l:
P
5
= 5! = 5 4 3 2 1 = 120.
Nhu vay, s c 120 cch xep 5 phan tu thnh dy c th tu.

c) Quy uc tnh
0! = 1.

2. Chnh hp (khng lp) chp k ca n phn t phn bit
(0 k n; n, k N)
a) inh nghia
Moi cch xep (khong lap) k trong n phan tu phan biet thnh dy c th tu cho ta
mot chinh hop chap k cua n phan tu d. V du: (5, 3, 1) l mot chinh hop chap 3 cua 5
so tu nhien dau tien.

b) So chinh hop chap k cua n phan tu phan biet

( )
( )( ) ( )
k
n
n!
A n n 1 n 2 ... n k 1
n k !
= = - - - +
-
(1.1.2)
V du: So chinh hop chap 3 cua 5 so tu nhien dau tien l 5

3 = 60. Nhu vay, t
5 so tu nhien dau tien, c the lap duoc 60 so phan biet gom 3 ch so khc nhau doi mot.
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
c) So chinh hop chap n cua n phan tu phan biet chnh l so hon vi cua n phan tu d:

n
n n
A P = .

3. T hp (khng lp) chp k ca n phn t phn bit
(0 k n; n, k N)
a) inh nghia
Moi tap con (khong lap) gom k trong n phan tu phan biet cho ta mot to hop chap k
cua n phan tu d. V du: Tap ba so 5, 3, 1 khong ke thu tu l mot to hop chap 3 cua 5 so
tu nhien dau tien.

b) So to hop chap k cua n phan tu phan biet

( )
k
k n
n
A n!
C
k! n k ! k!
= =
-
(1.1.3)
\i du: So to hop chap 3 cua 5 so tu nhien dau tien l
60
10
3!
= . Nhu vay t 5 so tu
nhien dau tien, c the lap duoc 10 tap con, de moi tap gom 3 ch so khc nhau doi mot.

c) So chinh hop chap k cua n phan tu phan biet gap (k!) lan so to hop chap k cua n phan
tu d.

4. Chnh hp (cho php lp) chp k ca n phn t phn bit (n, k N)
a) inh nghia
Moi cch xep (cho php lap) k phan tu, rt t n phan tu phan biet, thnh dy c
th tu cho ta mot chinh hop lp chap k cua n phan tu d. V du: (5, 3, 3) l mot chinh
hop lap chap 3 cua 5 so tu nhien dau tien. Mot dy 16 so 0, so 1 l mot chinh hop lap
chap 16 cua hai so ny.

b) So chinh hop lap chap k cua n phan tu phan biet

k k
n
L n = (1.1.4)
\i du: So chinh hop lap chap 5 cua 3 so tu nhien dau tien l 3
5
= 243. Nhu vay,
t 3 ch so 1, 2, 3 c the lap duoc 243 dy so, de moi dy gom 5 so c ke th tu (nam
so ny c the giong nhau hoac khc nhau doi mot).

5. T hp v hon v (cho php lp) ca tp n phn t
a) Neu thuc hien php chon n phan tu trong k nhm (cc phan tu trong moi nhm giong
nhau v so phan tu trong moi nhm ln hon hay bang n) ta c so php chon l:
k 1
n k 1
C
-
+ -
. ay l so to hop (cho php lp) cua n phan tu chon t k nhom.
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

\i du: So cch chon 6 cuon sch thuoc ba loai Ton, Van, Tin hoc trong mot dong
sch cha ca ba loai (so sch moi loai ln hon hoac bang 6) l:
2
8
C 28 = .

b) So cch chia tap hop n phan tu phan biet thnh k nhm, trong d nhm th i c m
i

phan tu khc nhau doi mot v (m
1
+ m
2
+ ... + m
k
) = n duoc tnh theo cong thc:

1 2 k
m :m :...:m
n
1 2 k
n!
C
m !m ! ... m !
= (1.1.5)
ay l so hoan vi (cho php lp) cua n cai nhn hieu cua k nhom.
\i du: So cch xep 10 hnh khch vo 3 toa tau sao cho toa c 3, toa c 2, toa
c 5 l:

3:2:5
10
10!
C 2520
3! 2! 5!
= = cch.
ay l so hon vi lap cua 10 so (nhn) ,,.

c) T cong thc (1.1.5) c the tro lai cong thc (1.1.3) v ta c the hieu:

( )
k
k n
n
A n!
C
k! n k ! k!
= =
-

l so cch chia tap n phan tu phan biet thnh 2 nhm: mot nhm c k phan tu, nhm kia
c (n k) phan tu.

6. Cng thc khai trin nh thc Niu-tn
a) Cong thc
( )
n
n
k n k k
n
k 0
a b C a b
-
=
+ =
(1.1.6)
(Giai thch (1.1.6): Trong cong thc khai trien (a + b)
n
= (a + b) (a + b) ... (a + b), so
hang
n k k
a b
-
xuat hien
k
n
C lan).
b) Cc tnh chat cua khai trien nhi thc Niu-ton
+ Ve phai cua (1.1.6) gom (n + 1) so hang xep theo th tu (m cua a giam dan t n
den 0, trong khi m cua b tang dan t 0 den n hoac nguoc lai). Trong moi so
hang, tong cc so m cua a v b luon bang n.
+ Cc he so c tnh doi xng, tc l:
k n k
n n
C C
-
= .
+ He so cua so hang sau c the suy t he so cua so hang truc theo cong thc:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
k
n k 1
n
C n k He so truc so m cua a
C
k 1 So m cua b 1
+
-
= =
+ +

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
+ Cc he so khai trien theo th tu lap nen tam gic Pascale:

0
0
0 1
1 1
0 1 2
2 2 2
C
C C
C C C
........................

thoa mn tnh chat:
k k 1 k 1
n n n 1
C C C (0 k n: k, n N)
+ +
+
+ =
Tnh ra so cu the, tam gic Pascale c dang:

"#$ %& '( )%*+ ,-+.
/ 0
0 0 0
1 0 1 0
2 0 2 2 0
3 0 3 4 3 0
5 0 5 0/ 0/ 5 0
4 0 4 05 1/ 05 4 0
6 0 6 10 25 25 10 6 0
7 0 7 17 54 6/ 54 17 7 0
8 0 8 24 73 014 014 73 24 8 0
0/ 0 0/ 35 01/ 10/ 151 10/ 01/ 35 0/ 0
999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999 999

1.1.1.2. So phc
1. nh ngha
So phc l mot so c dang:
Z = a + i

b
trong d:
a, b l hai so thuc:
i l don vi ao vi i
2
= -1
(a duoc goi l phan thuc, k hieu ReZ, cn i

b duoc goi l phan ao cua Z, k hieu mZ:
khi a = 0, Z l so thuan ao cn khi b = 0, Z l so thuc).
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Ngui ta bieu dien so phc Z = a + ib bang diem M(a: b) trong he toa do vuong
gc xOy. Khi d:
r = OM =
2 2
a b +
duoc goi l modun, k hieu Zv j =
xOM (vi
b
tg
a
j = : chon j sao cho:
2 2
b
sin
a b
j =
+
v
2
p
j = khi a = 0) l acguymen chinh cua so phc Z, k hieu l
argZ.
So phc c the viet dui dang dai so:
Z = a + ib
hoac dang luong giac:
Z = r(cosj +i

sinj).
Hai so phc c cng phan thuc v c phan ao doi nhau duoc goi l hai so phuc
lien hop ( Z = a + ib v Z = a - ib).
2. Cc php tnh trn tp s phc
+ Php cong (hoac php tr) cho ta tong (hoac hieu) hai so phc:
(a
1
+ ib
1
) (a
2
+ ib
2
) = (a
1
a
2
) + i(b
1
b
2
)
+ Php nhan cho ta tch hai so phc:
(a
1
+ ib
1
) (a
2
+ ib
2
) = (a
1
a
2
b
1
b
2
) + i(a
1
b
2
+ a
2
b
1
)
+ Php chia cho ta thuong hai so phc (vi dieu kien Z
2
0, tc l:
2 2
2 2
a b 0 + ).

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
a ib a ib
Z a ib a a b b b a b a
i
Z a ib a ib a ib
a b a b
+ -
+ + -
= = = +
+ + -
+ +

+ Tong hai so phc lien hop bang:
Z + Z = 2a = 2ReZ.
+ Tch hai so phc lien hop bang:
Z Z = a
2
+ b
2
=
2
Z .
+ Php nhan v php chia hai so phc viet dui dang luong gic s rat tien loi:
Chang han vi hai so phc:
Z
1
= r
1
(cosj
1
+ i sin j
1
)
v Z
2
= r
2
(cosj
2
+ i sin j
2
),
ta c the tnh mo dun v aguymen cua tch hoac thuong hai so theo cc cong thc:
Z
1
Z
2
= Z
1
Z
2
= r
1
r
2
:
arg(Z
1
Z
2
) = argZ
1
+ argZ
2
= j
1
+ j
2
:
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

1 1
2 2
Z
Z
Z Z
= (Z
2
0):

1
2
Z
arg
Z
= argZ
1
- argZ
2
= j
1
- j
2
.
+ Php ly tha v khai can doi vi so phc cng c the thuc hien bang dang
luong gic:
vi Z = r(cosj +i sin j )
v n l so nguyen duong, ta c:
Z
n
= r
n
(cosnj + i

sinnj)
v ( )
n n
2k 2k
Z r cos i sin k 0, 1, ..., n 1
n n
j+ p j+ p
= + = -

+ Ly tha bac n cua mot so phc Z cn c the tnh duoc theo khai trien Aiu-ton:
( )
n
n
n k n k k
n
k 0
Z a ib C a (ib)
-
=
= + =

v n gi tri can bac n cng c the tnh duoc bang cch giai he phuong trnh dai so,
chang han de khai can bac hai cua Z = a + ib, ngui ta dat Z x iy, = + roi giai he:

2 2
x y a,
2xy b
- =

de tm x, y.

1.1.1.3. Cap so
1. Cp s cng (CSC)
CSC l mot dy so hu han hoac vo han, trong d moi so hang, ke t so hang th
hai tro di, luon bang so hang dng truc n cong vi mot so khong doi, goi l cong sai
u
n
= u
n1
+ d (1.1.7)
vi:
n l so nguyen, n 2:
d l cong sai, d = hang so:
khi d > 0, CSC l tng (hay tien),
khi d < 0, CSC l giam (hay li):
K hieu CSC l .

+ Muon xc dinh mot CSC, can biet u
1
, d v n (hu han hoac vo han).
+ So hang th n:
u
n
= u
1
+ (n - 1)d (1.1.8)
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

+ Tong n so hang dau tien cua CSC l:

( )
( )
1 n
n 1
u u n
n
S 2u n 1 d
2 2
+
= = + -

(1.1.9)
2. Cp s nhn (CSN)
CSN l mot dy so hu han hoac vo han, trong d moi so hang, ke t so hang th
hai tro di, luon bang so hang dng truc n nhan vi mot so khong doi, goi l cong boi
u
n
= u
n-1
q (1.1.10)
vi:
n l so nguyen duong, n 2:
q l cong boi, q = hang so:
khi q > 1, CSN l tng (hay tien),
khi 0 < q < 1, CSN l giam (hay li):
K hieu CSN l: :: .

+ Muon xc dinh mot CSN, can biet u
1
, q v n (hu han hoac vo han).
+ So hang th n:
u
n
= u
1
q
n 1
(1.1.11)
+ Tong n so hang dau tien cua CSN l:

( )
n
1
n 1
n
u q 1
u q u
S
q 1 q 1
-
-
= =
- -
neu q 1 (1.1.12)

n 1
S nu = neu q = 1 (1.1.13)

+ Tong cc so hang cua mot CSN vo han vi q < 1 bang:

1
u
S
1 q
=
-
(1.1.14)
Cong thc (1.1.14) c the suy t (1.1.12) khi cho n .

1.1.1.4. Logart
1. nh ngha
Vi N > 0, 0 < a 1, phuong trnh:
a
x
= N
c mot nghiem duy nhat, k hieu:
x = log
a
N
v duoc goi l logart theo co so a cua N.
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
+ T dinh nghia tren, suy ra:

a
log N
a N: =

x
a
log a x. =
+ Logart theo co so 10 duoc goi l logarit thap phan, k hieu l lgN hoac logN.
+ Logart theo co so e duoc goi l logarit tu nhien, k hieu l lnN (e l so vo ti, c
gi tri gan dng l 2,71828).
2. Cc cng thc v lgart
log
a
(N
1
. N
2
) = log
a
N
1
+ log
a
N
2
(N
1
: N
2
> 0: 0 < a 1)

1
a a 1 a 2
2
N
log log N log N
N
= -

a a
log N . log N ( )
a
= a a

b
a
b
log N
log N (0 b 1).
log a
= <
C the viet tong qut hon cc cong thc tren nhu sau:
log
a
N
1
. N
2
= log
a
N
1
+ log
a
N
2
(N
1
: N
2
0: 0 < a 1)

) 0 ( log 2 log
log log log
2
2 1
2
1
=
- =
N N n N
N N
N
N
a
n
a
a a a

1.1.1.5. Luong gic
1. n v o gc: radian
a) inh nghia
Gc mot radian l gc c dinh O o tam mot dung trn bn knh R, chan mot
cung AB tren dung trn c do di bang R.

b) Theo dinh nghia tren:
1 radian ~
0
0 ' ''
180
57 17 45
p

0
1 ~ radian 0, 017453 radian
180
p
: 1' ~ 0,000291 radian: 1" ~ 0,000005 radian.

:;$ ,<% ,%=> ?@ 0
/
2/
/
35
/
4/
/
8/
/
07/
/
16/
/
24/
/
:;$ ,<% ,%=> -*A+*
p
07/

p
4

p
3

p
2

p
1
p
3p
1
1p
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

2. Cc nh ngha c bn
a) Trong he truc chuan xOy, dung trn dinh huong tam O(0: 0), bn knh R = 1
duoc goi l dung trn luong giac. Tren dung trn ny, cho diem A(1: 0) v diem
M(x: y). Goi cung AM tao boi mot diem chay tren dung trn t A den M (c the
quay nhieu vng quanh tam O, cng chieu hoac nguoc chieu kim dong ho) l cung
luong giac vi diem dau A, diem cuoi M.

b) Goi a l so do (tnh theo do hoac radian) cua cung luong gic AM. Khi d, ngui ta
dinh nghia:
+ Tung do diem M l sin cua a v k hieu l sina:
sina = y.
+ Honh do diem M l cos cua a v k hieu l cosa:
cosa = x.
+ Ti so gia tung do v honh do diem M (khi x 0) l tang cua a v k hieu l tga:

sin
tg
cos
a
a =
a
(tga xc dinh cosa 0).
+ Ti so gia honh do v tung do diem M l cotang cua a v k hieu l cotga:

1 cos
cot g
tg sin
a
a = =
a a
(cotga xc dinh sina 0)
sina: cosa: tga: cotga duoc goi l cc gia tri luong giac cua cung luong gic a.
oi khi, ngui ta cn dua vo cc k hieu:
1
cos ec
sin
a =
a
:
1
sec
cos
a =
a
.
T cc dinh nghia tren, ta c the xc dinh dau cua cac gia tri luong giac cua a ty
theo vi tr diem cuoi M cua cung ny nam o gc phan tu no tren dung trn luong gic.

3. Cc h thc l- ng gic c bn
a)
2 2
sin cos 1 a + a = "a
b)
sin
tg k
cos 2
a p
a = "a + p
a

cos
cot g k : k Z
sin
a
a = "a p
a

c) cos( ) cos cos sin sin : : a b = a b a b "a b !
d) sin( ) sin cos cos sin : : a b = a b a b "a b
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
T nhng cong thc co ban tren, cn c cc cong thuc dan xuat khc m doc gia
c the tu suy ra duoc, chang han:
e)
2
2
1
1 tg :
cos
+ a =
a

2
2
1
1 cot g :
sin
+ a =
a

f) ( ) cos cos : -a = a ( ) sin sin : -a = - a
g) ( ) sin sin : p - a = a ( ) cos cos : p - a = - a
h) sin cos :
2
p
- a = a

cos sin :
2
p
- a = a

oc gia c the de dng tm duoc cc cong thc bien tong thnh tich: bien tich
thnh tong: cc cong thc cho gi tri luong gic cua cc goc nhan doi, chia doi, nhan
ba cng nhu cc cong thc tnh sinx: cosx: tgx theo
x
t tg .
2
=

4. Cc h thc l- ng gic gii tam gic

Goi: a, b, c l do di cc canh cua tam gic ABC, theo th tu doi dien vi cc gc
A, B, C. Goi R l bn knh dung trn ngoai tiep tam gic: p l nua chu vi tam gic: r l
bn knh dung trn noi tiep tam gic.
Khi d, ta c:
+ Cc dinh l hnh chieu:
a = bcosC + ccosB:
b = ccosA + acosC:
c = acosB + b cosA.

+ inh l hm so sin:

a b c
2R.
sin A sin B sinC
= = =
ac biet, neu cho A = 90
0
, a = BC = 2R, th t cc dinh l ny, ta s c nhng
cong thc lien quan gia canh, gc, bn knh R de giai mot tam giac vuong.

+ inh l hm so cos:

2 2 2
a b c 2bccos A = + - .
T dinh l ny, c the suy ra dinh ly Pi-ta-go thuan v dao:
A = 90
0
a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
.

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1.1.2. Hnh hc
1.1.2.1. Dien tch hnh phang
1. Tam gic thng
S =
1
2
ah
a
vi h
a
- chieu cao ng vi canh a.
S = p(p a)(p b)(p c) - - - (Cong thc He-rong):
S =
1
absinC:
2

S = p r.

2. T gic
+ Hnh thang c dien tch:
S =
a b
2
+
h
vi:
a, b - do di hai dy:
h - chieu cao.

+ Hnh bnh hnh c dien tch:
S = ah
vi:
a - chieu di dy:
h - chieu cao.

+ Hnh thoi ABCD c dien tch:
S =
1
AC BD
2

+ Dien tch mot t gic bat ky c the tnh bang cch chia t gic thnh hai tam gic.

3. Hnh trn bn knh R
+ Chu vi:
C = 2pR
+ Dien tch:
S = pR
2
.
T cong thc tnh dien tch cua hnh trn v tam gic, c the suy ra cong thc tnh
dien tch cc hnh vnh khn, quat trn, vien phan.
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1.1.2.2. Dien tch v the tch be mat cua mot so khoi co ban
1. Din tch
+ Dien tch xung quanh cua hnh tru trn xoay:
S
xq
= C
h
+ Dien tch xung quanh cua hnh nn trn xoay:

xq
S R = p l
trong d:
C
- chu vi dy:
h - chieu cao:
R - bn knh dy:
l - do di dung sinh.

+ Mat cau:
S = 4pR
2
vi: R - bn knh hnh cau.

2. Th tch
+ Hnh lang tru:
V = S
h
+ Hnh chp:
V =
3
1
S
h
+ Hnh chp cut:
V =
( )
h B B' BB'
3
+ +

+ Hnh tru trn xoay:
V = S
h
+ Hnh nn:
V =
1
3
S
h
+ Hnh nn cut:
V =
( )
h B B' BB'
3
+ +

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+ Hnh cau:
V =
3
4 R
3
p
4,1888
3
R
vi:
S
- dien tch dy
h - chieu cao.
B, B` - dien tch dy ln, dy nho.

Ngui ta cn tnh dien tch mat trn xoay v the tch khoi trn xoay bang dinh ly
Cuyn-danh hoac bang tch phan (xem 1.2.4).

1.1.2.3. Hnh giai tch trong mat phang v trong khong gian
1. Php tnh vect

a) \ecto trong khong gian duoc xc dinh boi mot bo ba so thuc c th tu goi l ba toa
do cua vecto d. K hieu 'vecto a l: a
"
= (a
x
: a
y
: a
z
), khi d, do di v ba cosin chi
huong cua a
"
duoc tnh theo cc cong thc:

2 2 2
x y z
a a a a : = + +
"

( )
( ) ( )
( )
x
2 2 2
x y z
y
2 2 2
x y z
2 2 2
x y z
z
2 2 2
x y z
a
cos cos a: Ox
a a a
a
cos cos a: Oy : a a a 0
a a a
a
cos cos a: Oz
a a a
a = =
+ +
b = = + +
+ +
g = =
+ +
#" ###"
#" ###"
#" ##"

b) Cc php tnh vecto
+ Tong (hieu) hai vecto l mot vecto c toa do bang tong (hieu) cc toa do tuong
ng cua hai vecto d.
+ Tch cua vecto vi mot so thuc l mot vecto c toa do bang tch so d vi cc toa
do cua vecto d cho.
Cc php tnh cong, tr, nhan vecto vi mot so ni tren c cc tnh chat giong nhu
cc tnh chat php cong, tr, nhan hai so dai so.
+ Tch vo hung cua hai vecto a: b
" "
l mot so xc dinh theo cong thc:

( )
x x y y z z
a. b a . b cos a: b a . b a . b a . b = = + +
" " " " " "

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Tch vo hung cua hai vecto c tnh chat giao hoan, ket hop, phan bo doi vi php
cong. Dieu kien can v du de hai vecto vuong goc vi nhau l tch vo hung cua chng
bang 0.
T cong thc tren, ta c the tnh goc hop gia hai vecto khac 0 :

( )
a. b
cos a: b
a . b
=
" "
" "
" "
+ Tch c (hu) hung cua hai vecto a: b
" "
l mot vecto c a: b

=

" " "
c phuong vuong
gc vi ca a v b
" "
: c chieu sao cho ba vecto
( )
a: b: c
" " "
lap nen mot bo ba thuan
(Nghia l, neu dng theo chieu cua tch c
"
, ta s nhn thay chieu quay mot gc
nho nhat t a
"
sang b
"
l nguoc chieu kim dong ho): cn modun cua tich co huong
duoc xc dinh theo cong thc:

( )
a: b a . b sin a: b

=

" " " " " "

Nhu vay,
x y z
x y z
i j k
a: b a a a
b b b

=

" " "
" "

Tch c hung cua hai vecto c tnh chat ket hop, phan bo doi vi php cong, nhung
khong co tinh giao hoan. Dieu kien can v du de hai vecto cong tuyen (cng phuong) vi
nhau l tch c hung cua chng bang 0
"

Mo dun cua tch c hung hai vecto bang dien tich cua hinh binh hnh lap nen
boi hai vecto d, khi ta dua chng ve cng mot goc.

+ Iich hon hop (hon tap) cua ba vecto a: b: c
" " "
duoc k hieu l
( )
D a: b: c
" " "
v bang:

( )
x y z
x y z
x y z
a a a
D a: b: c a: b c b b b
c c c
= =

" #" " " #" "

Iri tuyet doi cua tch hon hop
( )
D a: b: c
" " "
c gi tri bang the tich cua mot hinh
hop tao boi ba vecto a: b: c
" " "
, khi ta dua chng ve cng mot goc. ieu kien can v du de
ba vecto dong phng (cng song song vi mot mat phang co dinh no d) l tich hon
hop cua chng bang 0.
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2. - ng thng trong mt phng (xOy)
a) Phuong trnh dung thang D qua diem M
0
v c vecto phap n(A: B) 0
" "
c the
viet theo:
+ Dang vecto:

0
n. M M 0 =
" ######"
"M(x: y) D:
+ Dang toa do:
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
0 0
A x x B y y 0 A B 0 : - + - = + >
+ Dang tong qut:

( )
2 2
Ax By C 0 A B 0 . + + = + >
b) Phuong trnh dung thang D qua diem M
0
v c vecto chi phuong u (a: b) 0
" "
c the
viet theo:
+ Dang vecto:

0
M M ku =
######" "
" M(x: y) D, (k l tham so):
+ Dang chnh tac:

( ) ( )
( )
0 0 2 2
x x y y
a b 0 :
a b
- -
= + >
Trong dang chnh tac ny, ngui ta quy uoc: khi gap mot phan thc no c mau so bang 0,
tu so tuong ng cng bang 0 theo. Chang han, phuong trnh:
( )
0 0
(x x ) (y y )
b 0
0 b
- -
=
bieu dien dung thang qua diem M
0
v vuong gc vi Ox, tc l:
0
x x = .

+ Dang tham so:

( )
0 2 2
0
x x at
a b 0: t l tham so .
y y bt
= +
+ >
= +

c) p dung cc dang neu tren, ta c:
+ Phuong trnh dung thang qua hai diem M, N phan biet cho truc c dang:

M M
N M N M
x x y y
x x y y
- -
=
- -

+ Phuong trnh dung thang cho theo doan chan:
( )
x y
1 m: n 0
m n
+ =
bieu dien dung thang MN vi: M(m: 0): N(0: n) l hai diem lan luot nam tren Ox: Oy.
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+ Phuong trnh:
y = k(x- x
0
) + y
0

bieu dien mot dung thang qua diem M
0
v c he so gc k = tgj (j l gc hop boi
dung thang v chieu duong Ox)
###"
.
Dua vo phuong trnh, vecto chi phuong hoac vecto php cua hai dung thang
trong (xOy), ta c the xt vi tri tuong doi v tnh goc gia chng.

d) Cong thc tnh khoang cach t M
0
den dung thang D: Ax By C 0 + + = l:

0 0
0
2 2
Ax By C
d(M : )
A B
+ +
D =
+
) 0 (
2 2
> + B A .
Goi j l goc gia hai dung thng
( )
0
90 j , j c the xc dinh theo cc cong
thc sau:

1 2
cos cos(n : n ) j =
##" ##"
(khi biet hai vecto php)
hoac:
1 2
1 2
k k
tg
1 k k
-
j =
+
(khi biet hai he so gc cua hai dung thang duoc xt).

e) ung thang:
( )
2 2
Ax By C 0 A B 0 + + = + > chia mat phang toa do lm ba phan:
+ Phan l tap hop cc diem (x: y) thuoc dung thang thoa mn dang thc:
. 0 = + + C By Ax
+ Phan , l tap hop cc diem (x: y) lan luot thuoc hai nua mat phang, nam hai
pha dung thang duoc xt. Dua theo chieu cua vecto php (A: B) tuong ng vi
chieu tang cua (Ax By C) + + ta c the xc dinh duoc phan no cua mat phang
ng vi
Ax By C 0 + + < ,
phan cn lai l tap hop cc diem (x: y) thoa mn bat dang thc:
Ax By C 0. + + >
3. Cc - ng cong bc hai
a) ung trn
Trong he truc chuan (xOy), phuong trnh:
( )
2 2
F x: y x y 2ax 2by c 0 = + + + + =
bieu dien mot dung trn tam (-a: -b), bn knh
2 2
R a b c = + - Trung hop
2 2
a b c, + < ta c dung trn ao, cn khi
2 2
a b c, + = dung trn thu ve diem .
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b) Ba dung co-nic (Elip: Hypecbon: Parabon)
Phuong trnh tong qut l:
( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2
F x: y Ax Bxy Cy Dx Ey F 0, A B C 0 = + + + + + = + + >
Sau khi dng php bien doi truc giao dua dang ton phuong (gom ba so hang dau
cua F(x:y)) ve dang chnh tac, ta dng mot php doi bien thch hop (php tinh tien he
truc toa do) de dua phuong trnh tong qut tren ve mot trong cc dang sau day:
+ Parabon (P):
2px = y
2

trong d: p l tham so tieu:
c: Truc doi xng Ox: inh O(0: 0): Tieu diem F
p
: 0
2

: ung chuan:
p
x
2
= -
Theo dinh nghia, (P) l tap hop cc diem M(x: y) sao cho MF luon bang khoang
cch t M den dung chuan cua n. Iam sai cua (P) bang 1.

+ Ellip (E
1
):

2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
+ =
trong d: a, b l do di hai bn truc: a > b > 0: Nua tieu cu:
2 2
c a b = -

c: Hai truc doi xng: Ox, Oy: 4 dinh: (a: 0) v (0: b): 2 tieu diem F
1,2
(c: 0) Ox:
Tam sai
c
e
a
= : Hai dung chuan:
2
a
x
c
= , moi dung chuan tuong ng vi mot
tieu diem.

Theo dinh nghia, (E
1
) l tap hop cc diem M(x: y):
MF
1
+ MF
2
= 2a.

+ Ellip (E
2
):

2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
+ =
trong d: a, b l do di hai bn truc: b > a > 0: Nua tieu cu
2 2
c b a = -
c: Hai truc doi xng: Ox, Oy: 4 dinh: (a: 0) v (0: b): 2 tieu diem F
1,2
(0:c) Oy:
Tam sai
c
e
b
= : Hai dung chuan:
2
b
y
c
= , moi dung chuan tuong ng vi mot
tieu diem.
Theo dinh nghia, (E
2
) l tap hop cc diem M(x:y):
MF
1
+ MF
2
= 2b.
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Neu a = b, (E) c tam sai bang 0 v tro thnh dung trn. Vi ellip thuc, tam sai
luon nam trong khoang (0: 1).

+ Hypecbon (H
1
):

2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
- =
trong d: a, b l do di hai bn truc: Nua tieu cu:
2 2
c a b = +
c: Hai truc doi xng: Ox, Oy trong d Ox l truc thuc, Oy l truc ao (Oy
khong c diem chung vi (H
1
)): 2 dinh (a: 0): 2 tieu diem F
1,2
(c: 0) Ox:
Tam sai
c
e
a
= > 1: Hai dung chuan:
2
a
x
c
= , moi dung chuan tuong ng vi
mot tieu diem.
Theo dinh nghia, (H
1

1 2
MF MF 2a. - =

+ Hypecbon (H
2
):

2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
- = -
trong d: a, b l do di hai bn truc: Nua tieu cu:
2 2
c a b = +
c: Hai truc doi xng: Ox, Oy trong d Oy l truc thuc, Ox l truc ao (Ox
khong c diem chung vi (H
2
)): 2 dinh (0: b): 2 tieu diem F
1,2
(0: c) Oy:
Tam sai
c
e
b
= > 1: Hai dung chuan:
2
b
x
c
= , moi dung chuan tuong ng vi
mot tieu diem.
Theo dinh nghia, (H
2

1 2
MF MF 2b. - =
Hai hypecbon (H
1
) v (H
2
) c chung hai dung tiem can c phuong trnh:
b
y x
a
= . Ngui ta goi (H
1
) v (H
2
) l hai hypecbon lien hop.
Neu a = b, (H
1
) v (H
2
) l hai hypecbon vuong.

+ C the dinh nghia chung ba dung conic (E; H; P) l tap hop cc diem M(x: y)
sao cho ty so gia khoang cch t M den mot diem F co dinh (tieu diem) v
khoang cch t M den mot dung thang co dinh D (dung chuan) luon bang mot
hang so e (F v D cng nam trong mat phang xOy v F D).
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( ) ( )
( )
MF
C M x: y : e
d M:

=

D

Khi e = 1, (C) l mot parabon: Khi e > 1, (C) l mot nhanh cua hypecbon, cn khi
e (0: 1) th (C) l mot elip.
+ Ngoi cc trung hop d neu, t phuong trnh tong qut cua dung bac hai, ta cn
gap mot so trung hop suy bien. ay l cc trung hop: tap hop cc diem (x: y)
thoa mn phuong trnh hoac rong (dung cong ao) hoac thu ve mot diem hay hai
dung thang nam trong cng mot mat phang.
+ ung conic c the coi l giao cua mot mat nn trn xoay vi mot mat phang.
Ty theo vi tr tuong doi cua chng m giao tuyen l elip, hypecbon, parabon hay
hai dung thang cat nhau.

4. Mt phng trong khng gian (Oxyz)
a) Phuong trnh mat phang (a) qua diem M
0
v c vecto php n (A: B: C) 0
" "
c the
viet theo:
+ Dang vecto:

0
n M M 0 =
" ######"
"M(x : y: z) (a):
+ Dang toa do:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
0 0 0
A x x B y y C z z 0 A B C 0 : - + - + - = + + >
+ Dang tong qut:

( )
2 2 2
Ax By Cz D 0 A B C 0 . + + + = + + >

b) Phuong trnh mat phang (a) qua diem M
0
v c hai vecto chi phuong:

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
u (a : b : c ) 0: u (a : b : c ) 0
##" " ##" "

(hai vecto ny khong duoc cong tuyen) c the viet theo:
+ Dang vecto:

0 1 2
M M mu nu = +
######" ##" ##"
"M(x: y: z) (a), (m: n l hai tham so):
+ Dang tham so:

( )
( )
0 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
0 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2
0 1 2
x x ma na
y y mb nb a b c 0:a b c 0
z z mc nc m: n l hai tham so .
= + +
= + + + + > + + >
= + +

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+ Dang dinh thc:

0 0 0
1 1 1
2 2 2
x x y y z z
a b c 0.
a b c
- - -
=
c) p dung cc dang neu tren, ta c the viet:
+ Phuong trinh mt phng qua ba diem M, N, P cho truc, khong thang hng bang
cch chon hoac mot vecto php (chang han: n MN: MP

=

" ####" ###"
) hoac hai vecto chi
phuong (chang han: MN v MP
#####" ###"
) hoac chon dang tong qut, roi xc dinh cc he
so A, B, C, D (sai khc mot tha so nhan) sao cho toa do ba diem d cho thoa mn
dang ny.
+ Phuong trinh mt phng cho theo doan chn:

x y z
1 (m: n: p 0)
m n p
+ + =
bieu dien mat phang (MNP) vi: M(m: 0: 0): N(0: n: 0): P(0: 0: p) l ba diem lan
luot nam tren Ox: Oy:Oz.

Dua vo phuong trnh, hai vecto chi phuong hoac vecto php cua hai mat phang
trong (Oxyz), ta c the xt vi tri tuong doi v tnh goc gia chng.
d) Cong thc tnh khoang cach t M
0
den mat phang (a):

( )
2 2 2
Ax By Cz D 0 A B C 0 + + + = + + >
l: ( ) ( )
0 0 0
0
2 2 2
Ax By Cz D
d M :
A B C
+ + +
a =
+ +

Goi j l goc gia hai mt phng
( )
0
90 j , j c the xc dinh theo cong thc:

( )
1 2
cos cos n : n j =
##" ##"
.
e) Mat phang:

( )
2 2 2
Ax By Cz D 0 A B C 0 + + + = + + >
chia khong gian lm ba phan:
+ Phan l tap hop cc diem (x: y: z) thuoc mat phang thoa mn dang thc:
Ax By Cz D 0. + + + =
+ Phan , l tap hop cc diem (x: y: z) lan luot thuoc hai nua khong gian nam
hai pha mat phang duoc xt. Dua theo chieu cua vecto php (A: B: C) tuong ng
vi chieu tang cua (Ax By Cz D) + + + ta c the xc dinh duoc phan no cua
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khong gian ng vi Ax By Cz D 0 + + + < , phan cn lai l tap hop cc diem (x: y: z)
thoa mn bat dang thc: Ax By Cz D 0. + + + >
5. Cc mt bc hai
a) Mat cau
Trong he truc chuan (Oxyz), phuong trnh:

2 2 2
F(x: y: z) x y z 2ax 2by 2cz d 0, = + + + + + + =
bieu dien mot mat cau tam (-a: -b: -c), bn knh
2 2 2
R a b c d = + + - . Trung hop
2 2 2
a b c d, + + < ta c mt cau ao, cn khi
2 2 2
a b c d, + + = mat cau thu ve diem .

b) Cc mat bac hai c phuong trnh tong qut

2 2 2
F(x: y: z) Ax By Cz Dxy Eyz Fzx Gx Hy z K 0, = + + + + + + + + + =
trong d, su he so cua cc so hang bac hai khong the dong thi bang 0.

Sau khi dng php bien doi truc giao dua dang ton phuong (gom su so hang
dau cua F(x: y: z)) ve dang chnh tac, ta dng php doi bien thch hop (tinh tien he truc
toa do) de dua phuong trnh tong qut tren ve mot trong cc dang sau day:
+ Elipxoit :

2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
1
a b c
+ + = ( a, b, c l do di ba bn truc).
+ Hypecboloit 2 tang:

2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
1
a b c
+ - = - (Oz l truc doi xng).
+ Hypecboloit 1 tang:

2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
1
a b c
- + = (Oy l truc doi xng).
+ Mat nn bac hai:

2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
0
a b c
+ - = (Oz l truc doi xng).
+ Paraboloit elliptic:

2 2
2 2
x y
2pz.
a b
+ =
+ Paraboloit hypecboloit (Mat yen ngua):

2 2
2 2
x y
2pz.
a b
- =
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
+ Mat tru elliptic:

2 2
2 2
x y
1
a b
+ = (cc dung sinh song song vi truc doi xng Oz).
+ Mat tru hypecbolic:

2 2
2 2
x y
1.
a b
- =
+ Mat tru parabolic:

2
2
x
2py.
a
=
Ngoi cc trung hop d neu, t phuong trnh tong qut cua mat bac hai, ta cn
gap mot so trung hop suy bien. ay l cc trung hop: tap hop cc diem (x: y: z) thoa
mn phuong trnh hoac rong (mat cong ao) hoac thu ve mot diem hoac hai mat phang
cat nhau, song song hay trng nhau.

1.2. Ton cao cp
1.2.1. i s tuyn tnh
1.2.1.1. inh thc
1. nh thc cp hai, cp ba
a) inh nghia
+ Dinh thuc cap hai l mot so, k hieu:

11 12
11 22 12 21
21 22
a a
a a a a .
a a
= -
+ Dinh thuc cap ba l mot so, k hieu:
D =
11
21
31
a
a
a

12
22
32
a
a
a

13
23
33
a
a
a

= a
11
a
22
a
33
+ a
12
a
23
a
31
+ a
13
a
21
a
32
- a
13
a
22
a
31
- a
12
a
21
a
33
- a
11
a
23
a
32.

+ Quy tc Sarius de tnh dinh thc D the hien qua cc bang sau:
Bang ch nhat

D =
11
21
31
a
a
a

12
22
32
a
a
a

13
23
33
a
a
a
11
21
31
a
a
a

12
22
32
a
a
a

- - - + + +

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Cc bang tam gic

Ta cn c the tnh D bang cch khai trien no theo mot hng hoc mot cot, chang han:
D =
11
21
31
a
a
a

12
22
32
a
a
a

13
23
33
a
a
a
=
22 23 21 23 21 22
11 12 13
32 33 31 33 31 32
a a a a a a
a a a
a a a a a a
- +
=
11 11 12 12 13 13
a A a A a A + + ,
(
ij
A duoc goi l phan phu dai so cua
)
ij
a .

b) Tnh chat cua dinh thc
+ inh thc khong thay doi gia tri khi ta:
- doi hng thnh cot, cot thnh hng (Php chuyen vi):
- nhan mot hng (cot) vi mot so khc khong, roi cong tuong ng vo cc so
(phan tu) cua mot hng (cot) khc:
- dua tha so chung cua tng hng (cot) ra ngoi dau dinh thc.
+ inh thc s doi dau khi ta:
- doi cho hai hng (cot):
- doi dau mot hng (cot).
+ inh thc s bng khong neu c:
- hai hng (cot) giong nhau:
- mot hng(cot) bang to hop tuyen tinh cua mot so hng (cot) khc.
2. nh thc cp n
a) inh nghia:
inh thc cap n l mot so, k hieu:
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
D =
11
21
31
n1
a
a
a
...
a

12
22
32
n2
a
a
a
...
a

13 1n
23 2n
33 3n
n3 nn
a ... a
a ... a
a ... a
... ...
a ... a
= ( )
1 2 n
k
1j 2j nj
1 a a ... a -

l tong cua (n!) tch n phan tu nam tren nhng hng v cot khc nhau cua dinh thc,
vi dau ty thuoc vo k l so cac nghich the cua hon vi n so tu nhien dau tien
(j
1
, j
2
, j
3
, ..., j
n
). ay l dy cc chi so cot cua n phan tu, sau k lan doi cho lan luot hai
trong n chi so cot ny, ta s c dy n so tu nhien dau tien (1, 2, 3, ..., n).

b) Dua vo cc tnh chat cua dinh thc cap n (giong nhu cc tnh chat d neu vi cc dinh
thc cap hai, cap ba) cng nhu cc cch khai trien theo mot hng hay mot cot, ta c
the tnh cc dinh thc cap n. Chang han, neu khai trien theo hng hay cot dau tien:

11
21
n1
a
a
...
a
12
22
n2
a ...
a ...
.........
a ...
1n
2n
nn
a
a
...
a
= a
11
A
11
+ a
12
A
12
+ ... + a
1n
A
1n
=
= a
11
A
11
+ a
21
A
21
+ ... + a
n1
A
n1
.

Trong cong thc tren, A
ij
(i = 1, 2, ... , n: j = 1, 2, ... , n) l phan phu dai so cua
phan tu a
ij
cua dinh thc. l tch cua so ( )
i j
1
+
- v dinh thc cap (n - 1) suy t dinh
thc cap n d cho bang cch bo di hng v cot cha phan tu a
ij
.
3. Dng nh thc gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh
Cho he n phuong trnh tuyen tnh n an ( ) n N :

11 1 12 2 1n n 1
21 1 22 2 2n n 2
n1 1 n2 2 nn n n
a x a x ... a x b
a x a x ... a x b
.............................................
a x a x ... a x b
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =

trong d b
i
v a
ij
(i = 1, 2, ... , n: j = 1, 2, ... , n) l cc he so d biet v x
j
(j = 1, 2, ... , n)
l cc an so phai tm. e tm nghiem cua he, dau tien, ta tnh cc dinh thc:
D =
11
21
n1
a
a
...
a
12
22
n2
a ...
a ...
.........
a ...
1n
2n
nn
a
a
...
a
(D duoc goi l dinh thuc cua he):
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

D
1
=
1
2
n
b
b
...
b
12
22
n2
a ...
a ...
.........
a ...
1n
2n
nn
a
a
...
a
: D
2
=
11
21
n1
a
a
...
a
1
2
n
b ...
b ...
........
b ...
1n
2n
nn
a
a
...
a
: ... : D
n
=
11
21
n1
a
a
...
a
12
22
n2
a ...
a ...
.........
a ...
1
2
n
b
b
...
b

(inh thc D
j
chi khc dinh thc D o cot th j l cot cc he so tu do b
i
). Sau d, ta p
dung cc qui tc:
+ Neu D 0 th he phuong trnh (thung duoc goi l he Cramer) co nghiem duy nhat:
x
1
=
1
D
D
: x
2
=
2
D
D
: ... : x
n
=
n
D
D

+ Neu D = 0 v mot trong cc D
j
0 (j = 1, 2, ... , n) th he phuong trinh vo nghiem.
+ Neu
j
0 j D = D = " v trong dinh thuc D cua he co it nhat mot phan tu khac 0,
th he phuong trinh vo dinh (c vo so nghiem). Trong trung hop tat ca cc phan
tu trong dinh thuc D cua he deu bng 0, cc he thc:
j
0 j D = D = " chng to
rang he se co vo so nghiem hoc vo nghiem, ty theo cc he so
i
b d cho.
Cc trung hop he tuong thich (c t nhat mot nghiem), xac dinh (c duy nhat
nghiem), vo dinh hoac vo nghiem duoc suy t dinh l Croncke-Capeli (xem muc
1.2.1.2 diem 5).
1.2.1.2. Ma tran
1. Cc nh ngha
+ Ma tran cap (hoc kieu) m n l mot bang ch nhat gom m n so (duoc goi l cc
phan tu cua ma tran) a
ij
(i = 1, 2, ... , m: j = 1, 2, ... , n) sap xep thnh m hng v n
cot. K hieu gon:
( )
ij
m,n
A a = hoac k hieu day du l:

11 12 13 1n
21 22 23 2n
m1 m2 m3 mn
a a a ... a
a a a ... a
A
... ... ... ... ...
a a a ... a

=

.
+ Ma tran cap n n, duoc goi l ma tran vuong cap n.
+ Cc phan tu
ii
a (i 1, 2, ... , n) = lap nen dung cho chinh cua ma tran.
+ Ma tran vuong vi:

ij
1 khi i j
a
0 khi i j
=
=

duoc goi l ma tran don vi cap n, k hieu E
n
.
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

( )
n
n n
1 0 0 ... 0
0 1 0 ... 0
E
... ... ... ... ...
0 0 0 ... 1

=

+ Ma tran chi gom mot cot goi l ma tran cot hay vecto cot:
X
#"
=
1
2
m
x
x
...
x

+ Ma tran chi gom mot hng goi l ma tran hng hay vecto hng:
[ ]
1 2 n
Y y y ... y =
#"

+ Ma tran khong, k hieu o, l ma tran c cc phan tu deu bang khong
o =
( ) m n
0 0 0 ... 0
0 0 0 ... 0
... ... ... ... ...
0 0 0 ... 10

+ Ma tran chuyen vi cua mot ma tran A, k hieu l
T
A (hay
c
A : A' ), duoc suy t A
bang cch doi cot thnh hng, hng thnh cot:

11 21 31 m1
12 22 32 m2 T
1n 2n 3n mn
a a a ... a
a a a ... a
A
... ... ... ... ...
a a a ... a

=

+ Hai ma tran A = (a
ij
) v B = (b
ij
), cng cap duoc goi l bng nhau neu a
ij
= b
ij
, vi
moi i v j. K hieu: A = B.
2. Cc php tnh v ma trn
a) Cong hai ma tran cng cap
Cho A = (a
ij
)
m,n
v B = (b
ij
)
m,n
. Ma tran C duoc goi l tong hai ma tran A v B
A + B = C vi:
C = (c
ij
)
m,n
= (a
ij
+ b
ij
)
m,n
.
Php cong cua ma tran cng cap c cc tnh chat: giao hoan, ket hop.
Phuong trnh A + X = B, trong d A v B l hai ma tran cng cap d biet bao gi
cng c nghiem:
ij m,n ij ij m,n
X (x ) (b a ) B A = = - = - (Ma tran X duoc goi l hieu cua
B v A).
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

b) Nhan ma tran vi mot so
Cho
ij m,n
A (a ) = v mot so l no d, khi d:

( )
ij
m,n
A a l = l
Cac tinh chat cua php nhan ma tran vi mot so:
1) lA = Al:
2) (lm)A = l(mA) = m(lA):
3) l(A + B) = lA + lB:
4) (l + m)A = lA + mA:
5)
n
A A l = l
(tnh chat 5 chi duoc p dung cho ma tran vuong cap n).

c) Nhan hai ma tran
Cho
( )
ij
m,n
A a = v
( )
ij
n,p
B b = c so cot cua ma tran th nhat bang so hng cua
ma tran th hai (Khi d, ta goi A v B l hai ma tran nhan duoc). Tch hai ma tran d s
l mot ma tran duoc xc dinh nhu sau:

ij m,p
AB C (c ) = =
vi
i 1, 2, ..., m
j 1, 2, ..., p
=

n
ij i1 1j i2 2j in nj ik kj
k 1
c a b a b a b a b
=
= + + + =

Cac tinh chat cua php nhan hai ma tran:
1) Khong giao hon, tc l ni chung:
AB BA:
2) Ket hop (doi vi php nhan vi mot so):
l(AB) = (lA)B
vi l l mot so thuc bat ky:
3) Ket hop (doi vi php nhan gia cc ma tran nhan duoc):
(AB)C = A(BC) = ABC :
4) Phan phoi doi vi cc php cong tr hai ma tran:
(A + B)C = AC + BC:
C(A + B) = CA + CB:
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
5) AE = A:
EB = B,
vi: A, B, E l cc ma tran vuong cng cap:
E l ma tran don vi:
(Tnh chat 5 cn c the mo rong vi A v B khong phai l ma tran vuong, cn E l ma
tran vuong don vi, nhan duoc ben tri vi A (hoac ben phai vi B)).
6) ( )
c
c c
AB B A =
(Chuyen vi cua mot tch hai ma tran nhan duoc bang tch cc chuyen vi cua hai ma tran
ay tnh theo thu tu nguoc lai).
Ch y: T AB = o ni chung khong suy ra A = o hoac B = o duoc. T AB = AC
ni chung khong suy ra B = C duoc.

3. Ma trn nghch o
a) inh nghia
Cho ma tran vuong cap n: A = (a
ij
)
n,n
. Neu ton tai mot ma tran vuong X cap n, sao
cho: AX = XA = E (ma tran don vi cap n) th X duoc goi l ma tran nghich dao cua ma
tran A, k hieu
X = A
--1

Ma tran nghich dao cua ma tran A ton tai khi v chi khi A 0 , khi d ta ni
A l ma tran vuong khong suy bien.

b) Cong thuc tim ma tran nghich dao cua A

1 *
1
A A
A
-
=
trong d A
*
duoc goi l ma tran phu hop cua ma tran A:
A
*
=
11 21 31 n1
12 22 32 n2
1n 2n 3n nn
A A A ... A
A A A ... A
... ... ... ... ...
A A A ... A

lap nen t cc phan tu
ij
A (phan phu dai so tuong ng cua
ij
a trong A) v php chuyen
vi:
( )
c
*
ij
n,n
A A = .
Trong tinh toan thuc hnh, de tm ma tran nghich dao cua A, ngui ta dng cc
php bien doi so cap sau day de dua ma tran
( )
A E (cap n 2n) thnh ma tran
( )
1
E A
-
:
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

1) oi cho hai hng hoac hai cot:
2) Nhan cc phan tu cua mot hng (cot) vi mot so khc 0:
3) Cong vo cc phan tu cua mot hng (cot) cc phan tu tuong ng cua mot hng
(cot) khc sau khi d nhan vi mot so no d.
oi khi, ta cn c the giai nguoc he phuong trinh dai so tuyen tinh:
AX Y =
de c
1
A Y X
-
= ,
sau d suy ra
1
A .
-

c) Tnh chat cua ma tran nghich dao:
1)
( )
1
1
A A A
-
-
= " khong suy bien
2)
( ) ( )
c 1
1 c
A A
-
-
=
3) ( )
1
1 1
AB B A
-
- -
=
4. Hng ca ma trn
a) inh nghia
Cap cao nhat cua tu thuc (dinh thuc con) khc khong cua mot ma tran duoc goi l
hang cua ma tran d. K hieu r(A) hoac rank(A). Ma tran o c r(o) = 0. (Dinh thuc con
cap ( ) ( )
k 0 k min m: n cua mot ma tran A
m,n
l dinh thc lap nen t cc phan tu
nam tai giao cua k hng v k cot bat k cua ma tran).

b) Cc phuong php tnh r(A)
+ Phuong php
Neu A o, ta xt cc tu thc t cap thap len cap cao theo nguyen tac l: Khi gap
mot dinh thc con D cap k no d khc khong, ta can tnh den cc dinh thc con cap
(k + 1) cha D, neu cc dinh thc ny deu bang 0 th r(A) = k.
+ Phuong php
Dng cc php bien doi so cap trnh by o muc 1.2.1.2 diem 3 c the dua mot ma
tran bat ky ve dang tam gic hoac dang hnh thang (vi cc phan tu nam ngoi tam
gic hoac hnh thang d deu bang 0) m van gi nguyen hang cua ma tran d. Vi cc
dang ny, so phan tu khac 0 nam tren dung cho chnh s bang hang cua ma tran.
5. Dng ma trn gii h phng trnh i s tuyn tnh
a) Trung hop so phuong trnh bang so an
Ta c the viet he n phuong trnh, n an so dui dang ma tran:
AX B = .
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Neu dinh thc cua he (cng l dinh thc cua ma tran A) khc 0 (he Cramer) th
ma tran A c ma tran nghich dao v vecto nghiem cua he s l:
X = A
-1
B .
b) Trung hop he m phuong trnh n an so vi m, n bat k
Xt he:

11 1 12 2 1n n 1
21 1 22 2 2n n 2
m1 1 m2 2 mn n m
a x a x ... a x b
a x a x ... a x b
.................................................
a x a x ... a x b
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
(*)
vi ma tran
ij m,n
A (a ) = v ma tran m rong
( )
A A B (c m hng v n+1 cot).
Dinh ly Croncke-Capeli:
He (*) c nghiem khi v chi khi:
r(A) = r
( )
A .
Khi d :
+ Neu
r(A) = r
( )
A = n (so an cua he)
th he (*) l xac dinh (co nghiem duy nhat):
+ Neu
r(A) = r
( )
A < n
th he (*) l vo dinh (co vo so nghiem).
Vi he vo dinh, dat r = r(A) = r
( )
A < n, ta s chon ra mot dinh thc con khc 0,
cap r cua A, t d chon ra r an so tuong ng (goi l !n (bien) co s). Cc an cn lai s
l !n (bien) tu do. Bang cch gn cho cc an tu do nhng bo gia tri tu" y, roi giai he
r phuong trnh vi r an co so d chon, ta s nhan duoc mot nghiem cua he d cho.
So nghiem tro nen vo dinh v c vo so cch gn nhng gi tri tuy cho cc an tu do.
T dinh l Croncke-Capeli, trong trung hop m = n, c the suy ra cc ket luan ve
so nghiem cua he nhu d trnh by o muc 1.2.1.1 diem 3.

c) Phuong phap loai dan !n so do Gauss dua ra de giai he phuong trnh dai so tuyen
tnh. Co so cua phuong php ny l dng cc php bien doi tuong duong dua ma tran
mo rong cua he ve dang tam giac hoc dang hinh thang. oi vi he mi, viec tm lan
luot cc gi tri cua an so s de dng hon rat nhieu, nhat l khi ta su dung my tnh.
ay l mot phuong php giai dng v hieu qua, nhung doi vi cc he phc tap, ta chi
nhan duoc ket qua gan dng do phai lm trn so.
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

1.2.2. Hm s
1.2.2.1. Mien xc dinh v mien gi tri cua mot hm so
Neu ng vi mot diem
n
1 2 n
M(x : x : ...: x ) , W ta c quy luat f de xc dinh
mot gi tri thuc U = f(M) th ta ni U l hm cua n bien so
( )
i
x i 1: n = . W duoc goi l
mien xac dinh (hay tap xac dinh) cua hm U. Tap tat ca cc gi tri U c duoc, ng vi
moi diem M thuoc mien xc dinh duoc goi l mien gia tri (hay tap gia tri) cua hm so.
ac biet, khi n = 1, ta c hm mot bien. Mien xc dinh v mien gi tri cua hm
mot bien l nhng tap con, nam trong (hoac trm khap) tap so thuc .
1.2.2.2. Hm so cap
1. Hm so cap co ban l cc hm ly tha, m, logarit, hm luong gic, luong gic
nguoc v cc hm hypecbolic (cua mot bien x): shx, chx, thx, cothx.
a) Hm ly tha c dang:
y x
a
=
vi a l mot hang so thuc no d.
b) Hm m c dang:

x
y a =
vi 0 a 1 < l co so hang so no d.
c) Hm logarit:

a
y log x =
vi 0 a 1 < l co so hang so. ay l hm nguoc cua hm m c cng co so
d) Hm luong gic:
y sin x: y cos x: y tgx: y cot gx. = = = =
e) Hm luong gic nguoc:
y arcsin x: y arccos x: y arctgx: y arc cot gx. = = = =
f) Hm hypecbolic l ten goi chung cho cc hm so sau:
1)
x x
e e
y shx
2
-
-
= = (oc l sin-hypecbon cua x).
2)
x x
e e
y chx
2
-
+
= = (oc l cosin-hypecbon cua x).
3)
x x
x x
e e shx
y thx
chx
e e
-
-
-
= = =
+
(oc l tang-hypecbon cua x).
4)
x x
x x
e e chx
y coth x
shx
e e
-
-
+
= = =
-
(oc l cotang-hypecbon cua x).
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
oc gia c the tm duoc mien xc dinh, mien gi tri, do thi cua moi hm so ke
tren v cc tnh chat cua chng trong cc sch gio khoa.
2. Hm so cap l hm (mot hoac nhieu bien) cho boi mot bieu thc giai tch duy nhat.
(Bieu thuc giai tich l mot bieu thc bao gom mot so hu han cc php tnh so hoc,
php tnh hm hop doi vi cc hm so cap co ban v hang so).

1.2.2.3. Gioi han v su lien tuc cua hm so
1. Gii hn hm s
Hm U = f(M) duoc goi l c gii han L trong qu trnh
0
M M neu v chi neu:
0, "e > nho ty cho truc, ta luon tm duoc mot so d = d(e: M
0
) (tc l d phu thuoc
vo e v M
0
) sao cho khi M roi vo d-lan can cua diem M
0
th gi tri f(M) s roi vo
e-lan can cua L.
inh nghia gii han hm so theo ngon ng e; d nhu tren c the viet mot cch
ngan gon nhu sau:
( ) ( ) { }
0
0 0
M M
lim f M L 0 : M : 0 MM f(M) L .
= "e > $d = d e < < d - < e

Vi hm mot bien, ta c:
( ) ( ) { }
0
0 0
x x
lim f x L 0 : x : 0 x x f(x) L
= "e > $d = d e < - < d - < e

v trong qu trnh x :
( ) ( ) { }
x
lim f x L 0 N N : x N f(x) L .
= "e > $ = e > - < e

2. Hm lin tc
a) Hm U = f(M) duoc goi l lien tuc tai M
0

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 0
M M M M M M
lim f M f M lim f lim f M f M 0.

= D = - =

Theo dinh nghia ny, hm f(M) phai xc dinh tai M
0
v tai lan can M
0
: M
0
phai l
mot diem tu trong mien xc dinh cua hm so: trong qu trnh M M
0
gii han cua hm
so phai ton tai v hon na gii han ny phai bang f(M
0
).
Neu mot trong cc dieu kien can neu tren khong thoa mn, hm f(M) bi gian doan
tai M
0
.

b) e phan loai diem gian doan cua hm mot bien, ngui ta chia cc diem gin doan
lm hai loai:
+ Neu tai diem x
0
ton tai gioi han ben phai ( )
0
x x 0
lim f x
+
(trong qu trnh
0
x x
th
0
x x ) v gii han ben tri ( )
0
x x 0
lim f x
-
(trong qu trnh
0
x x th
0
x x )
th x
0
duoc goi l diem gian doan loai #. Hieu
0 0
x x 0 x x 0
lim f(x) lim f(x)
+ -
- = A duoc
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

goi l buoc nhay cua hm so tai x
0
. ac biet, neu buc nhay A = 0, th x
0
duoc
goi l diem gian doan b$ duoc.
+ iem gin doan khong thuoc loai s duoc goi l diem gian doan loai ##. Vi loai
diem gin doan ny, hm so c buoc nhay vo han khi qua diem x
0
.
c) Lien tuc deu
Theo cc dinh nghia tren, hm U = f(M) duoc goi l lien tuc tai M
0
tc l:
( ) ( )
0
0
M M
lim f M f M
=
( ) { }
0 0 0
0 : M : 0 MM f(M) f(M ) "e > $d = d e < < d - < e
Neu $d = d(e) (chi phu thuoc e) chung cho moi diem M
0
thuoc mot mien W no
d th ta ni hm f(M) lien tuc deu tren W.

d) Tnh lien tuc cua hm so cap
Hm so cap U = f(M) lien tuc tai moi diem M
0
thuoc mien xac dinh cua n.

1.2.3. Php tnh vi phn
1.2.3.1. ao hm v vi phan cua hm mot bien
1. o hm ca hm mt bin
a) inh nghia
Dao hm tai mot diem x cua hm y = f(x) l gii han (neu c) cua ty so gia so
gia hm so (tuong ng vi so gia doi so) v so gia doi so, khi so gia doi so tien den 0:
( ) ( )
( )
x 0 x 0
f x x f x
y
lim lim y' x
x x D D
+ D -
D
= =
D D

b) nghia hnh hoc cua dao hm
Gi tri y'(x) bang he so goc cua tiep tuyen cua do thi hm so (C): y = f(x) tai diem
M(x: f(x)) tren (C).
c) nghia co hoc cua dao hm
Gi tri y'(x) bang toc do bien thien cua y theo x tai diem x. Neu xt mot chuyen
dong thang, c phuong trnh chuyen dong s = s(t), th s'(t) cho ta toc do tuc thi v(t) cua
chat diem tai thi diem t, cn v'(t) (tc l s"(t)) s cho gia toc tuc thi.
2. Vi phn ca hm mt bin
a) inh nghia:
Neu tai diem x, so gia hm so c the bieu dien dui dang y A x 0( x) D = D + D
trong d: A l he so chi phu thuoc x (khong phu thuoc so gia doi so) cn ) ( 0 x D l mot
vo cng b bac cao hon x D trong qu trnh x 0 D (nghia l
x 0
0( x)
lim 0
x D
D
=
D
), th ta
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
ni: hm y = f(x) kha vi tai x: dai luong A x D (phan chinh cua so gia hm so) duoc goi
l vi phan (cap mot) cua hm so, k hieu l dy hay df tai x.

b) oi vi hm mot bien, kha vi tai x tuong duong vi co dao hm tai x v
dy = f'(x)dx = f'(x) x D
Trung hop x l mot hm cua bien khc, cong thc dy = f'(x)dx van cn dng,
ngui ta ni d l tinh bat bien cua cong thuc vi phan. (Ch : cong thc dy = f'(x) x D
chi dng cho trung hop x l bien so doc lap. Khi x x(t) = th x dx 0( t) dx D = + D ).

c) Cong thc gan dng nh vi phan cap mot
Neu f'(x) khong triet tieu th y dy D hay l ( ) ( ) ( ) f x x f x f ' x x + D + D
3) Cc cng thc c bn v o hm hm mt bin (Ch ti mien xc dinh cua
moi cong thc, khong duoc viet ra o day)

1) (C)' = 0 (C = const)
13) (tgx)' =
( )
2
2
1
1 tg x
cos x
= +
2) (u v)' = u' v'
14) (cotgx)' =
( )
2
2
1
1 cot g x
sin x
- = - +
3) (uv)' = u'v + uv'
15) (secx)' =
2
sin x
cos x

4)
'
' '
2
u u v uv
(v 0)
v
v
-
=

16) (cosecx)' =
2
cos x
sin x
-
5) y = f(u), u = u(x) y'
x
= f'
u
u'
x

17) (arcsinx)' =
2
1
1 x -

6)
( )
'
1
x x
a a-
= a
18) (arccosx)' =
2
1
1 x
-
-

7)
( )
'
x x
a a na (0 a 1) = < l
19) (arctgx)' =
2
x 1
1
+

8)
( )
'
u'
u
2 u
= 20) (arccotgx)' =
2
1
1 x
-
+

9)
( )
'
n x l =
1
x
21) (shx)' = chx
10)
( )
'
a
og x l =
1
x na l

22) (chx)' = shx
11) (sinx)' = cosx
23) (thx)' =
2
2
1
1 th x
ch x
= -
12) (cosx)' = sinx
24) (cothx)' =
2
2
1
1 coth x
sh x
- = -
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

4. o hm v vi phn cp cao ca hm mt bin
a) inh nghia
Xt hm y = f(x) xc dinh tren tap X , gia su hm ny c dao hm y' = f'(x)
v vi phan cap mot dy = f'(x)dx tai moi
1
x X X , th ta c the tnh dao hm
cua y' tren tap X
1
. Ta c (y')' = y"(x) l dao hm cap hai v d
2
y = f"(x)dx
2
l vi phan
cap hai cua y = f(x).
Neu tai moi
n 1 n 2 1
x X X ... X X
- -
, hm duoc xt c dao hm ti
cap (n -1), ta c the tnh dao hm cap n (n nguyen, n 1) l:
'
(n) (n 1)
y y
-

=

, cng nhu
vi phan cap n cua hm d cho: d
n
y = y
(n)
dx
n
(K hieu dx
n
l (dx)
n
viet tat).

b) ao hm v vi phan cap cao cua mot so hm quen thuoc

( )
( )
(n) n (n) n
(n) n (n) n
n 1
(n) n 1 n (n) n
n 1
y sin x: y sin x n : d y y dx :
2
y cos x: y cos x n : d y y dx :
2
ax b ad bc
y : y 1 n!c : d y y dx : ...
cx d
cx d
-
-
+
p
= = + =

p
= = + =

+ -
= = - =
+
+

c) Cong thc Taylo (Taylor)
Gia su hm so y = f(x) c dao hm den cap n + 1 tai moi x thuoc lan can diem x
0
.
Khi d, ta c cong thc Taylo:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 0 0
0 0 0
f ' x f '' x
f x f x x x x x ......
1! 2!
= + - + - + +

( )
( )
( ) ( )
n
n 0
0 n
f x
x x R x
n!
+ - +
trong d: phan du th n:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
n 1
0 0 n 1
n 0
f x x x
R x x x
n 1 !
+
+
+ q -

= -
+
, ( ) 0 1 q < .
T cong thc Taylo, neu chi gi lai hai so hang:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
'
0 0 0 0
f x f x f x x x x x = + + q - -

ta s duoc cong thuc so gia gioi noi cua Lagrange.

d) Cong thc Mac-lo-ranh (Marlaurin)
Gia su hm so y = f(x) c dao hm den cap n+1 tai moi x thuoc lan can diem 0.
Khi d, vi , 0
0
= x cong thc Taylo tro thnh cong thc Mac-lo-ranh:
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

(n)
2 n
n
f '(0) f ''(0) f (0)
f(x) f(0) x x ...... x R (x)
1! 2! n !
= + + + + + ,
trong d, phan du th n:

( )
( )
( )
n 1
n 1
n
f x
R (x) x
n 1 !
+
+
q
=
+
, ( ) 0 1 q < .
Ngui ta dng cc cong thc Taylo v Mac-lo-ranh de tinh gan dng gia tri hm
%(x) tai lan can x
0
.

1.2.3.2. ao hm v vi phan cua hm n-bien
1. o hm ring ca hm n-bin
u = f(M) vi
n
1 2 n
M(x : x :...: x ) . W
a) inh nghia
ao hm rieng theo doi so x
k
tai mot diem M cua hm u = f(M) l gii han
(neu c) cua ty so gia so gia rieng cua hm so (tuong ng vi so gia doi so x
k
) v so
gia doi so, khi so gia doi so tien den 0.
k
k
x 0
k
u
lim
x
D
D
=
D

( ) ( )
1 k 1 k k k 1 n 1 k 1 k k 1 n
x 0
k
f x :...: x : x x : x : ...: x f x :...: x : x : x :...: x
lim
x
- + - +
D
+ D -
= =
D

k
'
x
k
u
u
x
= =

b) nghia hnh hoc cua dao hm rieng:
e don gian, ta xt trung hop n = 2. Khi d gi tri
k
M
u
x
bang he so goc cua

tiep tuyen tai diem M cua giao tuyen gia hai mat c phuong trnh: ( )
1 2
u u x : x = v
k
x const = vi k 1 2 = trong khong gian ba chieu
3
.

c) nghia co hoc cua dao hm rieng:
Gi tri
k
M
u
x
bang toc do bien thien cua u theo x

k
tai diem M.

2. Vi phn ca hm n-bin
a) inh nghia
Neu tai diem M, so gia ton phan cua hm so u = f(M) c the bieu dien dui dang:
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

( )
1 1 2 2 k k n n
u A x A x ... A x ... A x 0 D = D + D + + D + + D + Dr
trong d: A
k
(k = 1: 2: ...: n) l cc he so chi phu thuoc M (khong phu thuoc so gia cc
doi so) cn ( ) 0 Dr l mot vo cng b bac cao hon ( )
n
2
i
i 1
x
=
Dr = D
trong qu trnh
0, Dr th ta ni: hm u = f(M) kha vi tai M:
n
i i
i 1
du A x
=
= D
(phan chinh cua so gia

hm so) duoc goi l vi phan (cap mot) cua hm so, k hieu l du hay df. T dinh nghia,
c the tnh duoc:

i
i
M
u
A .
x

b) Ch
oi vi hm nhieu bien, kha vi tai M c nghia l hm c cc dao hm rieng theo
cc bien tai M, nhung c cc dao hm rieng chua du de hm kha vi. Ngui ta chng
minh rang: Neu hm nhieu bien c cc dao hm rieng lien tuc tai M th hm d kha vi
tai M.

c) Cong thc gan dng nh vi phan cap mot:
Neu du khc 0 (cc dao hm rieng khong dong thi triet tieu) th:
u du D
hay l: ( ) ( )
0
n
0 i
i i 1
M
u
f M f M x
x
=
+ D

3. o hm v vi phn cp cao ca hm n-bin

a) Vi hm n-bien: u = f(M) c n dao hm rieng cap mot tren mot mien no d trong
khong gian n-chieu, ta c the tnh cc dao hm rieng theo moi bien cua cc dao hm
rieng cap mot d v s duoc cc dao hm rieng cap hai:
( )
2
i j
u
i: j 1, n
x x
=

. S c
tat ca n
2
dao hm rieng cap hai, trong so d c n dao hm vuong (i = j) v n(n - 1)
dao hm rieng ch nhat (i j). Tuong tu, ta c the dinh nghia cc dao hm rieng cap
k = 3: 4: 5: ...
Dinh ly Svac&
Neu hm duoc xt lien tuc cng cac dao hm rieng cua n th dao hm rieng cap
cao theo cc bien s khong phu thuoc vo thu tu lay dao hm. (Khi d, so cc dao hm
rieng phai tm s giam di dng ke).
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
b) Viec tnh vi phan cap cao cua hm nhieu bien phc tap hon nhieu so vi hm mot
bien. e don gian, ta chi xt trung hop n-bien doc lap v c cc cong thc sau day:

2
2
1 2 n
1 2 n
d u x x ... x u
x x x

= D + D + + D

...

k
k
1 2 n
1 2 n
d u x x ... x u.
x x x

= D + D + + D

Cc cong thc tren duoc viet theo quy uoc de d' nho, chang han vi hm hai bien:
u = f(x: y),
ta c: ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
u u u
d u x 2 x y y x y u
x y x y
x y

= D + D D + D = D + D

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 3
3 2 2 3
3
3 2 2 3
u u u u
d u x 3 x y 3 x y y
x x y x y y

= D + D D + D D + D

3
x y u
x y

= D + D

...

c) Cong thc Taylo cho hm n-bien
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
k k 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
f M f M df M .... d f M d f M ,
1! k! k 1 !
+
= + + + +
+

trong d, M l mot diem nam trong lan can M
0
v c 'khoang cch den M
0
nho hon
M
0
M. Khi chon M
0
trng vi goc toa do O cua khong gian n-chieu, cong thc Taylo tro
thnh cong thuc Mac-lo- ranh.
4. o hm ca hm s hp v hm n
a) ao hm hm hop
+ Neu u = f(x, y, z) vi x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t) th u s l hm hop doi vi t:

du
dt
=
f dx
x dt
+
f dy
y dt
+
f dz
z dt

+ Neu u = f(x, y, z) vi z = z(x: y) th u s l hm hop doi voi hai bien x, y:

( )
( )
y:z const
x:z const
u u u z
:
x x z x
u u u z
y y z y
=
=

= +

= +

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

+ Neu u = f(x: y) vi y = y(x) th u s l hm hop doi voi x:

du u u y
dx x y x

= +

b) ao hm hm an
+ Neu trong he thc: F(x, y) = 0 c cha hm !n y ( y(x), th:

'
' x
x
'
y
F
F dy
x
y
F
dx
F
y
= = - = -

( )
'
y
F 0
+ Neu trong he thc: F(x, y, z) = 0 c cha hm !n ) ( )(x, y), th:

( )
'
x
'
' x
z
'
z
'
y
'
y
'
z
F
F z
x
z F 0 :
F
x
F
z
F
F
z y
z
F
y
F
z

= = - = -

= = - = -

+ Neu trong hai he thc:

F(x: y: z: u: v) 0:
G(x: y: z: u: v) 0,
=

c cha hai hm !n u(x; y; )) v v(x; y; )) th vi dieu kien cc mau thuc khac 0:

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
' ' '
x y z
' ' '
x y z
D F: G D F: G D F: G
D x: v D y: v D z: v
u : u : u :
D u: v D u: v D u: v
D u: x D u: y D u: z
v : v : v .
D u: v D u: v D u: v
= - = - = -
= - = - = -

Trong cc cong thc tren, ta d su dung cc ky hieu cua *acobi, chang han:

( )
( )
F F
D F: G x y
D x: y G G
x y

=

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
1.2.3.3. Cuc tri tuong doi v cuc tri tuyet doi cua hm so
1. Cc tr ca hm n-bin s
a) Xt hm n-bien y = f(M) vi M W R
n
. Neu f(M
0
) f(M) (*) "M e-lan can
cua M v dang thc xay ra khi v chi khi M M
0
th ta ni hm y = f(M) dat cuc dai
(tuong doi) tai M
0
, gia tri cuc dai l f(M
0
), k hieu: y
max
= y
cd
= f(M
0
).
Tuong tu, thay cho (*), neu c f(M
0
) f(M) (**), th ta ni hm y = f(M) dat cuc
tieu (tuong doi) tai M
0
, gia tri cuc tieu l f(M
0
), k hieu: y
min
= y
ct
= f(M
0
).
Trong hai dinh nghia tren, khi ni ti e-lan can, ta coi d l tap tat ca cc diem M
c khoang cch ti M
0
(tc do di MM
0
) e. Nhu vay, khi ni ti cuc dai (hay cuc
tieu) tuong doi tai M
0
, mac nhien can hieu M
0
l mot diem trong cua mien W (tc l, c
ton tai t nhat mot d-lan can cua M
0
bao hm trong W). V nghia d, y
max
v y
min
chi
mang tinh dia phuong v duoc goi l cuc tri tuong doi.
b) Neu bat dang thc (*) [hoac (**)] thoa mn vi moi diem M thuoc mien W, ta ni
hm y = f(M) dat gia tri lon nhat [hoac nh$ nhat] tai M
0
. Gi tri ln nhat (GTLN) l
x D
max y
[hoac gi tri nho nhat (GTNN) l

x D
miny
] bang f(M
0
). GTLN v GTNN duoc
goi l cuc tri tuyet doi cua hm d cho tren mien W.
c) e tm cuc tri tuyet doi tren mot mien W, ta thung tm cuc tri tuong doi, sau d so
snh chng vi cc gi tri cua hm tren bien cua W de xc dinh GTLN v GTNN.
Khc vi cuc tri tuong doi, neu c, chi c the dat tai diem trong cua mien W, GTLN
v GTNN cua hm so c the dat tai mot diem hay tai mot mien nam trong hoac tren
bien cua W.
2. iu kin cn c cc tr (t- ng i) ca hm n- bin
Neu hm y = f(M) dat cuc tri (tuong doi) tai M
0
v cc dao hm rieng cua hm
ton tai (xc dinh, hu han) trong lan can M
0
(ke ca M
0
) th:
gradf 0 =
####" "
tai M
0

O day,
n
k
k k=1
f
gradf i f
x
= ,
####" "
"
vi
k
i
"
l vecto don vi tren truc x
k
v dieu kien
tren c the viet dui dang:
0
k
M
f
0 (k 1 n)
x
= =
.
iem M
0
thoa mn dieu kien tren duoc goi l diem dng. Nhu vay, neu tai diem
cuc tri, cc dao hm rieng ton tai th chng phai triet tieu, cc dieu kien ny l nhng
dieu kien can cua cuc tri. Dua tren dieu kien can, ta s tm cuc tri cua hm so chi tai cc
diem dng hoac cc diem m tai d, t nhat mot dao hm rieng
k
f
x
khong ton tai (Cc

diem ny duoc goi chung l cc diem toi han cua hm so).
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

3. iu kin ca cc tr t- ng i
a) Hm so kha vi U = f(M) chi c the dat cuc tri tai cc diem dng M
0
m tai d:
df(M
0
) = 0.
Tai diem M
o
, hm f(M) c:
+ Cuc dai neu:
df(M
0
) = 0, d
2
f(M
0
) < 0:
+ Cuc tieu neu:
df(M
0
) = 0, d
2
f(M
0
) > 0.
Neu df(M
0
) = 0, d
2
f(M
0
) = 0, can xt them dau cua vi phan cap cao hon cua hm f
tai M
0
.

b) Vi hm so cua hai bien so doc lap: z = f(x, y), ta xt cuc tri nhu sau:
+ Giai he hai phuong trnh
f'
x
(x, y) = 0:
f'
y
(x, y) = 0
de tm diem dng M
0
(x
0
, y
0
) (neu c).
+ Tnh
D = B
2
-AC,
vi A = ( )
''
xx 0
f M , B = ( )
''
xy 0
f M , C = ( )
''
yy 0
f M .
Neu D < 0 v A > 0 (C > 0) th c cuc tieu tai M
0
.
Neu D < 0 v A < 0 (C < 0) th c cuc dai tai M
0
.
Neu D > 0 th khong co cuc tri tai M
0
.
Neu D = 0 th tai M
0
c the c cuc tri hoac khong, can xt them bang phuong
php khc.

c) Vi hm kha vi n-bien so, ngoi cch xt dieu kien du nhu o muc a) (dng vi phan
cap mot, cap hai), ta cn c the dng ma tran Heissein. l mot ma tran vuong
H(M) c dang nhu sau:

2 2 2
2
1 2 1 n
i
2 2 2
2
2
2 1 2 n
2
i j
2 2 2
2
n 1 n 2
n
f f f
...
x x x x
x
f f f
...
f
x x x x
x
x x
... ... ... ...
f f f
...
x x x x
x

=

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.
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v
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Vi gia thiet hm f(M) kha vi, c dao hm rieng lien tuc cho ti cap hai, ma tran
Hessein H(M) luon luon l mot ma tran vuong, doi xng. Khi d, cac tu thuc chinh cua
ma tran H(M
0
) duoc tnh nhu sau:

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
0
2
1 0
2
1
M
2 2
2
1 2
1 2
2 0
2 2
M
2
2 1
2
M
n 0 0
f
M
x
f f

x x
x
M AC B
f f

x x
x
. . .
M det H M .

D =

D = = -

D =

Khi d, cc dieu kien du cua cuc tri tuong doi duoc pht bieu theo 4 trung hop sau:
1) Neu D
j
(M
0
) > 0 "j = 1, 2, ..., n, ma tran H(M) duoc goi l xac dinh duong tai M
0

v hm f dat cuc tieu tai d.
2) Neu (-1)
j
D
j
(M
0
) > 0 "j = 1, 2, ..., n, tc l: D
1
< 0, D
2
> 0, D
3
< 0, v.v... (dau cua
cc tu thc chnh dan nhau, tu thc vi chi so le th am, vi chi so chan th
duong), ma tran H(M) duoc goi l xac dinh am tai M
0
v hm f dat cuc dai tai d.
3) Neu D
1
(M
0
) > 0 v D
j
(M
0
) 0 "j = 2, ..., n, ma tran H(M) duoc goi l (ban) nua
xac dinh duong.
Neu D
1
(M
0
) < 0 v (-1)
j
D
j
(M
0
) 0 "j = 2, ..., n, ma tran H(M) duoc goi l (ban)
nua xac dinh am.
Ca hai trung hop ny deu khong cho ta ket luan ngay ve cuc tri. Can dng
phuong php khc.
4) Neu H(M) khong thoa mn tat ca cc trung hop neu tren, ta ni ma tran ny
khong xac dinh tai M
0
v diem dng ny s khong phai l diem cuc tri.
5. Cc tr c iu kin ca hm n-bin
Gia su ta phai tm cuc tri tuong doi cua hm y = f(M) xc dinh tren mien W R
n

thoa mn m dieu kien: g
i
(M) = b
i
(i = 1, 2, ..., m).
O day, m < n v cc hm f, g
i
kha vi, lien tuc cng vi cc dao hm rieng cua
chng ti cap can thiet. (Chang han, vi n = 2, m = 1 ta s phai tm cuc tri cua hm hai
bien f(x
1
: x
2
) vi dieu kien g(x
1
: x
2
) = b).
a) au tien, ta xt hm +agrange:
L(M: l) = f(M) +
m
i
i 1 =
l
[g
i
(M) - b
i
]
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l hm cua (n + m) bien (tc l x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
v l
1
, l
2
, ..., l
m
). Ngui ta goi cc tham so
l
i
(i = 1, 2, ..., m) l cac nhan tu +agrange.

b) Xt dieu kien can cua cuc tri c dieu kien gom cc buc sau day:
1) Tm cc diem dng cua hm Lagrange, tc l tm nghiem cua he gom (m + n)
phuong trnh dui day:

m
i
i
j j j i 1
i i
i
g L f
0 (j 1, 2, 3, ...., n)
x x x

L
g (M) b 0 (i 1, 2, 3, ....., m)
=

= + l = =
= - = =

Gia su he ny cho ta cc diem dng dang:

( )
0 0 0 0 0
1 2 m 1 n
, , ..., : x , ..., x l l l
2) Lap ma tran Hessein H
L
cua hm Lagrange v dat n vo trong ma tran vien
H
A
(M), c dang:
( )
( )
m m
A
L
0 J
H M ........... .....
J' H

=

$
$
$
:
i
j
m,n
g
J
x

trong d
m m
(O)

l ma tran vuong gom cc phan tu deu bang 0, H
L
l ma tran Hessein
cua hm Lagrange (gom n hng, n cot), ma tran J v ma tran chuyen vi J` cua n duoc
tnh theo cc dao hm rieng cap mot cua m hm g
i
(M) theo n bien x
j
.

c) Xt dieu kien du cua cuc tri c dieu kien. Cc trung hop xay ra:
1) Neu (n - m) tu thuc chinh sau cng cua H
A
tai M
0
deu duong vi m chan hoac
deu am vi m le tc l:
(-1)
m
D
j
(M
0
: l
0
) > 0
( )
chi so
j 2m 1, ... , m n 1, m n
n m
" = + + - +
-
%&&&&&'&&&&&(

th M
0
l diem cuc tieu tuong doi.

2) Neu (n - m) tu thc chnh sau cng cua H
A
tai M
0
c tnh dan dau v tu thc th
(2m + 1) am khi m chan, duong khi m le, tc l:
(-1)
j m
D
j
(M
0
: l
0
) > 0
( )

j 2m 1, ... , m n 1, m n
n m chi so
" = + + - +
-
%&&&&&'&&&&&(

th M
0
l diem cuc dai tuong doi.
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3) Neu ma tran H
A
(M
0
: l
0
) l ban xac dinh duong, tc l:
(-1)
m
D
j
(M
0
: l
0
) 0:
hoac ban xac dinh am, tc l:
(-1)
j m
D
j
(M
0
: l
0
) 0:
vi:
( )

j 2m 1, ... , m n 1, m n
n m chi so
" = + + - +
-
%&&&&&'&&&&&(
th ta chua the ket luan M
0
l diem cuc tri hay
khong. Gap trung hop ny, ta phai tm phuong phap khac de xc dinh cuc tri.
4) Neu ma tran H
A
khong roi vo ba trung hop tren th ta ni H
A
l khong xac dinh
tai M
0
v diem dng ny khong the l diem cuc tri.
5. Cc quy tc kho st hm mt bin
a) Quy tac (de xt chieu bien thien v cuc tri)

x x
0
x x
0
y`
- 0
+
y`
+ 0
-
y y
CT
y y
C

Ch l hm f(x) phai: lien tuc trong khoang (a, b) cha diem toi han x
0
, c dao
hm f'(x) hu han trong mien a < x < x
0
v x
0
< x < b v f'(x) phai doi dau khi x chuyen
qua x
0
, th chieu bien thien v cuc tri cua f(x) duoc xt nhu o bang tren.
Dieu kien can v du de f(x) dong (nghich) bien tren (a: b) l:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x 0 f ' x 0 x a: b , "
dang thc f'(x) = 0 khong xay ra tren mot khoang lien tuc, m chi c the xay ra tai mot
so diem ri rac trong (a: b).

b) Khao st tnh loi, lm, tm diem uon cua do thi hm so
+ Neu x (a: b), " f"(x) > 0 th hm f(x) loi (Do thi quay be l,m len phia tren)
tren (a: b): Tat ca cc tiep tuyen cua do thi hm so trong (a: b) deu nam phia duoi
do thi.
+ Neu x (a: b), " f"(x) < 0 th hm f(x) l,m (Do thi quay be l,m xuong phia duoi)
tren (a: b): Tat ca cc tiep tuyen cua do thi hm so trong (a: b) deu nam phia tren
do thi.
+ ieu kien can v du de f(x) loi (lm) tren (a: b) l:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f '' x 0 f '' x 0 x a: b , "
dang thc f"(x) = 0 khong xay ra tren mot khoang lien tuc, m chi c the xay ra
tai mot so diem ri rac trong khoang ny.
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+ Diem uon cua do thi (C): y = f(x) l diem phan chia khoang loi lm cua (C), tiep
tuyen tai d 'xuyen qua do thi hm so. Tai diem uon, dao hm cap hai cua hm
duoc xt triet tieu hoac khong xc dinh, dong thi qua x = x
U
dao hm cap hai
phai doi dau.

c) Quy tac (de tm cuc tri v t d suy ra chieu bien thien )
Neu hm so f(x) c:
+ ao hm ti cap hai tai moi x thuoc lan can x
0
,
+ f'(x
0
) = 0 v f"(x
0
) 0
th f(x) dat cuc tri tai x
0
(cuc dai khi f"(x
0
) < 0, cuc tieu khi f"(x
0
) > 0).

d) Quy tac tong qut:
Gia su hm so f(x) c dao hm lien tiep den cap n trong khoang ( )
0 0
x : x - d + d
v tai diem x
0
:
f`(x
0
) = f"(x
0
) = ... = f
(n - 1)
(x
0
) = 0, cn f
(n)
(x
0
) 0
Khi d:
+ Neu n chan, f(x) dat cuc tri: cuc dai khi f
(n)
(x
0
) < 0, cuc tieu khi f
(n)
(x
0
) > 0.
+ Neu n le, f(x) khong dat cuc tri tai x
0
.
T quy tac tong qut, vi n = 2 ta suy ra quy tac .

e) Gi tri ln nhat (gi tri nho nhat) cua hm so lien tuc f(x) tren doan [a, b] c the dat
hoac tai diem ti han, hoac tai hai dau mt a, b cua doan d cho. Neu trong khoang
(a, b) hm so f(x) c cuc tri duy nhat, th cuc tri ay chnh l cuc tri tuyet doi cua hm
so tren doan [a, b]. Neu trong (a: b) c nhieu diem cuc tri th sau khi so snh cc gi
tri cuc dai (tuong doi) vi f(a): f(b) ta s c gia tri lon nhat, k hieu
[ ] x a: b
max f(x)
hay
[ ] x a: b
GTLNf(x).
Tuong tu, sau khi so snh cc gi tri cuc tieu (tuong doi) vi f(a): f(b)
ta s c gia tri nh$ nhat , k hieu
[ ] x a: b
min f(x)
hay
[ ] x a: b
GTBNf(x).

Cc quy tac tm cuc tri hm mot bien va neu trong muc 5 deu c the suy truc
tiep t noi dung cc muc 1, 2, 3 o phan ny.
Ch y cho phan -..././&
+ e tm cuc tri tuong doi co dieu kien cua mot hm nhieu bien, ta cn c the tien
hnh theo cach loai dan !n so, de dua bi ton ban dau ve cc bi ton c so bien
t hon.
+ e tm cuc tri tuyet doi ta cn c the p dung cc bat dng thuc.
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1.2.3.4. Hnh vi phan
1. Hnh vi phn trong mt phng
a) o cong C cua mot dung cong phang tai mot diem
Vi dung cong phang:
+ c phuong trnh
y y(x): a x b = :

( )
3
2
2
y''
C(x, y)
1 y'
=
+

+ c phuong trnh

1 2
x x(t): y y(t): t t t = =

( )
3
2 2
2
x' y'' x'' y'
C(t)
x' y'
-
=
+

+ c phuong trnh
r r( ): = j a j b:

( )
2 2
3
2 2
2
r 2r ' rr ''
C( )
r r '
+ -
j =
+

Ban kinh cong cua dung cong tai M l:
( )
( )
1
R M
C M
=
Trung hop ( ) C M 0 = , ta ni bn knh cong ( ) R M . =
Tren php tuyen cua dung cong tai M hung ve pha lm cua dung cong (phap
tuyen duong), lay diem sao cho M R(M) = . iem duoc goi l khc tam (tam cong)
cua dung cong dang xt ng vi diem M. ung trn tam bn knh M R(M) = duoc
goi l dung trn chinh khc (mat tiep) cua dung cong tai M.
Khi M di dong tren dung cong L, tam cong tuong ng vi M s vach nen dung
tc be I cua L. Khi d, L duoc goi l dung than khai cua I.

b) Hnh bao cua mot ho dung cong phang phu thuoc tham so.
+ inh nghia
Neu moi dung cong cua ho dung L deu tiep xc vi mot dung cong (C) v
nguoc lai, moi diem tren (C) deu l mot tiep diem gia (C) v mot dung thuoc ho L th
ta ni (C) l hinh bao cua ho L.
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.
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.
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+ Quy tac tm hnh bao cua ho dung cong phu thuoc mot tham so
Gia su ho dung cong L c phuong trnh F(x, y, m) = 0 vi m l tham so. Khu m
trong he phuong trnh:

( )
( )
m
F x, y, m 0
F' x, y, m 0
=

ta s duoc mot he thc ( ) x, y 0. F = Loai bo di nhng diem k di (neu c) cua ho L (tc
l nhng diem tai d ( ) ( )
x y
F' x, y, m F' x, y, m 0 = = ) cng thoa mn he thc tm duoc
ny, ta s c phuong trnh cua hnh bao ho L.

2. Hnh vi phn trong khng gian
a) o cong C cua mot dung cong ghenh tai mot diem
Vi dung cong trong khong gian (cn goi l dung cong ghenh):
+ c phuong trnh tham so:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
x x t : y y t : z z t : t t t = = = :

( )
2 2 2
3
2 2 2
2
x' y' y' z ' z ' x'
x'' y'' y'' z '' z '' x''
C(t)
x' y' z '
+ +
=
+ +

+ c phuong trinh tu hm:
( ) ( ) ( )
A B
x x s : y y s : z z s : s s s = = =
vi s l toa do tu nhien xc dinh tren dung cong AB:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
C s x'' s y'' s z'' s = + +

b) Tiep tuyen v php dien cua mot dung cong tai mot diem
Gia su phuong trnh dung cong L duoc cho theo tham so:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
x x t : y y t : z z t : t t t = = =
Khi d, phuong trinh tiep tuyen cua L tai diem ( )
0 0 0 0
M x , y , z ng vi
0
t t =
c dang:

( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
0 0 0
X x Y y Z z
x' t y' t z' t
- - -
= =
vi: ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
0 0 0
x' t y' t z ' t 0 + + :
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cn phuong trinh phap dien cua L tai diem ( )
0 0 0 0
M x , y , z ng vi
0
t t = c dang:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
0 0 0 0 0 0
x' t ) X x y' t Y y z ' t Z z 0 - + - + - =
vi: ( ) 0 ) ( ' ) ( ' ) ( '
0
2
0
2
0
2
+ + t z t y t x .

c) Php tuyen v tiep dien cua mat cong tai mot diem
Gia su phuong trnh mat cong S trong khong gian l
( ) F x, y, z 0 = .
Khi d, phuong trinh phap tuyen cua S tai diem ( )
0 0 0 0
M x , y , z c dang:

( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 0
x 0 y 0 z 0
X x Y y Z z
F' M F' M F' M
- - -
= =
vi: ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
' 2 ' 2 ' 2
x 0 y 0 z 0
F M F M F M 0 + + :
cn phuong trinh tiep dien cua S tai diem ( )
0 0 0 0
M x , y , z c dang:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' ' '
x 0 0 y 0 0 z 0 0
F M X x F M Y y F M Z z 0 - + - + - =
vi: ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
' 2 ' 2 ' 2
x 0 y 0 z 0
F M F M F M 0 + +
1.2.4. Php tnh tch phn
1.2.4.1. Tch phan bat dinh
1. Cc nh ngha
Neu
F'(x) f(x)
x X
dF(x) f(x)dx
=
"

th f(x)dx F(x) C = +
,
trong d:
F(x) - mot nguyen hm cua f(x) tren tap X:
C - hang so ty .

Iich phan bat dinh cua f(x)dx l tap hop tat ca cc nguyen hm cua hm f(x) (ho
nguyen hm sai khc nhau mot hang so cong) tren tap X.
Neu hm f(x) lien tuc tren tap X th ho nguyen hm cua n luon ton tai.
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2. Mt s tnh cht v quy tc n gin
1) ( )
( )
( )
'
f x dx f x =
x X "
2) ( )
( )
( ) d f x dx f x dx =
x X "
3) ( ) ( ) ( ) d F x F x C = +
x X "
4) ( ) ( ) kf x dx k f x dx C = +

(k = const)
5) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
f x f x f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx + - = + -

6) udv uv vdu = -

(cong thc tich phan tng phan)
7) ( ) ( ) ( )
'
f x dx f t t dt = j j

( ) x t = j (cong thc doi bien so)

3. Cc tch phn c bn
1)
m 1
m
x
x dx C
m 1
+
= +
+
(m 1)
2)
dx
n x C
x
= +
l
3)
x x
e dx e dx C = +

4)
x
x
a
a dx C
na
= +
l
(0 < a 1)
5) cos xdx sin x C = +

6) sin xdx cos x C = - +

7)
2
dx
tgx C
cos x
= +

8)
2
dx
cot gx C
sin x
= - +

9) tgxdx n cos x C = - +
l
10) cot gxdx n sin x C = +
l
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11)
2 2
dx 1 x
arctg C
a a
x a
= +
+

12)
2 2
dx 1 x a
n C
2a x a
x a
-
= +
+
-
l
13)
( )
n
n
2 2
dx
a x
=

tnh theo cong thc truy hoi:

( )
n 1 n
2 n
2 2
1 x
(2n 1)
2na
a x
+

= + -

14)
2
dx 1 2ax b
n C
2ax b ax bx c
+ - D
= +
D + + D + +
l
vi:
2
b 4ac 0 D = - >

15)
2
dx 2 2ax b
arctg C
ax bx c
+
= +
-D -D + +

vi:
2
b 4ac 0 D = - <

16)
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
x a
x a dx x a ln x x a C
2 2
= + +

17) ( ) ( ) ( )
x x
e f x f ' x dx e f x C + = +

18)
2 2
2 2
dx
n x x a C
x a
= + +
l
19) ( )
x
x
2 2
e
e sin xdx sin x cos x C
a
a
b = a b -b b +
a +b

20)
2
2 2 2 2
x a x
a x dx a x arcsin C
2 2 a
- = - + +

21)
2 2
dx x
arcsin C
a
a x
= +
-

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1.2.4.2. Tch phan xc dinh
1. nh ngha
Tch phan xc dinh cua f(x)dx tren [ ] a: b :
( ) ( )
i
b
n
i i
max x 0
i 1
a
f x dx lim f c x ,
D
=
= D

vi dieu kien l gii han o ve phai ton tai (xc dinh, hu han) vi moi cch chia [a: b]
thnh n doan nho ty v vi moi cch chon c
i
tren doan con th i, c do di
i
x D .
Khi d, hm f(x) duoc goi l kha tich tren [a: b]. C the chng minh duoc l moi hm
lien tuc tren mot doan kin (tr ra mot so hu han diem gian doan loai #, neu co) luon
kha tich tren doan ny.
2. Mt s tnh cht v cng thc c bn
1) Cong thc Niu-ton & Lai-nit:
( ) ( )
b
b
a
a
f x dx F x =
= F(b) - F(a),
trong d F(x) l mot nguyen hm cua f(x) tren [a:b].
2) ( ) ( )
b a
a b
f x dx f x dx = -

3) ( ) ( ) ( )
b c b
a a c
f x dx f x dx f x dx = +

(Cong tnh)
4) ( ) ( )
b b
a a
kf x dx k f x dx =

(k = const)
5) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b b b b
1 2 3 1 2 3
a a a a
f x f x f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx + - = + -

Cc tnh chat 4), 5) the hien tinh chat tuyen tinh cua tch phan xc dinh.
6) Neu ( ) ( ) [ ] f x g x x a: b "
th ( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x dx g x dx

(Tnh bao ton th tu).
T tnh chat ny, ta c:
Neu ( ) [ ] f x 0 x a: b "
th ( )
b
a
f x dx 0

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7) Cong thc trung bnh tch phan
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
b b
a a
f x x dx f x dx j = x j

vi f(x) v (x) j lien tuc tren doan [a, b] v (x) j khong doi dau tren doan d: a < x < b
(Ngui ta goi x l mot gia tri trung binh trong (a: b)).
Trung hop (x) j 1 tren [a, b]:
( ) ( )
b
a
1
f f x dx
b a
x =
-

duoc goi l gia tri trung binh tich phan cua hm ( ) f x dx tren
[ ]
a: b .
8)
b b
b
a
a a
udv u v vdu = -

(Cong thc tich phan tng phan)
9) ( ) ( ) ( )
b
a
f x dx f t ' t dt
b
a
= j j

(Cong thc doi bien so x (t) = j )
10) ao hm cua tch phan xc dinh theo can tren:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
x
a
d
f t dt f x ' x
dx
j

= j j

3. Din tch hnh phng
a) Hinh thang cong (D) gii han boi cc dung trong he toa do ecc vuong gc (xOy):

( ) ( )
1 2
x a: x b a:
y f x : y f x
= = >
= =

c dien tch
( ) ( )
b
1 2
a
S f x f x dx = -
(Hnh 1.2.1).
b) Hinh phng (D) gii han boi cc dung trong he toa do cuc:

( ) ( )
1 2 1
1 2
: :
r r : r r
j = j j = j > j
= j = j

c dien tch
( ) ( )
2
1
2 2
1 2
1
S r r d
2
j
j
= j - j j
(Hnh 1.2.2).
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Hnh 1.2.1

Hnh 1.2.2

4. Th tch vt th
a) Vat the nam theo truc x (a x b) c dien tch thiet dien vuong gc vi truc Ox tai
x l S(x) s c the tch tnh theo cong thc:
( )
b
a
V S x dx =

b) Vat the trn xoay, tao boi hnh thang cong (D):

( )
a x b:
y 0:
y f x

quay quanh truc 0x c the tch tnh theo cong thc:
( )
b b
2 2
x
a a
V y dx f x dx = p = p

(Hnh 1.2.3).
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Hnh 1.2.3

c) Vat the trn xoay, tao boi hnh thang cong (D):

( )
0 a x b:
y 0:
y f x 0

quay quanh truc 0y c the tch tnh theo cong thc:
( )
b b
y
a a
V 2 xydx 2 xf x dx = p = p

Cng c the tnh V
y
theo cong thc o muc b) sau khi doi vai tr: x l hm cua
bien y (Hm nguoc cua hm y = f(x) (neu c)).

5. Mt s ng dng khc ca tch phn xc nh
a) o di dung cong phang
)
AB
+ c phuong trnh y y(x): a x b = l:
( )
b
2
a
s 1 y' x dx = +

+ c phuong trnh ( ) ( )
1 2
x x t : y y t : t t t = = l:

2
1
t
2 2
t
s x' y' dt = +

+ c phuong trnh ( ) r r : = j a j b l:

2 2
s r r ' d
b
a
= + j

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b) Dien tch mat trn xoay tao boi dung cong phang c phuong trnh:
y y(x) 0: (a x b) =
quay mot vng xung quanh truc Ox l:

b
2
a
S 2 y 1 y' dx = p +

c) Cong cua mot luc bien doi F F(x) = c phuong Ox khi diem dat cua luc di chuyen t
x a = den x b = l:

b
a
A F(x)dx =

d) Khoi luong m cua vat khong dong chat c hm mat do:
(x): (a x b) r = r
duoc tnh theo cc cong thc sau:
+ ung cong vi phuong trnh y y(x) = c:
( )
b
2
a
m (x) 1 y' x dx = r +

+ Tam phang hay mat cong S c:
( ) ( )
b
a
m x dS x = r

(dS(x) l vi phan dien tch phu thuoc theo x tren S).
+ Vat the V c:
( ) ( )
b
a
m x dV x = r

(dV(x) l vi phan the tch phu thuoc theo x tren V).

e) p luc chat long c mat do r khong doi len mot mat S nhng trong chat long t do
sau a den do sau b (a < b) duoc tnh theo cong thc:

b
a
P xdS(x) = r

(dS(x) l dien tch dai hep o do sau x tren mat S).
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6. Tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh
a) Dng chuoi hm ly tha
Khai trien hm dui dau tch phan thnh chuoi ly tha. Do chuoi hm ly tha
luon hoi tu deu trong mien hoi tu cua n, ta c the tch phan theo tng so hang cua
chuoi tren [a: b] nm trong mien hoi tu v dnh gi duoc sai so cua php tnh gan dng.

b) Dng cong thc hnh ch nhat
Chia [a: b] thnh n doan nho bang nhau, nh cc diem chia:
x
0
= a < x
1
< x
2
< ... < x
n
= b,
khi d: ( ) ( )
b
1/ 2 3/ 2 n / 2
a
b a
f x dx y y ... y
n
-
+ + +

trong d:
k 1 k
k / 2
x x
y f
2
-
+
=

( ) k 1, 2, ..., n . =
c) Dng cong thc hnh thang
Chia [a: b] thnh n doan nho bang nhau, nhu o muc b) v tnh:
( )
b
0 n
1 2 n 1
a
y y b a
f x dx y y ... y
n 2
-
+ -
+ + + +

,
trong d:
( ) ( )
k k
y f x : k 0, 1, ..., n = =
Sai so
( )
3
2
b a M
:
12n
-
d <
[ ]
( )
x a:b
M max f " x .
=

d) Dng cong thc parabon (Cong thc Sympson)
( ) ( ) ( )
b
0 n 1 3 n 1 2 4 n 2
a
b a
f x dx y y 4 y y ... y 2 y y ... y
3n
- -
-
+ + + + + + + + +

trong d:
( ) ( )
k k
y f x : k 0, 1, ..., n = =
Sai so
( )
5
4
b a M
:
180n
-
d <
[ ]
( )
(4)
x a:b
M max f x .
=
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1.2.4.3. Tch phan suy rong
1. Tch phn vi cn v hn (Tch phn suy rng loi I)
a) Cc dinh nghia tch phan suy rong loai

b
b
a a
b b
a
a
c b
a b
a c
f(x)dx lim f(x)dx
f(x)dx lim f(x)dx
f(x)dx lim f(x)dx lim f(x)dx
+
+
-
-
+
- +
-
=
=
= +

Neu cc gii han o ve phai ton tai th tch phan suy rong tuong ng o ve tri l
hoi tu: Nguoc lai, neu mot trong cc gii han ay khong ton tai th tch phan suy rong o
ve tri tuong ng l phan k". Ngoi ra, hm f(x) phai lien tuc tren bat k doan kn no
nam trong mien lay tch phan duoc xt.

b) Cc tieu chuan so snh doi vi tch phan suy rong loai
Xt hai tch phan suy rong loai :

f
a
f(x)dx
+
=

v
g
a
g(x)dx
+
=

trong d: f(x), g(x) l hai hm lien tuc tren [ ) a, + .
+ Tieu chuan :
Vi gia thiet l: f(x) Ag(x) x a: A const 0 " = > , neu
g
hoi tu th
f
cng hoi
tu, cn neu
f
phan ky th
g
cng phan ky.

+ Tieu chuan :
Vi f(x) v g(x) l hai vo cng b cng bac trong qu trnh x + (nghia l:
x
f(x)
lim k
g(x) +
= (khc 0 v hu han)) th
f
v
g
s cng hoi tu hoac cng phan k".
Ngui ta thung so snh cc tch phan suy rong loai vi

1
dx
x
+
a
=

.
Dng dinh nghia c the chng minh duoc: hoi tu khi a > 1 v phan ky khi a 1.
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2. Tch phn ca hm khng b chn (Tch phn suy rng loi II)
a) Cc dinh nghia
Gia su hm so f(x) c gin doan loai hai (gin doan vo han) tai diem x
0
(a x
0
b),
khi d:

0
0
x b b
0 0
a a x
f(x)dx lim f(x)dx lim f(x)dx
-e
e d
+d
= +

(a < x
0
< b)

b b
0
a a
f(x)dx lim f(x)dx
e
+e
=

(x
0
= a)

b b
0
a a
f(x)dx lim f(x)dx
-e
e
=

(x
0
= b)
e tch phan suy rong o ve tri hoi tu, cc gii han tuong ng o ve phai phai ton
tai: nguoc lai, neu t nhat mot trong cc gii han d khong ton tai th tch phan tuong
ng phan k".

b) Cc tieu chuan so snh doi vi tch phan suy rong loai
Xt hai tch phan suy rong loai :

b
f
a
f(x)dx =

v
b
g
a
g(x)dx =

trong d: f(x), g(x) l hai hm lien tuc tren [ ] { }
0
a, b \ x v c gin doan vo han tai
0
x .
+ Tieu chuan :
Vi gia thiet l: [ ] f(x) Ag(x) x a: b : A const 0 " = > , neu
g
hoi tu th
f
cng
hoi tu, cn neu
f
phan ky th
g
cng phan ky.
+ Tieu chuan :
Vi f(x) v g(x) l hai vo cng lon cng bac trong qu trnh
0
x x (nghia l:
0
x x
f(x)
lim k
g(x)
= (khc 0 v hu han)) th
f
v
g
s cng hoi tu hoac cng phan k".
Ngui ta thung so snh cc tch phan suy rong loai vi:

( )
b
1 0
a
dx
J (x b)
b x
a
= =
-

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v
n

hoac
( )
b
2 0
a
dx
J (x a)
x a
a
= =
-
.
Dng dinh nghia c the chng minh duoc: J
1
, J
2
hoi tu khi a < 1 v phan ky khi a 1.
1.2.4.4. Tch phan boi
1. Tch phn hai lp (Tch phn kp)
a) ( ) ( )
2
1
(x) b
D a (x)
f x, y dxdy f x, y dy dx
j
j

=

(Tch phan lap, hnh 1.2.4)

Hnh 1.2.4

b) Cong thc doi bien so doi vi tch phan hai lp.
Vi php doi bien:

x x(u, v)
y y(u, v)
=

c dinh thc
x x

D(x, y)
u v
y y D(u, v)

u v

=

,
ta c cong thc:
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( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
D
D x, y
f x: y dxdy f x u, v : y u, v dudv.
D u, v
s
=

Chang han khi chuyen sang he toa do cuc: ( ) r, j vi:
x r cos = j:
y r sin = j,
th
( )
( )
D x, y
r
D r,
=
j

v ta c:
( ) [ ]
D
f x: y dxdy f r cos : r sin r dr d
s
= j j j

Trong cc cong thc doi bien tren, s l anh cua mien D trong php doi tuong ng.

c) Cc ng dung cua tch phan hai lp
+ 1ien tich hinh phng D c gi tri bang:

D
dxdy rdrd
s
= j

+ Ihe tich hinh tru cong gii han boi mat tru c dung sinh vuong gc vi (xOy),
dy l hnh phang D nam trong (xOy) v mat cong c phuong trnh z = f(x, y)
duoc tnh theo cong thc:
( )
D
V f x, y dxdy =

+ Ioa do trong tam cua hnh phang:
( )
c
D
1
x x x, y dxdy:
m
= r

( )
c
D
1
y y x, y dxdy
m
= r

trong d:
r(x, y) - hm mat do:
m - khoi luong cua hnh phang, ( )
D
m x, y dxdy = r
.

+ Momen quan tinh cua mot hnh phang doi vi goc toa do:

( )
2 2
0
D
x y dxdy = +

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2. Tch phn ba lp (Tch phn bi ba)
a) Tch phan lap:
( ) ( )
x
b
V a
f x, y, z dxdydz dx f x, y, z dydz
s
= =

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1 1
x x,y
b
a x x,y
dx dy f x, y, z dz
j y
j y
=

(Hnh 1.2.5)

Hnh 1.2.5

b) Cong thc doi bien so trong tch phan ba lp:
( ) f x: y: z dxdydz
W
=

= ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
D x, y, z
f x u, v, w : y u, v, w : z u, v, w dudvdw
D u, v, w
w

trong d: w l anh cua mien W qua php doi bien: (x, y, z) (u, v, w).
Chang han, neu chuyen sang toa do tru:

x r cos
y r sin
z z
= j
= j

th
( )
( )
D x, y, z
r.
D r, , z
=
j

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Neu chuyen sang toa do cau:

x r sin cos
y r sin sin
z r cos
= q j
= q j
= q

th:
( )
( )
2
D x, y, z
r sin .
D r, ,
= q
j q

c) Cc ng dung cua tch phan ba lp
+ The tch vat the:
V =
V
dxdydz
+ Toa do khoi tam cua vat the khong dong chat:

( )
( )
( )
c
V
c
V
c
V
1
x x x, y, z dxdydz
m
1
y y x, y, z dxdydz
m
1
z z x, y, z dxdydz
m
= r
= r
= r

trong d:
m = ( )
V
x, y, z dxdydz r
l khoi luong cua vat the V:

( ) x, y, z r l hm mat do.

+ Momen qun tnh cua vat the doi vi cc truc toa do:

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
x
V
2 2
y
V
2 2
z
V
y z x, y, z dxdydz
x z x, y, z dxdydz
x y x, y, z dxdydz
= + r
= + r
= + r

1.2.4.5. Tch phan dung
1. Tch phn - ng loi I (Tch phan lay theo do di cung)
( )
)
AB
f M ds

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v
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a) Vi cung
)
( ) AB xOy :
+ c phuong trnh: y y(x): a x b = :
( ) ( )
)
b
2
a AB
f x, y ds f x, y x 1 y' dx = +

+ c phuong trnh tham so:
1 2
x x(t): y y(t): t t t = =
( ) ( )
)
2
1
t
2 2
t AB
f x, y ds f x(t), y t x' y' dt = +

+ c phuong trnh ( ) r r : = j a j b
( ) [ ]
)
2 2
AB
f x, y ds f r cos , r sin r r ' d
b
a
= j j + j

b) Vi cung
)
( ) AB xOyz c phuong trnh
1 2
x x(t): y y(t): z z(t) t t t = = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
)
2
1
t
2 2 2
t AB
f x, y, z ds f x t , y t : z t x' y' z ' dt = + +

c) Toa do khoi tam cua
)
( ) AB xOyz khong dong chat:

( )
)
( )
)
( )
)
0
AB
0
AB
0
AB
1
x x M )ds:
m
1
y y M ds:
m
1
z z M ds
m
= r
= r
= r

vi:
m - khoi luong cua dung cong, ( )
)
AB
m M ds = r
:
r(M) - hm mat do.

2. Tch phn - ng loi II (Tch phan dung lay theo toa do)
a) inh nghia
{ }
) )
AB AB
Pdx Qdy Rdz P cos Qcos Rcos ds + + = a + b + g

trong d:
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v
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P, Q, R - cc hm cua ba bien x, y, z:
cosa, cosb, cosg - ba hm cosin chi hung cua tiep tuyen dung cong hung theo
chieu di t A den B. (Neu lay theo chieu nguoc lai t B den A,
tch phan dung loai s doi dau).

b) Vi cung
)
( ) AB xOy :
+ c phuong trnh: y y(x): a x b =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
)
b
a AB
P x, y dx Q x, y dy P x, y x Q x, y x y' x dx + = +

+ c phuong trnh tham so: ( ) ( )
1 2
x x t : y y t : t t t = =

( ) ( )
)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2
1
AB
t
t
P x, y dx Q x, y dy
P x t , y t x' t Q x t , y t y' t dt
+ =
= +

c) Vi cung
)
( ) AB xOyz c phuong trnh
1 2
x x(t): y y(t): z z(t) t t t = = =
( )
)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
t
,
t AB
P x, y, z dx P x t , y t , z t x t dt =

Vi cc tch phan dung loai hai, lay theo cc bien y, z ta s c cc cong thc
tuong tu.

d) Tren mot dung cong kn (L), ngoi cch tham so ha (L) nhu o muc c, tch
phan dung loai hai cn duoc tnh bang cch chia (L) thnh nhieu dung cong nho,
tron tng khc hoac bang cong thuc Corin (lien he gia tch phan dung v tch phan
hai lp):
( ) ( )
C D
Q P
P x, y dx Q x, y dy dxdy
x y

+ = -

*

trong d:
D - hnh phang, gii han boi dung cong kn C tron tng khc (chon chieu cua C sao
cho di theo chieu ny, ta luon thay mien D o pha ben tri):
P, Q - nhng hm hai bien so x, y lien tuc tren C cng vi cc dao hm rieng lien tuc
trong D (hnh 1.2.6).
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Hnh 1.2.6

e) Cc ng dung cua tch phan dung loai
2 Dien tch hnh phang gii han boi dung cong kn (C) duoc tnh theo cong thc:
( )
D
C C C
1
S xdy ydx xdy ydx
2
= - = = -
* * *

tch phan lay theo chieu duong cua (C).
+ Cong cua mot luc bien doi F(M)
c ba thnh phan (toa do): (P, Q, R) khi diem

dat cua n di chuyen tren
)
AB t A den B l:
{ }
) )
AB AB
Pdx Qdy Rdz P cos Qcos Rcos ds + + = a + b + g

+ Bon menh de tuong duong
Gia thiet P, Q l cc hm hai bien x, y lien tuc cng cc dao hm rieng cua chng
tren mien phang D (xOy). Khi d, trong mien D, bon menh de sau day l tuong duong:
1) Pdx + Qdy l mot vi phan ton phan cua mot hm U(x, y) no d.
2)
P Q
y x

=

3)
L
Pdx Qdy 0 + =
*
vi moi dung cong kn (L) tron tng khc, nam tron trong D.
4)
)
AB
Pdx Qdy U(B) U(A) + = -
khong phu thuoc vo dung di t A den B.

1.2.4.6. Tch phan mat
1. Tch phn mt loi I (tch phan lay theo dien tch mat cong)
( )
S
f M dS

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a) Vi mat cong S c phuong trnh l z z(x, y) = , goi D l hnh chieu cua mat S len mat
phang toa do xOy v
z
p ,
x

z
q
y
, tch phan mat loai duoc tnh theo cong thc:

( ) ( )
2 2
S D
f x, y, z dS f x, y, z x, y 1 p q dxdy = + +

b)
2 2
S S
dS 1 p q dS = + +

c gi tri bang dien tich cua mt cong S.

c) Toa do khoi tam cua mot mat S khong dong chat:

0
S
0
S
0
S
1
x x (M)dS:
m
1
y y (M)dS:
m
1
z z (M)dS
m
= r
= r
= r

vi:
m - khoi luong cua mat cong S,
S
m (M)dS = r
:
r(M) - hm mat do.

2. Tch phn mt loi II (Tch phan lay theo toa do)
a) inh nghia

S
P(x, y, z)dydz Q(x, y, z)dzdx R(x, y, z)dxdy + + =

= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
S
P x, y, z cos n, x Q x, y, z cos n, y R x, y, z cos n, z dS + +

trong d:
S - mat cong hai pha, tron tng manh:
P(x,y,z), Q(x,y,z), R(x,y,z) - ba hm so xc dinh tren mat S:
n
- vecto php tuyen cua S, hung theo pha d chon tren S

(ngui ta goi S l mt dinh huong).
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b) Cong thc tnh tch phan mat loai
( ) ( )
S D
R x, y, z dxdy R x, y, x, y dxdy = j

trong d:
D - hnh chieu cua S len mat phang toa do xOy:
z - phuong trnh cua mat S, z (x, y) = j :

Chon dau (+) hay (-) truc tch phan hai lp ty theo cos(n, z) duong hay am.
Ta cng c the tnh tch phan mat loai bang cch dua ve tch phan mat loai .
Ch l tch phan mat loai se doi dau khi ta doi pha chon cua mat S.

c) Tch phan mat loai tren mot mt S kin c the tnh bang cc cch sau:
+ Chia S thnh nhieu mat cong tron tng manh, sau d p dung tnh chat cong tnh.
+ p dung cong thc xtrogrtxki - Gauxo

S V
P Q R
Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy dxdydz
x y z

+ + = + +

+

trong d:
V - phan khong gian ben trong, gii han boi mat kn S tron tng manh (chon php
tuyen S hung ra pha ngoi):
P, Q, R - nhng hm ba bien so x, y, z lien tuc tren S cng vi cc dao hm rieng
lien tuc trong mien V ke ca bien.

d) The tch V cua vat the gii han boi mat cong kn S duoc tnh theo cong thc:

S
1
V xdydz ydzdx zdxdy
3
= + +
+

e) Cong thc Xtoc (lien he gia tch phan dung v tch phan mat)

C
Pdx Qdy Rdz + + =
*

=
S
Q P R Q P R
dxdy dydz dzdx
x y y z z x

- + - + -

trong d:
P, Q, R - nhng hm (cua ba bien x, y, z) lien tuc cng vi cc dao hm rieng lien
tuc tren mot mat dinh hung S, gii han boi dung cong kn C.

Trong cong thc ny, can chon hung mat cong S v chieu tren C sao cho khi ta
dng theo chieu cua vecto php cua S phai thay chieu C nguoc vi chieu kim dong ho
(hnh 1.2.7).
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S
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S

Hnh 1.2.7

Cong thuc 3toc s tro thnh cong thuc Corin neu C l mot dung cong phang, kn
trong mat phang xOy v S l mot mien phang gii han boi C.
Ch y cho cac phan -...4.4; -...4.5; -...4.6: Cc tich phan hai lop , ba lop, tich
phan dung, tich phan mt deu c cc tnh chat giong nhu tch phan xc dinh (cn goi
l tch phan mot lp). l cc tnh chat: Cong tinh, Iuyen tinh v Bao ton thu tu.

1.2.4.7. L thuyet trung
1. Tr- ng v h- ng
a) Ta ni tren mien W
3
c mot trung vo huong U neu ng vi moi diem M W,
ta c quy luat de xc dinh mot gi tri u(M) cua U. Hm u(M) = u(x, y, z) duoc goi l
hm trung. Neu x, y, z deu khong phai bien so chi thi gian, trung vo hung duoc
goi l trung dng. Neu hm trung phu thuoc thi gian, trung vo hung duoc goi
l khong dng.

b) Mt dng muc& l tap hop cc diem M W sao cho u(M) = C = const. Khi W l mien
phang, tap cc diem M: u(M) = u(x, y) = C duoc goi l dung dong muc.

c) Dao hm theo huong a
"
cua u(M) bieu thi toc do bien thien cua hm u theo hung ny:

u u u u
cos cos cos
x y z
a

= a + b + g

"
trong d cos , cos , cos a b g l cc cosin chi hung cua a
"
.

d) Cradien cua trung u(M) tai diem M(x, y, z) l vecto:
gradu
####"
=
u u u
i j k
x y z

+ +

Cc tnh chat cua gradien:
grad
####"
C = 0 (C = const)
( ) grad u v +
####"
= grad
####"
u + grad
####"
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( ) grad uv
####"
= ugrad
####"
v + v grad
####"
u
grad
####"
j(u) = j`(u) grad
####"
u

a
u
ch gradu
a
"
####"
" (chieu cua grad
####"
u len a
"
)
Tai moi diem cua mot trung vo hung, gradien luon trng phuong vi php
tuyen cua mat mc cua trung di qua diem ay, dong thi dao hm cua hm trung theo
cc hung vuong goc voi gradien (tc l tiep xc vi mat mc) luon bang 0.
2. Tr- ng vect
a) Ta ni tren mien W
3
c mot trung vecto F
#"
neu ng vi moi diem M W, ta c
quy luat de xc dinh mot vecto ( ) F M
#"
. Hm vecto ny duoc goi l hm trung.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x y z
F F(M) F x, y, z F x, y, z i F x, y, z j F x, y, z k

= = = + +
b) Dung dng cua mot trung vecto F
#"
l mot dung cong (C) nam trong mien duoc
xt sao cho tai moi diem M tren dung, ( ) F M
#"
c phuong tiep xc vi (C). Tap hop
cc dung dng lap nen mot ho dung dng trong trung vecto.
He phuong trnh vi phan cua dung dng (C) trong trung ( ) F M
#"
l:

x y z
dx dy dz
F F F
= =
c) Ihong luong cua mot trung vecto F
#"
qua mot mat dinh hung S l:

n x y z
S S
F dS F dydz F dzdx F dxdy F = = + +

trong d:
n 0
F F. n =
#" ##"
l chieu cua F
#"
tren php tuyen n
"
tai M(x, y, z), theo pha d
chon tren S.
d) Hon luu (+uu so) cua trung F
#"
doc theo mot dung cong kn (L):
C =
x y z
L
F dx F dy F dz + +
*

e) Dive cua trung F
#"
l mot dai luong vo hung:
div F
#"
=
y
x z
F
F F
x y z

+ +

+ Cc tnh chat cua dive:
div C
= 0 ( C
l vecto khong doi ca phuong, chieu lan do di)

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div
div u F

= u div F F gradu
d d
+
uuuur
(u = u(x, y, z))
+ Theo ngon ng cua ly thuyet trung, cong thuc 7xtrogratxki - Cauxo:

mang mot nghia co hoc l: Ihong luong cua mot trung vecto F
ur
qua mot mat cong
kn S (vi php tuyen chon hung ra pha ngoi) bang tich phan ba lop cua tren
mien V gii han boi mat S.
f) 8ota (vecto xoay) cua trung F
ur
l mot vecto:
F
ur
=

(Cch viet hnh thc cua tich co huong, dng dinh thc)
+ Cc tnh chat cua rota:

(C = const)
(u = u(x, y, z))
+ Theo ngon ng cua ly thuyet trung, cong thuc 3toc:

=
=
mang mot nghia co hoc l: Hon luu cua trung vecto F
ur
doc theo mot dung cong
kn C bang thong luong cua F
ur
qua mat S no d c bien l C (Ch chieu cua C v
pha cua S phai ph hop).
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3. Tr- ng th
a) inh nghia
Trung vecto F
ur
duoc goi l trung the tren mien W neu ton tai mot trung vo
hung u(M) sao cho M . " e W Hm u(M) duoc goi l hm the (hoc
the vi) cua trung F
ur
.

b) Dieu kien can v du de trung ( M ) e W l mot trung the tren mien
duoc xt l: F
ur
= 0
r
tai moi diem Nhu vay, trung the l mot trung
khong c xoy.

4. Ton t Laplax v Ton t Hamintn
a) Ton tu Lapolaxo
= :
Vi ton tu ny:
= :
=
Trung vo hung u(M) c duoc goi l trung dieu ho.

b) Ton tu Haminton (Nabla):
(vecto tuong trung)
Vi ton tu ny:
g r a d
u u u u r
u = u:
=

c) Ket hop hai ton tu Lapolaxo v Haminton, ta c:
doi vi moi trung.
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1.2.5. Ph ng trnh vi phn th ng
1.2.5.1. Cc khi niem co ban
1. Ph- ng trnh vi phn
Phuong trinh vi phan l mot dang thc cha cc bien doc lap, hm phai tm cua
cc bien d cng cc dao hm (hoac vi phan) cua hm ny.
Phuong trinh vi phan thung l phuong trnh vi phan c hm phai tm chi cha
mot bien doc lap.
Phuong trinh vi phan dao hm rieng (hay Phuong trinh vat ly - toan) l phuong trnh
vi phan cha hm phai tm l hm cua nhieu bien doc lap v cc dao hm rieng cua n.
Cap cua mot phuong trinh vi phan l cap cao nhat cua dao hm c mat trong
phuong trnh.
1ang tong quat cua phuong trnh vi phan thung cap n:
F(x, y, y`, y``, ..., y
(n)
) = 0 (1.2.1)
trong d: y = y(x) l hm phai tm xc dinh tren mot tap X no d trong .
2. Nghim ca phng trnh vi phn
Nghiem cua (1.2.1) l mot hm y = j(x) kha vi den cap n tren X sao cho phuong
trnh tro thnh mot dang thc dng, khi thay y boi j(x).
Aghiem tong quat cua phuong trinh vi phan (1.2.1) l mot hm kha vi den
cap n tren X v phu thuoc n hng so ty y C
1
,..., C
n
: y = j(x, C
1
,..., C
n
) sao cho vi moi
C
1
,..., C
n
phuong trnh tro thnh mot dang thc dng , khi thay y boi
j(x, C
1
,..., C
n
).
Vi moi bo n so cu the gn cho C
1
,..., C
n
trong nghiem tong qut, ta c mot
nghiem rieng cua (1.2.1). oi khi, ngoi cc nghiem tong qut, phuong trnh vi phan
cn c cc nghiem k" di, d l cc nghiem cua (1.2.1) nhung khong phai nghiem rieng
(nghia l ta khong the gn cho nghiem tong qut bat c mot bo n so cu the C
1
,..., C
n
no
(ngay ca khi gn cc so vo han) de suy ra duoc nghiem ky di).
Trong nhieu trung hop ta chi c the tm duoc mot he thc F(x, y, C
1
,..., C
n
) = 0,
trong d cha hm !n y = j(x, C
1
,..., C
n
) thoa mn (1.2.1) "x X v ta goi he thc ny
l mot tich phan tong quat cua phuong trnh. Vi moi bo n so cu the gn vo C
1
,..., C
n

trong tch phan tong qut, ta c mot tich phan rieng cua (1.2.1).
3. Bi ton Cauchy
Bi ton duoc pht bieu cho phuong trnh (1.2.1) nhu sau:
Tm mot nghiem rieng hoac mot tch phan rieng cua phuong trnh thoa mn he n
dieu kien ban dau:
y(x
0
) = y
0
: y`(x
0
) = y
0
`: y``(x
0
) = y
0
``:...: y
(n-1)
(x
0
) = y
0
(n-1)

vi y
0
: y
0
`: y
0
``:...: y
0
(n-1)
l cc so cho truc.
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4. Tch phn (hoc gii) mt phng trnh vi phn l tm nghiem tong qut,
hoac tch phan tong qut: tm nghiem rieng hoac tch phan rieng thoa mn n dieu kien
cho truc: tm nghiem ky di (neu c) hoac chng to rang phuong trnh vo nghiem.
oc gia quan tam den van de ton tai v duy nhat nghiem cua (1.2.1) c the tm doc cc
ti lieu chuyen khao.
1.2.5.2. Phuong trnh vi phan cap mot
1. Ph- ng trnh vi phn thng cp mt
Phuong trnh c dang:
F(x, y, y`) = 0
hoac y` = f(x, y) (1.2.2)
vi y = y(x) l hm phai tm.
Aghiem tong quat cua (1.2.2): y = j(x, C) s duoc bieu dien boi mot ho dung
cong phu thuoc tham so C trong mat phang xOy. ay l ho dung cong tich phan cua
phuong trnh duoc xt. Moi dung cong cua ho, ng vi mot gi tri cu the cua C cho ta
mot dung cong tich phan cua (1.2.2).
Bi toan Cauchy doi vi (1.2.2) s mang mot nghia hnh hoc don gian l: Tm
mot dung cong tch phan cua phuong trnh di qua mot diem (x
0
: y
0
) cho truc.
Aghiem k" di cua (1.2.2) (neu c) s bieu dien boi mot dung cong, tiep xc vi
ca ho dung cong tch phan, d chnh l hinh bao cua ho ny.
Ngui ta chng minh rang: Phuong trnh: y` = f(x, y) vi ve phai lien tuc tren mot
mien D no d cha diem (x
0
: y
0
) luon c nghiem thoa mn dieu kien: y(x
0
) = y
0
v neu
dao hm rieng theo bien y: f`
y
(x, y) cng lien tuc tren D th nghiem ny s l duy nhat.
2. Phn loi v Nguyn tc chung gii mt s phng trnh vi phn
cp mt
a) Phuong trinh co bien so phan ly l phuong trnh vi phan cap 1 c the dua ve dang:
P(x)dx + Q(y)dy = 0,
hoac tong qut hon:
P
1
(x) Q
1
(y)dx +P
2
(x) Q
2
(y)dy = 0,
trong d:
P, Q, P
1
, Q
1
- cc hm lien tuc d biet:
y = y(x) hoac x = x(y) - hm phai tm.

Tch phan tong qut cua cc phuong trnh tren lan luot l:
+ = C
= C
(C l hang so ty ). (Khi giai, cn phai xt cc trung hop v ).
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b) Phuong trinh vi phan dng cap l phuong trnh c the dua ve dang:
M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0,
trong d M v N l hai hm dang (cng) cap k doi vi x, y, tc l:
M(tx, ty) = t
k
M(x, y):
N(tx, ty) = t
k
N(x, y)
vi t l tham so: k nguyen duong.

Cach giai&
e tm y = y(x, C) thoa mn phuong trnh tren, ta dat y = xu(x) vi u(x) l hm
mi phai tm.
Khi d:
dy = udx + xdu,
hay l: y` = u(x) + x

u`(x).
Phuong trnh dang cap s dua duoc ve phuong trinh bien so phan ly cho hm u(x).
oi khi, ta c the dua mot so phuong trnh vi phan cap mot khong phai dang dng
cap ve dang dang cap bang cch doi bien hoac dng hm phu thch hop.
c) Phuong trinh vi phan tuyen tinh cap mot l phuong trnh c the dua ve dang:
y` + P(x)y = Q(x)
vi:
y - hm phai tm, y = y(x):
P(x) v Q(x) - hai hm cho truc.

Khi Q(x) 0 "x, ta c phuong trinh vi phan tuyen tinh cap mot thuan nhat v
nghiem tong quat cua n c the tm theo cch phan ly bien so:
y(x) =
( ) P x d x
e C
-
+
Trung hop Q(x) 0, nghiem tong qut cua phuong trnh c dang:

Trong thuc hnh, ta c the tm duoc nghiem tong qut tren theo cc buc sau day:
1) Tm mot nghiem cua phuong trnh vi phan tuyen tnh thuan nhat tuong ng vi
phuong trnh d cho:
.
2) Tnh
3) Aghiem tong quat can tm s l:

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d) Phuong trinh vi phan Bc-nu-li (Bernoulli) l phuong trnh c the dua ve dang:
y` + P(x)y = Q(x)y
a

vi:
P(x) v Q(x) - hai hm cho truc:
a - mot so thuc bat ky khc 0 v khc 1
khi a = 0, ta c phuong trnh tuyen tnh,
khi a = 1, ta c phuong trnh tuyen tnh thuan nhat.

Nhan thay phuong trnh Bc-nu-li luon c nghiem tam thung l
y(x) 0 "x,
ta xt trung hop y(x) 0 v dat z(x) = l hm mi phai tm. Khi d ta s
nhan duoc mot phuong trnh vi phan tuyen tnh doi vi z(x):

Sau khi tm duoc z(x), ta de dng tm duoc nghiem y(x) 0.

e) Phuong trinh vi phan ton phan l phuong trnh c the dua ve dang:
P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy =0
vi:
P(x) v Q(x) - hai hm cho truc thoa mn dieu kien:

hay l P(x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = dU(x, y)
(Vi phan ton phan cua mot hm hai bien U (xem Bon menh de tuong duong o muc
1.2.4.5 diem 2, e)).
Tch phan tong qut cua phuong trnh vi phan ton phan:
U(x, y) = C
vi:
C - hang so ty :
U(x, y) cho boi mot trong hai bieu thc sau:

(c the chon x
0
: y
0
tuy , mien l (x
0
, y
0
) thuoc mien lien tuc cua hai hm P: Q).
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1.2.5.3. Phuong trnh vi phan cap hai
Xt phuong trnh
F(x, y`, y``) = 0
hay y``(x) = f(x, y, y`)
vi dieu kien:
y(x
0
) = y
0
:
y`(x
0
) = y
0
`.
Neu hm f(x, y, y`) lien tuc tren mot mien W no d cha diem (x
0
, y
0
, y
0
`) th
tren mien d ton tai nghiem rieng y = y(x) thoa mn hai dieu kien duoc xt. Neu hm
f(x, y, y`) cn c cc dao hm rieng theo y v theo y` lien tuc tren mien th nghiem
ni tren ton tai duy nhat.

1. Ph- ng trnh vi phn cp hai gim cp - c
C ba trung hop giam cap duoc:
a) Vang mat y: y` trong phuong trnh
Khi d, chi can tch phan hai lan hai ve phuong trnh y``(x) = f(x) ta s duoc:

b) Vang mat y trong phuong trnh
Khi d, dat
y(x) = z(x)
l hm mi phai tm (y``(x) = z`(x)): phuong trnh y``(x) = f(x, y`) tro thnh:
z`(x) = f(x, z)
l mot phuong trnh vi phan cap mot. Gia su phuong trnh ny c nghiem
z = j(x, C
1
),
th t d, ta c:

c) Vang mat x trong phuong trnh
Khi d, dat
y(x) = P(y)
l hm mi phai tm theo bien y, (y``(x) = P(y)P`(y)): phuong trnh y``(x) = f(y, y`)
tro thnh:
P(y)P`(y) = f(y, P(y))
l mot phuong trnh vi phan cap mot. Gia su phuong trnh ny c nghiem
P = P(y: C
1
),
th t d, ta c tch phan tong qut:
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2. Ph- ng trnh vi phn cp hai tuyn tnh
a) Phuong trnh vi phan cap hai tuyen tnh l phuong trnh c dang
y``(x) + P(x)

y`(x) + Q(x)

y(x) = R(x),
trong d:
P, Q, R - ba hm cho truc.

Khi R(x) 0 "x, ta c phuong trnh vi phan tuyen tnh cap hai thuan nhat tuong
ung vi phuong trnh dang xt.

b) Tnh chat nghiem cua phuong trnh vi phan cap hai tuyen tnh thuan nhat
+ Neu y
1
(x), y
2
(x) l hai nghiem cua phuong trnh, th C
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x) cng s
thoa mn phuong trnh vi moi C
1
, C
2
.
+ Neu y
1
(x), y
2
(x) l hai nghiem doc lap cua phuong trnh (tc l y
1
(x) k

y
2
(x) vi
k l hang so) th
y(x) = C
1
y
1
(x) + C
2
y
2
(x)
vi C
1
, C
2
l hai hang so tuy s l nghiem tong quat cua phuong trnh.

+ Khi biet mot nghiem rieng y
1
(x) cua phuong trnh, ta c the tm mot nghiem rieng
khc doc lap vi y
1
(x) bang cong thuc +iu-vin:

c) Tnh chat nghiem cua phuong trnh vi phan cap hai tuyen tnh khong thuan nhat
(R(x) 0)
+ Neu
l nghiem tong qut cua phuong trnh thuan nhat tuong ng, cn l mot
nghiem rieng cua phuong trnh khong thuan nhat, th nghiem tong quat cua n l

+ Hieu hai nghiem rieng cua phuong trnh khong thuan nhat l mot nghiem rieng
cua phuong trnh thuan nhat tuong ng.

d) Phuong php bien thien hang so cho phuong trnh vi phan cap hai
Neu
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l nghiem tong qut cua phuong trnh thuan nhat tuong ng, th nghiem tong qut cua
phuong trnh khong thuan nhat s l:

vi C
1
(x) v C
2
(x) duoc xc dinh t he phuong trnh sau (sai khc hai hang so ty C
1
, C
2
):

3. Ph- ng trnh vi phn cp hai tuyn tnh vi h s hng s
y``(x) + py`(x) + qy(x) = R(x) (p, q l hai hang so thuc).

a) Phuong trnh bac hai theo k:
k
2
+ pk + q = 0
duoc goi l phuong trinh dc trung (dc tinh) cua phuong trnh vi phan dang xt. Ty
theo nghiem cua phuong trnh dac trung (PTT), ta c the tm ngay duoc nghiem tong
qut (NTQ) cua phuong trnh thuan nhat tuong ng (PTTN):

BC%+&D $E* FGHG BGI $E* FGGBJ

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CHUONG 2 - CO KT CU 129

Chuong 2

c kt cu

2.1. Ngoi lc, ni lc, ng sut v bin dng
2.1.1. Ngoi lc
1. inh nghia
Ngoai luc l luc tc dung t mot vat the no d hoac t moi trung xung quanh
len vat the dang xt.
Ngoai luc bao gom tai trong v phan luc. Tai trong l luc tc dung len vat the m
d biet tri so, phuong chieu v diem dat.
2. Lien ket v phan luc lien ket
Trong ket cau cong trnh thung su dung nhieu loai lien ket. Dui tc dung cua tai
trong hoac cc tc dong ben ngoi khc, tai cc lien ket xuat hien phan luc lien ket.
Dui day diem qua mot so lien ket v phan luc lien ket tuong ng thung gap:
+ Lien ket doi (khp doi) v phan luc cua n (hnh 2.1.1.a).
+ Lien ket don (khp don) v phan luc cua n (hnh 2.1.1.b).
+ Lien ket ngm v phan luc cua n (hnh 2.1.1.c).
+ Lien ket ngm truot v phan luc cua n (hnh 2.1.1.d).

Hnh 2.1.1: Lien ket v phan luc lien ket
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3. Phan loai tai trong
+ Theo tnh chat tc dung:
Tai trong duoc phan thnh tai trong tinh v tai trong dong. Tai trong tinh tc dung
len vat the khong gay ra luc qun tnh, nguoc lai tai trong dong tc dung len vat the gay
ra luc qun tnh.
+ Theo phuong php truyen luc:
Tai trong duoc phan thnh tai trong phan bo v tai trong tap trung. Tai trong
phan bo l tai trong truyen t vat the ny sang vat the khc qua mot dien tch tiep xc,
cn tai trong tap trung chi truyen qua mot diem tiep xc. Tai trong phan bo lai duoc
chia ra thnh:
- Tai trong phan bo the tch c th nguyen [Luc/ Chieu di
3
]
- Tai trong phan bo mat c th nguyen [Luc/ Chieu di
2
]
- Tai trong phan bo dung c th nguyen [Luc/ Chieu di].

2.1.2. Ni lc
1. inh nghia
Noi luc l gi tri tang them cua luc lien ket gia cc phan tu trong vat the de
chong lai bien dang do cc tc dong vo vat the gay ra. Noi luc l luc phan bo be mat.
2. Cch xc dinh noi luc
e xc dinh noi luc thung dng phuong php mat cat, tuong tuong cat doi ket
cau o vi tr muon tnh noi luc, thay tc dong cua phan ny len phan kia bang luc lien ket
gia hai phan (noi luc) tai vi tr mat cat. V ket cau o trang thi can bang nen tng phan
cua n o ve mot pha cua mat cat cng phai can bang. T dieu kien ny viet phuong
trnh can bang gia noi luc v ngoai luc tc dung len phan ket cau o ve mot pha cua
mat cat v rt ra bieu thc tnh noi luc. Vi thanh thung xc dinh noi luc tren mat cat
vuong gc vi truc thanh. Mat cat ny duoc goi l mat cat ngang.
3. K hieu, dau v don vi do cua cc thnh phan noi luc
Trong trung hop tong qut hop luc cua noi
luc tren mat cat ngang cua thanh thung duoc
phan thnh thnh phan v quy uc chieu duong
nhu tren hnh 2.1.2. l:
Luc doc N
z
(N) Mo men uon M
x
(Nm)
Luc cat Q
x
(N) Mo men uon M
y
(Nm)
Luc cat Q
y
(N) Mo men xoan M
z
(Nm)

Hnh 2.1.2: Cc thnh phan noi luc
tren mat cat ngang
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4. Cong thc xc dinh cc thnh phan noi luc
uoc thiet lap tren co so dieu kien can bang luc gia noi luc tren mat cat v ngoai
luc tc dung len thanh o ve mot pha cua mat cat:
( )
px
z i
N z P =
( )
px
x x i
M m P =

( )
px
x i
Q x P =
( )
px
y y i
M m P =

( )
px
y i
Q y P =
( )
px
z z i
M m P =

trong d:
x, y, z

lan luot l tong hnh chieu len cc truc x, y, z:
x
m ,

y
m ,

z
m
lan luot l tong mo men lay doi vi cc truc x, y, z cua cc

ngoai luc tc dung len phan xem xt.
2.1.3. ng sut
1. inh nghia
ng suat l cung do cua noi luc tai mot diem tren mat cat ngang. Th nguyen
cua ng suat l [Luc/Chieu di
2
], don vi do l N/m
2
hoac Pa (Pascal).
2. Cc thnh phan ng suat
+ ng suat php s
n
, quy uc mang dau duong neu l ng suat ko (hnh 2.1.3 a).
+ ng suat tiep t
nm
, quy uc mang dau duong neu lm cho phan xt quay thuan
chieu kim dong ho (hnh 2.1.3 b).

Hnh 2.1.3: Quy uc dau cua cc thnh phan ng suat

2.1.4. Trng thi ng sut (TTUS) ti mt im trong vt th cn bng
1. inh nghia
TTUS tai mot diem trong vat the l tap hop tat ca cc ng suat tren cc mat cua
phan to hnh hop bao quanh diem d. Gia su phan to c php tuyen tren cc mat song
song vi cc truc toa do x, y, z (hnh 2.1.4) th cc thnh phan ng suat php v tiep tren
moi mat cua phan to duoc k hieu:
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+ Tren mat c php tuyen x: s
x
, t
xy
, t
xz
.
+ Tren mat c php tuyen y: s
y
, t
yx,
t
yz
.
+ Tren mat c php tuyen z: s
z
, t
zx,
t
zy
.

Hnh 2.1.4: K hieu ng suat tren cc mat

V phan to nam trong vat the can bang nen n cng phai can bang dui tc dung
cua ng suat tren cc mat. Trong trung hop khong c luc phan bo the tch ng suat
php tren cc mat doi dien phai bang nhau. Cn trong moi trung hop ng suat tiep tren
hai mat vuong gc vi nhau phai c tri bang nhau v c chieu cng hung ra hoac cng
hung vo giao tuyen gia hai mat, cu the l ve gi tri:

xy yx
t = t :
yz zy
t = t :
xz zx
t = t
ay l noi dung cua dinh luat doi ng cua ng suat tiep.

2. Mat chnh, phuong chnh, ng suat chnh
+ Mat chnh l mat tren d chi c ng suat php khong c ng suat tiep.
+ Phuong chnh l phuong php tuyen ngoi cua mat chnh.
+ Phan to chnh l phan to c tat ca cc mat deu l mat chnh.
+ ng suat chnh l ng suat php tren mat chnh. Vi phan to chnh ng suat tren
cc mat duoc k hieu l:
1 2 3
, , s s s , vi quy uc:
1 2 3
s > s > s .
3. Phan loai TTUS
+ IIUS khoi l TTUS trong d ca 3 ng suat chnh deu c tri 0 (hnh 2.1.5 a).
Cc ng suat ny duoc k hieu l
1 2 3
, , s s s (k hieu chung l
k
s , k = 1, 2, 3).
Tri cua chng duoc xc dinh t phuong trnh:

3 2
k 1 k 2 k 3
I I I 0 s - s + s - = (2.1.1)
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trong d:

1 x y z
I : = s + s + s

2 x y y z z x
I = s s + s s + s s (2.1.2)

x yx zx
3 xy y zy
xz yz z
I
s t t
= t s t
t t s

Hnh 2.1.5: Cc loai trang thi ng suat

+ IIUS phng l TTUS m chi 2 trong 3 ng suat chnh c tri 0 (hnh 2.1.5 b).
Hai ng suat ny thung duoc k hieu l
max min
, s s . Tri v phuong cua chng
duoc xc dinh t cc cong thc:

2
x y x y
2
max xy
2 2
s + s s - s
s = + + t

:

xy
max
max y
tg :
t
a = -
s -s

2
x y x y
2
min xy
2 2
s + s s - s
s = - + t

:

min max
k
2
p
a + a = : k = 1, 2, 3 (2.1.3)
Theo luat bat bien cua trang thi ng suat c:

max min x y
const s + s = s + s = .
Cc ng suat tiep c tri ln nhat duoc goi l ng suat tiep cuc tri. Tri v phuong
cua chng duoc xc dinh bang cong thc:

max min
max min
2
s -s
t = -t = :
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0
k45 b = a + :
trong d
b - phuong cua ng suat tiep ln nhat (nho nhat):
a - phuong cua ng suat chnh ln nhat (nho nhat).

+ IIUS don l TTUS m chi mot trong ba ng suat chnh 0 (hnh 2.1.5 c).

Chi chu:
Cc ng suat cuc tri v phuong cua chng o trang thi ng suat phang cn c the
xc dinh bang phuong php do giai thong qua vng trn Mo (Mohr) ng suat. Trong he
toa do vuong gc s, t vng trn ny c tam C vi toa do
x y
C , 0
2
s + s

v bn knh
CP, P duoc goi l diem cuc c toa do
( )
y xy
P , s t . Su dung vng trn ny ta xc dinh
duoc cc ng suat chnh, cc ng suat tiep cuc tri v cc phuong cua chng nhu tren
hnh 2.1..

Hnh 2.1.6: Vng Mo ng suat

2.1.5. Bin dng
1. Cc thnh phan chuyen vi
Trong he toa do vuong gc, chuyen vi tai moi diem trong vat the chiu luc c the
phan thnh 3 thnh phan theo 3 phuong x, y, z:
u = u(x,y,z),
v = v(x, y, z),
w = w(x, y, z).
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2. Cc thnh phan bien dang
Trong he toa do vuong gc, moi phan to trong vat the chiu luc c thnh phan
bien dang:
+ 3 thnh phan bien dang thang tuong doi cua cc canh theo 3 phuong x, y, z l
x y z
, , e e e .
+ 3 thnh phan bien dang gc tuong doi cua gc hop boi cc canh c phuong ban
dau song song vi cc truc x, y, z l
xy yz zx
, , g g g .

Chi chu:
Moi cong thc tnh ton vi cc thnh phan bien dang deu c dang giong vi cc
cong thc tnh ton vi cc thnh phan ng suat. Do vay, khi tnh ton bien dang chi
can thay cc thnh phan ng suat
x y z xy yz zx
, , , , , s s s t t t bang cc thnh phan bien
dang tuong ng
x y z
, , e e e ,
xy yz zx
1 1 1
, ,
2 2 2
g g g .

2.2. c trng c hc ca vt liu v cc thuyt bn
2.2.1. c trng c hc ca vt liu

Trong Sc ben vat lieu thung phan vat lieu thnh 2 loai: Vat lieu deo v vat lieu
dn. Moi loai vat lieu c nhng dac tnh co hoc khc nhau.
Xt bien dang cua mot vat lieu deo dac trung l thp. Hnh 2.2.1 l do thi bieu
dien quan he gia ng suat v bien dang cua mau thp khi th nghiem ko. o thi ny
bao gom 3 doan:
+ oan OA l giai doan dn hoi ty le. Trong giai doan ny bien dang ty le bac nhat
vi ng suat. Tnh dn hoi the hien o cho neu giam tai de ng suat tro ve 0, bien
dang cng bang 0. ng suat ng vi diem A ket thc cua giai doan ty le duoc goi
l gii han ty le, k hieu l s
tl
.
+ oan CD l giai doan chay deo. Trong giai doan ny ng suat khong thay doi cn
bien dang tang kh ln, vat lieu hau nhu khong cn kha nang chong lai bien dang.
Neu giam tai de ng suat tro ve 0 mau van cn bien dang. Phan bien dang ny
duoc goi l bien dang deo hoac bien dang du. ng suat ng vi diem vat lieu buc
vo giai doan ny duoc goi l gii han chay, k hieu l s
ch
. Can ni them l c
mot so vat lieu giai doan chay khong r ret, chang han nhu mot so loai thp cng,
dong v.v... Trong thuc te quy uc gii han chay l ng suat ng vi bien dang deo
c gi tri bang 0,2%.
+ oan DB l giai doan cung co. Sang giai doan ny vat lieu lai c kha nang chong
lai bien dang, do vay bien dang chi tang khi ng suat tang. ng suat ng vi diem
B l gii han chiu luc toi da cua vat lieu duoc goi l gii han ben, k hieu l s
B
.
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Hnh 2.2.1: Bieu d ko mau thp Hnh 2.2.2: Bieu d ko mau gang

Bieu do ko vat lieu dn, v du gang, c dang nhu tren hnh 2.2.2. Khc vi vat
lieu deo, vat lieu dn khong c giai doan chay, giai doan ty le khong r nt, mau bi ko
dt khi bien dang cn rat b. ng suat ng vi diem mau bi ko dt duoc goi l gii
han ben.
Ngoi th nghiem ko cn lm th nghiem nn, th nghiem cat mau de xc dinh
cc ng suat gii han ng vi cc trung hop chiu luc ny. Vat lieu deo c gii han
chay khi ko v khi nn nhu nhau. Vat lieu dn c gii han ben khi ko nho hon nhieu
so vi gii han ben khi nn. Trong cc gii han tren s
ch
duoc coi l gii han chiu luc toi
da cua vat lieu deo, s
B

duoc xem l kha nang chiu luc toi da cua vat lieu dn.
Ngoi cc gii han ve ng suat neu o tren vi cc loai vat lieu cn lm th nghiem
xc dinh v su dung cc dac trung co hoc sau:
+ Modun dn hoi cua vat lieu (mo dun I-ang) l he so ty le gia bien dang v ng
suat, k hieu l E. Gi tri ny chnh l he so gc cua doan OA ng vi giai doan
ty le:
E tg
s
= a =
e

+ He so bien dang ngang (he so Poat-xong), k hieu l m:

n
d
e
m =
e

trong d
d n
, e e l bien dang theo phuong doc v bien dang theo phuong ngang vuong
gc vi n.

+ Modun dn hoi truot G v modun bien dang the tch K tnh bang cong thc:

( )
E
G
2 1
=
+ m
:

( )
E
K
3 1 2
=
- m
.
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e xc dinh tnh deo cua vat lieu su dung 2 dac trung l do dn du tuong doi d v
do that du tuong doi y:

1 o
o
-
d =

:

o 1
o
F F
F
-
y =
trong d:
o o 1 1
: F : : F lan luot l chieu di, dien tch cua mau ban dau v khi bi dt.

Dui day gii thieu mot so dac trung co hoc cua mot so vat lieu thong dung.

Bang 2.2.1: Modun dn hi E cua vat lieu

!" $%&'
()*'+ *,+ -.% /
0(123
4
5
!" $%&'
()*'+ *,+ -.% /
0(123
4
5
67 ")+8 39:
;)+8 :<+8
"= +-%7+
>-?+8 -@A B-CA :DEFG+ 4HIIII
HII HJIII HKKII LD+8 JKIII M HKIIII
HKI 4HIII HNIII ;.+8 HHIIII
4II 4OIII 4HKII 1-)3 PNIII
4KI 4PKII 4OIII ;'QED JHIII
RII 4NIII 4PIII B-'S "%+- JIIIII
RKI RHIII 4TIII ;9 -GD :?U+8 ONIII
OII RRIII RIIII ;9 V)% O4III
OKI ROKII RHIII WD "-X:- HTIII
KII RPIII R4KII >Y3 "-X:- KPIII
PII RTIII ROIII

Bang 2.2.2: He so bien dang ngang cua vat lieu

!" $%&' m !" $%&' m
B-CA IZ4K M IZRI ;9 IZ4I M IZRO
;.+8 IZRH M IZRO 67 ")+8 IZIT M IZHT
LD+8 IZ4R M IZ4J >DG [' IZOJ
1-)3 IZR4 M IZRP
>9" :-\" V]D
V, :-\"
IZHK M IZRI
B-'S "%+- IZ4K ;@" [C" IZ4I M IZOI
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Bang 2.2.3: Gii han bn s
B
cua mot so vat lieu dn (MN/m
2
)

!" $%&' ^-% _CG ^-% +C+
LD+8 "-?`+8 HOI M HTI PII M HIII
LD+8 -X" 3a+ 4HI M 4KI *b+ HOII
Lc "-)+8
d ef: "-g TI OI
d 18D+8 "-g M K
;9 -GD :?U+8 R H4I M 4PI
WD "-X:- 4 OI M HKI
;9 V)% M KI M HKI
LX:- M JZO M RI
67 ")+8 M K M RK
^-h% *9 ijQ IZ4 M IZK 4ZK M N

2.2.2. Cc thuyt bn
1. Thuyet ben ng suat php cuc dai
Luan diem: ng suat php cuc dai l nguyen nhan ph hoai vat lieu.
+ ieu kien ben:

[ ]
[ ]
1
k
3
n
s s
s s
(2.2.1)
trong d
[ ] [ ]
k n
, s s l ng suat cho php cua vat lieu khi chiu ko v khi chiu nn duoc
xc dinh bang cong thc:

[ ]
0
n
s
s = (2.2.2)
vi s
0
l ng suat gii han v n l he so an ton.
Vat lieu deo lay s
0
= s
ch
.
Vat lieu dn lay s
0
= s
B
.
He so an ton lay tri so > 1.

2. Thuyet ben ng suat tiep lon nhat
Luan diem: ng suat tiep ln nhat l nguyen nhan ph hoai vat lieu.
+ ieu kien ben:

[ ]
max
t t (2.2.3)
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hoac bieu dien qua ng suat chnh:
[ ]
1 3
s - s s (2.2.4)
3. Thuyet ben the nang bien doi hnh dng
Luan diem: Nang luong tch lu khi bien dang ve mat hnh dng l nguyen nhan
ph hoai vat lieu.
+ ieu kien ben:

( ) ( )
( )
( )
[ ]
2 2
2
2 2 2
x y y z z x xy yz zx
1
3
2

s - s + s - s + s - s + t + t + t s

(2.2.5)
4. Thuyet ben Mo
Luan diem: s
1
v s
3
l nguyen nhan ph hoai vat lieu.
+ ieu kien ben:

[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
k
1 3
k
n
s
s - s s
s
(2.2.)
Ghi ch: Vi cc ket cau lm bang cc vat lieu cu the nhu gach d, be tong, BTCT,
thp, v.v... thay cho he so an ton ngui ta d dua vo mot so he so khc nhu he so vuot
tai, he so dieu kien lm viec v.v... (xem STKTTL, Phan 1 - Tap 2).

2.3. c trng hnh hc mt ct ngang ca thanh
2.3.1. nh ngha
1. Dien tch hnh phang F

F
F dF =

2. Mo men tinh cua hnh phang
+ oi vi truc x:

x
F
S ydF =

+ oi vi truc y:

y
F
S xdF =

3. Toa do trong tam C cua hnh phang

y
c
S
x
F
=

x
c
S
y
F
=
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Hnh 2.3.1

4. Mo men qun tnh cua hnh phang
+ oi vi truc x:

2
x
F
J y dF =

+ oi vi truc y:

2
y
F
J x dF =

5. Mo men qun tnh ly tam cua hnh phang doi voi he truc xy

xy
F
J xydF =

6. Mo men qun tnh cuc cua hnh phang doi voi mot diem

2
F
J dF
r
= r
:
7. Mo men qun tnh chnh trung tam
+ Iruc trung tam: Truc x duoc goi l truc trung tam neu mo men tinh cua hnh
phang doi vi n bang 0 (S
x
= 0). T cong thc tnh trong tam cua hnh phang c
the thay truc trung tam l truc bat ky di qua trong tam cua hnh.
+ He truc chinh: He truc xy duoc goi l he truc chnh neu mo men qun tnh ly tam
cua hnh phang doi vi he truc d bang 0 (J
xy
= 0). Vi hnh phang c t nhat mot
truc l truc doi xng, he truc chnh l he truc c mot truc l truc doi xng d.
+ He truc chinh trung tam: He truc xy duoc goi l he truc chnh trung tam neu c
goc dat tai trong tam cua hnh phang (S
x
= S
y
= 0) v mo men qun tnh ly tam
doi vi he truc d bang 0 (J
xy
= 0). Vi hnh phang c hai truc l truc doi xng,
hai truc doi xng d chnh l hai thnh phan cua cua he truc chnh trung tam.
+ Mo men quan tnh doi vi he truc chnh trung tam duoc goi l mo men qun tnh
chnh trung tam. C hai gi tri mo men qun tnh chnh trung tam, gi tri cuc dai,
k hieu l J
max
, cn gi tri kia l cuc tieu, k hieu l J
min
.
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8. Bn knh qun tnh cua hnh phang
+ oi vi truc x:

x
x
J
i
F
= :
+ oi vi truc y:

y
y
J
i
F
= .
9. Modun chong uon cua hnh phang
+ oi vi truc x:

x
x
max
J
W
y
=
+ oi vi truc y:

y
y
max
J
W
x
=
trong d: x
max
, y
max
l khoang cch t diem xa nhat tren mp bien den truc y v truc x l
hai thnh phan cua he truc chnh trung tam.

10. Modun chong xoan cua mat cat trn hoac vnh khan

max
J
W
r
r
=
r

trong d: r
max
l bn knh ng vi chu vi ngoi cua mat cat.

Chu y:
+ Th nguyen cua mo men tinh l [di]
3
, cn cua mo men qun tnh l [di]
4
.
+ Mo men tinh v mo men qun tnh ly tam c the duong, am hoac bang 0, cn mo
men qun tnh v mo men qun tnh cuc luon c tri so duong.
+ Khi tnh mo men tinh v mo men qun tnh c the su dung nguyen l chong chat,
c nghia l vi mot hnh phc tap gom n hnh don gian c the tnh rieng cho tng
hnh roi cong ket qua lai. V du, vi hnh phang duoc chia thnh n hnh th mo men
tinh vi truc x cua ton hnh:

i
n
x x
i 1
S S
=
=

+ Vi mot hnh phang bat ky luon luon c:
J
r

= J
X
+ J
Y
.
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2.3.2. Mt s cng thc thng dng

Hnh 2.3.2

1. Cong thc tnh mo men qun tnh cua hnh phang doi vi he truc xy bat ky t
mo men qun tnh cua hnh phang vi he truc x
c
y
c
di qua trong tam song song
vi n (hnh 2.3.2 a):

2
x xc
J J a F = +

2
y yc
J J b F = + (2.3.1)

c c
xy x y
J J abF = +
2. Cong thc tnh mo men qun tnh cua hnh phang khi quay truc mot gc a (hnh
2.3.2 b):

x y x y
U xy
J J J J
J cos2 J sin2
2 2
+ -
= + a - a

x y
UV xy
J J
J sin2 J cos2
2
-
= a + a
trong d chieu duong cua gc a quy uc nhu tren hnh 2.10 b.

3. Cong thc xc dinh cc mo men qun tnh chnh trung tam v phuong cua truc
chnh trung tam:

2
x y x y
2
max xy
min
J J J J
J J
2 2
+ -
= +

(2.3.2)
trong d dau "+" ng vi J
max
, dau "" ng vi J
min
.

xy xy
max
max y x min
J J
tg
J J J J
a = - = -
- -
(2.3.3)
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\i du:
Xc dinh mo men qun tnh chnh trung tam cua hnh phang cho tren hnh 2.3.4.

Hnh 2.3.4

1. Xc dinh trong tam cua mat cat ngang:
Chia mat cat d cho thnh 2 hnh ch nhat 1 v 2 (hnh 2.3.4). Chon he truc ban
dau x
0
y
0
x
1
y
1
v xc dinh trong tam C (x
c
, y
c
) cua mat cat doi vi he truc ban dau
x
0
y
0
. Do tnh chat doi xng cua mat cat nen x
c
= 0 v y
c
bang:

0 1 2
x c 1 c 2
c
1 2
S y F y F
0 8 2 14
y 4 cm
F F F 14 2 2 14
+
+
= = = =
+ +

Neu chon goc toa do o trong tam C th he truc xCy l he truc qun tnh chnh
trung tam cua mat cat.

2. Xc dinh mo men qun tnh chnh trung tam cua mat cat:

3 3
2 2 4
x
14 2 2 14
J 4 14 2 4 2 14 132, 7 cm
12 12

= + + + =

3 3
4
y
2 14 14 2
J 4, 7cm
12 12

= + = .

Bang 2.3.1. Cc dac trung hnh hoc cua mot so hnh phang

(\" :k"
() 3l+ m'9+ "n+-
o
i

() *'+ :-h+8 'h+
p
i

e%&+ "n:-
3\" :k"
q
69+ _n+- m'9+ "n+-
%
i

R
F-
H4

4
F-
P
F- IZ4TN -
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d
.
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(\" :k"
() 3l+ m'9+ "n+-
o
i

() *'+ :-h+8 'h+
p
i

e%&+ "n:-
3\" :k"
q
69+ _n+- m'9+ "n+-
%
i

( )
R R
F r M -
H4

( )
R R
F r M -
Pr

F0r s -5
( )
R R
r M -
H4 rM -

R R
6r M F-
H4

R R
6r M F-
Pr
6r s F-
( )
R R
6r M F-
H4 6rM F-

O
-
H4

R
R
-
t IZHHJN-
P 4
-
4
IZ4TN -

R
F-
RP

4
F-
4O

F-
4

-
t IZ 4RP-
HT

( )
O O
A e M u
PO

( )
O O
A e M u
R4e

( )
4 4
A e M u
O

4 4
e d u
HP

IZIRN e
O
IZITT e
R
IZJOI e
4
IZ4RI e

IZIRT e
O
IZITJ e
R
IZPNR e
4
IZ4RK e
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(\" :k"
() 3l+ m'9+ "n+-
o
i

() *'+ :-h+8 'h+
p
i

e%&+ "n:-
3\" :k"
q
69+ _n+- m'9+ "n+-
%
i

IZIOO e
O
IZIN4 e
R
IZJPR e
4
IZ4OI e

O O
K R
v t IZ KOHRv
HP

R
K
v
T

IZPNOK e
4
IZOKP v

O O
K R
v t IZ KOHRv
HP
IZKOHR v
R
IZPNOK e
4
IZOKP v

O
O
Hd 4 4
v t
P
t IZ PRTHv

IZPNIP v
R
IZJIJ e
4
IZOJK v

( )
4 4
H H
R
H
PF d PFF dF
-
RP 4F dF

H
H
RF d 4F H
l t -
R 4F dF

( )
4 4
4 H H
H
PF d PFF d F
-
H4 RF d 4F
( )
H
F d IZ KF -

( )
H
-
P 4F dF

( )
4 4
H H
4 PFF dPF dF

( )

O
O
H
e A T
M t
HP T NA
t IZ IIPTJe
l t IZ 4H44He

R
H
R
4
p t IZ IR4RO w e
p t IZ I4RTK w e

p
4
e
T
IZHRK e

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2.4. Tnh thanh, dm v dy mm
2.4.1. Tnh thanh chu ko (nn) ng tm
1. Noi luc tren mat cat ngang
Luc doc N
Z

2. Quy uoc dau cua luc doc
N
Z
> 0 neu l luc ko,
N
Z
< 0 neu l luc nn (hnh 2.4.1).

Hnh 2.4.1: Dau cua N
Z

3. ng suat tren mat cat ngang

z
z
N
F
s =
z
E = e (2.4.1)
trong d:
F - Dien tch mat cat ngang:
e
Z
- Bien dang di tuong doi theo phuong doc truc.

ng suat s
Z
luon c cng dau vi luc doc N
Z
. Bieu do phan bo ng suat s
Z
tren
mat cat ngang nhu tren hnh 2.4.2.

Hnh 2.4.2: Bieu d phan bo ng suat s
Z

tren mat cat ngang

4. Bien dang
Bien dang doc cua thanh gom n doan c noi luc v do cng trong moi doan khc nhau:

( )
i
n n
zi
i
i 1 i 1
i
N
dz
EF
= =
D = D =

(2.4.2)
trong d: EF l do cng cua thanh chiu luc doc.
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Neu tren doan thanh no d c N
Z
= const, EF = const th c the tnh bien dang
doc theo cong thc don gian sau:

z
N
EF
D =
(2.4.3)
vi l chieu di doan thanh.
Dau cua bien dang lay theo dau cua luc doc. Neu D > 0 thanh bi dn di, D < 0
thanh bi co ngan.

\i du 1:
Cho thanh chiu luc nhu tren hnh 2.4.3. V bieu do noi luc, tnh ng suat tren
mat cat ngang v tnh bien dang di cua thanh. Biet thanh c dien tch mat cat ngang
F = 1 cm
2
, modun dn hoi cua vat lieu lm thanh E = 2.10
4
kN/cm
2
, P = 100 kN,
q = 4 P/, = 2 m.
+ V bieu do noi luc: Thanh duoc chia lm 2 doan: AB v BC.
- Xt doan AB: Dng mat cat 1-1, goc toa do tai A:

1
z
N P = + ( ) 0 z / 2
- Xt doan AB: Dng mat cat 2-2, goc toa do tai B:

2
z
N P qz = - ( ) 0 z / 2
Bieu do noi luc nhu tren hnh 2.4.3.

Hnh 2.4.3
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+ Tnh ng suat :
- ng suat ko ln nhat:

2 z
K
N P 100
100 kN / cm
F F 1
+
s = = = =
- ng suat nn ln nhat:

2 z
N
N P 100
100 kN / cm
F F 1
- -
s = = = = -
+ Tnh bien dang cua thanh:
D = D
AB
+ D
BC

1
z
AB
N / 2 P
EF 2EF
+
D = =

/ 2 / 2 2
z
BC
0 0
N P qz
dz dz 0
EF EF
-
D = = =

AB BC
D = D + D =
3
P 100 200
5 10 cm
2EF
2 2 10 1
-
= = +

> 0.
Vay thanh bi dn.

5. ieu kien ben

[ ]
z
N
F
s
trong d: [ ] s l ng suat cho php cua vat lieu.

T dieu kien ben c the giai cc bi ton: Kiem tra ben, chon tai trong cho php
dat vo ket cau hoac chon lua kch thuc cua mat cat ngang cua thanh de bao dam an
ton cho ket cau.

\i du 2:
Cho ket cau chiu luc nhu hnh 2.4.4. Kiem tra ben cho thanh BC v chon mat cat
cho thanh AB. Biet P = 0,03 MN, F
BC
= 0,02 m
2
, cc thanh deu lm bang cng mot loai
vat lieu c [ ]
2
140 MN / m s = .

Ciai:
Dng mat cat 1-1 cat ket cau lm 2 phan, xt phan ngoi c cha tai trong P.
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Hnh 2.4.4

+ Xc dinh noi luc:
M
A
= 0 P.4 N
BC
. r = 0 (*)
r = AB.sina: sina = 3/5 r 4.3/ 5 = :
thay vo (*)
BC
5
N P 0, 05 MN
3
= = .
Tuong tu:

C AB
4
m 0 N P 0, 04 MN
3
= = =
.
+ Kiem tra ben cho thanh BC:

[ ]
BC 2 2 BC
z
BC
N 0, 05
2, 5MN / m 140 MN / m
F 0, 02
s = = = < s = .
Vay thanh an ton ve do ben.

+ Chon mat cat cho thanh AB:

[ ]
4 2 2 AB
AB
N 0, 04
F 2, 857.10 m 2, 857cm
140
-
= = =
s
.
Chon
2
AB
cm 9 , 2 F =

2.4.2. Tnh dm chu un phng
1. Dam
Thuat ng chuyen mon chi thanh chu yeu chiu uon dui tc dung cua tai trong.
2. Cc thnh phan noi luc tren mat cat ngang
Mo men uon M
x
v luc cat Q
y
.
3. Quy uoc dau noi luc
+ M
x
> 0 neu lm cang th dui v M
x
< 0 neu lm cang th tren cua dam.
+ Q
y
> 0 neu lm cho phan xt quay thuan chieu kim dong ho, Q
y
< 0 neu lm phan
xt quay nguoc chieu kim dong ho (hnh 2.4.5).
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Hnh 2.4.5: Quy uc dau cua M v Q tren mat cat ngang

4. Lien he vi phan giua cc noi luc v tai trong phan bo

Hnh 2.4.6

T dieu kien can bang cua doan dam c chieu di dz (hnh 2.4.) rt ra lien he vi
phan gia noi luc Q
y
, M
y
v cung do cua tai trong phan bo q tai mat cat z nhu sau:
( )
y
dQ
q z
dz
= :
x
y
dM
Q
dz
= :
( )
2
x
2
d M
q z
dz
= (2.4.4)

Hnh 2.4.7
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T cc moi lien he ny rt ra mot so nhan xt sau (hnh 2.4.7):
+ Neu q l hm bac n cua z th Q
y
l hm bac n + 1 v M
x
l hm bac n + 2. Trung
hop thung gap q = const th Q
y
l hm bac nhat, M
x
l hm bac 2.
+ Tai moi mat cat cua dam, cung do tai trong phan bo q bang he so gc cua tiep
tuyen vi bieu do Q (q = tga
Q
) v luc cat bang he so gc cua tiep tuyen vi bieu
do mo men (Q = tga
M
).
+ Tai mat cat q = 0 th Q dat cuc tri, tai mat cat Q = 0 th M dat cuc tri.

+ ng suat php:

x
z
x
M
y
J
s = (2.4.5)
hoac tnh theo cong thc k thuat:

x
z
x
M
y
J
s = (2.4.)
+ ng suat tiep:

c
x
y
zy
x c
S
Q
J b
t = (2.4.7)
trong d:
M
x
, Q
y
- mo men uon v luc cat tai mat cat can tnh ng suat:
J
x
- mo men qun tnh cua mat cat doi vi truc x:
y - tung do cua diem tnh ng suat:
c
x
S - mo men tinh doi vi truc x cua phan mat cat gii han t diem tnh ng suat den
bien dui cua mat cat:
b
c
- chieu rong cua dung cat di qua diem tnh ng suat.

Ch l truc x su dung trong tnh ton l mot thnh phan cua he truc qun tnh
chnh trung tam. V tren truc x ng suat php bang 0, nen truc x cn duoc goi l truc
trung ho.

+ Dau cua ng suat
- Dau cua ng suat php: Neu tnh theo cong thc (2.4.5) th dau cua s
z
phu
thuoc dau cua M
x
v y. Cn neu tnh theo cong thc k thuat (2.4.) th lay dau
cua ng suat theo phan vng ng suat. ng suat nam o vng mat cat chiu ko
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lay dau duong, nam o vng mat cat chiu nn lay dau am. Vng chiu ko hay
chiu nn cua mat cat duoc xc dinh theo chieu cang cua mo men tai mat cat
d. V du o mat cat v o hnh 2.4.8 ng suat o diem A mang dau duong, o diem
B mang dau am. Do d

x A
z A
x
M
y
J
s = + ,
cn
x B
z B
x
M
y
J
s = - .
- Dau cua ng suat tiep: Luon lay trng vi dau cua luc cat Q
y
.

+ Bieu do ng suat
Tren mat cat ngang bieu do ng suat php c dang bac nhat, bieu do ng suat tiep
c dang parabol (hnh 2.4.8).

Hnh 2.4.8: Bieu d ng suat php v tiep tren mat cat ngang

6. Chuyen vi cua dam (hnh 2.4.9)

Hnh 2.4.9: Chuyen vi cua dam

+ ung dn hoi: Thuat ng chuyen mon chi truc cong cua dam khi bi uon.
+ Cc thnh phan chuyen vi:
- o vng cua truc dam, thung k hieu l y.
- Gc xoay cua mat cat ngang, thung k hieu l q.
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+ Phuong trnh xc dinh do vng v gc xoay:

2
x
2
x
M d y
EJ
dz
= - (2.4.8)

dy
dz
q =
trong d EJ
x
l do cng chong uon cua dam. Dui day de don gian s k hieu l EJ.

+ Mot so phuong php xc dinh phuong trnh dung dn hoi cua dam:
- Phuong php tch phan khong xc dinh:
Tch phan truc tiep phuong trnh vi phan (2.4.8) duoc:

x
M
dz C
EJ
q = - +
:

x
M
y dz dz Cz D
EJ

= - + +

Sau d dua vo dieu kien chuyen vi tai cc lien ket xc dinh cc hang so tch phan
C v D.
- Phuong php thong so ban dau:
Thiet lap cong thc truy hoi de thiet lap phuong trnh do vng cua doan th i + 1
neu biet phuong trnh do vng cua doan th i:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i 1 i a a i 1 i 1 i i
1
y z y z y z a K M a K M a
EJ
+ + +
= + D + Dq - - -

( )
( ) ( )
( )
2 3
i 1 i 1 i i
z a z a
1
K Q a K Q a
2! EJ 3!
+ +
- -
- - -

( ) ( )
( )
4
i 1 i 1 i i
z a
1
K q a K q a
EJ 4!
+ +
-
- - -

( ) ( )
( )
5
, ,
i 1 i i 1 i
z a
1
K q a K q a
EJ 5!
+ +
-

- -

(2.4.9)
trong d:
EJ - do cng qui uc (chang han EJ = E
1
J
1
):

i
i i
i 1
i 1 i 1
EJ
K :
E J
EJ
K .
E J
+
+ +
=
=

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Neu cc doan deu c do cng nhu nhau (EJ = const) th
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 3
a a
i 1 i a a
z a z a
M Q
y z y z y z a
EJ 2! EJ 3!
+
- -
D D
= + D + Dq - - - -

( ) ( )
4 5
,
a a
z a z a q q
...
EJ 4! EJ 5!
- - D D
- - + (2.4.10)
- Phuong php do ton (phuong php tai trong gia):
Su dung dai luong

x
gt
M
q
EJ
= -
goi l 'tai trong gia dat len mot 'dam gia duoc chon tren co so dam can tm chuyen vi
(dam that) th luc cat v mo men tren dam gia gay ra boi 'tai trong gia chnh l gc
xoay v do vng cua dam that. Trong bang 2.4.1 trnh by mot so mau 'dam gia duoc
lua chon t dam that de tnh chuyen vi cho dam that.
Chi chu:
Cng c the tnh chuyen vi cua dam bang cc phuong php cua co hoc ket cau
gii thieu o muc 2.5.
Trong bang 2.4.2 trnh by ket qua tnh ton phan luc, noi luc v chuyen vi cua
mot so dang dam thung gap.
Bang 2.4.1: Mot so so d dam that v "dam gia"

ex3 "-!" ex3 8%y

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Bang 2.4.2: Phan luc, noi luc v chuyen vi cua mot so dam thung gap

WU *. "y% "Ef+8
6%z' *. { V, (
|-y+ $=: ;} V~+8 $g+ +-@" L: iGDQ $g+ +-@"

t |
( t M|
R
3Di 6
|
Q t Q t
R/o
q
4
3Di
|
t
4/o

t m
m
( t M
4

O
3Di
m
Q t
T/o
q
R
3Di
m
t
P/o

t mF
( )
mF
( t M d D
4

O
3Di 6
m
Q t Q t
4O/o

R O
R O
OD D
R M d
q
R
3Di
m$
t
P/o

R
R
D
HM

t mD
4
mD
( t M
4

R
3Di
mD
Q t
4O/o

( )
B
y = O M D
q
R
3Di
mD
t
P/o

m
t
4

m
( t M
P

O
3Di 6
m
Q t Q t
RI/o
q
R
3Di
m
t
4O/o

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WU *. "y% "Ef+8
6%z' *. { V, (
|-y+ $=: ;} V~+8 $g+ +-@" L: iGDQ $g+ +-@"

m
t
4

m
( t M
R

O
3Di 6
HHm
Q t Q t
H4I/o
q
R
3Di
m
t
T/o

m
t
4

m
( t M
O

O
3Di 6
HHm
Q t Q t
HN4/o
q
R
3Di
Jm
t
NP/o

t I
( t M(
4
3Di 6
(
Q t Q t
4/o
q
3Di
(
t
/o

t I
( t M(

3Di 6
Q t Q t
( ) =
(D
4 M D
4/o

q
3Di
(D
t
/o

|F
t !
|D
6 t

3Di
|DF
( t

^-% D t F t / 4

3Di
|
( t
O

BX% " t D "-w#

4 4
|D F
Q t
R/o

^-% D t F t / 4 "-w#

R
3Di
|
Q t
OT/o

( )
q
|DF dF
t
P/o

( )
q
6
|DF d D
t
P/o

^-% D t F t / 4 "-w#

q = -q
4
6
|
t
HP/o

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WU *. "y% "Ef+8
6%z' *. { V, (
|-y+ $=: ;} V~+8 $g+ +-@" L: iGDQ $g+ +-@"
t 6 t |

3Di
( t |D

3Di "t 24
Q t Q t

( )
=
4 4
|D
R M OD
4O/o

q = -q =
6

( ) =
|D
M D
4/o

^-% D t 2R

3Di
|
( t
R

3Di "t 24
Q t Q t
=
R
|
4TZHJ/o

q = -q =
4
6
|
P/o

^-% D t 2O

3Di
|
( t
O

3Di "t 24
Q t Q t

R
HH|
t
RTO/o

q = -q =
4
6
R|
R4/o

m
t 6 t
4

4
3Di "t 24
m
( t ( t
T

3Di "t 24
Q t Q t

O
Km
t
RTO/o

q = -q =
R
6
|
4O/o

t 6 t mD

4
3Di
mD
( t
4

3Di "t 24
Q t Q t

( )
=
4 4 4
mD R M 4D
OT/o

q = -q =
6

( )
=
4
mD R M 4D
H4/o

^-% D t 2R

4
3Di
m
( t
HT

O
3Di
4Km
Q t
RTTT/o
q = -q =
R
6
Jm
R4O/o

^-% D t 2O

4
3Di
m
( t
R4

O
3Di
4Rm
Q t
PHOO/o
q = -q =
R
6
Km
RTO/o

m:
t 6 t
4

3Di "t 24
( t ( t

=

m: :
HM
O 4

O
3Di "t 24
m
Q t Q t
RTO/o

( )
x - x + x
R O
T O
q = -q =
6

( )
= x - x
R
R
m
R
OT/o

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WU *. "y% "Ef+8
6%z' *. { V, (
|-y+ $=: ;} V~+8 $g+ +-@" L: iGDQ $g+ +-@"

m
t 6 t
O

3Di "t 24
( t ( t
=
4
m
4

3Di "t 24
Q t Q t

O
m
t
H4I/o

q = -q =
R
6
Km
HN4/o

( ) m M D
t 6 t
4

3Di "t 24
( t ( t
=
4 4
m mD
M
T P

O
3Di "t 24
m
Q t Q t
RTO/o

x x
- +

4 O
T HP
H
K 4K

q = -q =
R
6
Km
4O/o

( )
- x + x
4 R
H 4

(
t M6 t M

3Di
( t (

3Di "tIZO4R
Q t Q t

(
t
HKZ KN/o

"t 24
(
Q t
HP/o

q
(
t
R/o

q
6
(
t M
P/o

|D
t M
D d
6 t |
3Di
( t M|D

( )
4
>
|D d D
Q t
R/o

"EG+8 +-aA 6#

3Di "tIZKJJ
Q t Q t

4
|D
t MIZ IPO4
/o

( )
q
4
>
| 4 D d RD
t
P/o

q
|D
t M
P/o

q
6
|D
t
R/o

4
mD
t M
4

4
D
6 t m D d
4

4
3Di
mD
( t M
4

R
>
mD
Q t
4O/o

"EG+8 +-aA 6#

3Di "tIZKJJ
Q t Q t

4 4
mD
t MIZ IR4H
/o

( )
q
4
>
mD D dH
t
P/o

q
mD
t M
H4/o

q
4
6
mD
t
P/o

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7. Kiem tra ben
+ Kiem tra ben doi vi cc phan to lm viec o trang thi ng suat don (o mp bien
tren v mp bien dui cua dam, ng suat tiep bang 0):

[ ]
max
K
s s
[ ]
min
N
s s
trong d:
[ ]
K
s v
[ ]
N
s lan luot l ng suat cho php khi ko v khi nn.

+ Kiem tra ben doi vi cc phan to o trang thi ng suat phang (o vi tr c ng suat
php v ng suat tiep deu kh ln). oi vi cc phan to ny thung kiem tra theo
cc thuyet ben:
- Theo thuyet ben ng suat tiep ln nhat:

[ ]
2 2
tt z zy
4 s = s + t s
- Theo thuyet ben the nang bien doi hnh dng:

[ ]
2 2
tt z zy
3 s = s + t s
trong d:
tt
s goi l ng suat tnh ton.

+ Kiem tra ben doi vi phan to truot thuan tu (o vi tr truc trung ho, ng suat php
bang 0). oi vi cc phan to ny thung kiem tra theo cc thuyet ben:
- Theo thuyet ben ng suat tiep ln nhat:

[ ]
[ ]
max
2
s
t t =
- Theo thuyet ben the nang bien doi hnh dng:

[ ]
[ ]
max
3
s
t t =
8. Kiem tra theo dieu kien cng
[ ]
max
y f
hoac
max
y f

trong d:
[ ] f v
f

lan luot l do vng cho php v do vng tuong doi cho php:
l nhip dam.
Thong thung
f

cho bang ty le %.
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\i du:
Kiem tra ben (theo ng suat php) cho dam c so do chiu luc nhu tren hnh 2.4.10 a,
biet dam lm t thp CT3 c [s] = 10 MN/m
2
: P = 15 kN: a = 1,2 m. Mat cat c
J
x
= 132,7 cm
4
, cc kch thuc khc cho tren hnh 2.4.10.

Hnh 2.4.10

+ V bieu do mo men uon M
x

Do dam v tai trong doi xng cua dam nen cc phan luc goi tua
V
A
= V
B
= P = 15 kN.
Bieu do mo men uon M
x
v duoc bang cch tnh nhanh gi tri mo men tai dau cc doan
thanh nhu tren hnh 2.4.10 c. T bieu do M
x
c the thay doan dam CD chiu uon thuan
tu vi mo men uon c tri khong doi M
x
= 18 kNm v lm cang mat dui cua dam.
+ Kiem tra ben cho dam theo ng suat php ln nhat:
- Kiem tra cho diem c ng suat ko ln nhat
k
z
maxs (mat dui dam trong
doan CD):

k
xn
y 11 cm: =
n
xn
y 5 cm: =

k 3
x
132, 7
W 123, 88 cm :
11
= =
n 3
x
132, 7
W 272, 53 cm
5
= =

3
x k
z
k
x
M max
14, 4.10
max
W 123, 88.10
-
-
s = = =

2 2
11, 24MN / m [ ] 10MN / m = < s =
Vay dam dam bao do ben khi chiu ng suat ko.
- Kiem tra cho diem c ng suat nn ln nhat
n
z
maxs (mat tren dam trong
doan CD):

2 2
3
n
x
x n
z
m / MN 10 ] [ m / MN 84 , 52
10 . 53 , 272
10 . 4 , 14
W
max M
max = s < = = = s
-
-

Vay dam dam bao do ben khi chiu ng suat nn.
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2.4.3. Tnh thanh chu xon
1. Ni lc trn mt ct ngang
Momen xoan M
z
.
2. Quy oc dau cua mo men xoan
M
z
> 0 neu t ngoi nhn vo mat cat n c chieu quay thuan chieu kim dong ho
(hnh 2.4.11).

Hnh 2.4.11: Noi luc tren mat cat ngang

a. Thanh c mt ct trn

z
M
J
r
r
t = r

v
z
max
M
W
r
t = (2.4.11)
trong d:
r - khoang cch cua diem tnh ng suat den tam vng trn:
J
r
- mo men qun tnh cuc cua mat cat.

Vi mat cat trn (hnh 2.4.12a):

4
4
D
J 0,1D
32
r
p
=

Vi mat cat hnh vnh khan (hnh 2.4.12b):

( )
( )
4 4
4 4
D 1
J 0,1D 1
32
r
p - h
= - m ,

d
D
h = .
W
r
- mo dun chong xoan cua mat cat trn.

J
W
R
r
r
= .
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Tren mat cat ngang bieu do ng suat tiep c dang bac nhat (hnh 2.4.12a).

Hnh 2.4.12: Bieu d phan bo ng suat tiep tren mat cat ngang hnh trn

b. Thanh mt ct ch nht
Bieu do phan bo ng suat tiep tren mat cat ngang cua thanh mat cat ch nhat c
dang nh tren hnh 2.4.13.

Hnh 2.4.13: Bieu d phan bo ng suat tiep tren mat cat ngang hnh chu nhat

Tren bieu do cc tri t
max
v t
1
duoc tnh bang cong thc:

z
max
2
M
hb
t =
a
(2.4.12)

1 max
t = gt (2.4.13)
trong d: a, b, g l cc he so phu thuoc vo ty so h/b vi quy dinh l h > b tra trong
bang 2.4 3.
Bang 2.4.3: Cc he so a, b, g doi vi thanh chu nhat

-2F H HZK HZJK 4 4ZK R P HI $ HI
a IZ4IT IZ4RH IZ4RN IZ4OP IZ4KT IZ4PJ IZ4NN IZRHR IZRRR
b IZHOH IZHNP IZ4HO IZ44N IZ4ON IZ4PR IZ4NN IZRHR IZRRR
g HZIII IZTKN IZT4I IZJKN IZJJP IZJKR IZJOR IZJO4 IZJO4
Ghi ch: Khi h/b > 10 c the lay a = b = 0,333.
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4. Bien dang
a. Thanh mt ct trn
+ Gc xoan ty doi :

z
M
GJ
r
q = (2.4.14)
+ Gc xoan tuong doi gia 2 mat cat cch nhau mot doan :

Z
0
M
dz
GJ
r
j =
(2.4.15)
+ Vi thanh duoc chia thnh n doan:

i n
zi
i i 1
0
M
dz
GJ
r =
j =
(2.4.1)
trong d:
M
zi
- mo men xoan cua doan th i:
J
ri
- mo men qun tnh cuc cua mat cat ngang ng vi doan th i.

+ Vi thanh c M
zi
v J
ri
l hang so th:

i n
Z i
i
i 1
M
GJ
=
r
j =
(rad) (2.4.17)
b. Thanh mt ct ch nht

Z
3
M
Ghb
q =
b
(2.4.18)
trong d: b tra trong bang 2.4.3.

5. Kiem tra theo dieu kien ben

[ ]
Z
max
M
W
r
t = t
trong d:
[ ]
0
n
t
t = :
t
0
duoc xc dinh t th nghiem:
n l he so an ton.

[t] cng c the xc dinh t [s] theo cc thuyet ben.
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+ Theo thuyet ben the nang:

[ ]
[ ]
3
s
t =
+ Theo thuyet ben ng suat tiep ln nhat:

[ ]
[ ]
2
s
t =
6. Kiem tra theo dieu kien cng
[ ]
max
q q
trong d [q] l bien dang ty doi cho php tnh bang don vi do/m (
o
/m) hoac rad/m

7. Tnh l xo hnh tr b- c ngn (hnh 2.4.14)

Hnh 2.4.14: L xo hnh tru buc ngan 7

+ Pham vi p dung: Gc nghieng a cua vng l xo vi truc l xo ln hon 80
0
.
+ Noi luc tren mat cat ngang:

z
D
M P
2
= :
Q = P
+ ng suat tren mat cat ngang:

z
M
J
r
r
t = r
v
z
1
M
W
r
t =
2
Q
F
t = (2.4.19)
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Bieu do phan bo cua ng suat tiep tren mat cat ngang do M
z
v Q gay ra nhu tren
hnh 2.4.15.

Hnh 2.4.15: Phan bo ng suat tren mat cat ngang

iem chiu luc nguy hiem nhat trong l xo l diem A o mp trong cua vng l xo,
tai d t
1
do M
z
v t
2
do Q gay ra c cng phuong v chieu:

max 1 2
3 2 3
D
P
P 1, d PD
2
1
d
0, 2d d 0, 4d
4

t = t + t = + = +

p
p
(2.4.20)
+ o cng cua l xo:
o ln l cua l xo duoc xc dinh bang cong thc:

P
C
l = (2.4.21)
vi
4
3
Gd
C
8nD
= (2.4.22)
trong d:
n - so vng l xo:
C - do cng cua l xo.

L xo c d cng nho, n cng ln th do ln cng ln.

2.4.4. Tnh thanh chu lc phc tp
2.4.4.1.Uon xien
1. Ni lc trn mt ct ngang:
Mo men uon M
x
v M
y
.
2. Quy - c du
M
x
, M
y
lay dau duong neu chng lm cang cc th o pha duong cua truc toa do
(hnh 2.4.1).

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n

Hnh 2.4.16

3. ng sut trn mt ct ngang

y
x
z
x y
M
M
y x
J J
s = + (2.4.23)
hoac dng cong thc k thuat:

y
x
z
x y
M
M
y x
J J
s = (2.4.24)
Dau cua cc so hang trong cong thc (2.4.23) duoc lay theo dau cua 4 dai luong
M
x
, M
y
, x, y. Cn dau cua cc so hang trong cong thc (2.4.24) duoc lay theo phan
vng ng suat dua vo chieu cang cua mo men M
x
, M
y
tuong tu nhu o trung hop uon
phang (muc 2.4.2).

4. - ng trung ho v biu ng sut (hnh 2.4.17)
+ Phuong trnh dung trung ha
V moi diem tren dung trung ho deu c ng suat php bang 0, nen t cong thc
tnh ng suat (2.4.23) suy ra:

y
x
x y
M
J
y x
M J
= - (2.4.25)
iem can ch l o dam uon xien, tr trung hop mat cat ngang c J
x
= J
y
ra
dung trung ho khong vuong gc vi dung tai trong nhu o trung hop uon phang,
tc l:
tgb

tga 1,
trong d:
b - gc nghieng cua dung trung ho:
a - gc nghieng cua dung tai trong (hnh 2.4.17).
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Hnh 2.4.17

+ Bieu do ng suat:
V o trung hop uon xien ng suat o mot diem ty le bac nhat vi khoang cch t
diem d den truc trung ho nen c the v bieu do ng suat o dang phang tuong tu nhu o
trung hop uon phang (hnh 2.4.17).

5. Kim tra bn
Tien hnh kiem tra o cc diem nguy hiem tren mat cat theo cc thuyet ben gii
thieu o muc 2.2.2.

2.4.4.2. Uon v nn (ko) dong thi - Nn (ko) lech tam
N
z
, M
x
, M
y
hoac N
z
, M
x
hoac N
z
, M
y
nhu tren hnh 2.4.18.

Hnh 2.4.18

2. Quy - c du m men
Luc doc lay dau duong neu l luc ko. Mo men lay dau duong neu lm cang cc
th o pha duong cua truc toa do (hnh 2.4.18).
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n

Hnh 2.4.19

y
z x
z
x y
M
N M
y x
F J J
s = + + (2.4.2)
hoac dng cong thc k thuat:

y
z x
z
x y
M
N M
y x
F J J
s = (2.4.27)
Dau cua cc so hang trong cong thc (2.4.27) duoc lay dua vo phan vng ng
suat do luc doc v mo men gay ra nhu tren hnh 2.4.19.

4. Nn (ko) lch tm (hnh 2.4.20 a)

Hnh 2.4.20

uoc dua ve trung hop chiu nn (ko) dong thi (hnh 2.4.20b) vi
N
z
= P, M
x
= Py
k
, My = Px
k
.
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v
n

5. - ng trung ho v biu ng sut
+ Phuong trnh dung trung ha
V moi diem tren truc trung ho c ng suat php bang 0 nen t cong thc
(2.4.2) c the rt ra phuong trnh truc trung ho tuong tu nhu o trung hop uon xien.
Vi trung hop nn (ko) lech tam phuong trnh dung trung ho duoc dua ve dang:

x y
1
a b
+ = (2.4.28)
vi:
2
y
K
i
a
x
= - v
2
x
K
i
b
y
= - (2.4.29)
trong d:
x
K
, y
K
- toa do cua diem dat luc lech tam:
i
x
, i
y
- bn knh qun tnh chnh trung tam.

T (2.4.29) c the thay a v b luon tri dau vi x
K
v y
K
nen dung trung ho luon
nam o gc phan tu doi dien vi gc phan tu cha diem dat luc (hnh 2.4.21).
+ Bieu do ng suat:
V o trung hop uon v nn (ko) hoac nn (ko) lech tam ng suat o mot diem ty
le bac nhat vi khoang cch t diem d den truc trung ho nen c the v bieu do ng
suat o dang phang tuong tu nhu o trung hop uon xien (hnh 2.4.21).

Hnh 2.4.21

6. Kim tra bn
thieu o muc 2.2.2.
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7. Li ca mt ct ngang
+ Dinh nghia:
Li cua mat cat l mien c chu vi khp kn bao quanh trong tam mat cat. Neu luc
doc lech tam dat trong hoac tren chu vi li th tren mat cat chi xuat hien ng suat cng
dau vi luc doc.

+ ng dung:
Li mat cat duoc dng nhieu trong viec thiet ke cc cau kien chiu nn nhu cot,
tung, vm v.v... lm bang cc vat lieu rn nhu gach, d hoac be tong de tren mat cat
khong xuat hien ng suat ko bang cch khong che vi tr dat luc lech tam trong li.

+ Cach ve li:
Biet bien cua li l vi tr cua cc diem dat luc khi dung trung ho tiep xc vi
chu vi cua mat cat. Do d de v li lan luot v cc tiep tuyen vi chu vi cua mat cat
(hnh 2.4.22). Ch l khong mot tiep tuyen no duoc cat mat cat. V moi tiep tuyen l
mot dung trung ho v ng vi n c mot cap gi tri a
i
, b
i
, t d thay vo (2.4.29) tnh
duoc mot cap tao do cua diem dat luc x
k
, y
k
. Noi cc diem c toa do x
k
, y
k
lai bang cc
doan thang neu mat cat l da gic v bang cc doan cong neu mat cat c chu vi l cc
dung cong s duoc mot chu vi khp kn bao quanh trong tam mat cat, d l li cua mat
cat. Li mt ct bao gi cng l da giac loi hoc dung cong loi. Neu mat cat c truc
doi xng th truc doi xng d cng l truc doi xng cua li.

Hnh 2.4.22

2.4.4.3. Uon v xoan dong thi
M
x
, M
y
, M
z
hoac M
x
, M
z
hoac M
y
, M
z
vi quy uc dau duong nhu tren hnh 2.4.23.
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Hnh 2.4.23

+ ng suat php do M
x
, M
y
gay ra:

y
x
z
x y
M
M
y x
J J
s = +
+ ng suat tiep do M
z
gay ra: Tuy theo mat cat l hnh trn hay hnh ch nhat m
tnh ton bang cc cong thc trnh by trong muc (2.4.3).

3. Kim tra bn
thieu o muc 2.2.2.

2.4.4.4. Trung hop chiu luc tong qut
Trung hop chiu luc tong qut l to hop cua cc trung hop chiu ko (nn),
uon xien, xoan. Tuy theo hnh dang mat cat l trn hay ch nhat m su dung cc cong
thc tnh ng suat php v ng suat tiep ph hop nhu d trnh by o tren.

2.4.4.5 Thanh cong phang
1. Khi nim
Thanh cong phang l thanh c truc l mot dung cong phang. Chang han nhu mc
neo cua can cau, vnh cc bnh xe, vng mat xch, vm, v.v... (hnh 2.4.24).

Trung hop tong qut c the xuat hien ba thnh phan noi luc N
z
, M
x
, Q
y
nhu tren
hnh 2.4.25.
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Hnh 2.4.24

Hnh 2.4.25

3. ng sut php trn mt ct ngang
- Do luc doc gay ra:

z
z
N
F
s =
- Do mo men uon gay ra:

x
z
x
M y
S r y
s =
+
(2.4.31)
trong d:
S
x
- mo men tinh cua mat cat doi vi truc trung ho x:
r - bn knh cua th trung ho:
y - khoang cch t diem tnh ng suat den truc trung ho.

Bieu do ng suat tren mat cat ngang c dang dung cong (hnh 2.4.2) vi

x 2 x 2
max
x 2 x 2
M y M y
S r y S R
s = =
+

x 1 x 1
min
x 1 x 1
M y M y
S r y S R
s = =
+
(2.4.32)
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trong d:
R
1
- bn knh cong cua th gan tam cong nhat, R
1
= r + y
1
:
R
2
- bn knh cong cua th xa tam cong nhat, R
2
= r + y
2
:

Hnh 2.4.26

+ Vi tr truc trung ho (hnh 2.4.27):
Bn knh cong cua th trung ho duoc tnh bang cong thc:

F
F
r
dF
=
r
(2.4.33)

Hnh 2.4.27
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Bn knh cong cua th trung ho cua cc mat cat thung gap cho trong bang 2.4.4.
+ Kiem tra ben: Tien hnh kiem tra o cc diem nguy hiem tren mat cat theo cc
thuyet ben gii thieu o muc 2.2.2.

Bang 2.4.4: Bn knh cong cua th trung ho

eX+8 3\" :k" 69+ _n+- :G+8 E :%D "-g "E'+8 -G,

( )
4
4 4
u
E t
O 4v M Ov M u

4 4
4 4
4 4
e M u
E t
u e
T v M M v M
O O

( )
4
4 4
-
E t
O 4v M Ov M F

( )
( ) ( )

4
H 4
4
H 4 4 H H 4
H
F d F -
E t
v
4 F v M F v $+ M F M F -
v

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2.4.5. Tnh dy mm
1. Khi niem
Day mem chi chiu duoc luc ko, c nghia l noi luc trong day N
z
0. Goi f l do
vng ln nhat v l chieu di nhip th day duoc coi l thoai khi: f/ 1/10, cn day
duoc coi l chng khi f/ > 1/10.

2. Phuong php gan dng tnh day mem chiu tai trong phan bo deu

+ Day mem tren 2 goi tua chenh nhau (hnh 2.4.29)

Hnh 2.4.29: Day mm tren hai goi chenh nhau

- Phuong trnh dung cong day:

2
qx
y
2H
= (2.4.34)
- Luc cang ngang cua day:

( )
2
2
2 1
q
H
2 f f
=
(2.4.35)
trong d:
2
1
qa
f
2H
= :
2
2
qb
f
2H
= .

Trong cong thc (2.4.35) lay dau (+) vi trung hop v tren hnh 2.4.29 a cn lay
dau () vi trung hop v tren hnh 2.4.29 c.
- Luc cang cua day tai mat cat bat ky:

H
T
cos
=
a

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+ Day mem tren hai goi ngang nhau (hnh 2.4.30):

Hnh 2.4.30: Day mm tren hai goi ngang nhau

2
1 2
q
f f f
8H
= = =

- Luc cang ngang:

2
q
H
32f
=
(2.4.37)
- o di day:

2
2
8f
s 1
3

= +

(2.4.38)
3. Kiem tra ben
Thuc hien nhu thanh chiu ko dng tam.

2.5. Tnh kt cu h thanh

Trong cc cong trnh thuy loi, giao thong, xay dung dan dung, ket cau he thanh
thung gap nam dang: Dam, khung, vm, dn nhu hnh 2.5.1 a, b, c, d v he lien hop.

Hnh 2.5.1

Nguyen nhan gay ra phan luc, noi luc, chuyen vi tren cong trnh l tai trong, ln
khong deu v nhiet do. V su thay doi cua nhiet do rat t khi ke den khi tnh ton cc
ket cau he thanh nen dui day chi xt nguyen nhan tc dung l tai trong v chuyen vi
cua cc lien ket tua. Can di sau van de g, doc gia xem them gio trnh Co hoc ket cau
cua cc trung dai hoc k thuat.
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Ngy nay vi su pht trien cua my tnh v cc phan mem duoc xay dung san tren
co so phuong php phan tu hu han (PTHH), viec tnh ton chuyen vi v noi luc cua ket
cau he thanh chiu tc dung cua cc nguyen nhan ke tren thuan tien v de dng hon
nhieu. Song trong nhieu trung hop van can su dung cc phuong php truyen thong.
Dui day s gii thieu nhng nt chnh cua cc phuong php ny. Phuong php phan tu
hu han s duoc trnh by trong muc 2.11.

2.5.1. Tnh kt cu tnh nh chu ti trng bt ng
2.5.1.1. Tnh noi luc
He tinh dinh l he bat bien hnh c va du so lien ket. Vi he tinh dinh dng cc
phuong trnh can bang tinh hoc du de xc dinh duoc phan luc v noi luc cua he. Trong
he tinh dinh tc dong cua nhiet do v chuyen vi cua cc lien ket tua chi gay ra chuyen
vi, khong gay ra noi luc.
e v bieu do noi luc (mo men, luc cat, luc doc) can thuc hien cc buc sau:
1. Xc dinh phan luc
Gia thiet chieu cc phan luc, thiet lap cc phuong trnh can bang gia tai trong v
phan luc, t d giai tm phan luc. Neu ket qua mang dau am th chieu thuc cua phan luc
phai nguoc vi chieu gia thiet. e kiem tra phan luc tnh dng hay sai phai thu lai bang
cch thay cc phan luc tnh duoc vo phuong trnh can bang chua dng xem c thoa
mn khong.

2. Chia he thanh thnh cc doan
Cc diem chia l cc diem dat luc hoac mo men tap trung v diem gin doan cua
tai trong phan bo.

3. Dng phuong php mat cat de tm noi luc tai dau cc doan thanh
M
K
= SM
K
(cc ngoai luc mot phan xt)
Q
K
= SY (cc ngoai luc mot phan xt)
N
K
= SZ (cc ngoai luc mot phan xt)
trong d: truc Y c phuong vuong gc v truc Z c phuong trng vi truc cua doan
thanh dang xt.

4. T gi tri noi luc tai cc dau thanh v su dung cc nhan xt rt ra t lien he vi phan
gia noi luc v ngoai luc v bieu do noi luc cua tng doan thanh cua he. Ch l
vi mo men luon quy uc dau theo th cang v khi v phai v theo dng th cang.

2.5.1.2. Dam tinh dinh
Dam tinh dinh thung duoc chia lm ba dang:
+ Dam don gian (cong xon, hai dau tua khp hoac mt tha):
+ Dam tinh dinh nhieu nhip (dam ghp):
+ Dam c mat truyen luc.
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Cch v bieu do noi luc cho dam don gian d trnh by o muc 2.4. O day chi luu l
nen su dung cch v nhanh. Vi bieu do mo men uon tm gi tri mo men o hai dau doan
thanh v dng cch treo bieu do. Cn bieu do luc cat th duoc suy t bieu do mo men.
Vi dam tinh dinh nhieu nhip (dam ghp) de v bieu do noi luc thuc hien nhu sau:
Xc dinh dam chnh, dam phu, tnh dam phu truc dam chnh sau, khi tnh dam chnh
luu ke them p luc truyen t dam phu xuong (chi can doi chieu phan luc t dam phu
d biet).
Vi dam c mat truyen luc th tu tnh ton l: Xc dinh phan luc cua cc dam doc
phu pha tren, doi chieu phan luc l p luc tc dung truc tiep vo dam chnh ben dui v
tnh dam chnh nhu dam don gian hay dam ghp.
\i du:
V bieu do noi luc cho dam ghp tren hnh 2.5.2
- Xc dinh dam chnh, dam phu:
AB l dam chnh:
BC l dam phu.
- Tnh hai dam doc lap theo th tu dam phu tnh truc, dam chnh tnh sau. So do
tnh ton v ket qua nhu hnh 2.5.2.

Hnh 2.5.2: Bieu d noi luc cua dam tnh dinh hai nhip

2.5.1.3. Khung tinh dinh
Khung tinh dinh c 3 dang: Khung mot mieng cng, khung 3 khp v khung
ghp. Cch v bieu do noi luc cho khung mot mieng cng, khung ghp thuc hien giong
nhu dam don gian v dam ghp. Vi khung 3 khp can luu cch xc dinh phan luc.
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\i du:
V bieu do noi luc cho khung mot mieng cng c kch thuc v chiu luc nhu
hnh 2.5.3.
- Xc dinh phan luc:
SX = 0 X
A
= 2q ( )
SM
A
= 0 Y
B
= 2q ( - )
SY = 0 Y
A
= 2q ( - )

Hnh 2.5.3: Bieu d noi luc cua khung

- V bieu do noi luc:
Chia khung thnh 4 doan AC, CD, DE, EF. Tnh noi luc tai dau mt moi doan v
v nhanh bieu do noi luc cho tng doan..
Sau khi v kiem tra bieu do M theo dieu kien can bang mo men tai nt D v E.
Bieu do Q c dang nho hon dang cua bieu do M mot bac. Bieu do N l hang so trong
tng doan thanh v tai trong vuong gc vi truc thanh.

2.5.1.4. Vm ba khop (hnh 2.5.4)
- Xc dinh cc phan luc Z
A
, V
A
, Z
B
, V
B
nhu khung ba khp:
SM
A
= 0 V
B
:
S
f
C
M = 0 Z
B
:
SX = 0 Z
A
:
SM
B
= 0 V
A
.
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Hnh 2.5.4

- Trung hop hay gap l tai trong tc dung thang dng khong phu thuoc vo dang
vm. Lc ny noi luc M, Q, N tai mat cat bat ky K cua vm duoc xc dinh theo
cong thc lien he vi dam don gian cng nhip chiu cng tai trong:
( )
( )
d
K K K
d
K K K K K
d
K K K K K
M M Hy
Q Q cos H sin tg cos
N Q sin H cos tg sin
= -
= j - j - b j
= j + j + b j
(2.5.1)
trong d:
d
K
M ,
d
K
Q - mo men uon, luc cat tai mat cat K tuong ng cua dam don gian cng
nhip cng tai trong:
H - luc xo ngang cua vm, H = Z
A
cosb = Z
B
cosb

d
c
M
H
f
=
y
K
- khoang cch thang dng t mat cat K den dung noi AB:
j
K
- gc nghieng gia tiep tuyen truc vm tai K so vi phuong ngang:
b - gc nghieng cua dung noi AB vi phuong ngang.

Chu y l vi vm dau cua luc doc N duoc quy uc lai: Nn mang dau duong, ko
mang dau am.

2.5.1.5. Dn tinh dinh
Dn cng c hnh thc nhu khung: Dn dam (mot mieng cng), dn ba khp, dn
ghp. Trong buc tnh ton so bo thung bo qua trong luong cc thanh dn, giao cua
cc thanh dn coi l khp l tuong, tai trong chi tc dung tai cc mat dn. Vi gia thiet
nhu vay noi luc trong dn chi c luc doc N. e xc dinh luc doc c the dng phuong
php giai tch (xt can bang luc tai mot mat hoac mot pha cua dn) hoac phuong php
do giai (gian do Mac-xoen - C-re-mo-na).
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\i du:
Xc dinh luc doc trong 4 thanh dn 1A, 23, 3 v 7 tren hnh 2.5.5.

Hnh 2.5.5

- Xc dinh phan luc tai A, B nhu doi vi dam:
Y
A
= P ( - )
Y
B
= 3P ( - )
- T nhan xt cua phuong php tch mat ta thay luc doc trong cc thanh A, 37, 4B,
B8 bang khong.

Hai nhan xt quan trong dng khi tnh dn l:
+ Tai mat cat chi c hai thanh, khong c luc th luc doc 2 thanh bang khong.
+ Tai mat cat c 3 thanh, trong d c 2 thanh thang hng, khong c luc tc dung
th luc doc trong thanh khong thang hng bang khong.

- Tch mat A:
SY = N
A1
+ P = 0 N
A1
= P (nn)
- Dng mat cat 1-1, thay tc dung thanh bi cat bang cc an luc doc gay ko, c
chieu di ra khoi phan xt. Xt can bang cua phan tri v su dung 3 phuong trnh
can bang ta c:
SY = N
3
sina + P P = 0 N
3
= 0
SM
= + p + N
23

tga = 0 N
23
= P

cotga
SM
3
= + p

2 p N
7

tga = 0 N
7
= + P

cotga

2.5.1.6. Tnh chuyen vi trong he tinh dinh
Dui day trnh by cong thc Mor v nhan bieu do Ve-re-sa-ghin de tnh chuyen
vi cho mot so dang cua he thanh phang c do cong nho
h 1
10

r

.
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1. Dm, khung chu tc dng ca ti trng

n
i i
KP K P P K
i i 1
1
M M y
EJ
=
D = = W
(2.5.2)
trong d:
i
P
W - dien tch cua bieu do M
P
trong doan thanh th i:
i
K
y - tung do cua bieu do
K
M trong doan th i ng vi trong tam cua bieu do M
P
.

W
P
y
K
> 0 khi hai bieu do cang cng pha (< 0 khi cang nguoc pha). Khi bieu do
M
P
c dang phc tap kh tnh dien tch v tm trong tam can phan thnh nhng hnh
don gian d biet cong thc tnh dien tch v trong tam nhu tam gic, ch nhat, parabol...
V du nhan hai bieu do trong mot doan thanh c chieu di , do cng EJ nhu
hnh 2.5..

Hnh 2.5.6

( )
1 1 2 2 3 3
1
y y y
EJ
= -W + W +W =
( )
1 1 2
a d c d
EJ 2 3

- + - +
( )
1 1 2 c d
b d c d h
2 3 3 2
+
+ + - +

=
M
P
M
K

.

Bang 2.5.1: Dien tch v trong tam cua mot so hnh don gian hay gap

6%z' *. e%&+ "n:- a "En "Ef+8 "j3 i
I
6%z' *. e%&+ "n:- a "En "Ef+8 "j3 i
I

H
4
-
H
R

4
R
-
R
T

4
D
R
-
H
4

H
4
- ( )
H
d :
R

H
R
-
H
O

( ) D d F
4

( )
( )
D d 4F
R D d F

H
O
-
H
K

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Bang 2.5.2: Ket qua nhan hai bieu d tuong ng

M
P

M
K

D- D
-
4

H
4
D0-
H
d -
4
5

H
4
D-
D -
R

( )
D
- d 4-
H 4
P

H
4
-0D d F5
-
P
04DdF5
( ) ( )

4- d - D d - d 4- F
H 4 H 4
P

H
4
-0F M D5
H
P
-0F M 4D5
( ) ( )

4- d - D M - d 4- F
H 4 H 4
P

H
4
:-
H
P
:-

F
Hd
H 4
H F D
: Hd - Hd -

4
R
D-
H
R
D-
H
R
D0-
H
d -
4
5

4
R
D-
K
H4
D-
H
H4
D0K-
H
d R-
4
5

H
R
D-
H
O
D-
H
R
D ( )

H 4 H
H
- d - M -
O

H
O
D-
H
K
D-
H
O
D ( )

H 4 H
H
- d - M -
K

\i du:
Xc dinh chuyen vi ngang tai C cua khung c kch thuc v chiu luc nhu hnh
2.5.7.

Hnh 2.5.7
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Cc buc:
- V bieu do mo men uon do tai trong d cho.
- Lap trang thi phu 'k: Tai C dat luc P
K
= 1 theo phuong chuyen vi can tm (neu
can tm chuyen vi gc tai C ta dat M
K
= 1).
- Nhan hai bieu do lan luot cho tng doan thanh theo 2.5.2

2 2
C
KP X
1 1 q 2 2 q
EJ 2 2 3 3 8 2

D = D = + +

2 2 4
1 1 q 2 1 q 17q
2EJ 2 2 3 2 2 2 48EJ

+ + =

()

2. Dn chu tc dng ca ti trng

i i
m
p k i
KP
i i 1
N N
EF
=
D =
(2.5.3)
trong d:
i
p
N ,
i
k
N - gi tri luc doc trong thanh dn th i lan luot do tai trong d cho, do luc
P
K
= 1 (hoac M
K
= 1) gay ra:
i
, F
i
- chieu di, dien tch mat cat ngang cua thanh dn th i:
m - so thanh dn.

3. Vm chu tc dng ca ti trng

p k p k p k
KP
M M Q Q N N
ds ds ds
EJ GF EF
m
D = + +

(2.5.4)
trong d:
(M, Q, N)
P, K
- lan luot l bieu thc noi luc cua tng doan thanh do tai trong d cho,
do luc don vi o trang thi phu gay ra:
m - he so phu thuoc vo hnh dang mat cat ngang:
EJ, GF, EF - do cng khi uon, truot v ko (nn).

4. H tnh nh chuyn v do dch chuyn ca cc lin kt ta

n
i i
K K m
i 1
R
D
=
D = - D
(2.5.5)
trong d:
D
i
m
- chuyen vi cua lien ket tua th i:
i
K
R - phan luc tai lien ket c chuyen vi do luc don vi trong trang thi phu gay ra.

i
K
R D
mi
> 0 khi luc v chuyen vi cng chieu.
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2.5.2. Tnh kt cu tnh nh chu ti trng di ng
Khi tren cong trnh c tai trong di dong tc dung, de xc dinh gi tri cua phan luc,
noi luc, chuyen vi ng vi vi tr bat loi c the p dung mot trong hai cch:
Cach 1:
Cho he luc di dong (gia thiet tai trong l tinh v trong qu trnh di dong khoang
cch gia cc luc khong doi) dng o mot so vi tr tren cong trnh. ng vi moi vi
tr xc dinh duoc gi tri cua dai luong can nghien cu (phan luc, noi luc hoac
chuyen vi). Sau d v dung quan he gia dai luong nghien cu v vi tr cua he
luc di dong. T d tm duoc vi tr bat loi nhat v gi tri cua dai luong nghien cu
ng vi vi tr d.
Cach 2:
Dng phuong php dung anh huong.

2.5.2.1. ung anh huong (dah)
1. nh ngha
ung anh huong cua mot dai luong S
K
(c the l phan luc, noi luc, hoac chuyen
vi v.v...) tai mot vi tr xc dinh tren ket cau l do thi bieu dien bien thien cua dai luong
d gay ra boi mot luc tap trung bang don vi c phuong chieu khong doi di dong tren ket
cau. Dui day k hieu dah S
K
l dung anh huong cua dai luong S
K
.
2. Nguyn tc v - ng nh h- ng S
K

Hnh 2.5.8: Dung anh huong cho mot so dai lung cua dam mt tha
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Tren ket cau dat luc P = 1 cch diem chon lm goc mot doan z. Viet bieu thc tnh
S
K
l mot hm cua z. V do thi bieu dien bien thien cua S
k
theo z. chnh l dah S
K
.
Vi dam don (dam cong xon, dam hai dau khp, dam mt tha) dah cua phan luc,
noi luc c the v nhanh bang nhan xt. T d cng c the v nhanh dah cua cc dai
luong ny cho dam ghp v dam c mat truyen luc.

\i du:
V dah phan luc tai A, dah mo men tai mat cat K
1
, K
2
v dah luc cat tai K
2
, K
3

nhu hnh 2.5.8.

2.5.2.2. c dinh gi tri cua dai luong nghien cu bng dung anh huong

n m
K i i j j
i 1 j 1
S P y q
= =
= + w

(2.5.)
trong d:
P
i
, q
j
- luc tap trung th i, luc phan bo deu th j (P, q > 0 khi c chieu di xuong):
y
i
, w
j
- tung do dung anh huong dui luc P
i
, l dien tch phan dung anh huong dui
luc phan bo q
j
(y, w lay theo dau cua dung anh huong):
n - so luc tap trung:
m - so doan luc phan bo deu nam tren ket cau.

\i du:
Dng dung anh huong xc dinh gi tri mo men tai mat cat B do tai trong di dong
dng o vi tr nhu hnh 2.5.9.

Hnh 2.5.9

V dung anh huong M
B
v dng cong thc 2.5. ta c:
( ) ( )
2
B
a 1 a 3
M py q 2qa q a qa
2 2 2 4

= + w = + + + + - = +

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2.5.2.3. Tm vi tr bat loi nhat cua don tai trong t!p trung di dong doi voi dai luong S
K

Tm vi tr bat loi nhat (VTBLN) cua don tai trong doi vi dai luong S
K
thuc chat
l bi ton khao st cuc tri cua hm S
K
= f(z). Can nam cch tnh dao hm v nhng
bieu hien cuc dai, cuc tieu nhu sau.
+ Tnh dao hm:

n
K
i i
i 1
dS
R tg
dz
=
= a
(2.5.7)
trong d:
R
i
- hop cc luc tap trung trong doan th i:
tga
i
- he so gc doan th i cua dung anh huong. Neu hm dong bien tga
i
> 0.

+ Bieu hien cuc dai:

( ) ( )
K K
0 0
dS dS
dz dz
z z dz z z dz
0 0
> <
> =
= <
= - = +
(2.5.8 a)
+ Bieu hien cuc tieu:

( ) ( )
K K
0 0
dS dS
dz dz
z z dz z z dz
0 0
< >
= >
< =
= - = +
(2.5.8b)
+ Nhan xt: Vi tr bat loi cua don tai trong tap trung di dong tren dung anh huong
da gic mot dau chi c the xay ra khi mot trong so cc luc tap trung di dong nam
tren dinh loi cua dung anh huong.

e tm VTBLN lm nhu sau: Lan luot dat cc luc tap trung tren tng dinh loi
cua dung anh huong v tnh dao hm cua S
K
theo (2.5.7) cho hai trung hop luc chua
qua v qua dinh. Neu hai lan tnh thoa mn dieu kien (2.5.8) th day l vi tr bat loi.
p dung cong thc (2.5.) s xc dinh duoc gi tri cua dai luong S
K
. So snh S
K
cua cc
VTBL s tm duoc VTBLN.
Trung hop tren ket cau c ca tai trong bat dong (co dinh) v tai trong di dong
(tam thi) th phai v bieu do bao, tren d tai moi mat cat cho hai tung do ng vi gi tri
ln nhat v gi tri nho nhat. Chang han, tai mat cat K cua bieu do bao mo men c hai
tung do:
Mo men duong ln nhat:

max max
cd dd
K K K
M M M = +
Mo men am nho nhat:

min min
cd dd
K K K
M M M = +
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2.5.3. H thanh siu tnh
2.5.3.1. Khi niem chung
Khc vi he tinh dinh, he sieu tinh l he m dng cc phuong trnh can bang
khong the xc dinh duoc noi luc cua ton he.
Bac sieu tinh l dac trung cua he sieu tinh. l so lien ket tha ngoi so lien ket
toi thieu can thiet de he du bat bien hnh. Bac sieu tinh c the xc dinh bang mot trong
ba cch:
- Theo dinh nghia:
n = T + 2K + 3H + C 3D (2.5.9)
- Theo cong thc:
n = 3V K (2.5.10)
- Theo cch loai dan lien ket: T he d cho loai dan lien ket de duoc he tinh dinh.
So lien ket loai bo quy doi ra lien ket thanh l bac sieu tinh.

Trong (2.5.9) v (2.5.10):
D - so mieng cng noi vi dat:
T, K, H - so lien ket thanh, so khp don, so hn don noi gia D mieng cng:
C - so lien ket noi cua D mieng cng vi dat d qui doi ra lien ket thanh:
V - so chu vi kn c trong he:
K - so khp don gian.

Lien ket khp v hn don gian l lien ket noi chi hai mieng cng. Lien ket phc
tap l lien ket noi nhieu hon hai mieng cng. Khi tnh bac sieu tinh phai tnh doi lien
ket phc tap ra lien ket don gian bang cch lay so mieng cng quy tu tai lien ket d tr
di mot.
e tnh he sieu tinh c the dng phuong php luc, phuong php chuyen vi,
phuong php phan phoi mo men, phuong php phan tu hu han v.v... Dui day trnh by
noi dung chnh cua phuong php luc v phuong php chuyen vi. Phuong php phan tu
hu han duoc trnh by trong muc 2.11.
Vi he sieu tinh khi tnh ton thung thuc hien theo cc buc sau:
1. Xc dinh so an n.
2. Lap he co ban dng de tnh he sieu tinh, chon an so.
3. Thiet lap he phuong trnh chnh tac: Xc dinh cc he so an t cc bieu do ng vi
an luc c gi tri bang don vi v so hang tu do t bieu do ng vi nguyen nhan tc
dung tren he co ban.
4. Giai he phuong trnh chnh tac tm gi tri cc an v t d xc dinh noi luc tren he
co ban d chon.
5. V bieu do mo men uon. Trong khi v c the su dung phuong php cong tc dung.
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. V bieu do luc cat v luc doc. Thong thung de v bieu do Q trong moi doan
thanh thung tnh gi tri Q tai dau mt thanh t M theo cong thc:

O
AB AB
AB
M
Q Q
D
=
(2.5.11)
trong d:
Q
AB
- luc cat can tm tai A cua doan thanh AB trong he sieu tinh:
O
AB
Q - luc cat tai A cua thanh AB duoc coi nhu dam don hai dau khp do tai trong
tc dung trong doan thanh AB gay ra:
DM - chenh lech mo men tai hai dau thanh:
AB
- chieu di doan thanh AB. Trong cong thc (2.5.11) lay dau "+" neu truc thanh
quay den dung bieu dien mo men trong doan theo gc nho nhat theo chieu
thuan chieu kim dong ho. Nguoc lai lay dau "".

Bieu do luc doc thung v sau khi v bieu do Q tren co so tnh can bang luc tai
cc nt.

7. Tnh chuyen vi:
- Dam, khung do tai trong tc dung :

O
KP P K
M M D = (2.5.12)
- Dn do tai trong tc dung:

o
i
K
P i
KP
i i
N N
EF
D =
(2.5.13)
- Vm do tai trong tc dung:

o o o
K K
K P P P
KP
M M ds Q Q ds N N ds
EJ GF EF
m
D = + +

(2.5.14)
- Dam, khung do chuyen vi cc lien ket tua:

O oi i
K K K m
M M R
D D
D = - D
(2.5.15)
trong d:
M
P
, M
D
- lan luot l bieu do momen uon do tai trong, bieu do mo men uon do
chuyen vi lien ket tua gay ra tren he sieu tinh:
O
K
M - bieu do momen tren he co ban do luc don vi o trang thi phu gay ra:
D
i
m
- chuyen vi cua lien ket tua th i trong co ban:
oi
K
R - phan luc tai lien ket i c chuyen vi
i
m
D trong trang thi phu "k".
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Thuc te hay gap he sieu tinh c dang doi xng ve hnh dng, do cng v lien ket,
chiu tc dung cua tai trong doi xng hoac phan doi xng. Loi dung tnh doi xng c the
dua bi ton sieu tinh bac cao ve bi ton sieu tinh bac thap bang cch chi xt mot nua
doi xng cua he sau khi d them lien ket de bao dam tuong duong ve chuyen vi. Cn tai
trong bat ky luon c the thay the bang to hop cua tai tong doi xng v phan doi xng.
Chang han vi ket cau v o hnh 2.5.10 a c the thay the bang mot nua doi xng v o
hnh 2.5.10 c v 2.5.10 d.

Hnh 2.5.10: So d tnh khung doi xng v phan doi xng

2.5.3.2. Phuong php luc
1. Ni dung
+ Chon he co ban:
ua ket cau sieu tinh ve ket cau tinh dinh bang cch loai bo cc lien ket du tha
ngoi cc lien ket can thiet de he bat bien hnh. Thay tc dung cua cc lien ket bo di
bang phan luc lien ket. Chng l an cua bi ton, k hieu l X
1
, X
2
, ..., X
n
.
+ Thiet lap he phuong trnh xc dinh an:
e he co ban v he d cho tuong duong ve mat chuyen vi th tai vi tr cua cc lien
ket bi loai bo chuyen vi do tai trong, nhiet do, chuyen vi cua lien ket tua v do cc an
luc X
1
, X
2
, ..., X
n
gay ra phai bang 0. Trung hop ket cau chi chiu tc dung cua tai trong
dieu kien ny duoc viet o dang:
d
11
X
1
+ d
12
X
2
+ ... + d
1n
X
n
+ D
1P
= 0
d
21
X
1
+ d
22
X
2
+ ... + d
2n
X
n
+ D
2P
= 0
...
d
n1
X
1
+ d
n2
X
2
+ ... + d
nn
X
n
+ D
nP
= 0
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trong d
d
KM
- chuyen vi do an luc c gi tri bang don vi gay ra o he co ban:
D
KP
- chuyen vi do tai trong gay ra tren he co ban.

Cc gi tri ny duoc tnh bang cc cong thc (2.5.2), (2.5.3), (2.5.4). He phuong
trnh tren duoc goi l he phuong trnh chnh tac cua phuong php luc.

+ Giai he phuong trnh chnh tac tm X
i
.
+ V bieu do mo men uon:
Cong bieu do mo men tren he co ban do an luc gay ra vi bieu do mo men tren he
co ban do tai trong gay ra duoc bieu do mo men tong cong. Cu the l:

n
o
K
P K P
k 1
M M X M
=
= +
(2.5.1)
trong d:
K M - bieu do momen tren he co ban do luc X
K
= 1:
o
P
M - bieu do mo men do tai trong gay ra.

Chi chu: Trung hop ket cau chiu ln khong deu, thay the cho D
KP
dng D
KD
xc
dinh bang cong thc (2.5.5) v bieu thc cong tc dung cua momen l:

n
K K
k 1
M M X
D
=
=
.
\i du:
V bieu do noi luc cho khung chiu tai trong nhu hnh 2.5.11
+ Xc dinh so bac sieu tinh: He c 1 bac sieu tinh.
+ He co ban: Bo lien ket chong ngang o goi C, thay bang phan luc lien ket X
1
.
+ Trong he co ban v bieu do mo men
1
M do X
1
= 1 gay ra v bieu do mo men
o
P
M do P gay ra.
+ Thiet lap phuong trnh chnh tac :
d
11
X
1
+ D
1P
= 0
trong d:
11 1 1
1 1 2 128
M M 4 4 4 2
EJ 2 3 3EJ

d = = =

o
1P P 1
1 1 2 2 4 1 2 1 4 1120
M M 80 4 4 4 20 80 4 4 4 40
EJ 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 EJ

D = = + + + =

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+ Giai he phuong trnh chnh tac tm duoc:

1P
1
11
X 2, 25 kN
D
= - = -
d

+ V bieu do momen: Su dung cch cong bieu do

o
1
P 1 P
M M X M = +
+ V bieu do Q: Tnh Q
P
theo cong thc (2.5.11)

o
AB AB
AB
M
25
Q Q 20 13, 75 kN
4
D
= - = + - = +

o
BA BA
AB
M
25
Q Q 20 2, 25 kN
4
D
= - = - - = -

o
BC BC
AB
M
25
Q Q 20 2, 25 kN
4
D
= + = + + = +

o
CB CB
AB
M
25
Q Q 20 13, 75 kN
4
D
= + = - + = -

+ V bieu do N bang cch xt can bang hnh chieu nt tai cc nt.

Hnh 2.5.11: He co ban v ket qua tnh khung bang phuong php luc
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2. Tnh dm lin tc
Dam lien tuc l ket cau hay gap trong thuc te nhu: Dam cau giao thong, dam cau
truc trong nh my, dam d mng phun... Vi loai ket cau sieu tinh ny, de don gian
cho viec tnh theo phuong php luc thung chon he co ban bang cch dua khp vo goi
v do d an luc l mo men tai goi (hnh 2.5.12). Trung hop dam c do cng nhu nhau
trong cc doan, de bao dam dieu kien tuong duong ve chuyen vi gia he co ban v he
ban dau phai cho gc xoay tuong doi tai vi tr cc khp bang 0. T d viet duoc phuong
trnh cho goi th i:
( )
i i 1 i i 1 i i 1 i 1
M 2 M M
- + + +
+ + + +

i i i 1 i 1
i i 1
a b
0
+ +
+
w w
+ + =

(2.5.17)
trong d:
M
i1
, M
i
, M
i+1
- momen uon cua dam tren cc goi tua i 1, i v i + 1. Mo men lm
cang th dui lay dau duong, nguoc lai lay dau am.
i
,
i+1
- chieu di cua nhip th i v i + 1.
w
i
- dien tch cua bieu do
o
P
M trong nhip th i.
a
i
, b
i
- khoang cch t trong tam bieu do
o
P
M trong nhip th i den goi tri v den
goi phai.

V trong moi phuong trnh viet cho mot goi chi cha 3 mo men an nen phuong
trnh tren duoc goi l phuong trnh 3 mo men.
Ch l ten cua cc nhip v ten cua cc dai luong khc (, a, b, ...) trong phuong
trnh (2.5.17) duoc lay l ten cua goi o ben phai nhip d. Mat khc, phuong trnh
(2.5.17) chi p dung duoc cho dam sieu tinh tua tren cc goi. Vi dam c lien ket o dau
l ngm phai dua ve dam sieu tinh dat tren goi tuong duong vi nhip cua doan thay the
rat nho (hnh 2.5.13).
Cc buc tnh dam lien tuc c the he thong lai nhu sau:
- Lan luot viet phuong trnh 3 momen (2.5.17) cho cc goi tua trung gian duoc he
phuong trnh dai tuyen cha an l mo men tai cc goi d.
- Giai he phuong trnh dai tuyen tm duoc cc momen an.
- V bieu do M, Q.

Vi dam lien tuc dat tren cc goi tua dn hoi (dam tren cc cot cao, dam cau
phao...) c the p dung phuong trnh 5 momen (tham khao gio trnh Co hoc ket cau
cua cc trung dai hoc k thuat).
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Hnh 2.5.12: He co ban v bieu d mo men
0
P
M cua dam lien tuc

Bang 2.5.3, 2.5.4, 2.5.5 l cc bang tra san cc gi tri momen uon, luc cat, phan
luc trong dam mot nhip, dam lien tuc c chieu di cc nhip nhu nhau chiu tc dung cua
tai trong v do ln goi tua.
Bang 2.5. cho cc tung do dung anh huong v bang 2.5.7 cho cc tung do bieu
do bao cua momen uon v luc cat trong dam lien tuc.

Hnh 2.5.13: Thay ngm bang doan dam c do cng bang vo cng
hoac chiu di bang khong

3. Tnh khung v vm siu tnh

Vi ket cau khung, vm sieu tinh can loi dung tnh doi xng cua so do ket cau,
tnh doi xng v phan xng cua nguyen nhan tc dung hoac su dung mot so thu thuat
khc (tam dn hoi ...) de giam bt so an cua bi ton.
Bang 2.5.8 cho ket qua tnh noi luc cua mot so dang khung, vm sieu tinh v
ong trn.
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Bang 2.5.3: Cc phan luc trong dam sieu tnh mot nhip

WU *. "y% "Ef+8 6%z' *. { V, ( BEa [h A-y+ $=: BEa [h A-y+ $=: 3)3l+
H 4 R O
H& ex3 3}" *x' +8,3 V, 3}" *x' "=D _-gA

2
2
Pb b
A 3
2

= -

2
2
Pa a
B 3
2

= -

( )
A
2
Pab
M b
2
= - +

11
A P
1
=
5
B P
1
=
A
3
M P
1
= -

3a a
A P 1 1
2

= + -

B 2P A = -
A
3 a
M 1 Pa
2

= - -

5
A q
8
=
3
B q
8
=
2
A
q
M
8
= -

A qa B = -
1
qa
B u q k
2
= -
( )
2
2 2 2
1
q
M u 2 u q k
8
= - - = -

' _
H
' _
H

IZH IZIIOK IZP IZIT4
IZ4 IZIHP4 IZJ IZHIRK
IZR IZIR4K IZT IZHHK4
IZO IZIKH4 IZN IZH44K
IZK IZIJIR HZI IZH4KI
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Bang 2.5.3 (tiep)

H 4 R O

2
qb
A v q k
2
= +

B qb A = -

( )
2
2 2 2
2
q
M v 2 v q k
8
= - - = -

V _
4
V _
4

IZH IZII4K IZP IZIJRT
IZ4 IZIINT IZJ IZIN4K
IZR IZI4HK IZT IZHITT
IZO IZIRPT IZN IZH4IK
IZK IZIKOJ HZI IZH4KI

( )
2
qc qc
A 3 w
2 1
= + -
B qc A = -
( )
A
2
q c
M
1
3 w
= -
-

21
A q
4
=

11
B q
4
=

2
A
5
M q
4
= -

( )
2 3
q
A
8
5 4u 2u u
=
- - +

( ) B q a A = - -

( )
2
A
2 3
q
M
8
1 2u u
= -
- +

2
A q
5
=

1
B q
10
=

2
A
q
15
1
M - =

9
A q
40
=
11
B q
40
=
2
A
7
M q
120
= -

w
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Bang 2.5.3 (tiep)

H 4 R O

( )
2 2
q
A v 5 v
10
= -

B 0, 5qb A = -
( )
2
2
A
qb
M 5 3v
30
= - -

( )
2 3
q
A u
40
20 5u u
=
- +

B 0, 5qa A = -
( )
2
2
A
2
q
M u
120
3u 15u 20
= -
- +

( )
2 3
q
A u
40
20 5u 4u
=
- +

B 0, 5qa A = -
( )
2
A
2
qa
M
120
12u 45u 40
= -
- +

( )
2 2
q
A v 10 v
40
= -

B 0, 5qb A = -
( )
2
2
A
2
q
M v
120
10 3v
= -
-

0
M 3
A
2
=

0
M 3
B
2
= -

0
A
M
M
2
= -

( )
2 2
0
3
3M b
A
2
-
= -

B A = -
2
0
A
2
M b
M 1 3
2

= -

Khi b = 0,577 c
A
M 0 =

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Bang 2.5.3 (tiep)

H 4 R O

2
3EJ
A = - j

2
3EJ
B = + j

A
3EJ
M = + j

3
3EJ
A = D

3
3EJ
B = - D

A
2
3EJ
M = - D

4& ex3 -D% *x' $%7+ _b" +8,3

( )
2
3
3a b b
A P
+
=

( )
2
3
a 3b a
B P
+
=

2
A
2
Pab
M = -

2
B
2
Pa b
M = -

P
A B
2
= =

A B
P
M M
8
= = -

A = B = P
A B
M M
a
Pa 1
= =

= - -

q
A B
2
= =

2
A B
q
M M
12
= = -

qc
A B
2
= =
( )
A B
2
M M
qc
3 w
24
= =
= - -

w
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Bang 2.5.3 (tiep)

H 4 R O

( )
( )
1 2
qa 0, 5a
A q k k
-
= + -

( )
2
1 2
qa
B q k k
2
= - -

( )
2
2 2 2
A 1
q
M u 3 4u 1, 5u q k
= - - + = -

( )
2
2 2 2
B 2
q
M u u 0, 75u q k
3
= - - = -

' _
H
_
4
' _
H
_
4
IZH IZIIOO IZIIIR IZP IZIPTO IZIRNP
IZ4 IZIHKH IZII4R IZJ IZIJPO IZIKOR
IZR IZI4NI IZIIJI IZT IZITHH IZIPTR
IZO IZIORJ IZIHON IZN IZITRI IZIJNI
IZK IZIKJR IZI4PI HZI IZITRR IZITRR

q
A B
4
= =

2
A B
5q
M M
9
= = -

q( a)
A B
2
-
= =

( )
2
A B
2 3
q
M M
12
1 2u u
= = -
- +

7
A q
20
=
3
B q
20
=
2
A
q
M
20
= -

2
B
q
M
30
= -

( )
2 3
qa
A
20
10 5u 2u
=
- +

B 0, 5qa A = -
2 2
A
qa 3u
M 1 u
10

= - - +

( )
2
B
qa
M u 5 3u
0
= - -
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Bang 2.5.3 (tiep)

H 4 R O

( )
2 3
qa
A
20
10 15u 8u
=
- +

B 0, 5qa A = -

( )
2
A
2
qa
M
30
10 15u u
= -
- +

( )
3
B
qa
M 5 4u
20
= - -

0
3
M ab
A = -

0
3
M ab
B = +

( )
0
A
2
M b
M 2a b = -

( )
0
B
2
M a
M a 2b = -

Khi a :
3
=

A
M 0 =

0
B
M
M
3
= -

2
EJ
A = - j

2
EJ
B = + j

A
4EJ
M = + j

B
2EJ
M = - j

3
12EJ
A = + D

3
12EJ
B = - D

A
2
EJ
M = - D

B
2
EJ
M = + D

R& ex3 3}" *x' +8,3Z 3}" *x' +8,3 "E?'"

A = P
A
Pa a
M 2
2

= - -

2
B
Pa
M
2
=

A = P
A
3
M P
8
= -

B
1
M P
8
= +

w
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Bang 2.5.3 (tiep)

H 4 R O

A = P
A
P
M
2
= -

B
P
M
2
= +

A = q
2
A
1
M q
3
= -
2
B
1
M q
= +

A = qa
( )
2
A
qa
M 3 u
= - -

A = qb
( )
2
3
A
q
M 3v v
= - -

A = 0
0
A 0
M b
M M v = - = -

0
B 0
M a
M M u = =

A = 0
A B
EJ
M M = = j

w
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Bang 2.5.4: Mo men uon, luc cat v phan luc trong dam lien tuc c do di nhip nhu nhau chiu tc dung cua tai trong

!"# %& '(" ')*+ ,#- ./.# 01 #)2+ ./. "3) 45.6 7#8 9: ,#; "#<, .=> ?@ ?A" %B 45. .C,
')*+ ,#- ,(" "#-D6 7#8 9: ,#; #>) .=> ?@ ?A"E 0#) .F 45. ,GD ,H+"I .#8 %- ,HJ .=> 45.E 0#)
.F 45. D#K" ': .#8 ,H- 9: ?@ ?A" 4L" "#<, ,HM"I "#-D6 7#8 9: ,#; #>) .=> 45. .C, ')*+
,#- ,(" I:) ,5> 9/, %L) ,)N, O)2"6

PQ RS 45. ,H(" "#-D .#-+ ,T)
PQ RS "#-D .#-+ ,T) ,HU"I
V@ ?A" +:"E
45. .C, %B
D#T" 45.

W X Y Z [ \ ]
Dm hai nhp
M
11
0,070 ql
2
0,156 Pl 0,222 Pl 0,258 Pl 0,048 ql
2

M
12
0,111 Pl 0,265 Pl
M
13
0,023 Pl
M
B
(min) - 0,125 ql
2
- 0,188 Pl - 0,333 Pl - 0,469 Pl - 0,078 ql
2

A = Q
1A
0,375 ql 0,313 P 0,667 P 1,031 P 0,172 ql
B (max) 1,250 ql 1,375 P 2,667 P 3,938 P 0,656 ql

Q
1B
(min) - 0,625 ql - 0,688 P - 1,333 P - 1,969 P - 0,328 ql
w
w
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.
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d
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Bang 2.5.4 (tiep)
W X Y Z [ \ ]
M
11
(max) 0,096 ql
2
0,203 Pl 0,278 Pl 0,361 Pl 0,065 ql
2

M
12
(max) 0,222 Pl 0,383 Pl
M
13
(max) 0,200 Pl
M
B
- 0,063 ql
2
- 0,094 Pl - 0,167 Pl - 0,234 Pl - 0,039 ql
2

A = Q
1A
(max) 0,438 ql 0,406 P 0,833 P 1,266 P 0,211 ql
M
11
(max) - 0,047 Pl - 0,056 Pl - 0,059 Pl - 0,018 ql
2

M
12
(max) - 0,111 Pl - 0,117 Pl
M
13
(max) - 0,176 Pl

A = Q
1A
(max) - 0,063 ql - 0,094 P - 0,167 P - 0,234 P - 0,039 ql
Dm ba nhp
M
11
0,080 ql
2
0,175 Pl 0,244 Pl 0,281 Pl 0,054 ql
2

M
12
0,156 Pl 0,313 Pl
M
13
0,094 Pl
M
21
0,025 ql
2
0,100 Pl 0,067 Pl 0,000 0,021 ql
2

M
22
0,067 Pl 0,125 Pl
M
B
- 0,100 ql
2
- 0,150 Pl - 0,267 Pl - 0,375 Pl - 0,063 ql
2

A = Q
1A
0,400 ql 0,350 P 0,733 P 1,125 P 0,188 ql
B 1,100 ql 1,150 P 2,267 P 3,375 P 0,563 ql
Q
1B
- 0,600 ql - 0,650 P - 1,267 P - 1,875 P - 0,313 ql

Q
2B
= - Q
2C
0,500 ql 0,500 P 1,000 P 1,500 P 0,250 ql
w
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Bang 2.5.4 (tiep)
W X Y Z [ \ ]
M
11
(max) 0,101 ql
2
0,213 Pl 0,289 Pl 0,328 Pl 0,068 ql
2

M
12
(max) 0,244 Pl 0,406 Pl
M
13
(min) 0,234 Pl
M
21
(min) - 0,050 ql
2
- 0,075 Pl - 0,133 Pl - 0,188 Pl - 0,032 ql
2

M
22
(min) - 0,133 Pl - 0,188 Pl
M
B
- 0,050 ql
2
- 0,075 Pl - 0,133 Pl - 0,188 Pl -0,032 ql
2

A = Q
1A
(max) 0,450 ql 0,425 P 0,867 P 1,313 P 0,219 ql
M
11
(min) - 0,038 Pl - 0,044 Pl - 0,047 Pl - 0,014 ql
2

M
12
(min) - 0,089 Pl - 0,094 Pl
M
13
(min) - 0,141 Pl
M
21
(max) 0,075 ql
2
0,175 Pl 0,200 Pl 0,188 Pl 0,052 ql
2

M
22
(max) 0,200 Pl 0,313 Pl
M
B
- 0,050 ql
2
- 0,075 Pl - 0,133 Pl - 0,188 Pl - 0,032 ql
2

A = Q
1A
(min) - 0,050 ql - 0,075 P - 0,133 P - 0,188 P - 0,032 ql
M
B
(min) - 0,117 ql
2
- 0,175 Pl - 0,311 Pl - 0,438 Pl - 0,073 ql
2

M
C
- 0,033 ql
2
- 0,050 Pl - 0,089 Pl - 0,125 Pl - 0,022 ql
2

B (max) 1,200 ql 1,300 P 2,533 P 3,750 P 0,626 ql
Q
1B
(min) - 0,617 ql - 0,675 P - 1,311 P - 1,937 P - 0,323 ql
Q
2B
(max) 0,583 ql 0,625 P 1,222 P 1,813 P 0,303 ql
w
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Bang 2.5.4 (tiep)
W X Y Z [ \ ]
M
B
(max) 0,017 ql
2
0,025 Pl 0,044 Pl 0,063 Pl 0,011 ql
2

M
C
- 0,067 ql
2
- 0,100 Pl - 0,178 Pl - 0,250 Pl - 0,042 ql
2

Q
1B
(max) 0,017 ql 0,025 P 0,044 P 0,063 P 0,011 ql

Q
2B
(min) - 0,083 ql - 0,125 P - 0,222 P - 0,313 P - 0,053 ql
Dm bn nhp
M
11
0,077 ql
2
0,170 Pl 0,238 Pl 0,295 Pl 0,052 ql
2

M
12
0,143 Pl 0,299 Pl
M
13
0,074 Pl
M
21
0,037 ql
2
0,116 Pl 0,079 Pl 0,007 Pl 0,028 ql
2

M
22
0,111 Pl 0,165 Pl
M
23
0,074 Pl
M
B
- 0,107 ql
2
- 0,161 Pl - 0,286 Pl - 0,402 Pl - 0,067 ql
2

M
C
- 0,071 ql
2
- 0,107 Pl - 0,190 Pl - 0,268 Pl - 0,045 ql
2

A = Q
1A
0,393 ql 0,339 P 0,714 P 1,098 P 0,183 ql
B 1,143 ql 1,214 P 2,381 P 3,536 P 0,590 ql
C 0,929 ql 0,892 P 1,810 P 2,732 P 0,455 ql
Q
1B
- 0,607 ql - 0,661 P - 1,286 P - 1,902 P - 0,317 ql
Q
2B
0,536 ql 0,554 P 1,095 P 1,634 P 0,273 ql

Q
2C
- 0,464 ql - 0,446 P - 0,905 P - 1,366 P - 0,228 ql
w
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Bang 2.5.4 (tiep)

W X Y Z [ \ ]
M
11
(max) 0,100 ql
2
0,210 Pl 0,286 Pl 0,325 Pl 0,067 ql
2

M
12
(max) 0,238 Pl 0,400 Pl
M
13
(max) 0,224 Pl
M
21
(min) - 0,067 Pl - 0,127 Pl - 0,184 Pl - 0,028 ql
2

M
22
(min) - 0,111 Pl - 0,167 Pl
M
23
(min) - 0,151 Pl
M
B
- 0,054 ql
2
- 0,080 Pl - 0,143 Pl - 0,201 Pl - 0,034 ql
2

M
C
- 0,036 ql
2
- 0,054 Pl - 0,095 Pl - 0,134 Pl - 0,023 ql
2

A = Q
1A
(max) 0,446 ql 0,420 P 0,857 P 1,299 P 0,217 ql
M
11
(min) - 0,040 Pl - 0,048 Pl - 0,050 Pl - 0,015 ql
2

M
12
(min) - 0,095 Pl - 0,100 Pl
M
13
(min) - 0,151 Pl
M
21
(max) 0,080 ql
2
0,183 Pl 0,206 Pl 0,191 Pl 0,056 ql
2

M
22
(max) 0,222 Pl 0,333 Pl
M
23
(max) 0,224 Pl
M
B
- 0,054 ql
2
- 0,080 Pl - 0,143 Pl - 0,201 Pl - 0,034 ql
2

M
C
- 0,036 ql
2
- 0,054 Pl - 0,095 Pl - 0,134 Pl - 0,023 ql
2

A = Q
1A
(min) - 0,054 ql
2
- 0,080 P - 0,143 P - 0,201 P - 0,034 ql
w
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Bang 2.5.4 (tiep)
W X Y Z [ \ ]
M
B
(min) - 0,121 ql
2
- 0,181 Pl - 0,321 Pl - 0,452 Pl -0,076 ql
2

M
C
- 0,018 ql
2
- 0,027 Pl - 0,048 Pl - 0,067 Pl -0,012 ql
2

M
D
- 0,058 ql
2
- 0,087 Pl - 0,155 Pl - 0,218 Pl -0,036 ql
2

B (max) 1,223 ql 1,335 P 2,595 P 3,837 P 0,639 ql
Q
1B
(min) - 0,621 ql - 0,681 P - 1,324 P - 1,952 P -0,326 ql
Q
2B
(max) 0,603 ql 0,654 P 1,274 P 1,885 P 0,314 ql
M
B
(max) 0,043 ql
2
0,020 Pl 0,036 Pl 0,050 Pl 0,009 ql
2

M
C
- 0,054 ql
2
- 0,080 Pl - 0,143 Pl - 0,201 Pl - 0,033 ql
2

M
D
- 0,049 ql
2
- 0,074 Pl - 0,131 Pl - 0,184 Pl - 0,031 ql
2

B (min) - 0,080 ql - 0,121 P - 0,214 P - 0,301 P 0,050 ql
Q
1B
(max) 0,013 ql 0,020 P 0,036 P 0,050 P 0,009 ql
Q
2B
(min) - 0,067 ql - 0,100 P - 0,178 P - 0,251 P - 0,041 ql
M
B
- 0,036 ql
2
- 0,054 Pl - 0,095 Pl - 0,134 Pl - 0,023 ql
2

M
C
(min) - 0,107 ql
2
- 0,161 Pl - 0,286 Pl - 0,402 Pl - 0,067 ql
2

C (max) 1,143 ql 1,214 P 2,381 P 3,536 P 0,589 ql

Q
2C
(min) - 0,571 ql - 0,607 P - 1,191 P - 1,768 P - 0,295 ql
M
B
- 0,071 ql
2
- 0,107 Pl - 0,190 Pl - 0,268 Pl - 0,050 ql
2

M
C
(max) 0,036 ql
2
0,054 Pl 0,095 Pl 0,134 Pl 0,022 ql
2

C (min) - 0,214 ql - 0,321 P - 0,571 P - 0,804 P - 0,134 ql

Q
2C
(max) 0,107 ql 0,161 P 0,286 P 0,402 P 0,067 ql
w
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Bang 2.5.4 (tiep)
W X Y Z [ \ ]
Dm nm nhp
M
11
0,078 ql
2
0,171 Pl 0,240 Pl 0,276 Pl 0,053 ql
2

M
12
0,146 Pl 0,303 Pl
M
13
0,079 Pl
M
21
0,33 ql
2
0,112 Pl 0,076 Pl 0,005 Pl 0,062 ql
2

M
22
0,099 Pl 0,155 Pl
M
23
0,054 Pl
M
31
0,046 ql
2
0,132 Pl 0,123 Pl 0,079 Pl 0,034 ql
2

M
32
0,123 Pl 0,204 Pl
M
B
- 0,105 ql
2
- 0,158 Pl - 0,281 Pl - 0,395 Pl - 0,066 ql
2

M
C
- 0,079 ql
2
- 0,118 Pl - 0,211 Pl - 0,296 Pl - 0,050 ql
2

A = Q
1A
0,395 ql 0,342 P 0,719 P 1,105 P 0,185 ql
B 1,132 ql 1,198 P 2,351 P 3,494 P 0,582 ql
C 0,974 ql 0,960 P 1,930 P 2,901 P 0,484 ql
Q
1B
- 0,605 ql - 0,658 P - 1,281 P - 1,895 P - 0,316 ql
Q
2B
0,526 ql 0,540 P 1,070 P 1,599 P 0,266 ql
Q
2C
- 0,474 ql - 0,460 P - 0,930 P -1,401 P - 0,234 ql

Q
3C
0,500 ql 0,500 P 1,000 P 1,500 P 0,250 ql
w
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.
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Bang 2.5.4 (tiep)
W X Y Z [ \ ]
M
11
max 0,100 ql
2
0,211 Pl 0,287 Pl 0,326 Pl 0,068 ql
2

M
12
max 0,240 Pl 0,401 Pl
M
13
max 0,227 Pl
M
21
min - 0,069 Pl - 0,129 Pl - 0,185 Pl - 0,029 ql
2

M
22
min - 0,117 Pl - 0,173 Pl
M
23
min - 0,160 Pl
M
31
max 0,086 ql
2
0,191 Pl 0,228 Pl 0,227 Pl 0,059 ql
2

M
32
max 0,228 Pl 0,352 Pl
M
B
- 0,053 ql
2
- 0,079 Pl - 0,140 Pl - 0,197 Pl - 0,033 ql
2

M
C
-0,039 ql
2
- 0,059 Pl - 0,105 Pl - 0,148 Pl - 0,025 ql
2

A = Q
1A
(max) 0,447 ql 0,421 P 0,860 P 1,303 P 0,217 ql
M
11
min - 0,039 Pl - 0,047 Pl - 0,050 Pl - 0,015 ql
2

M
12
min - 0,094 Pl - 0,099 Pl
M
13
min - 0,148 Pl
M
21
(max) 0,079 ql
2
0,181 Pl 0,205 Pl 0,190 Pl 0,055 ql
2

M
22
(max) 0,216 Pl 0,327 Pl
M
23
(max) 0,215 Pl
M
31
(min) - 0,059 Pl - 0,105 Pl - 0,148 Pl - 0,025 ql
M
32
(min) - 0,105 Pl - 0,148 Pl
M
B
- 0,053 ql
2
- 0,079 Pl - 0,140 Pl - 0,198 Pl - 0,033 ql
2

M
C
- 0,039 ql
2
- 0,059 Pl - 0,105 Pl - 0,148 Pl - 0,025 ql
2

A = Q
1A
(min) - 0,053 ql - 0,079 P 0,140 P - 0,198 Pl - 0,033 ql
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Bang 2.5.4 (tiep)

W X Y Z [ \ ]
M
B
(min) - 0,120 ql
2
- 0,179 Pl - 0,319 Pl - 0,449 Pl - 0,075 ql
2

M
C
- 0,022 ql
2
- 0,032 Pl - 0,057 Pl - 0,081 Pl - 0,014 ql
2

M
D
- 0,044 ql
2
- 0,066 Pl - 0,118 Pl - 0,166 Pl - 0,027 ql
2

M
E
- 0,051 ql
2
- 0,077 Pl - 0,137 Pl - 0,193 Pl - 0,032 ql
2

B (max) 1,218 ql 1,327 P 2,581 P 3,816 P 0,636 ql
Q
1B
(min) - 0,620 ql - 0,679 P - 1,319 P - 1,949 P - 0,325 ql

Q
2B
(max) 0,598 ql 0,647 P 1,262 P 1,867 P 0,311 ql
M
B
- 0,035 ql
2
- 0,052 Pl - 0,093 Pl - 0,130 Pl - 0,022 ql
2

M
C
(min) - 0,111 ql
2
- 0,167 Pl - 0,297 Pl - 0,417 Pl - 0,070 ql
2

M
D
- 0,020 ql
2
- 0,031 Pl - 0,054 Pl - 0,076 Pl - 0,013 ql
2

M
E
- 0,057 ql
2
- 0,086 Pl - 0,153 Pl - 0,215 Pl - 0,036 ql
2

C (max) 0,167 ql - 1,251 P 2,447 P 3,628 P 0,605 ql
Q
2C
(min) - 0,576 ql - 0,615 P - 1,204 P - 1,787 P - 0,298 ql

Q
3C
(max) 0,591 ql 0,636 P 1,242 P 1,841 P - 0,307 ql
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Bang 2.5.4 (tiep)

W X Y Z [ \ ]
M
B
(max) - 0,044 ql
2
0,022 Pl 0,038 Pl 0,054 Pl 0,009 ql
2

M
C
- 0,057 ql
2
- 0,086 Pl - 0,153 Pl - 0,215 Pl - 0,036 ql
2

M
D
- 0,035 ql
2
- 0,052 Pl - 0,093 Pl - 0,130 Pl - 0,022 ql
2

M
E
- 0,054 ql
2
- 0,081 Pl - 0,144 Pl - 0,202 Pl - 0,034 ql
2

B (min) - 0,086 ql - 0,129 P - 0,230 P - 0,323 P - 0,054 ql
Q
1B
(max) 0,014 ql 0,022 P 0,038 P 0,054 P 0,009 ql

Q
2B
(min) - 0,072 ql - 0,108 P - 0,191 P - 0,269 P - 0,045 ql
M
B
- 0,071 ql
2
- 0,106 Pl - 0,188 Pl - 0,265 Pl - 0,044 ql
2

M
C
(max) 0,032 ql
2
0,048 Pl 0,086 Pl 0,121 Pl 0,020 ql
2

M
D
- 0,059 ql
2
- 0,088 Pl - 1,156 Pl - 0,220 Pl - 0,037 ql
2

M
E
- 0,048 ql
2
- 0,072 Pl - 0,128 Pl - 0,179 Pl - 0,030 ql
2

C (min) - 0,194 ql - 0,291 P - 0,517 P - 0,727 P - 0,120 ql
Q
2C
(max) 0,103 ql 0,154 P 0,274 P 0,386 P 0,064 ql

Q
3C
(min) - 0,091 ql - 0,136 P - 0,242 P - 0,341 P - 0,057 ql

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Bang 2.5.5: Momen uon trong dam lien tuc c do di nhip nhu nhau do goi tua ln
Momen goi tua duoc tnh theo cong thc

2
EJ
M k
I
= D
trong d:
k - he so lay trong bang:
D - do ln cua goi tua.

^_" ,`) I:) ,5>
PQ RS Oa? V@?A" I:)
b c 7 d e f

M
B
- 1,5000 3,0000 - 1,5000
M
B
- 1,6000 3,6000 - 2,400 0,4000

M
C
0,4000 - 2,4000 3,6000 - 1,6000
M
B
- 1,6072 3,6429 - 2,5714 0,6429 - 0,1072
M
C
0,4286 - 2,5714 4,2857 - 2,5714 0,4286

M
D
- 0,1072 0,6429 - 2,5714 3,6429 - 1,6072
M
B
- 1,6075 3,6453 - 2,5826 0,6882 - 0,1721 0,0287
M
C
0,4306 - 2,5836 4,3346 - 2,7558 0,6890 - 0,1148
M
D
- 0,1148 0,6890 - 2,7558 4,3346 - 2,5836 0,4306

M
E
0,0287 - 0,1721 0,6882 - 2,5826 3,6453 - 1,6075
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Bang 2.5.6: Tung do cc dung anh huong momen uon v luc cat trong dam lien tuc c do di nhip nhu nhau

1. Dam hai nhip

g+"I R3 R># V ,`) ./. ?h, .C, i"#K" %L) lj
g#; ,5
,+"I R3
W X Y Z [ \
g+"I R3
R># k
l
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,0000
1 0,1323 0,0976 0,0632 0,0285 -0,0060 -0,0405 0,7928
2 0,0988 0,1976 0,1298 0,0619 -0,0061 -0,0740 0,5927
3 0,0677 0,1354 0,2031 0,1041 0,0051 -0,0938 0,4062
4 0,0402 0,0803 0,1205 0,1606 0,0340 -0,0926 0,2407
5 0,0172 0,0343 0,0516 0,0687 0,0860 -0,0636 0,1031
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 -0,0106 -0,0212 -0,0348 -0,0424 -0,0530 -0,0636 -0,0636
8 -0,0154 -0,0309 -0,0463 -0,0617 -0,0772 -0,0926 -0,0926
9 -0,0156 -0,0313 -0,0469 -0,0626 -0,0782 -0,0938 -0,0938
10 -0,0123 -0,0247 -0,0370 -0,0494 -0,0617 -0,0740 -0,0740
11 -0,0068 -0,0135 -0,0203 -0,0270 -0,0333 -0,0405 -0,0405
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Bang 2.5.6 (tiep)
2. Dam ba nhip

g+"I R3 R># V ,`) ./. ?h, .C, i"#K" %L) lj g+"I R3 R># k
g#; ,5
,+"I R3
W X Y Z [ \ ] m n k
l
k
\
D#T)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,0000 0
1 0,1318 0,0967 0,0618 0,0267 -0,0083 -0,0432 -0,0342 -0,0252 -0,0162 0,7901 0,0540
2 0,0980 0,1960 0,1273 0,0585 -0,0102 -0,0790 -0,0625 -0,0461 -0,0296 0,5877 0,0987
3 0,0667 0,1333 0,2000 0,1000 0 -0,1000 -0,0792 -0,0583 -0,0375 0,4000 0,1250
4 0,0391 0,0782 0,1174 0,1565 0,0289 -0,0987 -0,0782 -0,0576 -0,0370 0,2346 0,1234
5 0,0165 0,0329 0,0495 0,0659 0,0826 -0,0677 -0,0536 -0,0395 -0,0254 0,0990 0,0846
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0, 0000 *
1, 0000

7 0,0095 -0,0190 -0,0285 -0,0379 -0,0474 -0,0569 -0,0872 0,0644 0,0418 -0,0569 0,8639
8 -0,0132 -0,0263 -0,0395 -0,0526 -0,0658 -0,0789 0,0364 0,1516 0,1002 -0,0789 0,6913
9 -0,0125 -0,0250 -0,0375 -0,0500 -0,0625 -0,0750 -0,0083 0,0917 0,1750 -0,0750 0,5000
10 -0,0090 -0,0181 -0,0271 -0,0362 -0,0452 -0,0543 -0,0028 0,0487 0,1002 -0,0543 0,3087
11 -0,0044 -0,0088 -0,0131 -0,0175 -0,0219 -0,0263 -0,0036 0,0191 0,0418 -0,0263 0,1361
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 0,0028 0,0057 0,0085 0,0113 0,0141 0,0169 0,0028 -0,0113 -0,0254 0,0169 -0,0846
14 0,0041 0,0082 0,0123 0,0165 0,0206 0,0247 0,0041 -0,0165 -0,0370 0,0247 -0,1234
15 0,0042 0,0083 0,0125 0,0167 0,0208 0,0250 0,0042 -0,0167 -0,0375 0,0250 -0,1250
16 0,0033 0,0066 0,0099 0,0132 0,0165 0,0197 0,0033 -0,0132 -0,0296 0,0197 -0,0987
17 0,0018 0,0036 0,0054 0,0072 0,0090 0,0108 0,0018 -0,0072 -0,0162 0,0108 -0,0540
18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
* Tai mat cat ny Q c hai gi tri (ghi dui dang phan so)
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Bang 2.5.6 (tiep)
3. Dam bon nhip

g+"I R3 R># V ,`) ./. ?h, .C, i"#K" %L) lj g+"I R3 R># k g#; ,5
,+"I R3
W X Y Z [ \ ] m n Wl WW WX k
l
k
\
D#T)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,0000 0
1 0,1318 0,0966 0,0617 0,0266 -0,0084 -0,0434 -0,0343 -0,0251 -0,0159 -0,0068 0,0024 0,0116 0,7899 0,0550
2 0,0979 0,1958 0,1271 0,0582 -0,0106 -0,0793 -0,0626 -0,0459 -0,0291 -0,0124 0,0044 0,0212 0,5874 0,1005
3 0,0666 0,1332 0,1998 0,0997 -0,0004 -0,1004 -0,0792 -0,0580 -0,0368 -0,0156 0,0056 0,0268 0,3996 0,1272
4 0,0391 0,0781 0,1172 0,1562 -0,0285 -0,0992 -0,0782 -0,0573 -0,0364 -0,0154 0,0055 0,0265 0,2341 0,1257
5 0,0164 0,0328 0,0494 0,0657 -0,0823 -0,0681 -0,0537 -0,0393 -0,0249 -0,0106 0,0038 0,0182 0,0986 0,0863
6 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0, 0000 *
1, 0000

7 -0,0094 -0,0188 -0,0288 -0,0377 -0,0471 -0,0565 0,0872 0,0640 0,0411 0,0179 -0,0051 -0,0284 -0,0565 0,8617
8 -0,0130 -0,0260 -0,0390 -0,0520 -0,0650 -0,0780 -0,0365 0,1509 0,0987 0,0464 -0,0059 -0,0582 -0,0780 0,6865
9 -0,0123 -0,0246 -0,0369 -0,0491 -0,0614 -0,0737 -0,0085 0,0907 0,1730 0,0885 0,0041 -0,0804 -0,0737 0,4933
10 -0,0088 -0,0176 -0,0265 -0,0353 -0,0441 -0,0529 -0,0026 0,0477 0,0981 0,1483 0,0318 -0,0846 -0,0529 0,3016
11 -0,0042 -0,0084 -0,0127 -0,0169 -0,0211 -0,0253 -0,0035 0,0183 0,0403 0,0620 0,0340 -0,0610 -0,0253 0,1310
12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
13 0,0026 0,0051 0,0077 0,0102 0,0128 0,0153 0,0026 -0,0101 -0,0229 -0,0356 -0,0483 -0,0610 0,0153 -0,0763
14 0,0035 0,0071 0,0106 0,0141 0,0177 0,0212 0,0036 -0,0141 -0,0317 -0,0493 -0,0670 -0,0846 0,0212 -0,1058
15 0,0034 0,0067 0,0101 0,0134 0,0168 0,0201 0,0034 -0,0134 -0,0302 -0,0469 -0,0630 -0,0804 0,0201 -0,1005
16 0,0024 0,0049 0,0073 0,0097 0,0121 0,0145 0,0024 -0,0097 -0,0218 -0,0339 -0,0461 -0,0582 0,0145 -0,0727
17 0,0012 0,0024 0,0035 0,0047 0,0059 0,0070 0,0012 -0,0047 -0,0106 -0,0164 -0,0223 -0,0281 0,0070 -0,0351
18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19 -0,0008 -0,0015 -0,0023 -0,0030 -0,0038 -0,0045 -0,0008 0,0030 0,0068 0,0106 0,0144 0,0182 -0,0045 0,0227
20 -0,0011 -0,0022 -0,0033 -0,0044 -0,0055 -0,0066 -0,0011 0,0044 0,0999 0,0154 0,0209 0,0265 -0,0066 0,0331
21 -0,0011 -0,0022 -0,0034 -0,0045 -0,0056 -0,0067 -0,0011 0,0045 0,0101 0,0156 0,0212 0,0268 -0,0067 0,0335
22 -0,0009 -0,0018 -0,0026 -0,0035 -0,0044 -0,0053 -0,0009 0,0035 0,0079 0,0123 0,0168 0,0212 -0,0058 0,0265
23 -0,0005 -0,0010 -0,0015 -0,0019 -0,0024 -0,0029 -0,0005 0,0019 0,0043 0,0068 0,0092 0,0116 -0,0029 0,0145
24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
* Tai mat cat ny Q c hai gi tri (ghi dui dang phan so)
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Bang 2.6.1: Tnh tam chu nhat chiu tai phan bo hnh tam gic
y
x
a
2
a
b
2
b

Tr ng hp 1: g<? ,5> ,5 OM ,`) ./. .`"#E .#-+ ,T) ,HU"I D#K" ': Ro+
m p lEX[
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
'
>
r`) 4st"I ,J"# %B
,U> R3 .=> R)*? ,J"#
W WEW WEX WEY WEZ WE[ WE\ WE] WEm WEn X Y Z [
g#u>
9:
D#v
r3 %w"I x y ./. R)*?
z p l{ | p l lElZ[] lEl[Z\ lEl\Y[ lEl]Wm lEl]nY lElm\m lElnYZ lElnnW lEWlZ] lEWln\ lEWWYn lEWY]\ lEWZZX lEWZ[n lEWZ\[
3
Eh
Z
D>

z p l{
'
| p
Z
lElYXn lElYn\ lElZ\Z lEl[X] lEl[m] lEl\ZZ lEl\nm lEl]Zm lEl]nX lElmYn lElm\n lEWW[\ lEWYlW lEWZ[X lEWZ\[
3
Eh
Z
D>

:
>
z p
Z
' p l lElYXn lElYn[ lElZ[] lEl[W\ lEl[]W lEl\XX lEl\\n lEl]Wl lEl]Zn lEl]mY lElmWZ lElnmW lEWlXm lEWlZl lEWlZZ
3
Eh
Z
D>

V@ ?A" +:" V
|

z p l{ | p l lElZ\l lEl[Y[ lEl\ln lEl\]] lEl]Ym lEl]nm lElmZn lElmn\ lElnYm lEln][ lEWllm lEWWm\ lEWXYZ lEWXZ\ lEWX[l D>
X

z p l{
'
| p
Z
lElYZl lElYnn lElZ[\ lEl[lm lEl[[] lEl\l\ lEl\[l lEl\nX lEl]X\ lEl]\Y lEl]n[ lEWlW\ lEWWXm lEWWm] lEWX[l D>
X

:
>
z p
Z
| p l lElY]m lElZYX lElZmZ lEl[YX lEl[]] lEl\W] lEl\[Z lEl\m] lEl]W] lEl]ZY lEl]\\ lElmnX lElXn\ lElnY[ lElnY] D>
X

V@ ?A" +:" V
}

z p l{ | p l lElZ\l lElZ]X lElZ][ lElZ]Z lElZ]X lElZ\X lElZ[Z lElZZZ lElZY\ lElZX[ lElZW[ lElYZ[ lElYXX lElYW[ lElYWX D>
X

z p l{
'
| p
Z
lElY]m lElYn[ lElZlY lElZWW lElZW] lElZXl lElZXW lElZXX lElZXY lElZXl lElZWn lElYnX lElY\[ lElYZZ lElYWX D>
X

:
>
z p
Z
' p l lElYZl lElYZ] lElYZn lElYZn lElYZ[ lElYZl lElYYZ lElYXm lElYXW lElYWZ lElYl] lElX[n lElXZX lElXY\ lElXYZ D>
X

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Bang 2.6.1 (tiep)
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
'
>

r`) 4st"I ,J"# %B
,U> R3 .=> R)*? ,J"#
g#u>
9:
D#v
^5. "I>"I
}
z
~

{
>
z p
X
| p l lEYYm lEY\l lEYml lEYn] lEZWW lEZXZ lEZY[ lEZZZ lEZ[X lEZ[n lEZ\[ lEZnY lEZnm lE[ll lE[ll D>
{
> '
z p | p
X X
lEXmW lEYlX lEYXl lEYY\ lEY[l lEY\Y lEY]\ lEYm\ lEYn[ lEZlZ lEZWX lEZ\W lEZmX lEZnX lE[ll D>
^5. "I>"I
}
|
~

{
'
z p l | p
X
lEYYm lEYW[ lEXnZ lEX][ lEX[m lEXZX lEXXm lEXW\ lEXl[ lEWnZ lEWm[ lEWXZ lElnY lEl]Z D'
{
> '
z p | p
Z X
lEXmW lEX\W lEXZY lEXX] lEXWY lEXll lEWmm lEW]m lEW\m lEW\l lEW[X lEWlX lEl]\ lEl\W D'
#T" 45. I:) ,5> k
z

{
>
z p
X
| p l lEZX\ lEZZ[ lEZ\l lEZ]Y lEZmY lEZnl lEZn[ lE[ll lE[lX lE[l[ lE[l\ lE[l\ lE[lX lE[lW lE[ll D>
{
> '
z p | p
X Z
lEY\l lEYml lEYn\ lEZWl lEZXY lEZYY lEZZX lEZ[l lEZ[] lEZ\Y lEZ\m lEZn\ lE[lY lE[l[ lE[ll D>
#T" 45. I:) ,5> k
|

{
'
z p l | p
X
lEZX\ lEZl[ lEYmY lEY\Y lEYZY lEYX[ lEYlm lEXnX lEX]m lEX\[ lEX[X lEW]l lEWX] lEWlX D'
{
> '
z p | p
Z X
lEY\l lEYYn lEYXl lEYlW lEXmZ lEX\n lEX[[ lEXZW lEXXn lEXWm lEXnl lEWZl lEWl[ lElmZ D'
#T" 45. I:) ,5> k
l
!lEl]l !l6l\n !l6l\m !l6l\\ !l6l\Z !l6l\W !l6l[n !l6l[\ !l6l[Z !l6l[X !l6lZn !l6lYZ !l6lX[ !l6lXl D>'
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Bang 2.6.1 (tiep)

b
2
b
a
2
a
x
y

Tr ng hp 2: g<? ,5> ,5 OM ,`) Y .`"#E W .`"# "IB?E .#-+ ,T) ,HU"I D#K" ': Ro+
m p lEX[
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
>
'
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
>
'

r`) 4st"I ,J"# %B
,U> R3 .=> R)*? ,J"#
l W"X W"WE[ WEZ W"WEY W"WEX W"WEW WEl
g#u>
9:
D#v
WEW WEX WEY WEZ WE[ X
g#u>
9:
D#v
r3 %w"I x y ,K?
{
> >
z p | p
X X
lEl[n lEl[Z lElZm lElZ[ lElZY lElYn lElY\ lElYW
3
Eh
Z
D>
lElZl lElZm lEl[\ lEl\[ lEl]X lEWlZ lEWZ\
3
Eh
Z
D'

V@ ?A" +:" V
|

z p l{ | p l lEl\X lEl[n lEl[Z lEl[W lElZn lElZ\ lElZX lElYm D>
X
lElZW lElZX lElZY lElZZ lElZ[ lElZX lElYW D'
X

{
>
z p
X
| p l ! lEWX[ ! lEWXX ! lEWWW ! lEWlm ! lEWlY ! lElnm ! lElnW ! lElmZ D>
X
! lElnX ! lElnm ! lEWlZ ! lEWln ! lEWWX ! lEWXX ! lE[WX D'
X

V@ ?A" +:" V
}

z p l{ | p l lElW\ lElXl lElX\ lElXm lElXn lElYl lElYW lElYX D>
X
lElZl lElZ] lEl[[ lEl\W lEl\m lElnY lEWX[ D'
X

{
>
z p
X
| p l ! lElYW ! lElYW ! lElXm ! lElX] ! lElX\ ! lElXZ ! lElXY ! lElXW D>
X
! lElXY ! lElX[ ! lElX\ ! lElX] ! lElXm ! lElYW ! lElYW D'
X

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Bang 2.6.1 (tiep)
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
>
'
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
>
'
r`) 4st"I ,J"# %B
,U> R3 .=> R)*? ,J"#
l W"X W"WE[ WEZ W"WEY W"WEX W"WEW WEl
g#u>
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Z
| p l lElWZ] lElW]n lElXln lElXYm lElX\[ lElXnl lElYWY lElYYY lElY[X lElY\n lElYmZ lElZ\m lElZnW lElZn] lElZnn
3
Eh
Z
D'

z p l{ | p l lElXXm lElX]Y lElYW] lElY[n lElYn] lElZYZ lElZ\] lElZn] lEl[XY lEl[Zm lEl[\n lEl\mm lEl]XW lEl]Xn lEl]YX
3
Eh
Z
D'

:
>
z p
Wl
| p l lElXX] lElX]X lElYWZ lElY[Z lElYnX lElZX\ lElZ[m lElZm\ lEl[WX lEl[Y[ lEl[[[ lEl\\] lEl]ll lEl]lm lEl]Wl
3
Eh
Z
D'

:
>
z p
Z
| p l lElWmX lElXWn lElXZm lElX]n lElYl] lElYYY lElY[] lElY]] lElYn] lElZWZ lElZXn lEl[WY lEl[Y] lEl[ZY lEl[Z[
3
Eh
Z
D'

V@ ?A" +:" V
|

:
>
z p !
Z
| p l lElWX\ lElW[l lElW]Y lElWn[ lElXW\ lElXY[ lElX[W lElX\m lElXmX lElXn[ lElYl\ lElY\m lElYm[ lElYmn lElYnW D>
X

z p l{ | p l lElXYl lElX\] lElYlZ lElYYm lElY\n lElYnn lElZXZ lElZZm lElZ\n lElZm] lEl[lZ lEl[nY lEl\W] lEl\XY lEl\X[ D>
X

:
>
z p
Wl
| p l lElX[[ lElXnY lElYYl lElY\Z lElYnZ lElZXX lElZZm lElZ]l lElZnl lEl[lm lEl[XZ lEl\ln lEl\YX lEl\Ym lEl\Zl D>
X

:
>
z p
Z
| p l lElX[X lElXmY lElYWW lElYYm lElY\X lElYmY lElZlY lElZWn lElZY[ lElZZm lElZ\l lEl[XZ lEl[ZW lEl[Z[ lEl[Z] D>
X

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.1 (tiep)
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
>
'
r`) 4st"I ,J"# %B
,U> R3 .=> R)*? ,J"#
g#u>
9:
D#v
V@ ?A" +:" V
z

:
>
z p !
Z
| p l 0,0144 0,0149 0,0151 0,0151 0,0150 0,0148 0,0146 0,0143 0,0140 0,0137 0,0133 ,0110 0,0101 0,0099 0,0098 D>
X

z p l{ | p l 0,0260 0,0236 0,0237 0,0237 0,0236 0,0231 0,0227 0,0222 0,0218 0,0212 0,0207 0,0172 0,0161 0,0157 0,0156 D>
X

:
>
z p
Wl
| p l 0,0235 0,0239 0,0240 0,0239 0,0236 0,0232 0,0228 0,0224 0,0219 0,0214 0,0209 0,0177 0,0165 0,0161 0,0160 D>
X

:
>
z p
Z
| p l 0,0196 0,0198 0,0199 0,0197 0,0194 0,0192 0,0188 0,0185 0,0181 0,0177 0,0174 0,0149 0,0140 0,0138 0,0137 D>
X

^5. "I>"I
}
z
~

:
>
z p !
X
| p l 0,090 0,100 0,109 0,117 0,124 0,130 0,135 0,139 0,143 0,146 0,149 0,163 0,166 0,167 0,167 D>
:
>
z p !
X
'
| p
Z
0,069 0,077 0,085 0,091 0,098 0,103 0,109 0,113 0,117 0,121 0,125 0,148 0,158 0,163 0,367 D>
:
>
z p
X
| p l 0,248 0,260 0,271 0,280 0,288 0,294 0,300 0,305 0,309 0,313 0,316 0,330 0,332 0,333 0,333 D>
:
>
z p
X

'
| p
Z
0,212 0,224 0,235 0,244 0,253 0,260 0,267 0,273 0,278 0,283 0,287 0,313 0,324 0,329 0,333 D>
^5. "I>"I
}
|
~

:
>
z p !
Z

'
| p
X
0,095 0,089 0,083 0,078 0,073 0,069 0,065 0,062 0,058 0,055 0,053 0,035 0,027 0,021 D'
z p l{
'
| p
X
0,169 0,157 0,147 0,137 0,129 0,121 0,114 0,108 0,102 0,097 0,092 0,062 0,046 0,037 D'
:
>
z p
Wl

'
| p
X
0,186 0,173 0,161 0,151 0,141 0,133 0,125 0,118 0,112 0,106 0,101 0,067 0,051 0,040 D'
:
>
z p
Z

'
| p
X
0,187 0,173 0,160 0,149 0,139 0,131 0,123 0,116 0,110 0,104 0,099 0,066 0,050 0,040 D'
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.1 (tiep)
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
'
>

r`) 4st"I ,J"# %B
,U> R3 .=> R)*? ,J"#
g#u>
9:
D#v
#T" 45. I:) ,5> k
z

:
>
z p !
X
| p l 0,129 0,138 0,146 0,152 0,157 0,161 0,164 0,166 0,167 0,169 0,169 0,169 0,168 0,167 0,167 D>
:
>
z p !
X

'
| p
Z
0,101 0,110 0,117 0,123 0,128 0,134 0,138 0,142 0,145 0,148 0,150 0,164 0,168 0,169 0,167 D>
:
>
z p
X
| p l 0,297 0,307 0,315 0,321 0,325 0,329 0,332 0,334 0,335 0,336 0,337 0,336 0,334 0,334 0,333 D>
:
>
z p
X

'
| p
Z
0,259 0,270 0,280 0,287 0,294 0,299 0,304 0,308 0,312 0,315 0,318 0,332 0,335 0,335 0,333 D>
#T" 45. I:) ,5> k
|

:
>
z p !
Z

'
| p
X
0,117 0,112 0,107 0,102 0,097 0,092 0,087 0,083 0,079 0,075 0,072 0,049 0,036 0,029 D'
z p l{
'
| p
X
0,213 0,202 0,192 0,181 0,172 0,163 0,154 0,146 0,139 0,132 0,126 0,085 0,064 0,051 D'
:
>
z p
Wl

'
| p
X
0,237 0,224 0,212 0,200 0,188 0,178 0,169 0,160 0,152 0,144 0,138 0,093 0,070 0,056 D'
:
>
z p
Z

'
| p
X
2,243 0,227 0,213 0,200 0,188 0,177 0,167 0,158 0,150 0,142 0,136 0,091 0,068 0,055 D'
#T" 45. I:) ,5> k
l

:
>
z p !
X

'
| p
X
- 0,028 - 0,028 - 0,028 - 0,027 - 0,027 - 0,026 - 0,025 - 0,124 - 0,023 - 0,023 - 0,022 - 0,016 - 0,012 - 0,009 D>'
:
>
z p
X

'
| p
X
- 0,042 - 0,040 - 0,040 - 0,039 - 0,037 - 0,036 - 0,034 - 0,032 - 0,031 - 0,030 - 0,028 - 0,019 - 0,015 - 0,012 D>'

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.1 (tiep)
y
x
a
2
a
b
2
b
p

Tr ng hp 9: g<? "IB? y W .`"# %B ,5> ,5 OM y Y .`"# 0#/.E .#-+ ,T) ,HU"I D#K" ': #!"# ,>? I)/.
m p lEX[
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
b
>
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
b
>
r`) 4st"I ,J"# %B
,U> R3 .=> R)*? ,J"#
l W"X W"WE[ W
g#u>
9:
D#v
WE[ X
g#u>
9:
D#v
r3 %w"I x ,`) R)*?
z p l{ | p l lElX\ lElX\ lElXX lElWZ
3
Eh
Z
D>
lElYZ lEl[l lEl]Y
3
Eh
Z
D'

V@ ?A" +:" V
|

z p l{ | p l lElXn lElXn lElX[ lElWm
3
Eh
Z
D>
lElX] lElXW lElW\
3
Eh
Z
D'

:
>
z p
X
| p l ! lEl\] ! lEl\Y ! lEl\W ! lElZm
3
Eh
Z
D>
! lEl]W ! lElmZ ! lEWX[
3
Eh
Z
D'

V@ ?A" +:" V
z

z p l{ | p l lEll] lElWl lElWX lElW[
3
Eh
Z
D>
lElYY lElZ[ lEl\X
3
Eh
Z
D'

^5. "I>"I ~
z}

:
>
z p !
X
| p l lEWll lEWll lEln[ lEl]\ D> lElZm lElYl l D>
:
>
z p
X
| p l lEZll lEZlm lEZll lEYmW D> lEYXn lEX]] D>
% V+:" .F ?@ ?A" I:) ,5>
( ) z
>
V z p { | p l
X
.a" D#T) "#K" ./. 9: V
z
iz p l{ | p ljE %L) m
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.1 (tiep)
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
b
>
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
b
>

r`) 4st"I ,J"# %B
,U> R3 .=> R)*? ,J"#
l W"X W"WE[ W
g#u>
9:
D#v
WE[ X
g#u>
9:
D#v
^5. "I>"I
}
|
~

z p l{
'
| p
X
0 0,068 0,091 0,136 D' 0,190 0,221 0,250 D'
:
>
z p
X

'
| p
X
0 - 0,128 - 0,170 - 0,245 D' - 0,321 - 0,365 - 0,500 D'
#T" 45. I:) ,5> k
z

:
>
z p !
X
| p l 0,100 0,105 0,111 0,104 D> 0,075 0,050 0 D>
:
>
z p
X
| p l 0,400 0,408 0,400 0,381 D> 0,329 0,277 D>
#T" 45. I:) ,5> k
|

z p l{
'
| p
X
0 0,093 0,119 0,174 D' 0,233 0,246 0,250 D'
:
>
z p
X

'
| p
X
0 - 0,224 - 0,298 - 0,429 D' - 0,562 - 0,639 - 0,875 D'
#T" 45. I:) ,5> k
l

:
>
z p !
X

'
| p
X
- 0,012 - 0,016 - 0,020 D>' - 0,019 - 0,014 D>'

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.1 (tiep)
b
2
b
a
2
a
x
y
p

Tr ng hp 10: g<? .F X .`"# "IB? %B X .`"# ,5> ,5 OME .#-+ ,T) ,HU"I D#K" ': #!"# ,>? I)/.
m p lEX[
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
b
>
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
b
>
r`) 4st"I ,J"# %B
,U> R3 .=> R)*? ,J"#
l W"X W"WE[ W
g#u>
9:
D#v
WE[ X
g#u>
9:
D#v
V@ ?A" +:" V
|

z p l{ | p l 0,0208 0,0210 0,0201 - 0,0162 D>
X
0,0218 0,0217 0,0156 D'
X

:
>
z p !
X
| p l - 0,0333 - 0,0296 - 0,0331 0,0268 D>
X
- 0,0326 - 0,0354 0 D'
X

:
>
z p
X
| p l - 0,0500 - 0,0546 - 0,0498 - 0,0431 D>
X
- 0,0686 - 0,0837 - 0,0152 D'
X

V@ ?A" +:"
%
z
V
z p l{ | p l 0,0052 0,0061 0,0076 0,0115 D>
X
0,0285 0,0428 0,0625 D'
X

^5. "I>"I ~
z}

:
>
z p !
X
| p l 0,150 0,146 0,162 0,157 D> 0,122 0,0089 D>
:
>
z p
X
| p l 0,350 0,366 0,362 0,359 D> 0,322 0,271 D>
^5. "I>"I ~
|}

:
>
z p !
X

'
| p
X
0 - 0,047 - 0,068 - 0,100 D' - 0,124 - 0,119 0 D'
z p l{
'
| p
X
0 0,060 0,080 0,122 D' 0,180 0,210 0,250 D'
:
>
z p
X

'
| p
X
0 - 0,117 - 0,151 - 0,226 D' - 0,313 - 0,362 - 0,500 D'
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.1 (tiep)
y
x
a
2
a
b
2
b
p

Tr ng hp 11: g<? .F Y .`"# ,5> ,5 OME .#-+ ,T) ,HU"I D#K" ': #!"# ,>? I)/.
m p lEX[
gq 9: ./. .`"# .=> ,<?
>
'

r`) 4st"I ,J"# %B
,U> R3 .=> R)*? ,J"#
W"X W"WE[ W WE[ X
g#u>
9:
D#v
r3 %w"I x y ./. R)*?
z p l{ | p l lElWZ] lElXXn lElY[X lEl[lW lEl\XX lEl]YX
3
Eh
Z
D'

:
>
z p !
X
| p l lElXZ\ lElYXm lElZll lElY]n lElYWn l
3
Eh
Z
D'

V@ ?A" +:" V
z

z p l{ | p l lElWYn lElXWY lElYXZ lElZZm lEl[X\ lEl\X[ D'
X

:
>
z p !
X
| p l lElWnY lElX\X lElYX[ lElYlm lElX[n l D'
X

V@ ?A" +:" V
|

z p l{ | p l lElWW[ lElW[W lElXlX lElXWW lElWn] lElW[\ D'
X

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.5.7: Tung do cc bieu d bao momen uon, luc cat v phan luc
trong dam lien tuc c do di nhip nhu nhau, chiu tc dung
cua tai trong phan bo du

M
max
= M
g
+ M
P max
:
M
min
= M
g
+ M
P min
:
Q
max
= Q
g
+ Q
P max
:
Q
min
= Q
g
+ Q
P min

()3l+ 'h+ (=: :k"
(
|
{
|
i2
(
8

3Di 0d5 3%+ 0M5
i2
{
8
3Di 0d5 3%+ 0M5
1. Dm hai nhp
0,0 0 0 0 0 +0,375 0,4375 0,025
0,1 +0,0325 0,0387 0,002 0,1 +0,275 0,3437 0,087
0,2 +0,0550 0,075 0,0125 0,2 +0,175 0,224 0,0874
0,3 +0,075 0,082 0,0187 0,3 +0,075 0,1932 0,1182
0,4 +0,0700 0,0950 0,0250 0,4 -0,025 0,1359 0,109
0,5 +0,025 0,0937 0,0312 0,5 -0,125 0,0898 0,2148
0, +0,0450 0,0825 0,0375 0, -0,225 0,0544 0,2794
0,7 +0,0175 0,012 0,0437 0,7 -0,325 0,0287 0,3537
0,8 -0,0200 0,0300 0,0500 0,8 -0,425 0,0119 0,439
0,85 -0,0425 0,0152 0,0577 0,9 -0,525 0,0027 0,5277
0,9 -0,075 0,004 0,073 1,0 -0,25 0 0,250
0,95 -0,0950 0,0014 0,094
1,00 -0,1250 0 0,1250
So nhan g p p
So nhan g
2
p
2
p
2

Phan luc:
A
max
= 0,3750 g + 0,4375 p
B
max
= 1,25 (g + p)
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.5.7 (tiep)

()3l+ 'h+ (=: :k"
(
|
{
|
i2
(
8
3Di 0d5 3%+ 0M5
i2
{
8
3Di 0d5 3%+ 0M5
2. Dm ba nhp
0,1 +0,035 0,040 0,005 0 0,4 0,4500 0,0500
0,2 +0,00 0,070 0,010 0,1 0,3 0,350 0,053
0,3 +0,075 0,090 0,015 0,2 0,2 0,2752 0,0752
0,4 +0,080 0,100 0,020 0,3 +0,1 0,205 0,105
0,5 +0,075 0,100 0,025 0,4 0 0,149 0,149
0, +0,00 0,090 0,030 0,5 -0,1 0,1042 0,2042
0,7 +0,035 0,070 0,035 0, -0,2 0,094 0,294
0,8 0 0,0402 0,0402 0,7 -0,3 0,0443 0,3443
0,85 -0,0212 0,0277 0,0490 0,8 -0,4 0,0280 0,4280
0,9 -0,0450 0,0204 0,054 0,9 -0,5 0,0193 0,5191
0,95 -0,0712 0,0171 0,0883 1,0 -0, 0,017 0,17
1,00 -0,1000 0,017 0,117 1,0 +0,5 0,5833 0,0833
1,05 -0,072 0,0141 0,0903 1,1 +0,4 0,4870 0,0870
1,1 -0,0550 0,0151 0,0701 1,2 +0,3 0,3991 0,0991
1,15 -0,032 0,0205 0,058 1,3 +0,2 0,3210 0,1210
1,2 -0,0200 0,030 0,050 1,4 +0,1 0,2537 0,1537
1,3 +0,005 0,055 0,050 1,5 0,0 0,1979 0,1979
1,4 +0,020 0,070 0,050
1,5 +0,025 0,075 0,050
So nhan g p p
So nhan g
2
p
2
p
2

Phan luc:
A
max
= 0,40 g + 0,45 p
B
max
= 1,1 g + 1,2 p
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.5.7 (tiep)

()3l+ 'h+ (=: :k"
(
|
{
|
i2
(
8
3Di 0d5 3%+ 0M5
i2
{
8
3Di 0d5 3%+ 0M5
3. Dm bn nhp
0,1 +0,0343 0,039 0,0054 0,0 +0,3929 0,444 0,0535
0,2 +0,058 0,093 0,0107 0,1 +0,2929 0,3528 0,0599
0,3 +0,0729 0,0889 0,011 0,2 +0,1929 0,2717 0,0788
0,4 +0,0711 0,098 0,0214 0,3 +0,0929 0,2029 0,1101
0,5 +0,0714 0,0982 0,028 0,4 -0,0071 0,141 0,1533
0, +0,0557 0,0879 0,0321 0,5 -0,1071 0,1007 0,2079
0,7 +0,0300 0,075 0,0375 0, -0,2071 0,00 0,2731
0,8 -0,0057 0,0374 0,0431 0,7 -0,3071 0,0410 0,3481
0,85 -0,0273 0,0248 0,0522 0,8 -0,4071 0,0247 0,4319
0,9 -0,0514 0,013 0,077 0,9 -0,5071 0,010 0,5231
0,95 -0,0780 0,0139 0,0920 1,0 -0,071 0,0134 0,205
1,0 -0,1071 0,0134 0,1205 1,0 +0,5357 0,027 0,070
1,05 -0,081 0,011 0,0932 1,1 +0,4357 0,504 0,0707
1,1 -0,058 0,0145 0,0721 1,2 +0,3357 0,4187 0,0830
1,15 -0,0380 0,0198 0,0578 1,3 +0,2357 0,3410 0,1153
1,2 -0,0200 0,0300 0,0500 1,4 +0,1357 0,2742 0,1385
1,3 +0,008 0,058 0,0482 1,5 +0,0357 0,2190 0,1833
1,4 +0,0271 0,073 0,041 1, -0,043 0,1755 0,2398
1,5 +0,0357 0,0804 0,044 1,7 -0,143 0,1435 0,3078
1, +0,0343 0,0771 0,0429 1,8 -0,243 0,1222 0,385
1,7 +0,0229 0,039 0,0411 1,9 -0,343 0,110 0,4749
1,8 +0,0014 0,0417 0,0403 2,0 -0,443 0,1074 0,5714
1,85 -0,0130 0,0345 0,0475
1,9 -0,0300 0,0310 0,010
So nhan g p p
1,95 -0,495 0,0317 0,0812
2,0 -0,0714 0,0357 0,1071
So nhan g
2
p
2
p
2

Phan luc:
A
max
= 0,3929 g + 0,444 p
B
max
= 1,428 g + 1,2232 p
C = 0,928 g + 1,428 p
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.5.7 (tiep)

()3l+ 'h+ (=: :k"
(
|
{
|
i2
(
8
3Di 0d5 3%+ 0M5
i2
{
8
3Di 0d5 3%+ 0M5
4. Dm nm nhp
0,1 +0,0345 0,0397 0,0053 0,0 +0,3947 0,4474 0,052
0,2 +0,0589 0,095 0,0105 0,1 +0,2947 0,3537 0,0590
0,3 +0,0734 0,0892 0,0158 0,2 +0,1947 0,272 0,0779
0,4 +0,0779 0,0989 0,0211 0,3 +0,0947 0,2039 0,1091
0,5 +0,0724 0,0987 0,023 0,4 -0,0053 0,1471 0,1524
0, +0,058 0,0884 0,031 0,5 -0,1053 0,1071 0,209
0,7 +0,0313 0,082 0,038 0, -0,2053 0,09 0,2722
0,8 -0,0042 0,0381 0,0423 0,7 -0,3053 0,0419 0,3472
0,9 -0,0497 0,0183 0,080 0,8 -0,4053 0,0257 0,4309
1,0 -0,1053 0,0144 0,119 0,9 -0,5053 0,019 0,5222
1,1 -0,057 0,0140 0,0717 1,0 -0,053 0,1044 0,19
1,2 -0,0200 0,0300 0,0500 1,0 +0,523 0,5981 0,0718
1,3 +0,0073 0,053 0,0487 1,1 +0,423 0,5048 0,0755
1,4 +0,0253 0,072 0,0474 1,2 +0,323 0,4141 0,0878
1,5 +0,0329 0,0789 0,044 1,3 +0,223 0,334 0,1101
1, +0,0305 0,0753 0,0447 1,4 +0,123 0,297 0,1434
1,7 +0,0182 0,01 0,0434 1,5 +0,023 0,214 0,1882
1,8 -0,0042 0,0389 0,0432 1, -0,0737 0,1711 0,2448
1,9 -0,03 0,0280 0,04 1,7 -0,1737 0,1391 0,3128
2,0 -0,0799 0,0323 0,1112 1,8 -0,2737 0,1179 0,391
2,1 -0,0399 0,0293 0,033 1,9 -0,3737 0,103 0,4800
2,2 +0,0011 0,041 0,0405 2,0 -0,4737 0,1029 0,57
2,3 +0,021 0,055 0,0395 2,0 +0,5000 0,5907 0,0909
2,4 +0,0411 0,0805 0,0395 2,1 +0,4000 0,4944 0,0944
2,5 +0,041 0,0855 0,0395 2,2 +0,3000 0,403 0,103
So nhan g
2
p
2
p
2
2,3 +0,2000 0,3279 0,1279
2,4 +0,1000 0,204 0,104
2,5 0 0,2045 0,2045
Phan luc:
M
max
= 0,3947 g + 0,4474 p
B
max
= 1,131 g + 1,2177 p
C
max
= 0,9737 g + 1,175 p
So nhan g p p
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Bang 2.5.8: Mo men uon v phan luc trong mot so ket cau

WU *. "y% "Ef+8
V, F%z' *. 3) 3l+ 'h+
>9: 3) 3l+ 'h+ V, A-y+ $=:
H 4
1. Khung mt nhp c cc ct lin kt ta khp c nh

( )
( )
2
1
B C
J h
k
J
3 Pab
M M
2 3 2k
3 Pab
H
2 h 3 2k
=
= =
+
=
+

( )
( )
2
B C
2
q
M M
4 3 2k
q
H
4h 3 2k
= =
+
=
+

2
B
D
3k qh
M
3 2k 8
5k qh
H
3 2k 8
+
=
+
+
=
+
!
2
C
A D
5k qh
M
3 2k 8
H qh H
+
=
+
= -

( )
( )
( )
B
C
D
A D
3 2k k 2
1
M Ph
2 3 2k
3 2k k 2
1
M Ph
2 3 2k
3 2k k 2
1
H P
2 3 2k
H P H
+ - x - x
- x
=
+
+ + x - x
- x
=
+
+ + x - x
- x
=
+
= -

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Bang 2.5.8 (tiep)
H 4
2. Khung mt nhp c cc ct lin kt ngm

B,C
2 1 2 Pab
M
2 k 1 k 2
- x
=

+ +

(+ vi M
B
: - vi M
C
)
A,D
1 1 2 Pab
M
2 k 1 k 2
- x
=

+ +

!
(- vi M
A
: + vi M
D
)
3 Pab
H
2 k 2h
=
+

2
1
J h
K
J
=

2
B C
2
A D
2
1 q
M M
2 k
1 q
M M
2 k 12
3 q
H
2 k 12h
= =
+
= =
+
=
+

2
B,C
12 1 qh
M k
1 k 2 k 24

=

+ +

! (- vi M
B
: + vi M
C
)
2
A
2
D
D
A D
5 18k 1 qh
M 2
1 k 2 k 24
5 18k 1 qh
M
1 k 2 k 24
17 18k qh
H
1 k 24
H qh H
+
= + +

+ +

+
= -

+ +

+
=
+
= -

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
B,C
2
A
2
D
2
D
k 1
3
M Ph
2 1 k 2 k
1
2 k k 3k
M 1 Ph
2 2 k 1 k
1
2 k k 3k
M Ph
2 2 k 1 k
1
2 k 2 k
H P
2 2 k
- x
x
=

+ +

- x
+ + x + x
= - x - +

+ +

- x
+ + x + x
= -

+ +

- x
+ + x + x
=
+
!

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Bang 2.5.8 (tiep)
H 4

M
B, C
= Ei
1
k
1 3
2 k 1 k

j

+ +

! (- vi M
B
: + vi M
C
)
M
A ,D
= Ei
1
3 2k 3k
2 k 1 k
+
j

+ +

(+ vi M
A
: - vi M
D
)
H =
1
3Ei 1 k
h 2 k
+
j
+

1
B C
2
1
A D
2
1
3
3EJ k
M M
2 k h
3EJ 1 k
M M
2 k h
3EJ 1 2k
H
2 k h
= = D
+
+
= = D
+
+
= D
+

1
B C
2
A D B
EJ k
M M
1 k
M M M
H 0
= = D
+
= =
=

3. Khung mt nhp c thanh dm cng tuyt i lin kt cng vi ct

2
D A
3
2
D C
2
2
B
2
A B
(3a b)b
S P : H S: H P S
2h
(3a b)b
M M P :
4h
(b a)b
M P
4h
M Pb Sh M
+
= = = -
+
= =
-
=
= - -

A D
2 2 2
C D B A
1 3 1
S qh: H qh: H qh
4 4 4
qh qh 5qh
M M : M : M
8 24 24
= = =
= = = =

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Bang 2.5.8 (tiep)
4. Khung mt nhp khp kn

1 2 2
1 2
1
J J i
i : i : k
h i
= = =

Cc tiet dien 1, 2, 3, 4 o gia cc thanh:
ung nt dt chi pha momen c dau duong.

( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
A D
B C
2
1
2
2
P k
M M
24 k 3 k 1
P 4k 9
M M
24 k 3 k 1
P k 20k 9
M
24 k 3 k 1
P 3k 11k 3
M
24 k 3 k 1
+
= = -
+ +
+
= = -
+ +
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=
+ +

2
A B C D
2
1 2
q 1
M M M M
12 k 1
q 3k 1
M M
24 k 1
= = = = -
+
+
= =
+

2
A B C D
2
3 4
qh k
M M M M
12 k 1
qh 2k 3
M M
12 k 1
= = = = -
+
+
= =
+

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
A D
2
2
B C
2
2
3 4
qh k 3k 8
M M
0 k 4k 3
qh k 2k 7
M M
0 k 4k 3
qh k 3
M M
48 k 1
+
= = -
+ +
+
= = -
+ +
+
= =
+

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Bang 2.5.8 (tiep)
H 4
5. Khung hai nhp khp kn

1 2 2
1 2
1
J J i
i : i : k
h i
= = =

ung nt dt chi pha momen c dau duong.

2
A B D E
2
CB CD C
FA FE F C
q 1
M M M M
12 2k 1
q 3k 1
M M M
12 2k 1
M M M M
= = = = -
+
+
= = = -
+
= = =

M
CB
Momen uon tai dau C cua thanh CB

2
A B D E
2
CB CD C FA FE F
CF FC
qh k
M M M M
2k 1
qh k
M M M M M M
12 2k 1
M M 0
= = = = -
+
= = = = = =
+
= =

2
B D
2
A E
2
C CB CD
2
F FA FE
CF FC
20(k )(2k 1)
m
k
qh 8k 59
M M
m
qh 12k 1
M M
m
qh 7k 31
M M M
m
qh 3k 29
M M M
m
M M 0
+ +
=
+
= = -
+
= = -
+
= = =
+
= = =
= =

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Bang 2.5.8 (tiep)
6. Vm parabn bc hai

Tiet dien vm bien doi theo qui luat:

C
J
J
cos
=
a

a - gc gia dung tiep tuyen vi truc vm v phuong nam ngang:
J
C
- momen qun tnh cua tiet dien tai dinh vm.

Cc phan luc v momen mang dau duong khi c chieu nhu ghi tren so do.
Trong cc cong thc o bang dng he so k khi xt ca anh huong cua luc doc:

C
2
C
J 1 45
k :
1 4 F f
= n =
+ n

J
C
, F
C
- momen qun tnh, dien tch cua tiet dien tai dinh vm.

Khi khong xt anh huong cua luc doc th n = 0, k = 1.

WU *. "y% "Ef+8 |-y+ $=: ()3l+ 'h+

A B
P
V V
2
15 P
H k
4 f
= =
=

A B
C
P 5
M M k 1
8 4
P 5
M 1 k
8 8

= = -

= -

Khi k = 1 c:
A B
C
P
M M
2
3
M P
4
= =
=

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Bang 2.5.8 (tiep)

WU *. "y% "Ef+8 |-y+ $=: ()3l+ 'h+

2
A
2
B
A
B
qf
V :
4
qf
V
4
11
H qf:
14
3
H qf
14
= -
=
= -
=

2
A
2
A
2
C
51
M qf
280
19
M qf
280
3
M qf
140
= -
=
= -

A B
2
q
V V
2
q
H k
8f
= =
=

2
Khi k 1:
q
H
8f
=
=

( )
( )
2
A B
2
C
A B C
q
M M 1 k
12
q
M 1 k
24
Khi k 1 :
M M M 0
= = - -
= -
=
= = =

( )
( )
2
A
2
B
2 2
V v 1 2u P
V u 1 2v P
15
H P u v k
4 f
= +
= +
=

2
A
2 2
B
2 2
C
5k
M P uv u 1
2
5k
M P u v v 1
2
1
Khi 0 u c:
2
P 5k
M u 1 v
2 2

= -

= -

= -

( )
( )
( )
A
2 2
B
2
3
q
V u
2
1 v 1 2v
q
V u 1 v
2
q
H u
8f
1 3v 1 2v k
=
+ +

= -
=
+ +

( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
A
3 2
2
3 2
B
q
M u
12
v k 3v 2v 1
1 k
q
M u v k 3v 1
12
1 k
= -
+ + +
= - +
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Bang 2.5.8 (tiep)

WU *. "y% "Ef+8 |-y+ $=: V, 3) 3l+ 'h+
7. Vm trn c tit din khng i
M
B
= M
A
: H
B
= H
A
= H : V
B
= V
A

f/ 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5
V
A
/P 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
H
A
/P 1,209 0,378 0,4342 0,335 0,2758
M
A
/P 0,00131 0,00414 0,00925 0,0149 0,0247

M
C
/P 0,00022 0,00158 0,00399 0,0072 0,01175
M
B
= M
A
: H
B
= H
A
= H: V
B
= V
A

f/ 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5
V
A
/P 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
H
A
/P 2,341 0,177 0,7740 0,579 0,4551
M
A
/P 0,03249 0,0352 0,04014 0,043 0,0532

M
C
/P 0,04789 0,05171 0,05793 0,0587 0,07570
V
C
= V
A
= - V
B
: H
B
= - H
A

f/ 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5
V
A
/qf 0,0249 0,0485 0,070 0,0899 0,1053
H
A
/qf 0,2141 0,2145 0,215 0,2182 0,2235
H
B
/qf 0,7859 0,7855 0,7844 0,7818 0,775
M
A
/qf 0,008 0,0145 0,0228 0,0332 0,043
M
B
/qf 0,0183 0,039 0,05 0,079 0,0984

M
C
/qf - 0,0022 - 0,0041 - 0,00 - 0,0091 - 0,0128

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Bang 2.5.8 (tiep)

9. Mmen un trong cc vnh ng trn
0( $ I _-% "%b" u%&+ :)+8 "-g "EG+8! 1 $ I _-% "%b" u%&+ Fa +C+5
()3l+ 'h+ V, $=: uf:
r& [h 3 + WU *. "y% "Ef+8
(\" :k" 6 > 6 >
M = mqr
2

N = nqr

+0,250 -0,250 +0,250 0 1,000 0
M = mPr

N = nP

0,318 -0,182 0,318 0 0,5 0
M = mqr
2

N = nqr

0 0 0 -1,000 -1,000 -1,000
M = mqr
2

N = nqr

-0,1458 +0,1250 -0,1042 0,875 0 0,3125

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2.5.3.3. Phuong php chuyen vi
1. Ni dung
+ Chon he co ban:
ua lien ket ngm chong xoay vo tat ca cc nt v lien ket thanh chong vo mot
so nt cua ket cau de tat ca cc nt cua ket cau hon ton khong c chuyen vi nham
bien tat ca cc thanh trong he thnh dam mot nhip c dang nhu cc dam liet ke trong
bang 2.5.3. e he co ban tuong duong vi he ban dau phai them chuyen vi gc xoay
vo cc nt bi ngm v them chuyen vi thang vo cc nt dua them thanh chong. Chng
l an cua bi ton, k hieu l z
1
, z
2
, ..., z
n
.

+ Thiet lap phuong trnh xc dinh an:
Do them lien ket vo cc nt nen dui tc dung cua tai trong v chuyen vi z
i
o he
co ban xuat hien phan luc lien ket tai vi tr cc nt d trong khi o he d cho khong c.
e hai he tuong duong ve luc th cc phan luc lien ket ny phai c gi tri bang 0.
Trung hop ket cau chi chiu tc dung cua tai trong dieu kien ny duoc viet o dang:

11 1 12 2 1n n 1P
21 2 22 2 2n n 2P
n1 n n2 n nn n nP
r z r z ... r z R 0
r z r z ... r z R 0
...
r z r z ... r z R 0
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
(2.5.18)
trong d:
r
ij
- phan luc tai lien ket th i do chuyen vi tai nt j c gi tri bang don vi gay ra:
R
ip
- phan luc lien ket tai nt i do tai trong gay ra.

Tri cua r
ij
v R
ip
duoc xc dinh t dieu kien can bang luc tai cc nt duoc dua
them lien ket. Vi nguyen nhan ln khong deu chi viec thay R
iP
bang R
iD
l phan luc do
ln gay ra.
He phuong trnh tren duoc goi l he phuong trnh chnh tac cua phuong php
chuyen vi.

+ Giai he phuong trnh tren xc dinh duoc tri cua cc an z
i
, t d xc dinh duoc
mo men dau cc doan thanh v v duoc bieu do momen cho ket cau.
+ Cc buc tiep theo lm tuong tu nhu phuong php luc.

Ve hieu qua su dung, ni chung phuong php chuyen vi don gian hon phuong
php luc ve so an, lap he co ban, v bieu do mo men don vi, xc dinh cc he so v so
hang tu do trong phuong trnh chnh tac v.v... Song khong loi vi nhng ket cau can xt
ti anh huong cua luc doc v vi ket cau can dua vo nhieu lien ket de han che chuyen
vi thang.
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\i du:
V bieu do momen uon cua khung c kch thuc v chiu tai trong nhu hnh 2.5.14 a.

Hnh 2.5.14: He co ban v cc buc tnh ton theo phuong php chuyen vi

Thuc hien cc buc tnh ton sau:
- Xc dinh so an chuyen vi:
n = n
g
+ n
t
= 1 + 1 = 2
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- Lap he co ban, dat an so nhu hnh 2.5.14 c.
- V cc bieu do mo men don vi v mo men do tai trong gay ra nhu o hnh
2.5.14 d.
- Lap he phuong trnh chnh tac:
r
11
z
1
+ r
12
z
2
+ R
1P
= 0
r
21
z
2
+ r
22
z
2
+ R
2P
= 0
- Tra bang bieu do
0
1 2 P
M , M , M nhu hnh 2.5.14 d. Xt can bang nt de xc
dinh cc he so an v so hang tu do nhu hnh 2.5.14 e
- Giai he hai phuong trnh :

2
1 2
2
1 2
2 3
10EJ EJ 7
z z q 0
24
EJ 12EJ q
z z 0
2
- - =
- + - =

3
1
4
2
q
z 0, 077
EJ
q
z 0, 08
EJ
= +
= +

- Xc dinh mo men tong cong theo cong thc

0
P 1 1 2 2 P
M M z M z M = + +
v v bieu do momen uon cua he sieu tinh d cho nhu hnh 2.5.14 g.

2.6. L thuyt n hi
2.6.1. Gi thit tnh ton v mt s khi nim
L thuyet dn hoi (LTH) nghien cu cch tnh ton ket cau c dang bat ky lm
viec trong giai doan bien dang dn hoi cua vat lieu. Do ket cau khong c dang thanh
nen cc gia thiet tiet dien phang, gia thiet thanh l tap hop cua cc th doc, chng
khong ko hoac p lan nhau dng trong Sc ben vat lieu (SBVL) khong cn dng na.
V vay LTH phai su dung cong cu ton hoc phc tap hon so vi SBVL. Mac d vay,
de c the xay dung duoc cc phuong trnh v bieu thc tnh ton LTH van phai su
dung mot so gia thiet don gian ho sau:
+ Vat lieu cua ket cau lien tuc, dong chat v dang hung:
+ Bien dang ty le bac nhat vi ng suat (dinh luat Hc):
+ Chuyen vi do bien dang gay ra rat nho so vi kch thuc cua ket cau nen c the
coi kch thuc cua ket cau sau bien dang van nhu kch thuc cua ket cau truc khi
bi bien dang.
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n
L thuyet dn hoi xay dung tren co so cc gia thiet neu o tren duoc goi l
Ly thuyet dn hoi tuyen tinh. Neu khong su dung gia thiet th hai v th ba ta c
Ly thuyet dn hoi phi tuyen. Trung hop vat lieu khong tuan theo dinh luat Hc ta c
bi toan phi tuyen ve vat lieu. at, d, polyme l nhng vat lieu c tnh phi tuyen r ret.
Trung hop chuyen vi cua ket cau c gi tri dng ke so vi kch thuc cua ket cau th de
c ket qua st vi thuc te trong tnh ton phai xt den hnh dang v kch thuc thuc cua
ket cau khi bi bien dang. Lc ny ta c bi toan phi tuyen ve hinh hoc. Cc ket cau c
be dy mong so vi cc kch thuc khc l nhng ket cau c chuyen vi ln khong the bo
qua trong tnh ton ng suat hoac noi luc.
Ngoi cc ket cau lm bang vat lieu dong chat, dang hung L thuyet dn hoi
cng nghien cu ng xu cua ket cau lm bang vat lieu khong dong chat, truc huong
hoc tham chi di huong, v du nhu ket cau lm bang vat lieu compozit, ket cau ong lm
bang nhieu lp vat lieu, dap cng lm viec vi nen v.v...
Trong thuc te, da phan cc tnh ton thiet ke trong thuy loi van cho php xem ng
xu cua ket cau l dn hoi tuyen tnh. Do vay, trong muc ny chu yeu s trnh by L
thuyet dn hoi tuyen tnh.

2.6.2. Ph- ng trnh c bn v phng php gii
e xc dinh hm bieu dien cc thnh phan ng suat, bien dang v chuyen vi theo
phuong cua cc truc toa do x, y, z ben trong ket cau L thuyet dn hoi xay dung cc
phuong trnh bieu dien quan he gia cc dai luong ny v goi l phuong trnh co ban
cua l thuyet dn hoi.
1. Phuong trnh can bng
Phuong trnh can bang bieu dien can bang luc gia cc thnh phan ng suat tc
dung tren cc mat v cung do cua luc phan bo the tch X, Y, Z tc dung ben trong mot
phan to hnh hop c php tuyen cua cc mat trng vi phuong cua cc truc toa do x, y, z
v c kch thuc rat nho (chieu di canh l dx, dy v dz) duoc tch ra o diem bat ky ben
trong ket cau (hnh 2..1). Trong l thuyet dn hoi phan to hnh hop duoc su dung de
dai dien cho mot diem ben trong ket cau. Gia thiet cc thnh phan ng suat c chieu
duong nhu bieu dien trong hnh v, cn X, Y, Z c chieu duong l chieu cua cc truc
toa do.
T dieu kien can bang luc theo cc phuong X 0: Y 0: Z 0 = = =

rt ra:

yx
x zx
xy y zy
yz
xz z
X 0
x y z
Y 0
x y z
Z 0
x y z
t
s t
+ + + =

t s t
+ + + =

t
t s
+ + + =

(2..1)
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Hnh 2.6.1: ng suat v luc tc dung vo phan to hnh hop

Trung hop luc the tch l luc qun tnh th gi tri cua chng duoc xc dinh bang
cc cong thc:

2
2
2
2
2
2
u
X
t
v
Y
t
w
Z
t
= -r
= -r
= -r
(2..2)
trong d r l khoi luong rieng cua vat lieu ket cau, cn cc dao hm bac 2 cua cc
thnh phan chuyen vi theo thi gian l cc thnh phan gia toc chuyen dong theo cc
phuong x, y v z.

2. Phuong trnh hnh hoc v dieu kien lien tuc cua bien dang
Phuong trnh hnh hoc bieu dien quan he gia cc thnh phan bien dang cua khoi
hnh hop c cc mat song song vi cc truc x, y, z duoc tch ra o diem bat ky ben trong
ket cau v cc thnh phan chuyen vi tai diem d.
Gia thiet chuyen vi cua ket cau rat nho so vi kch thuc cua ket cau (gia thiet th
ba trong muc 2..1) th cc thnh phan bien dang duoc tnh t cc thnh phan chuyen vi
bang cong thc:

x y z
xy yz zx
u v w
: : :
x y z
v u w v u w
: :
x y y z z x

e = e = e =

g = + g = + g = +

(2..3)
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
trong d:
e
x
, e
y
, e
z
- bien dang thang cua cc canh phan to hnh hop song song vi cc truc
x, y, z:
g
xy
, g
yz
, g
zx
- bien dang gc o dinh cua cc mat xy, yz, zx cua phan to hnh hop:
u, v, w - chuyen vi doc theo cc truc x, y, z o diem tch khoi hop.

Hnh 2.6.2: Bien dang cua mat xy cua phan to hnh hop

3. Phuong trnh v!t l
Phuong trnh vat l bieu dien quan he gia cc thnh phan bien dang v cc thnh
phan ng suat o diem bat ky ben trong ket cau. Trung hop vat lieu ket cau tuan theo
dinh luat Hc nhu neu trong gia thiet hai o muc 2..1 th bien dang duoc tnh t ng
suat theo cong thc:

( )
( )
( )
x
x y z
y
y z x
z
z x y
xy
xy
yz
yz
zx
zx
E E
E E
E E
:
G
:
G
G
s m
e = - s + s
s
m
e = - s + s
s m
e = - s + s
t
g =
t
g =
t
g =
(2..4)
hoac nguoc lai ng suat duoc tnh t bien dang theo cong thc:
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

x x xy xy
y y yz yz
z z zx zx
2G : G
2G : G
2G : G
s = lq + e t = g
s = lq + e t = g
s = lq + e t = g
(2..5)
trong d:
E - mo dun dn hoi (mo dun Iang) cua vat lieu:
m - he so bien dang ngang (he so Pot-xong) cua vat lieu. Ca hai he so ny deu duoc
xc dinh bang th nghiem:
G - mo dun dn hoi cat xc dinh bang thuc nghiem hoac tnh bang cong thc:

( )
E
G
2 1
=
+ m
(2..)
l - hang so La-me duoc tnh bang cong thc:

( )( )
E
1 1 2
m
l =
+ m - m
(2..7)
q - bien dang the tch tuong doi tnh bang cong thc:

x y z
q = e + e + e (2..8)
Trung hop ket cau bi bien dang do thay doi nhiet do th phai bo xung vo ve phai
cua 3 phuong trnh dau trong he phuong trnh (2..4) thnh phan bien dang dn no hoac
co ngt do nhiet do a(T T
0
). V bien doi nhiet do chi gay bien doi the tch (bien dang
thang), khong gay bien doi hnh dng cua vat the (bien dang gc) nen 3 phuong trnh
sau cua phuong trnh vat l van gi nguyen. Cu the l:

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
x
x y z 0
y
y z x 0
z
z x y 0
xy
xy
yz
yz
zx
zx
T T
E E
T T
E E
T T
E E
:
G
:
G
G
s m
e = - s + s + a -
s
m
e = - s + s + a -
s m
e = - s + s + a -
t
g =
t
g =
t
g =
(2..9)
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
trong d:
a - he so dn no nhiet cua vat lieu ket cau:
T - nhiet do tai thi diem tnh ton:
T
0
- nhiet do o thi diem ban dau.

Can ni them o day l o dieu kien nhiet do cao cc hang so vat lieu E, m, a l cc
hm phu thuoc vo nhiet do.

4. Phuong trnh lien tuc
Neu trong qu trnh bien dang ben trong ket cau khong pht sinh khe nt th bien
dang cua ket cau duoc goi l lien tuc. Lc ny cc thnh phan bien dang s thoa mn he
phuong trnh, duoc goi l phuong trinh lien tuc cua bien dang:

2 2
2
y xy
x
2 2
2 2
2
y yz
z
2 2
2 2 2
z x zx
2 2
2
xy yz
zx x
2
xy yz y
zx
2
yz xy
zx x
x y
y x
y z
z y
z x
x z
2
x y z x y z
2
y z x y z x
2
z x y z x y
e g
e
+ =

e g
e
+ =

e e g
+ =

g g
g e
+ - =

g g e
g
+ - =

g g
g e
+ - =

(2..10)

5. ieu kien bien

Hnh 2.6.3: Diu kien bien v luc v diu kien bien v chuyen vi
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Ve nguyen tac, t 15 phuong trnh trong cc he phuong trnh can bang (2..1),
hnh hoc (2..3) v vat l (2..4) hoac (2..5) c the giai tm 15 an l thnh phan ng
suat s
x
, s
y
, s
z
, t
xy
, t
yz
, t
zx
, 3 thnh phan chuyen vi u, v, w v thnh phan bien dang
e
x
, e
y
, e
z
, g
xy
, g
yz
, g
zx
. Trung hop bien dang cua ket cau l lien tuc th cc thnh phan
bien dang phai thoa mn phuong trnh lien tuc (2..10). Song v cc phuong trnh tren l
cc phuong trnh vi phan nen de tm duoc nghiem rieng cn can biet dieu kien bien.
ay l cc rng buoc cua cc an tren bien. Rng buoc ve ng suat tren bien l ng suat
o cc diem ny phai can bang vi tai trong tc dung tren bien. Rng buoc ve chuyen vi
tren bien l chuyen vi o cc diem tren bien c lien ket phai bang dich chuyen bi han che
boi lien ket tai d.
ieu kien bien ve luc tai diem bat ky tren be mat bien S
p
chiu tc dung cua tai
trong phan bo p c phuong bat ky (hnh 2..2):

x x xy xz
y yx y yz
z zx zy z
p m n
p m n
p m n
= s + t + t
= t + s + t
= t + t + s
(2..11)
trong d:
p
x
, p
y
, p
z
- hnh chieu cua p tren cc truc x, y, z:
, m, n - cosin chi phuong cua php tuyen n vi mat bien tai diem dat tai trong p.
ieu kien bien ve chuyen vi tren be mat bien S
u
noi cng vi nen v nen duoc coi
l khong bi bien dang o moi diem tren S
u
deu c u = v = w = 0.

6. ieu kien ban dau
Vi bi toan dong luc hoc, de xc dinh nghiem cn phai dng dieu kien ban dau.
l cc gi tri ve chuyen vi hoac van toc tai thi diem ban dau cua chuyen dong (t = 0),
v du:
u = u
0
, v = v
0
, w = w
0
v.v...

7. Phuong php giai
Vi bi ton tinh, de tm ng suat hoac chuyen vi cua ket cau L thuyet dn hoi
thung chon mot trong hai phuong php:
a. Gii theo ng sut
T cc he phuong trnh tren bien doi de cn phuong trnh chi cha an l thnh
phan ng suat, t d giai tm hm bieu dien thnh phan ny:
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
x
2
2
2
y
2
2
2
z
2
2
2
xy
2
yz
1
X X Y Z
1 2 1
x 1 x y z
x
1
Y X Y Z
1 2 1
y 1 x y z
y
1
Z X Y Z
1 2 1
z 1 x y z
z
X Y
1 1
x y y x
1
m + m
s
+ m s + = - + m - + +

- m

m + m
s
+ m s + = - + m - + +

- m

m + m
s
+ m s + = - + m - + +

- m

s
+ m t + = - + m +

+ m t ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
zx
Y Z
1
y z z y
Z X
1 1
z x x z
s
+ = - + m +

s
+ m t + = - + m +

(2..12)
trong d:

x y z
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
x y z
s = s +s + s

= + +

b. Gii theo chuyn v
T cc he phuong trnh tren bien doi de cn 3 phuong trnh chi cha an l 3 thnh
phan chuyen vi (2..13), t d giai tm hm bieu dien 3 thnh phan ny.

2
2
2
( G) G u X 0
x
( G) G v Y 0
y
( G) G w Z 0
z
q
l + + + =
q
l + + + =
q
l + + + =
(2..13)
Do kh khan ve mat ton hoc nen so bi ton c the giai truc tiep t cc phuong
trnh tren bang cc phuong php giai tch chi han che o nhng ket cau c dang hnh hoc,
tai trong v dieu kien rng buoc tren bien khong phc tap. Vi nhieu bi ton, de giai
duoc bang phuong php giai tch phai dua them vo mot so gia thiet khong that ph hop
vi thuc te, v du dap trong luc hoac tru d cua van cung phai xem l nem tam gic di
vo han, nen phai coi l dong chat, dang hung v.v... e mo rong pham vi ng dung
nhieu phuong php gan dng hoac phuong php so d duoc pht trien, v du phuong
php Ritz, phuong php Bubnov-Galerkin, phuong php sai phan, phuong php phan tu
hu han (PTHH), phuong php phan tu bien v.v... Cc phuong php ny s duoc trnh
by o muc 2.11.
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

2.6.3. Bi ton phng
2.6.3.1. Khi niem v phan loai
Trong thuc te cong trnh, ng vi mot so ket cau c dang hnh hoc v tai trong
nhat dinh ng suat hoac bien dang theo mot phuong no d, gia su phuong z, c gi tri
bang 0 hoac gan nhu bang 0. Lc ny chi cn lai cc thnh phan ng suat hoac bien
dang nam trong mot mat phang (mat xy).
Trung hop cc thnh phan ng suat theo mot phuong bang 0 ta c bi toan ung
suat phng. V du tru dap hoac tru cong (hnh 2..4 a) c be dy (phuong z) kh nho so
vi kch thuc theo phuong chieu di (phuong x) v chieu cao (phuong y). Do vay, khi
chiu tc dung cua tai trong nam trong mat trung bnh cua tru (mat xy) ng suat theo
phuong z gan nhu bang 0, nen tru c the coi nhu thuoc bi ton ng suat phang.
Trung hop cc thnh phan bien dang theo mot phuong bang 0 ta c bi toan
bien dang phng. V du dap ngan (hnh 2..4 b) c kch thuc theo phuong truc dap
(phuong z) rat ln so vi kch thuc theo hai phuong kia (x, y), bien dang theo phuong
truc dap gan nhu bang 0, nen dap c the coi nhu thuoc bi ton bien dang phang. Vi
ket cau o bi ton bien dang phang khi tnh ton c the xt phan ket cau dai dien c
chieu di 1 m theo phuong c bien dang bang 0, v du o bi ton dap l doan dap di
1 m theo phuong truc dap.

Hnh 2.6.4 a: Tru cong Hnh 2.6.4 b: Dap

2.6.3.2. Phuong trnh co ban trong he toa do vuong g"c
Trong he toa do vuong gc cc phuong trnh co ban dng de giai bi ton ng
suat phang v bien dang phang c dang:
1. Ph- ng trnh cn bng

yx
x
xy y
X 0
x y
Y 0
x y
t
s
+ + =

t s
+ + =

(2..14)
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
2. Ph- ng trnh hnh hc

x
y
xy
u
x
v
y
v u
x y
e =
e =

g = +

(2..15)
3. Ph- ng trnh lin tc

2 2
2
y xy
x
2 2
x y
y x
e g
e
+ =

(2..1)
4. Ph- ng trnh vt l

x
x y
y
y x
xy
xy
E E
E E
G
s m
e = - s
s
m
e = - s
t
g =
(2..17)
hoac

( )
( )
x x y
2
y y x
2
xy xy
E
1
E
1
G
s = e - me
- m
s = e - me
- m
t = g
(2..18)
Ch l cc phuong trnh (2..17) v (2..18) duoc viet cho bi ton ng suat
phang. Vi bi ton bien dang phang phai thay E v m bang cc tri tuong duong sau:

2
E
E
1
1
=
-m
m
m =
-m
(2..19)

2.6.3.3. Phuong trnh co ban trong he toa do cuc
e tien cho viec giai, vi cc ket cau c dang hnh hoc, chiu tai trong v lien
ket doi xng truc hoac ket cau c dang hnh nem chiu tai tap trung o dinh v.v... cc
phuong trnh can bang, hnh hoc, lien tuc, vat l thung duoc thiet lap trong he toa do
cuc (hnh 2..5).
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Hnh 2.6.5: Cc thnh phan ng suat tai mot diem trong he toa do cuc

Cho ca bi ton ng suat phang v bien dang phang cc phuong trnh co ban deu
c the viet chung o dang sau:
1. Ph- ng trnh cn bng

r r r
r r
1
R 0
r r r
1
2 Q 0
r r r
q q
q q q
t s - s s
+ + =
q
s t t
+ + + =
q
(2..20)
trong d:
s
r
, s
q
,t
rq
, t
qr
- ng suat php theo phuong dung knh (hung knh), ng suat php
theo phuong tiep tuyen vi chu vi (hung vng) v ng suat tiep tren
cc mat c php tuyen theo phuong hung knh v hung vng:
R, Q - luc phan bo the tch theo phuong hung knh v phuong hung vng.


r
u
r
1 v u
r r
v v 1 u
r r r
q
q
e =
e = +
q

e = - +
q
(2..21)
trong d:
u, v - chuyen vi theo phuong hung knh v chuyen vi theo phuong hung vng.

3. Ph- ng trnh lin tc

2 2 2 2
r
r
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 2 1
r r r r
r r r r r
q
q

g
- + e + - - e =

q
q q

(2..22)
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
4. Ph- ng trnh vt l

r
r
r
r
E E
E E
G
V
q
q q
q
q
s m
e = - s
s m
e = - s
t
g =
(2..23)
Vi bi ton bien dang phang chi viec thay E v m trong (2..23) bang cc tri
tuong duong bieu dien trong (2..19).

2.6.3.4. #m ng suat

Hm ng suat l hm thoa mn dieu kien lien tuc cua bien dang (2..1) bieu dien
qua ng suat v duoc su dung de giai bi ton phang cua L thuyet dn hoi theo ng
suat. Neu goi j l hm ng suat th vi trung hop luc phan bo the tch bang hang so,
v du X = 0, Y = g
b
cc thnh phan ng suat duoc xc dinh nhu sau:

1. Trong h to vung gc

+ Cong thc tnh ng suat t hm ng suat:

2
x
2
2
y
2
2
xy b
y
x
x
x y
j
s =
j
s =
j
t = - - g

(2..24)
+ Phuong trnh lien tuc cua bien dang duoc bieu dien qua ng suat:

( )
2 2
x y
2 2
0
x y

+ s + s =

hoac qua hm ng suat sau khi thay s
x
, s
y
duoc xc dinh t (2..24):

4 4 4
4 2 2 4
2 0
x x y y
j j j
+ + =

(2..25)

2. Trong h to cc

+ Cong thc tnh ng suat t hm ng suat:
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

2
r
2 2
2
2
xy
1 1
r r
r
r
1
r r
q
j j
s = +
q
j
s =
j
t = -

q

(2..2)
+ ieu kien lien tuc ve bien dang duoc bieu dien qua hm ng suat:

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0
r r r r
r r r r

j j j
+ + + + =

q q

(2..27)
Cc phuong trnh (2..25) v (2..27) l cc phuong trinh song dieu ho, cn hm
ng suat thoa mn cc phuong trnh ny duoc goi l hm song dieu ho.

2.6.3.5. Mot so li giai lien quan den ket cau cong trnh thuy loi
1. p b tng trng lc mt ct tam gic chu tc dng ca trng l- ng
bn thn vi trng l- ng ring g
b
v p lc n- c thng l- u vi trng
l- ng ring g
n
(hnh 2..)

Hnh 2.6.6: Dap chiu tc dung cua tai trong ban than v p luc nuc thung luu

ap thuoc bi ton bien dang phang, do vay khi giai c the lay mot doan dap
chieu di 1 m theo phuong truc dap lm dai dien. Phan dap ny duoc coi l nem di vo
han vi gc dinh l a. Bi ton duoc giai trong he toa do vuong gc. Hm ng suat thoa
mn phuong trnh song dieu ho (2..25) duoc chon l hm bac 3:

2 2 2
D C F K
x x y xy y
2 2
j = + + +
trong d cc he so D, E, F, K duoc xc dinh t dieu kien bien:

+ Tren mat thuong luu khi chi c p luc nuc theo phuong nam ngang:

x xy
xy y
sin cos 0
sin cos 0
s a - t a =
t a - s a =

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
+ Tren mat ha luu (khong c tai trong theo phuong php tuyen v tiep tuyen):

x n
xy
y
0
s = -g
t =

T cong thc (2..24) v cc dieu kien bien xc dinh duoc cc thnh phan ng
suat o diem bat ky trong than dap:

( ) ( )
( )
x n
3 2
y b n n b
2
xy n
y
tg 2 tg x tg y
tg x
s = -g
s = g a - g a + g a - g
t = - g a
(2..28)
C the thay s
y
c dang giong nhu tnh trong Sc ben vat lieu (SBVL), t
xy
khc vi
ket qua tnh trong Sc ben vat lieu, cn s
x
khong tnh duoc trong SBVL. Bieu do cua ba
ng suat ny tren mat cat y cua dap duoc bieu dien trong hnh 2...

2. p mt ct tam gic chu tc dng ca lc tp trung P v m men tp
trung M nh (hnh 2..7)

Hnh 2.6.7: Dap chiu tc dung cua luc tap trung v mo men tap trung o dnh

Giong nhu o bi ton tren khi giai cng xt doan dap c chieu di 1 m doc theo
phuong truc dap. ap duoc coi l nem di vo han vi gc dinh l a. Bi ton duoc giai
trong he toa do cuc theo phuong php cong tc dung:
+ Bi ton 1 - Trung hop dap chi chiu tc dung cua luc tap trung P: Hm ng suat
thoa mn phuong trnh song dieu ho (2..27) duoc chon o dang:
Cr cos Dr sin j = q q + q q
Vi hm ng suat ny cc ng suat s
q
= t
rq
= 0. Hai hang so tch phan C v D
duoc xc dinh t dieu kien can bang luc theo 2 phuong x, y cua ng suat s
r
tren mat tru
bn knh r vi tai trong P (hnh 2..7):
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

r
r
r cos d P cos
r sin d Psin
+a
-a
+a
-a
s q q = - b
s q q = - b

Ket qua tm duoc:

( ) ( )
r
r
2P cos cos 2Psin sin
r 2 sin2 r 2 sin2
0
0
q
q
b q b q
s = -
a + a a - a
s =
t =
(2..29)

+ Bi ton 2 - Trung hop dap chi chiu tc dung cua mo men tap trung M: Hm ng
suat thoa mn phuong trnh song dieu ho (2..27) duoc chon o dang:
A Bsin j = q + q (2..30)
Vi hm ng suat ny s
q
= 0. Hai hang so tch phan A v B duoc xc dinh t dieu
kien ng suat tiep tren hai mat nghieng t
rq
= 0 v dieu kien can bang cua ng suat tren
mat tru bn knh r vi mo men M (hnh 2..7).
Ket qua tm duoc:

( )
r
2
r
2
2M sin2
2sin2 2 cos2
r
0
M cos2 cos2
sin2 2 cos2
r
q
q
q
s =
a - a a
s =
q - a
t = -
a - a a
(2..31)
Ch l t (2..29) v (2..31) c the tm cc ng suat s
x
, s
y
, t
xy
trong he toa do
vuong gc oxy bang cc cong thc tnh ng suat tren mat nghieng trnh by trong Sc
ben vat lieu (muc 2.1).

Hnh 2.6.8: Tnh dap trong luc c mat cat thuc bang phuong php cong tc dung
w
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c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Phoi hop cc ket qua trnh by trong bi ton 1 v 2 c the xay dung li giai
cho cho dap trong luc c mat cat thuc nhu v o hnh 2..8 bang phuong php cong tc
dung, trong d P v M l trong luong v mo men cua khoi vat lieu o dinh dap ngoi
phan dinh nem.
3. Na mt phng v hn chu lc tp trung thng ng trn bin

Hnh 2.6.9: Nua mat phang vo han chiu tai tap trung tren bien

Ve thuc chat day van l bi ton bien dang phang cua nem vi gc dinh a = p/2.
Do vay ng suat tai diem bat ky trong nua mat phang van duoc xc dinh bang cong thc
(2..29). Tuy vay, de tien su dung cong thc tnh ng suat thung duoc chuyen ve viet
trong he toa do vuong gc nhu sau:

( )
( )
( )
2
x
2
2 2
3
y
2
2 2
2
xy
2
2 2
2P x y
x y
2P y
x y
2P xy
x y
s = -
p
+
s = -
p
+
t = -
p
+
(2..32)
T (2..32) c the v duoc bieu do ng suat s
y
v t
xy
tren mat nam ngang bat ky
cch mat nen mot khoang y nhu o hnh 2..9. ng suat s
y
dat cuc dai tai x = 0 cn t
xy

dat cuc dai tai
y
x
3
= . Cc tri ny duoc tnh bang cong thc:

y
xy
2P P
y 1, 57y
2P 9
y
1 3
s = =
p
t =
p

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Chuyen vi thang dng tai diem tren mat bien cch phuong cua tai trong mot khoang
d duoc tnh bang cong thc:

( )
( )
2
2 1 P
1 P
d
v n
E r E
- m
+ m
= -
p
l (2..33)
4. ng dy chu p lc u bn trong p
1
v bn ngoi thnh ng p
2

Hnh 2.6.10: !ng dy

ng lm viec o trang thi bien dang phang nen khi tnh ton cng cat doan ong c
chieu di 1 m theo chieu di de xt. Bi ton duoc giai trong he toa do cuc. V mat cat
ong v tai trong tc dung c dang doi xng truc nen hm ng suat chi phu thuoc vo r
v do d phuong trnh lien tuc (2..27) duoc viet o dang phuong trnh vi phan thung:

2 2
2 2
d 1 d d 1 d
0
r dr r dr
dr dr

j j
+ + =

Hm ng suat thoa mn phuong trnh ny c the lay o dang:

2
A n r Cr j = + l
trong d A v C duoc xc dinh t dieu kien bien:

+ Tai chu vi trong cua ong (r = a):
s
r
= p
1

+ Tai chu vi ngoi cua ong (r = b):
s
r
= p
2

T cong thc (2..2) v dieu kien bien tm duoc cong thc tnh ng suat:

2 2 2 2
2 1 1 2
r
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 1 1 2
2 2 2 2 2
p p a p b p a b
b a r b a
p p a p b p a b
b a r b a
q
- -
s = +
- -
+ -
s = +
- -
(2..34)
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bieu do ng suat s
r
v s
q
tren thnh ong duoc v trong hnh 2..10. Trung hop
ong chi chiu p luc ben trong (p
2
= 0), thnh ong chiu ko v ng suat ko ln nhat xuat
hien o mp trong ong:

2 2
1
2 2
a b
p
b a
q
+
s =
-

5. ng sut quanh l khot trn

Hnh 2.6.11: ng suat quanh lo khot trn

Gia thiet c ban chiu ko boi luc phan bo deu p theo phuong x, trong ban c mot
lo khot trn bn knh a, kch thuc lo rat nho so vi kch thuc cua ban (hnh 2..11).
Bi ton duoc giai trong he toa do cuc dua tren li giai cua bi ton ong dy trnh by o
phan tren. ng suat quanh lo khot duoc tnh bang cong thc:

2 4 2
r
2 4 2
2 4
2 4
4 2
r
4 2
p a p 3a 4a
1 1 cos2
2 2
r r r
p a p 3a
1 1 cos2
2 2
r r
p 3a 2a
1 sin2
2
r r
q
q

s = - + + - q

s = + - + q

t = - - + q

(2..35)
Phan bo cua ng suat php hung vng s
q
tren mat cat thang dng di qua tam lo
khot c dang nhu hnh 2..11.

2.6.4. Bi ton khng gian i xng trc
2.6.4.1. N$a khong gian vo han chiu luc t!p trung thang dng tren mat bien
Bi ton duoc giai bang phuong php chuyen vi tren co so he phuong trnh (2..15).
Nghiem tm duoc c dang:
w
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.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
3
zx Bx
u A
r r z
r
zy By
v A
r r z
r
z 3G B
w A
G r r
r
= +
+
= +
+

l +
= + +

l +

Hnh 2.6.12: Nua khong gian vo han chiu luc tap trung tren mat bien

Cc thnh phan ng suat duoc xc dinh t cc thnh phan chuyen vi t phuong
trnh vat l:

x xy
y yz
z zx
u u v
2G : G
x y x
v v w
2G : G
y z y
w w u
2G : G
z x z

s = lq + t = +

s = lq + t = +

s = lq + t = +

Cc hang so tch phan A, B duoc xc dinh t dieu kien bien ve luc:
- Tren mat bien (z = 0):
t
xz
= t
yz
= s
z
= 0.
- Can bang cua P vi ng suat tc dung tren nua mat cau tam O, bn knh r.
Ket qua tm duoc li giai:
- ng suat theo phuong thang dng tai diem bat ky trong nua khong gian:

3
z
5
3P z
2
r
s = -
p
(2..34)
- Chuyen vi thang dng cua diem bat ky tren mat bien (z = 0):

( )
2
1
P
w
E r
- m
=
p
(2..35)
ay l hai cong thc duoc su dung nhieu trong tnh ton cong trnh.
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w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
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.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
2.6.4.2. N$a khong gian vo han chiu luc phan bo deu thang dng tren mat bien

Hnh 2.6.13: Nua khong gian vo han chiu luc phan bo tren mat bien

Gia thiet luc phan bo tc dung tren mat bien trong dien tch vng trn tam O, bn
knh a (hnh 2..13). Cong thc tnh ton cho trung hop ny c the suy ra t trung
hop tren bang cch lay tch phan cc bieu thc (2..34), (2..35) vi
dP = q

r

d

j

dr
tren dien tch vng trn. Ket qua tm duoc:
ng suat theo phuong thang dng tai diem bat ky trong nua khong gian:

( )
3
z
3
2 2
2
z
q 1
a z

s = -

+

(2..3)
+ Chuyen vi thang dng cua diem bat ky tren mat bien (z = 0):

( )
2
4 1
w qa
E
- m
=
p
(2..37)

2.6.5. Tm mng n hi
2.6.5.1. Khi niem v gia thiet tnh ton
Tam mong l ket cau tam c ty le gia be dy h v kch thuc canh ngan nhat cua
tam b nam trong pham vi:

1 1 h 1 1
80 100 b 5 8

< <

Mat chia doi chieu dy cua tam duoc goi l mt trung binh. Dui tc dung cua tai
trong c phuong vuong gc vi mat trung bnh tam bi vng v tren mat cat vuong gc
vi mat trung bnh xuat hien cc noi luc l mo men uon M
x
, M
y
, mo men xoan M
xy
v
luc cat Q
x
, Q
y
(hnh 2..14). Chu y l ky hieu noi luc su dung o day khac voi ky hieu noi
luc su dung trong Suc ben vat lieu v Co hoc ket cau. iem khc biet th nhat l cc
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

chi so x v y o day chi php tuyen cua cc mat tren d mo men v luc cat tc dung
ch khong phai l truc quay cua mo men hay phuong cua luc cat. iem khc biet th
hai l noi luc khong duoc tnh cho ton bo chieu di mat cat ngang cua tam c php
tuyen song song vi phuong cua truc x hoac truc y m chi cho mot don vi chieu di
quy uc l 1 m.
e xay dung phuong trnh tnh tam ngoi cc gia thiet neu o muc 2..1 cn dua
vo them mot so gia thiet sau:
+ Php tuyen cua mat trung bnh truc khi tam chiu uon van gi vuong gc vi mat
trung bnh sau khi tam bi uon (gia thiet Kiec-khop).
+ Tai trong c phuong vuong gc vi mat trung bnh khong gay bien dang ko hoac
nn trong mat trung bnh cua tam.
+ Khong xt ng suat php v bien dang theo phuong vuong gc vi mat trung bnh
cua tam.

Hnh 2.6.14: Noi luc tren mat cat ngang cua tam

2.6.5.2. Phuong trnh co ban
1. Ph- ng trnh cn bng bieu dien quan he gia noi luc tren mat cat ngang cua
tam vi nhau v vi tai trong phan bo c phuong vuong gc vi mat trung bnh:

yx
x
x
xy y
y
y
x
M
M
Q 0
x y
M M
Q 0
x y
Q
Q
q 0
x y
+ - =

+ - =

+ + =

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w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
hoac thu ve mot phuong trnh bang cch rt Q
x
, Q
y
t 2 phuong trnh dau thay vo
phuong trnh th 3:

2 2
2
xy y
x
2 2
M M
M
2 q
x y
x y

+ + = -

(2..38)


T gia thiet Kiec-khop, do php tuyen cua mat trung bnh van gi vuong gc
vi mat trung bnh sau bien dang nen chuyen vi u v v tai diem bat ky nam tren mat
song song vi mat trung bnh v cch mat trung bnh mot doan z duoc xc dinh bang
cong thc:

w
u z
x
w
v z
y
= -
= -

trong d w l do vng cua tam.

V bo qua bien dang theo phuong vuong gc vi mat trung bnh cua tam nen
phuong trnh hnh hoc cua tam c dang tuong tu (2..17) nhu o bi ton phang. Neu
thay u, v xc dinh nhu o tren vo (2..17) duoc phuong trnh hnh hoc bieu dien qua
do vng:

2
x
2
2
y
2
2
xy
w
z
x
w
z
y
w
2z
x y
e = -
e = -
g =

(2..39)

3. Ph- ng trnh vt l

V vat lieu cua tam duoc gia thiet tuan theo dinh luat Hc, dong thi bo qua
ng suat v bien dang theo phuong vuong gc vi mat trung bnh nen quan he gia
ng suat v bien dang cua tam van duoc bieu dien bang phuong trnh (2..20) nhu o
bi ton phang.
Tuy vay, vi bi ton tam phuong trnh vat l thung duoc bieu dien dui dang
quan he gia noi luc v do vng. e lm viec ny su dung quan he gia ng suat v noi
luc tren mat cat ngang cua tam tuong tu nhu o trong Sc ben vat lieu:
w
w
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.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

h
2
x x
h
2
h
2
y y
h
2
h
2
xy xy
h
2
M zdz
M zdz
M zdz
-
-
-
= s
= s
= t

Tiep d thay bieu thc tnh ng suat t do vng v thuc hien cc tch phan. Ket qua
thu duoc:

( )
2 2
x
2 2
2 2
y
2 2
2
x
w w
M D
x y
w w
M D
y x
w
M D 1
x y

= - + m

= - + m

= - - m

(2..40)
trong d: D l do cng tru cua tam:

( )
3
2
Eh
D
12 1
=
- m
(2..41)
vi: E v m l mo dun dn hoi v he so Pot-xong cua vat lieu tam.

4. iu kin bin

Hnh 2.6.15: Lien ket tren canh tam

Rng buoc ve chuyen vi v noi luc tren bien cua tam phu thuoc vo hnh thc lien
ket tai bien. Chang han, vi tam ch nhat c cc canh song song vi truc x v truc y
(hnh 2..15) th dieu kien bien tren canh x = a trong cc dieu kien lien ket khc nhau
duoc bieu dien nhu sau:
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
+ Lien ket ngm tai canh x = a: o vng v gc xoay tren canh bang 0

w 0
w
0
x
=

+ Lien ket khp tai canh x = a: o vng v mo men uon tren canh bang 0

x
w 0
M 0
=
=

hoac

2
2
w 0
w
0
x
=

+ Canh x = a tu do: Mo men uon v luc cat tren canh bang 0

x
yx
x
M 0
M
Q 0
y
=
+ =

hoac

( )
2 2
2 2
3 3
3 2
w w
0
x x
w w
2 0
x x y

+ m =

+ - m =

5. Ph- ng php gii
Tam duoc giai theo phuong php chuyen vi. Thay (2..40) vo (2..38) duoc phuong
trnh can bang bieu dien qua do vng:

4 4 4
4 2 2 4
w w w q
2
D
x x y y

+ + =

(2..42)
Phuong trnh ny do So-phi Giec-manh thiet lap nen duoc goi l phuong trnh
So-phi Giec-manh.
Li giai giai tch duoc thuc hien tren co so tm nghiem tong qut cua phuong trnh
(2..42), sau d xc dinh cc hang so tch phan t dieu kien bien.

2.6.5.3. Mot so bi ton don gian
1. Tm ch nht
Li giai giai tch chi duoc thuc hien vi mot so dang tai trong v lien ket nhat
dinh, v du tam chiu tai trong phan bo deu hoac tai trong tap trung c canh lien ket
ngm hoac tua v.v... Li giai thung duoc bieu dien o dang chuoi luong gic kp.
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

mn
m 1 n 1
n y m x
w A sin sin
a b

= =
p p
=

vi a, b l kch thuc canh cua tam theo phuong x v theo phuong y. Truc x v truc y
duoc chon trng vi canh cua tam (hnh 2..15). Dui day trnh by li giai cho hai
trung hop cu the.
+ Tam ch nhat canh a, b chu vi tua, chiu tai phan bo deu q:

2
2 2
m 1 n 1
2 2
n y m x
sin sin
1q
a b
w
D
m n
mn
a b

= =
p p
=
p

+

(2..43)
+ Tam ch nhat canh a, b, chu vi tua chiu tai tap trung P tai diem c toa do x = c, y = d:

4 2
2 2
m 1 n 1
2
m c n d
sin sin
4P m x n y
a b
w sin sin
a b
Dab
m n
a b

= =
p p
p p
=
p

+

(2..44)
T bieu thc tnh do vng c the tm bieu thc tnh noi luc bang cc cong thc
(2..40).

2. Tm trn hoc ellip
e tien cho viec giai vi bi ton ny thung su dung phuong trnh vi phan do
vng thiet lap trong he toa do cuc:

( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
q r,
1 1 w 1 w 1 w
r r r r D
r r r r
q

+ + + + =

q q

(2..45)
trong d:
r - chi phuong hung knh:
q - chi phuong hung vng.

Phuong trnh tren c the giai truc tiep cho tam trn bn knh a. Dui day trnh by
ket qua tnh do vng v mo men uon cho mot so bi ton doi xng truc.
+ Tam chu vi ngm, chiu tai trong phan bo deu q:

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2
r
2 2
q
w a r
4D
q
M a 1 r 3
1
q
M a 1 r 1 3
1
q
= -

= + m - + m

= + m - + m

(2..4)
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
+ Tam chu vi tua, chiu tai trong phan bo deu q:

( )
( )
2 2 2
2
2 2
4a a r
q
w a r
4D 1

-

= - +

+ m

( )
( )
2 2
r
q 3
M a r
1
+ m
= - (2..47)
( ) ( )
2 2
q
M a 3 r 1 3
1
q

= + m - + m

+ Tam chu vi ngm, chiu tai trong tap trung P tai tam:

( )
2 2 2
P 1 r
w a r r n
8 D 2 a

= - +

p

l (2..48)
+ Tam chu vi tua, chiu tai trong tap trung P tai tam :

( )
2 2 2
P 1 3 r
w a r r n
8 D 2 1 a
+ m
= - +

p + m

l (2..49)

2.6.5.4. Bang tra
e tien su dung, cc ket qua tnh noi luc v do vng cua tam duoc lap bang
de tra cu. Moi bang ng vi mot dang hnh hoc, lien ket tren canh v tai trong tc
dung vuong gc vi mat tam. Dui day gii thieu mot so bang tra dng cho tam ch
nhat, tam tam gic chiu tai trong phan bo deu hoac tai trong phan bo dang p luc thuy
tinh l nhng dang tam thung hay gap trong ket cau cong trnh thuy loi (bang 2..1,
2..2). Phoi hop cc bang tra ny c the tnh tam chiu tai trong hnh thang hoac dang
tam gic khc.
Vi cc tam c dang chu vi, lien ket hoac tai trong bat ky, tam c lo khot v.v...
thung kh hoac khong the giai bang phuong php giai tch m phai su dung phuong
php so, trong d phuong php duoc su dung pho bien nhat hien nay l phuong php
phan tu hu han (PTHH) thong qua cc phan mem duoc lap san nhu SAP hoac ANSYS...
Noi dung cua phuong php PTHH duoc trnh by trong muc 2.11.

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
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.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
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.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
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.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.2: Tnh tam chu nhat v tam tam gic chiu tai phan bo hnh tam gic
Cc k hieu duoc dng: do vng: w: phan luc goi tua: Q: do cong W: momen uon: M:
do cng cua tam: D =
( )
3
2
Eh
12 1 - m
trong d E - modun dn hoi cua vat lieu tam: h - chieu dy
cua tam: m - he so poatxong cua vat lieu ban.
y
l
l
y
l
y
d d e e f
e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e
c b b a a
x - x
y

-

y
y
p
p
x
1
4
2 3 2 1
5 5 4
7 8 9 8 7
10 11 12 11 10
13 14 15 14 13
x l x l lx

Tr ng hp 1: B@3 :-* +-!" Fa +8,3 + _-kA :-' V%
HZK
Q
t
i

>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- I IZKPO I IZOKT4 M IZIJPO M IZOKT4
l I IZONJ I IZRNN4 M IZIPPK M IZRNN4
u I IZ4KT I IZ4HTR M IZIRPO M IZ4HTR
e
H
I I I I I I
a I IZHRO IZINJI I M IZINJI M IZIHPH
b I IZONR IZ4O4R I M IZ4O4R M IZIOIO
g I IZJON IZRR4P I M IZRR4P M IZIKKO
d I IZTHP IZRIPN I M IZRIPN M IZIKHH
m I IZPP4 IZHPHI I M IZHPHI M IZI4PT
e
4
I I I I I I
D I IZNOO I IZRP44 M IZIPOI M IZRP44
F I HZ4TN I IZKNNO M IZINNN M IZKNNO
: I HZRJ4 I IZPJII M IZHHHJ M IZPJII
H IZITIOT s M IZI4JN M IZIHJI IZIRIP IZI4HP
4 IZHRR4I s M IZIRJI M IZIIIP IZIRJH IZIIPJ
R IZHOTTN s M IZIRHO IZIITN IZI4NN M IZIIRP
O IZHKROR s M IZIOIJ M IZHRKH IZIPR4 IZHOHN
K IZ4PPHK s M IZIJJH M IZ4RIP IZHHKP IZ4ORK
P IZRIHJR s M IZIJH4 M IZ4PIH IZHHOK IZ4JHN
J IZHPPRH s M IZIRPI M IZHRIP IZIKJT IZHRPP
T IZ4NPPI s M IZITJN M IZ4OHN IZH4T4 IZ4KPP
N IZRRTNT s M IZITOT M ZI4JNT IZHRHO IZ4NRN
HI IZH4HHR s M IZI44J M IZIPHT IZIRRI IZIPKK
HH IZ4HNKI s M IZIPPI M IZH4IT IZITPH IZHRHT
H4 IZ4KHTN s M IZIPOT M IZHOHJ IZITTO IZHK4K
HR IZIOTKI s M IZIITR IZIKOR M IZIIIJ M IZIKRI
HO IZITTJH s M IZI4JH IZINOJ IZIHHR M IZINI4
HK IZHIHTR s M IZI4P4 IZHITK IZIITH M IZHIO4
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
i
A
e

l
i
A
l
4
i
A
e

l
4
i
A
e

l
4
i
A l
4
i
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
l l l
f e e d d
a a b b c
l
l
l
x - x
y

-

y
p
e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e
1 2 3 2 1
13 14 15 14 13
10 11 12 11 10
7 8 9 8 7
4 5 5 4

Tr ng hp 2: B@3 -w+- V')+8 Fa +8,3 + _-kA :-' V%
Q
t
i
t
>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+
;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 0 0,578 0 0,5992 - 0,0999 - 0,5992
l 0 0,58 0 0,4949 - 0,0825 - 0,4949
u 0 0,157 0 0,2302 - 0,0384 - 0,2302
e
H
0 0 0 0 0 0
a 0 0,240 0,2302 0 - 0,2302 - 0,0384
b 0 0,7 0,5729 0 - 0,5729 - 0,0955
g 0 1,158 0,8051 0 - 0,8051 - 0,1342
d 0 1,271 0,7835 0 - 0,7835 - 0,130
m 0 0,940 0,4485 0 - 0,4485 - 0,0757
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 1,023 0 0,4485 - 0,0757 - 0,4485
F 0 1,59 0 0,815 - 0,143 - 0,815
: 0 1,737 0 1,0110 - 0,185 - 1,0110
H 0,2242 - 0,0178 - 0,057 0,0272 0,0597
4 0,4307 - 0,1318 - 0,075 0,1443 0,0975
R 0,50550 - 0,1495 - 0,074 0,122 0,1014
O 0,39177 0,0024 - 0,157 0,0237 0,153
K 0,7859 - 0,245 - 0,311 0,2975 0,352
P 0,93455 - 0,2972 - 0,393 0,3587 0,4188
J 0,4025 0,0244 - 0,129 - 0,0033 0,1228
T 0,82953 - 0,222 - 0,2718 0,3075 0,3155
N 0,99428 - 0,3295 - 0,3295 0,3844 0,3844
HI 0,2843 0,0285 - 0,0552 - 0,0193 0,0504
HH 0,0132 - 0,1917 - 0,1257 0,2127 0,157
H4 0,72451 - 0,244 - 0,1551 0,2722 0,192
HR 0,11513 0,0172 0,052 - 0,025 - 0,0590
HO 0,24744 - 0,0801 0,104 0,024 - 0,0931
HK 0,2991 - 0,1043 0,1253 0,0835 - 0,1079
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
A
e

l A
l
4
A
e

l
4
A
e
l
4
A l
4
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
x l lx lx
x - x
f e e d d
c b b a a
e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e
y
l
y
l
l
y
y

-

y
y
x
p
p
4 5 5 4
7 8 9 8 7
10 11 12 11 10
13 14 15 14 13
1 2 3 2 1

Tr ng hp 3: B@3 :-* +-!" Fa +8,3 + _-kA :-' V%
Q
t HZK
i

>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 0 0,253 0 0,2014 - 0,033 - 0,2014
l 0 0,194 0 0,131 - 0,0271 - 0,131
u 0 0,03 0 0,0718 - 0,01200 - 0,0718
e
H
0 0 0 0 0 0
a 0 0,244 0,115 0 - 0,11 - 0,029
b 0 0,3 0,3857 0 - 0,3857 - 0,043
g 0 0,98 0,541 0 - 0,541 - 0,0940
d 0 1,150 0,129 0 - 0,129 - 0,1021
m 0 0,958 0,4189 0 - 0,4189 - 0,098
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 0,721 0 0,182 0,0310 - 0,182
F 0 1,115 0 0,380 0,043 - 0,380
: 0 1,24 0 0,439 0,0773 - 0,439
H 0,09310 0,0153 - 0,0500 0,0070 0,0474
4 0,19300 - 0,1371 - 0,0920 0,1521 0,1149
R 0,2319 - 0,1753 - 0,103 0,1930 0,1355
O 0,1320 0,048 - 0,0539 - 0,039 0,0458
K 0,29398 - 0,2119 - 0,1182 0,231 0,1535
P 0,35759 - 0,282 - 0,1442 0,3103 0,1920
J 0,1253 0,0587 - 0,0288 - 0,0539 0,0190
T 0,2781 - 0,2009 - 0,080 0,2122 0,1014
N 0,33898 - 0,2798 - 0,0848 0,2939 0,1314
HI 0,08571 0,045 - 0,0102 - 0,0439 0,002
HH 0,1917 - 0,139 - 0,0250 0,1437 0,0482
H4 0,2350 - 0,1977 - 0,031 0,2029 0,045
HR 0,03589 0,0220 0,0139 - 0,0243 - 0,017
HO 0,08157 - 0,0598 0,0285 - 0,0551 - 0,018
HK 0,1005 - 0,0859 0,0343 - 0,0802 - 0,0200
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
Q
A
e

l
Q
A
l
4
Q
A
e

l
4
Q
A
e

l
4
Q
A l
4
Q
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
x l lx lx
13 14 15 14 13
10 11 12 11 10
7 8 9 8 7
4 5 5
1 2 3 2
4
1
x
p
p
y
y

-

y
x - x
a a b b c
e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e
f e e d d
y
l
y
l
l
y

Tr ng hp 4a: B@3 :-* +-!" Fa +8,3 + R :X+-
V, "=D "= uG + :X+- "-< O
HZK
Q
t
i

>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 0 0,411 0 0 0 0
l 0 0,354 0 0 0 0
u 0 0,100 0 0 0 0
e
H
0 0 0 0 0 0
a 0 0,30 0,2104 0 - 0,2104 - 0,0351
b 0 0,4 0,391 0 - 0,391 - 0,015
g 0 0,852 0,4291 0 - 0,4291 - 0,0715
d 0 0,85 0,305 0 - 0,305 - 0,000
m 0 0,13 0,1777 0 - 0,1777 - 0,029
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 0,91 0 0,3999 - 0,0 - 0,3999
F 0 1,38 0 0,902 - 0,1151 - 0,902
: 0 1,475 0 0,7828 - 0,1305 - 0,7828
H 0,0888 - 0,0243 0,0057 0,0233 - 0,0017
4 0,15337 - 0,0439 0,0445 0,035 - 0,0372
R 0,17397 - 0,0412 0,027 0,0307 - 0,0559
O 0,18027 - 0,0340 - 0,1285 0,0554 0,1342
K 0,3252 - 0,099 - 0,2225 0,1340 0,2387
P 0,37582 - 0,098 - 0,2521 0,140 0,28
J 0,21455 - 0,0283 - 0,1447 0,0524 0,1494
T 0,40077 - 0,1214 - 0,277 0,177 0,2978
N 0,450 - 0,1297 - 0,3249 0,1838 0,345
HI 0,18453 - 0,0174 - 0,1109 0,0359 0,1138
HH 0,3514 - 0,1078 - 0,2244 0,1451 0,2423
H4 0,41100 - 0,1187 - 0,27 0,132 0,285
HR 0,10523 - 0,007 - 0,0583 0,0174 0,059
HO 0,20280 - 0,025 - 0,1214 0,0828 0,1318
HK 0,23785 - 0,0701 - 0,145 0,0944 0,1572
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
i
A
e

l
i
A
l
4
i
A
e

l
4
i
A
e

l
4
i
A l
4
i
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
y
l
l
y
l
y
d d e e f
e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e
c b b a a
x - x
y

-

y
y
p
p
x
1
4
2 3 2 1
5 5 4
7 8 9 8 7
10 11 12 11 10
13 14 15 14 13
x l x l lx

Tr ng hp 4b: B@3 :-* +-!" Fa +8,3 + R :X+-
V, "=D "= uG + :X+- "-< O
HZK
Q
t
i

>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 0 1,145 0 0 0 0
l 0 1,070 0 0 0 0
u 0 0,711 0 0 0 0
e
H
0 0 0 0 0 0
a 0 0,979 0,3370 0 - 0,3370 - 0,052
b 0 1,081 0,5017 0 - 0,5017 - 0,083
g 0 0,907 0,4800 0 - 0,4800 - 0,0800
d 0 0,555 0,3240 0 - 0,3240 - 0,0540
m 0 0,120 0,1225 0 - 0,1225 - 0,0204
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 0,285 0 0,275 - 0,040 - 0,275
F 0 0,1 0 0,530 - 0,0893 - 0,530
: 0 0,718 0 0,277 - 0,104 - 0,277
H 0,0125 - 0,0031 0,0889 - 0,0114 - 0,0883
4 0,11911 - 0,0375 0,127 0,0104 - 0,154
R 0,13949 - 0,0408 0,1894 0,0092 - 0,182
O 0,1200 - 0,0135 - 0,0512 0,0220 0,0534
K 0,31052 - 0,0959 - 0,1085 0,1139 0,1245
P 0,3317 - 0,1053 - 0,1300 0,1270 0,147
J 0,23999 - 0,023 - 0,1511 0,0515 0,1554
T 0,45371 - 0,1383 - 0,2957 0,187 0,3187
N 0,5290 - 0,1507 - 0,3481 0,2087 0,3732
HI 0,25085 - 0,032 - 0,2097 0,0712 0,2157
HH 0,4548 - 0,1399 - 0,389 0,2044 0,4102
H4 0,540223 - 0,1495 0,4482 0,2242 0,4731
HR 0,1850 - 0,0317 - 0,1939 0,040 0,1991
HO 0,30532 - 0,0899 - 0,32 0,1443 0,341
HK 0,35222 - 0,0938 - 0,395 0,1554 0,3851
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
i
A
e

l
i
A
l
4
i
A
e

pl
4
i
e

l
4
i
A pl
4
i

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
4 5 5 4
7 8 9 8 7
10 11 12 11 10
13 14 15 14 13
1 2 3 2 1
e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e
p
y

-

y
x - x
l
l
l
c b b a a
d d e e f
l l l

Tr ng hp 5a: B@3 -w+- V')+8 Fa +8,3 + R :X+-
V, "=D "= uG + :X+- "-< O
Q
t
i
t
>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 0 0,444 0 0 0 0
l 0 0,337 0 0 0 0
u 0 - 0,021 0 0 0 0
e
H
0 0 0 0 0 0
a 0 0,488 0,3998 0 - 0,3998 - 0,0
b 0 0,925 0,7295 0 - 0,7295 - 0,121
g 0 1,237 0,9049 0 - 0,9049 - 0,1508
d 0 1,299 0,8315 0 - 0,8315 - 0,1385
m 0 0,937 0,417 0 - 0,417 - 0,0770
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 1,020 0 0,417 - 0,0770 - 0,417
F 0 1,589 0 0,8981 - 0,1497 - 0,8981
: 0 1,77 0 1,0583 - 0,174 - 0,0583
H 0,23087 - 0,0127 - 0,040 0,0203 0,0481
4 0,1490 - 0,1381 - 0,0527 0,149 0,0757
R 0,52915 - 0,102 - 0,0485 0,183 0,0752
O 0,41575 0,0139 - 0,1482 0,0107 0,1458
K 0,84545 - 0,254 - 0,2950 0,3145 0,3392
P 1,0097 - 0,328 - 0,3498 0,389 0,4045
J 0,45245 0,0420 - 0,1244 - 0,0212 0,1174
T 0,948 0,3007 - 0,2709 0,3453 0,3210
N 1,1401 - 0,3875 - 0,3299 0,4425 0,3944
HI 0,3173 0,0479 - 0,0771 - 0,0351 0,091
HH 0,77740 - 0,2485 - 0,1775 0,2780 0,2189
H4 0,9410 - 0,3284 - 0,219 0,350 0,2743
HR 0,19991 0,0307 - 0,0351 - 0,0248 0,0300
HO 0,43048 - 0,1380 - 0,083 0,1520 0,10
HK 0,52302 - 0,1851 - 0,1044 0,2025 0,1353
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
A
e

l A
l
4
A
e

l
4
A
e
l
4
A l
4
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
l l l
f e e d d
a a b b c
l
l
l
x - x
y

-

y
p
e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e
1 2 3 2 1
13 14 15 14 13
10 11 12 11 10
7 8 9 8 7
4 5 5 4
p

Tr ng hp 5b: B@3 -w+- V')+8 Fa +8,3 + R :X+-
V, "=D "= uG + :X+- "-< O
Q
t
i
t
>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+
;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 0 1,495 0 0 0 0
l 0 1,333 0 0 0 0
u 0 0,721 0 0 0 0
e
H
0 0 0 0 0 0
a 0 1,388 0,7502 0 - 0,7502 - 0,1250
b 0 1,553 1,0593 0 - 1,0593 - 0,175
g 0 1,298 0,9798 0 - 0,9798 - 0,133
d 0 0,814 0,5 0 - 0,5 - 0,1094
m 0 0,23 0,2533 0 - 0,2533 - 0,0422
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 0,152 0 0,2533 - 0,0422 - 0,2533
F 0 0,503 0 0,5585 - 0,0931 - 0,5585
: 0 0,31 0 0,815 - 0,113 - 0,815
H 0,12 0,0259 0,0750 - 0,0381 - 0,0793
4 0,27927 - 0,0911 0,143 0,07 - 0,1311
R 0,34075 - 0,1230 0,1738 0,0940 - 0,1533
O 0,32827 0,0483 - 0,0400 - 0,0417 0,0319
K 0,70487 - 0,222 - 0,09 0,2423 0,1343
P 0,85528 - 0,3008 - 0,1122 - 0,3210 0,1713
J 0,48992 0,0540 - 0,1219 - 0,0337 0,1129
T 1,03888 - 0,3292 - 0,2700 0,3742 0,3249
N 1,2483 - 0,4295 - 0,3305 0,484 0,4020
HI 0,5293 0,033 - 0,1942 - 0,0012 0,188
HH 1,09288 - 0,344 - 0,4018 0,4115 0,4592
H4 1,31151 - 0,4373 - 0,4820 0,5177 0,5549
HR 0,37512 - 0,0002 - 0,220 0,0370 0,220
HO 0,75000 - 0,2325 - 0,4071 0,3004 0,4459
HK 0,89237 - 0,2847 - 0,4732 0,33 0,5207
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
A
e
l A
l
4
A
e

l
4
A
e
l
4
A l
4
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
1 2 3 2 1
13 14 15 14 13
10 11 12 11 10
7 8 9 8 7
4 5 5 4
p
p
x
y
y

-

y
y
l
l
y
l
y
e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e
a a b b c
d d e e f
x - x
x x x

Tr ng hp 6a: B@3 :-* +-!" Fa +8,3 + R :X+-
V, "=D "= uG + :X+- "-< O
Q
t HZK
i

>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 0 0,220 0 0 0 0
l 0 0,154 0 0 0 0
u 0 - 0,049 0 0 0 0
e
H
0 0 0 0 0 0
a 0 0,342 0,217 0 - 0,217 - 0,031
b 0 0,79 0,4203 0 - 0,4203 - 0,0700
g 0 0,981 0,5787 0 - 0,5787 - 0,094
d 0 1,152 0,174 0 - 0,174 - 0,1029
m 0 0,958 0,4197 0 - 0,4197 - 0,0700
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 0,720 0 - 0,185 - 0,0311 - 0,185
F 0 1,115 0 0,3872 - 0,045 - 0,3872
: 0 1,24 0 0,455 - 0,077 - 0,455
H 0,09327 0,0158 - 0,0493 - 0,007 - 0,047
4 0,19358 - 0,137 - 0,0904 - 0,152 0,1133
R 0,23275 - 0,173 - 0,1043 0,1937 0,1337
O 0,13721 0,0502 - 0,052 - 0,0415 0,0442
K 0,2974 - 0,2140 - 0,1150 0,2331 0,150
P 0,3117 - 0,2899 - 0,1403 0,3133 0,188
J 0,12859 0,025 - 0,02 - 0,0580 0,012
T 0,28495 - 0,2070 - 0,033 0,2175 0,0978
N 0,34932 - 0,2897 - 0,0792 0,3029 0,1274
HI 0,09340 0,0518 - 0,0100 - 0,0504 0,0014
HH 0,20984 - 0,1530 - 0,0258 0,1572 0,0513
H4 0,25830 - 0,2181 - 0,0329 0,2235 0,093
HR 0,04815 0,0284 0,0291 0,0279 - 0,0018
HO 0,10892 0,0795 - 0,0080 0,0808 0,0213
HK 0,1343 - 0,1144 - 0,0104 0,112 0,0295
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
Q
A
e

l
Q
A
l
4
Q
A
e

l
4
Q
A
e

l
4
Q
A l
4
Q
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
x l lx lx
x - x
f e e d d
c b b a a
e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e
y
l
y
l
l
y
y

-

y
y
p
p
4 5 5 4
7 8 9 8 7
10 11 12 11 10
13 14 15 14 13
1 2 3 2 1

Tr ng hp 6b: B@3 :-* +-!" Fa +8,3 + R :X+-
V, "=D "= uG + :X+- "-< O
Q
t HZK
i

>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 0 1,154 0 0 0 0
l 0 1,015 0 0 0 0
u 0 0,537 0 0 0 0
e
H
0 0 0 0 0 0
a 0 1,19 0,5509 0 - 0,5509 - 0,0918
b 0 1,251 0,951 0 - 0,951 - 0,1159
g 0 0,998 0,5985 0 - 0,5985 - 0,0997
d 0 0,42 0,394 0 - 0,394 - 0,01
m 0 0,242 0,134 0 - 0,134 - 0,0272
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 0,034 0 0,072 - 0,0121 - 0,027
F 0 0,194 0 0,159 - 0,027 - 0,159
: 0 0,254 0 0,2050 - 0,0342 - 0,2050
H 0,0330 0,0232 0,0155 - 0,0258 - 0,0193
4 0,08294 - 0,009 0,0323 0,0555 - 0,0221
R 0,10252 - 0,0881 0,0390 0,081 - 0,0243
O 0,08809 0,0495 - 0,009 - 0,0484 - 0,0014
K 0,19819 - 0,1445 - 0,0174 0,1474 0,0415
P 0,24405 - 0,204 - 0,0222 0,2101 0,05
J 0,13301 0,075 - 0,0235 - 0,03 0,0122
T 0,2903 - 0,2152 - 0,059 0,2247 0,0928
N 0,3338 - 0,3031 - 0,0715 0,3150 0,1221
HI 0,1544 - 0,030 - 0,0535 - 0,0541 0,0430
HH 0,3392 - 0,2435 - 0,1201 0,235 0,107
H4 0,4111 - 0,3341 - 0,147 0,3587 0,2032
HR 0,12243 - 0,0290 - 0,0904 - 0,0139 0,085
HO 0,25773 - 0,1837 - 0,1785 0,2135 0,2092
HK 0,31139 - 0,2415 - 0,211 0,277 0,2519
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
Q
A
e

l
Q
A
l
4
Q
A
e

l
4
Q
A
e

l
4
Q
A l
4
Q
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
y
l
l
y
l
y
d d e e f
e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e
c b b a a
x - x
y

-

y
y
p
p
x
1
4
2 3 2 1
5 5 4
7 8 9 8 7
10 11 12 11 10
13 14 15 14 13
x l x l lx

Tr ng hp 7a: B@3 :-* +-!" Fa +8,3 + R :X+-
V, :X+- "-< O "= uG _-)+8 "=D
HZK
Q
t
i

>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 0,89308 0 - 0,3414 0,059 0,3319 0
l 0,7223 0 - 0,237 0,039 0,2310 0
u 0,31401 0 0,0943 - 0,0157 - 0,0917 0
e
H
0 0,515 0,280 0 - 0,280 - 0,1047
a 0 0,3 0,335 0 - 0,335 - 0,105
b 0 0,811 0,22 0 - 0,22 - 0,1044
g 0 0,903 0,54 0 - 0,54 - 0,0944
d 0 0,851 0,4184 0 - 0,4184 - 0,097
m 0 0,581 0,1907 0 - 0,1907 - 0,0318
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 0,937 0 0,4291 - 0,0715 - 0,4291
F 0 1,408 0 0,7912 - 0,1318 - 0,7912
: 0 1,547 0 0,9185 - 0,1531 - 0,9185
H 0,09535 - 0,0149 0,041 0,0079 - 0,0391
4 0,17583 - 0,0522 0,1273 0,0310 - 0,1185
R 0,20412 - 0,05 0,159 0,0289 - 0,155
O 0,20918 - 0,0102 - 0,089 0,0251 0,0913
K 0,40820 - 0,1252 - 0,1393 0,1484 0,102
P 0,48199 - 0,147 - 0,1514 0,1728 0,170
J 0,28319 0,0123 - 0,0992 0,0043 0,0972
T 0,5785 - 0,1815 - 0,1844 0,2122 0,214
N 0,9258 - 0,2279 - 0,2135 0,235 0,2515
HI 0,31310 0,0410 - 0,0591 - 0,0311 0,0522
HH 0,71 - 0,2129 - 0,1224 0,2333 0,1579
H4 0,80829 - 0,2823 - 0,148 0,307 0,1938
HR 0,317 - 0,077 - 0,0144 0,053 0,0031
HO 0,70125 - 0,2270 - 0,0292 0,2318 0,070
HK 0,85875 - 0,3150 - 0,033 0,3211 0,0888
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
i
A
e

l
i
A
l
4
i
A
e

l
4
i
A
e

l
4
i
A l
4
i
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
x l lx lx
13 14 15 14 13
10 11 12 11 10
7 8 9 8 7
4 5 5
1 2 3 2
4
1
x
p
p
y
y

-

y
x - x
a a b b c
e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e
f e e d d
y
l
y
l
l
y

Tr ng hp 7b: B@3 :-* +-!" Fa +8,3 + R :X+-
V, :X+- "-< O "= uG _-)+8 "=D
HZK
Q
t
i

>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 1,80109 0 - 0,9929 0,155 0,954 0
l 2,3042 0 - 0,730 0,122 0,7155 0
u 1,07218 0 0,102 - 0,027 - 0,1558 0
e
H
0 3,857 2,1444 0 - 2,1444 - 0,3574
a 0 2,04 1,7535 0 - 1,7535 - 0,2922
b 0 1,582 1,3487 0 - 1,3487 - 0,2247
g 0 1,079 0,92 0 - 0,92 - 0,1544
d 0 0,540 0,5105 0 - 0,5105 - 0,0851
m 0 0,017 0,143 0 - 0,143 - 0,0274
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 0,209 0 0,395 - 0,01 - 0,395
F 0 0,739 0 0,8542 - 0,1432 - 0,8542
: 0 0,939 0 1,0525 - 0,1754 - 1,0525
H 0,08211 0,025 0,2048 - 0,0597 - 0,2091
4 0,18983 - 0,03 0,4251 - 0,0072 - 0,4145
R 0,28389 - 0,0881 0,5147 0,0023 0,5000
O 0,2552 0,0581 0,0785 - 0,0712 - 0,0882
K 0,5859 - 0,1854 0,1577 0,1591 - 0,128
P 0,954 - 0,2559 0,1883 0,2245 - 0,145
J 0,4330 0,0909 0,007 - 0,0920 - 0,0219
T 1,01747 - 0,3288 0,004 0,3280 0,0502
N 1,24288 - 0,4508 0,0023 0,4505 0,0728
HI 0,7433 0,1197 - 0,0194 - 0,115 - 0,0005
HH 1,4840 - 0,4722 - 0,0582 0,4819 0,139
H4 1,79024 - 0,437 - 0,0754 0,52 0,1827
HR 0,8774 0,1400 - 0,0157 - 0,1337 - 0,0077
HO 1,89347 - 0,01 - 0,0313 0,113 0,1323
HK 2,30409 - 0,8212 - 0,0379 0,8270 0,1748
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
i
A
e

l
i
A
l
4
i
A
e

pl
4
i
e

l
4
i
A pl
4
i

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
l l l
f e e d d
a a b b c
l
l
l
x - x
y

-

y
p
e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e
1 2 3 2 1
13 14 15 14 13
10 11 12 11 10
7 8 9 8 7
4 5 5 4

Tr ng hp 8a: B@3 -w+- V')+8 Fa +8,3 + R :X+-
V, :X+- "-< O "= uG _-)+8 "=D
Q
t
i
t
>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 0,83852 0 - 0,3528 0,0588 0,3430 0
l 0,213 0 - 0,222 0,0371 0,214 0
u 0,2317 0 0,1358 - 0,022 - 0,1320 0
e
H
0 0,29 0,523 0 - 0,523 - 0,0877
a 0 0,77 0,703 0 - 0,703 - 0,1173
b 0 0,993 0,8787 0 - 0,8787 - 0,144
g 0 1,251 0,970 0 - 0,970 - 0,112
d 0 1,294 0,8511 0 - 0,8511 - 0,1418
m 0 0,928 0,443 0 - 0,443 - 0,0774
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 1,011 0 0,443 - 0,0774 - 0,448
F 0 1,598 0 0,9117 - 0,1519 - 0,9117
: 0 1,79 0 1,0778 - 0,179 - 1,0778
H 0,23215 - 0,0085 - 0,0388 0,0149 0,0402
4 0,45583 - 0,140 - 0,034 0,144 0,0580
R 0,53890 - 0,11 - 0,0255 0,1704 0,0532
O 0,42554 0,020 - 0,1354 - 0,0034 0,1311
K 0,87705 - 0,2703 - 0,238 0,3203 0,3098
P 1,0522 - 0,3504 - 0,3104 0,4022 0,388
J 0,48350 0,075 - 0,1021 - 0,0505 0,0909
T 1,03451 - 0,3303 - 0,2178 0,3 0,2729
N 1,25520 - 0,4414 - 0,235 0,4853 0,3371
HI 0,43934 0,0955 - 0,0434 - 0,0882 0,0275
HH 0,97415 - 0,3144 - 0,0987 0,3308 0,1511
H4 1,19459 - 0,4409 - 0,1217 0,412 0,1951
HR 0,35181 0,1115 - 0,0011 - 0,1113 - 0,0175
HO 0,81512 - 0,21 0,000 0,251 0,0383
HK 1,01231 - 0,3944 0,0085 0,3930 0,0572
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
A
e

l A
l
4
A
e

l
4
A
e
l
4
A l
4
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
p
4 5 5 4
7 8 9 8 7
10 11 12 11 10
13 14 15 14 13
1 2 3 2 1
e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e
p
y

-

y
x - x
l
l
l
c b b a a
d d e e f
l l l

Tr ng hp 8b: B@3 -w+- V')+8 Fa +8,3 + R :X+-
V, :X+- "-< O "= uG _-)+8 "=D
Q
t
i
t
>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+
;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 3,48090 0 - 1,2931 0,2155 1,2571 0
l 2,83437 0 - 0,912 0,1527 0,8908 0
u 1,2712 0 0,2911 - 0,0485 - 0,2830 0
e
H
0 3,500 2,5432 0 - 2,5432 - 0,4239
a 0 2,320 2,1397 0 - 2,1397 0,35
b 0 1,82 1,7142 0 - 1,7142 - 0,2857
g 0 1,35 1,2435 0 - 1,2435 - 0,2072
d 0 0,790 0,739 0 - 0,739 - 0,1228
m 0 0,198 0,230 0 - 0,230 - 0,0438
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 0,114 0 0,230 - 0,0438 - 0,230
F 0 0,192 0 0,124 - 0,1021 - 0,124
: 0 0,37 0 0,7593 - 0,125 - 0,7593
H 0,13150 0,0432 0,1054 - 0,008 - 0,112
4 0,3020 - 0,1012 0,221 0,043 - 0,2048
R 0,379 - 0,149 0,292 0,1020 - 0,2447
O 0,3844 0,0972 0,014 - 0,0999 - 0,0325
K 0,83404 - 0,2711 0,03 0,250 0,008
P 1,0285 - 0,3890 0,044 0,381 0,0203
J 0,2174 0,1550 - 0,0179 - 0,1520 - 0,0079
T 1,39845 - 0,4531 - 0,0409 0,400 0,114
N 1,72202 - 0,471 - 0,0510 0,55 0,1588
HI 0,85710 0,2077 - 0,022 - 0,2040 - 0,0120
HH 1,92193 - 0,222 - 0,0587 0,320 0,124
H4 2,3453 - 0,8852 - 0,0744 0,897 0,2219
HR 1,0983 0,2471 - 0,0109 - 0,2453 - 0,0302
HO 2,3875 - 0,7710 - 0,0172 0,7739 0,1457
HK 2,9325 - 1,0918 - 0,0199 1,0951 0,2018
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
A
e
l A
l
4
A
e

l
4
A
e
l
4
A l
4
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
x l lx lx
x - x
f e e d d
c b b a a
e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e
y
l
y
l
l
y
y

-

y
y
x
p
p
4 5 5 4
7 8 9 8 7
10 11 12 11 10
13 14 15 14 13
1 2 3 2 1

Tr ng hp 9a: B@3 :-* +-!" Fa +8,3 + R :X+-
V, :X+- "-< O "= uG _-)+8 "=D
Q
t HZK
i

>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 0,1094 0 - 0,1072 0,0179 0,1042 0
l 0,08312 0 - 0,035 0,010 0,017 0
u 0,03109 0 0,0471 - 0,0078 - 0,0458 0
e
H
0 - 0,02 0,1399 0 - 0,1399 - 0,0233
a 0 0,391 0,2772 0 - 0,2772 - 0,042
b 0 0,87 0,4393 0 - 0,4393 - 0,0732
g 0 0,979 0,582 0 - 0,582 - 0,0971
d 0 1,149 0,174 0 - 0,174 - 0,1029
m 0 0,957 0,4193 0 - 0,4193 - 0,098
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 0,720 0 0,184 - 0,0310 - 0,184
F 0 1,114 0 0,389 - 0,043 - 0,389
: 0 1,245 0 0,453 - 0,0774 - 0,453
H 0,09319 0,010 - 0,0492 - 0,0077 0,045
4 0,19347 - 0,1375 - 0,0899 0,1525 0,1128
R 0,2324 0,073 - 0,103 0,193 0,1330
O 0,13721 0,0509 - 0,0518 - 0,0423 0,0443
K 0,29705 - 0,2142 - 0,1128 0,2330 0,1485
P 0,317 - 0,2908 - 0,1374 0,3137 0,1859
J 0,1294 0,051 - 0,0241 - 0,011 0,0132
T 0,2878 - 0,2092 - 0,059 0,2187 0,0917
N 0,35328 - 0,2944 - 0,0710 0,302 0,1200
HI 0,0973 0,059 - 0,0012 - 0,0589 - 0,0057
HH 0,2217 - 0,120 - 0,0111 0,138 0,0381
H4 0,27390 - 0,234 - 0,0143 0,2370 0,0534
HR 0,0159 0,0480 0,0055 - 0,0489 - 0,0135
HO 0,14452 - 0,102 0,0157 0,103 0,0019
HK 0,18023 - 0,107 0,0204 0,1573 0,004
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
Q
A
e

l
Q
A
l
4
Q
A
e

l
4
Q
A
e

l
4
Q
A l
4
Q
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
1 2 3 2 1
13 14 15 14 13
10 11 12 11 10
7 8 9 8 7
4 5 5 4
p
p
x
y
y

-

y
y
l
l
y
l
y
e
1
a
b
g
d
m
2
e e
2
m
d
g
b
a
1
e
a a b b c
d d e e f
x - x
x l x l lx

Tr ng hp 9b: B@3 :-* +-!" Fa +8,3 + R :X+-
V, :X+- "-< O "= uG _-)+8 "=D
Q
t HZK
i

>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

- 0,74970 0 - 0,391 0,105 0,214 0
l 0,077 0 - 0,4442 0,0740 0,4318 0
u 0,2824 0 0,102 - 0,027 - 0,1557 0
e
H
0 2,135 1,2071 0 - 1,2071 - 0,2012
a 0 1,12 1,0229 0 - 1,0229 - 0,1705
b 0 1,310 0,8339 0 - 0,8339 - 0,1390
g 0 0,982 0,248 0 - 0,248 - 0,1041
d 0 0,24 0,3952 0 - 0,3952 - 0,059
m 0 0,235 0,104 0 - 0,104 - 0,027
e
4
0 0 0 0 0 0
D 0 0,031 0 0,0713 - 0,0119 - 0,0713
F 0 0,188 0 0,139 - 0,0273 - 0,139
: 0 0,247 0 0,2030 - 0,0338 - 0,2030
H 0,355 0,0240 0,015 - 0,028 - 0,0205
4 0,08197 - 0,002 0,0358 0,0543 - 0,0257
R 0,10152 - 0,0880 0,0437 0,0807 - 0,0291
O 0,08783 0,0542 - 0,0012 0,0540 - 0,0079
K 0,19973 - 0,1459 - 0,0019 0,142 0,022
P 0,2478 - 0,2117 - 0,0022 0,2122 0,0374
J 0,13884 0,0853 - 0,0045 - 0,0845 - 0,0097
T 0,31558 - 0,2305 - 0,010 0,2323 0,0490
N 0,38988 0,3343 - 0,0132 0,335 0,090
HI 0,18531 0,1130 - 0,0044 - 0,1122 - 0,0144
HH 0,42083 - 0,3074 - 0,0118 0,3093 0,30
H4 0,51974 - 0,4451 - 0,0150 0,4477 0,0892
HR 0,22732 0,1343 - 0,0011 - 0,1341 - 0,0213
HO 0,51432 - 0,3752 - 0,0001 0,3752 0,027
HK 0,345 - 0,5411 - 0,0003 0,5410 0,0899
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
Q
A
e

l
Q
A
l
4
Q
A
e

l
4
Q
A
e

l
4
Q
A l
4
Q
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
25
24 24
22 23 23
20 20 21 21
17 18 18 19 19
1 1 14 14 15 15
13
12
l
l
11
10
9
8
7
5 4 3 2 1
u
-
u
x - x
y

-

y
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l l l l l l
p
p

Tr ng hp 10a: B@3 -w+- "D3 8%9: */'
"=D "= uG "E7+ "G,+ :-' V%
>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

H I IZOIN I I I I
4 I IZRKH I I I I
R I IZHTN I I I I
O I M IZIHT I I I I
K I M IZH4R I I I I
P I IZI4J IZH4JN M IZH4JN M IZHIPP IZHIPP
J I IZRII IZHTOT M IZHTOT M IZHKOI IZHKOI
T I IZKNI IZHKTK M IZHKTK M IZHR4H IZHR4H
N I IZTPP IZIKNO M IZIKNO M IZIONK IZIONK
HI I IZNKR M IZIT4O IZIT4O IZIPTP M IZIPTP
HH I IZTJJ M IZ4HHN IZ4HHN IZHJPP M IZHJPP
H4 I IZOJT M IZ4RPO IZ4RPO IZHNJI M IZHNJI
HR I M IZ44J I I I I
HO IZOIOOI s M IZHHIJ M IZHK4H IZHRPH IZHJIK
HK IZ4NRPT s M IZIKKH M IZHKHI IZITI4 IZHPI4
HP IZH4JNI s IZIRJN M IZHOK4 M IZIHRJ IZHRTN
HJ IZT4PHJ s M IZ4RPO M IZ4KKJ IZ4JNI IZ4NKH
HT IZPIJNP s M IZHJJI M IZ4KHR IZ4HTN IZ4TIT
HN IZRH4JR s M IZIHJK M IZ4R4N IZIKPR IZ4RKR
4I IZJNJIJ s M IZR4KN M IZ4JHT IZRJH4 IZR4PH
4H IZOJH4I s M IZHOKR M IZ4OIK IZHTKO IZ4POT
44 IZJK4TR s M IZOOOO M IZHNNI IZOJJP IZ4JRI
4R IZKRIPO s M IZRITO M IZHPJN IZRRPO IZ4HNR
4O IZOOT4J s M IZOOTR M IZIR4J IZOKRJ IZHIJO
4K IZ4RPRT s M IZOJ4T IZH4ON IZOKHN M IZIOPO
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
A
e

l A
l
4
A
e

l
4
A
e
l
4
A l
4
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
l l l l l l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
y

-

y
x - x
u
-
u
1 2 3 4 5
7
8
9
10
11
l
l
12
13
15 15 14 14 1 1
19 19 18 18 17
21 21 20 20
23 23 22
24 24
25
p
p

Tr ng hp 10b: B@3 -w+- "D3 8%9: */'
"=D "= uG "E7+ "G,+ :-' V%
>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
ii
(
QQ

H I HZPPH I I I I
4 I HZKOO I I I I
R I HZHJJ I I I I
O I IZKIP I I I I
K I M IZRKI I I I I
P I IZOPI IZRPOR M IZRPOR M IZRIRP IZRIRP
J I HZIPP IZRJJJ M IZRJJJ M IZRHOJ IZRHOJ
T I HZRIO IZHNRH M IZHNRH M IZHPIN IZHPIN
N I HZ4IO M IZIKNO IZIKNO IZIONK M IZIONK
HI I IZNOI M IZ4PN4 IZ4PN4 IZ44OR M IZ44OR
HH I IZOTN M IZRKIP IZRKIP IZ4N44 M IZ4N44
H4 I IZIIN M IZ4KKT IZ4KKT IZ4HR4 M IZ4HR4
HR I M IZ4OP I I I I
HO HZIIHTO s M IZ4OIT M IZP4HO IZROOO IZPPHK
HK IZJPHII s M IZHKKN M IZKJKK IZ4KHT IZPIHK
HP IZRPO4T s IZIR4O M IZOTJP IZIOTT IZOT44
HJ HZKNOHO s M IZOPPJ M IZJ4TJ IZKTTH IZTIPK
HT HZRPIJN s M IZRTKI M IZPTP4 IZONNT IZJKIO
HN IZJOHNK s M IZH4RH M IZKPRN IZ4HJH IZKTOK
4I HZK4R4O s M IZKTT4 M IZKIHP IZPJHT IZKNNP
4H IZNRKIK s M IZROPT M IZRN4R IZOH44 IZOKIH
44 HZ4HKN4 s M IZPTIP M IZHJPI IZJHII IZ4TNK
4R IZTJKPH s M IZKRKR M IZHHRO IZKKO4 IZ4I4P
4O IZPIPO4 s M IZPIPO IZHONN IZKTHO M IZIOTT
4K IZ4KKTH s M IZKHHP IZ4NPN IZOP4H M IZ4HHJ
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
A
e
l A
l
4
A
e

l
4
A
e
l
4
A l
4
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
l l l l l l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
y

-

y
x - x
u
-
u
1 2 3 4 5
7
8
9
10
11
l
l
12
13
15 15 14 14 1 1
19 19 18 18 17
21 21 20 20
23 23 22
24 24
25
p
p

Tr ng hp 11a: B@3 -w+- "D3 8%9: */' Fa +8,3 + 4 :X+-
V, "= uG + :X+- "-< R
>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
''
(
ii
(
QQ

H I IZ4KR I I s I I
4 I IZHNO I I s I I
R I IZIJT I I s I I
O I M IZIPN I I s I I
K I M IZIOH I I I I I
P I IZH4P IZIO4J IZIHO4 M IZIKPN M IZIOKH M IZI4HR
J I IZRPN IZHKRJ IZIKH4 M IZ4IKI M IZHP4R M IZIJPN
T I IZPKH IZ4THK IZINRT M IZRJKR M IZ4NJH M IZHOIT
N I IZTPN IZRPH4 IZH4IO M IZOTHP M IZRTHR M IZHTIP
HI I IZNO4 IZROPP IZHHKK M IZOP4H M IZRPKT M IZHJRR
HH I IZTHK IZ4RHJ IZIJJ4 M IZRITN M IZ4OHP M IZHHKT
H4 I IZKKH IZIJKN IZI4K4 M IZHIH4 M IZITIH M IZIRJN
HR I I I I I I I
HO IZHNN4R s M IZIPNI M IZIN4K s IZITOO IZHIOI
HK IZHRI4I s IZIHTK M IZITOI s IZIR4O IZITJH
HP IZIO4JH s IZIOOT M IZIKOT s M IZIRKP IZIOJR
HJ IZRONI4 s M IZIOTN M IZHOKP s IZHJR4 IZHJIK
HT IZ4JOKP s M IZITNH M IZHROR s IZHHHO IZHJNH
HN IZHHHIO s IZIK4K M IZITOJ s M IZIRTO IZIJKN
4I IZRK4RK s M IZHTHN M IZH4NO s IZ4IRO IZHKNJ
4H IZHJIOJ s IZIHHO M IZIJO4 s IZIIHI IZIJ4T
44 IZRHIIP s M IZ4RTP M IZIPNJ s IZ4KI4 IZHINK
4R IZHNIJP s M IZIJHK M IZIR4O s IZIJIN IZIOOO
4O IZHKKTH s M IZHKKT IZI4IN s IZHK4R IZIIKH
4K IZIJKTR s M IZHKHT IZIKPI s IZHO4O M IZIRIJ
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
A
e

l A
l
4
A
e

l
4
A
e
l
4
A l
4
A l
4
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
p
p
25
24 24
22 23 23
20 20 21 21
17 18 18 19 19
1 1 14 14 15 15
13
12
l
l
11
10
9
8
7
5 4 3 2 1
u
-
u
x - x
y

-

y
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l l l l l l

Tr ng hp 11b: B@3 -w+- "D3 8%9: */' Fa +8,3 + 4 :X+-
V, "= uG + :X+- "-< R
>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+
;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
''
(
ii
(
QQ

H 0 1,359 0 0 0 0
4 0 1,220 0 0 0 0
R 0 0,827 0 0 0 0
O 0 0,284 0 0 0 0
K 0 - 0,13 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 0,745 0,197 0,05 - 0,222 - 0,1791 - 0,0848
J 0 1,279 0,4900 0,133 - 0,534 - 0,5173 - 0,2450
T 0 0,477 0,8 0,2289 - 0,9155 - 0,7247 - 0,3433
N 0 1,318 0,42 0,2214 - 0,885 - 0,7011 - 0,3321
HI 0 0,89 0,412 0,1537 - 0,149 - 0,488 - 0,230
HH 0 0,39 0,205 0,085 - 0,2741 - 0,2170 - 0,1028
H4 0 0,092 0,0424 0,141 - 0,055 - 0,0448 - 0,0212
HR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HO 0,0141 - 0,175 - 0,4787 0,253 0,581
HK 0,42489 - 0,0787 - 0,4158 0,1480 0,4289
HP 0,19 0,085 - 0,274 - 0,4100 0,2531
HJ 0,88314 - 0,3339 - 0,4814 0,4142 0,5372
HT 0,7117 - 0,2288 - 0,4250 0,299 0,431
HN 0,32037 0,0754 - 0,2390 - 0,035 0,224
4I 0,32033 - 0,3541 - 0,2204 0,3908 0,2794
4H 0,321 - 0,0121 - 0,0828 0,0259 0,0848
44 0,4737 - 0,357 0,02 0,3522 0,329
4R 0,19803 - 0,1197 0,0783 0,10 - 0,0584
4O 0,1318 - 0,132 0,138 0,1359 - 0,13
4K 0,04241 - 0,0848 0,1327 0,027 - 0,118
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
A
e
l A
l
4
A
e

l
4
A
e
l
4
A l
4
A
l
O
A
e

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
p
p
25
24 24
22 23 23
20 20 21 21
17 18 18 19 19
1 1 14 14 15 15
13
12
l
l
11
10
9
8
7
5 4 3 2 1
u
-
u
x - x
y

-

y
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l l l l l l

Tr ng hp 12a: B@3 -w+- "D3 8%9: */' Fa +8,3 + "G,+ :-' V%
>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+
;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
''
(
ii
(
QQ

H 0 0,345 0 0,2891 - 0,0482 - 0,2891
4 0 0,281 0 0,237 - 0,0394 - 0,237
R 0 0,132 0 0,1202 - 0,0200 - 0,1202
O 0 0,007 0 0,0280 - 0,0047 - 0,0280
K 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 0,01 0,0210 0,0070 - 0,0280 - 0,0221 - 0,0105
J 0 0,271 0,100 0,0335 - 0,1341 - 0,102 - 0,0503
T 0 0,55 0,2239 0,0745 - 0,2985 - 0,233 - 0,1119
N 0 0,819 0,3204 0,108 - 0,4271 - 0,3382 - 0,102
HI 0 0,92 0,3272 0,1091 - 0,431 - 0,3454 - 0,13
HH 0 0,81 0,2208 0,075 - 0,3025 - 0,294 - 0,1134
H4 0 0,49 0,0757 0,0252 - 0,1010 - 0,0790 - 0,0379
HR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HO 0,10840 - 0,0393 0,0297 0,0343 - 0,0232
HK 0,0914 - 0,0089 0,0058 0,0080 - 0,0048
HP 0,02098 0,0272 - 0,0119 - 0,0252 0,0074
HJ 0,2573 - 0,1124 - 0,1048 0,1298 0,1235
HT 0,20117 - 0,055 - 0,1004 0,0821 0,1113
HN 0,0792 0,0419 - 0,0700 - 0,0303 0,030
4I 0,2992 - 0,1553 - 0,1334 0,177 0,1593
4H 0,14427 0,0111 - 0,0838 0,0029 0,0820
44 0,2810 - 0,2200 - 0,088 0,2348 0,1253
4R 0,1710 - 0,01 - 0,0509 0,074 0,019
4O 0,15113 - 0,1511 0,000 0,1501 0,0192
4K 0,07573 - 0,1541 0,0500 0,1431 - 0,0248
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
A
e

l A
l
4
A
e

l
4
A
e
l
4
A l
4
A l
4
A
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Bang 2.6.2 (tiep)
l l l l l l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
y

-

y
x - x
u
-
u
1 2 3 4 5
7
8
9
10
11
l
l
12
13
15 15 14 14 1 1
19 19 18 18 17
21 21 20 20
23 23 22
24 24
25
p
p

Tr ng hp 12b: B@3 -w+- "D3 8%9: */' Fa +8,3 + "G,+ :-' V%
>9: *X% $?'+8 "n+- "G9+ ;%z3
"n+- "G9+
, { p
ii
p
QQ
(
''
(
ii
(
QQ

H 0 1,38 0 0,8543 - 0,1424 - 0,8543
4 0 1,491 0 0,7348 - 0,1225 - 0,7348
R 0 1,087 0 0,43 - 0,0728 - 0,43
O 0 0,557 0 0,1289 - 0,0215 - 0,1289
K 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 0 0,503 0,097 - 0,0322 - 0,1289 - 0,1021 - 0,0483
J 0 0,948 0,3170 0,1057 - 0,422 - 0,334 - 0,1585
T 0 1,20 0,5048 0,183 - 0,730 - 0,5328 - 0,2524
N 0 1,14 0,5372 0,1791 - 0,712 - 0,570 - 0,28
HI 0 0,84 0,4014 0,1338 - 0,5352 - 0,4237 - 0,2007
HH 0 0,402 0,1907 0,03 - 0,2534 - 0,2013 - 0,0954
H4 0 0,09 0,0420 0,0140 - 0,050 - 0,0443 - 0,0210
HR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HO 0,3203 - 0,089 - 0,1001 0,103 0,1450
HK 0,23075 - 0,0444 - 0,1288 0,059 0,132
HP 0,0971 0,0373 - 0,1235 - 0,018 0,1173
HJ 0,59925 - 0,2240 - 0,3535 0,2809 0,3909
HT 0,48728 - 0,1550 - 0,3193 0,2082 0,3452
HN 0,22027 0,047 - 0,1950 - 0,0142 0,1872
4I 0,5599 - 0,2725 - 0,2334 0,3114 0,2788
4H 0,28450 - 0,0120 - 0,1145 0,0311 0,115
44 0,40235 - 0,2994 - 0,0321 0,3047 0,0820
4R 0,2537 - 0,1030 0,0207 0,0995 - 0,0035
4O 0,14877 - 0,1488 0,1175 0,1292 - 0,0927
4K 0,0119 - 0,0839 0,1144 0,049 - 0,1005
B-]D [h A-.
l
O
A
e
l A
l
4
A
e

l
4
A
e
l
4
A l
4
A
l
O
A
e

w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

2.6.6. V mng n hi
2.6.6.1. Khi niem v gia thiet tnh ton

Hnh 2.6.16: Vo mong

Vo mong l ket cau c dang mat cong hoac gap khc, trong d ty le gia be dy h
cua mat vo v kch thuc canh ngan nhat b cua vo nam trong pham vi:

1 h 1
200 b 8

< <

Cng nhu tam, mat chia doi chieu dy cua vo duoc goi l mt trung binh cua vo.
Khc vi tam, dui tc dung cua tai trong c phuong vuong gc vi mat vo trong vo
xuat hien hai loai noi luc (hnh 2..1):
+ Aoi luc mng: l luc ko hoac nn v luc gay truot c phuong tiep tuyen vi mat
trung bnh cua vo, thung k hieu l N
x
, N
y
v N
xy
.
+ Aoi luc uon: l mo men uon, mo men xoan v luc cat thung k hieu l M
x
, M
y
,
M
xy
, Q
x
, Q
y
.

Tuy vay, khong phai lc no hai loai noi luc tren cng c gi tri dng ke. Tuy
thuoc vo dang mat vo, vo dang tai trong v lien ket v.v... c trung hop noi luc uon c
gi tri rat nho, vo hau nhu khong chiu uon, chi chiu ko hoac nn. Vo chi c noi luc
mng duoc goi l vo khong mo men, cn vo c ca noi luc mng lan noi luc uon duoc goi
l vo mo men. Chang han, vi vo c dang trn xoay chiu tai trong doi xng truc th bo
phan vo o du xa vi tr lien ket hoac cc nep gia co c the xem l vo khong mo men, cn
bo phan vo o gan vi tr lien ket hoac cc nep gia co duoc xem l vo mo men.
e xay dung phuong trnh vi phan tnh vo mong cng dua vo mot so gia thiet
gan dng ve ng xu cua vat lieu v bien dang, cu the l:
+ Vat lieu vo tuan theo dinh luat Hc.
+ Chuyen vi cua vo do bien dang gay ra rat nho so vi kch thuc cua vo.
+ Php tuyen cua mat trung bnh cua vo truc bien dang van gi vuong gc vi mat
trung bnh cua vo sau khi bi bien dang (dinh luat Kiec khop).
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
Vo c do cong cua mat vo nho duoc goi l vo thoai. Vi loai vo ny cc so hang
bac cao lien quan den do cong cua vo c the bo qua nen phuong trnh tnh don gian hon
so vi nhng vo c do cong ln.
L thuyet tong qut de tnh ton vo rat phc tap. Nham don gian cho viec ng
dung vi tng dang vo v tng trung hop chiu tai d thiet lap cc phuong trnh hoac
cong thc tnh ton rieng. Dui day trnh by mot so trung hop don gian thung gap.

2.6.6.2. V% tru trn kn

Hnh 2.6.17: Noi luc tc dung tren mot phan to cua vo tru trn kn

1. Ph- ng trnh c bn
+ Phuong trnh can bang bieu dien quan he gia noi luc v tai trong tc dung tren be
mat cua vo

sy
x
x
N
N
Rp 0
- + =
a b

xs s
s y
N N
Q Rp 0

- - - + =
a b

s s
s
Q Q
N Rp 0
n

+ + + =
a b
(2..50)

xs s
s
M M
Q R 0

- + =
a a

sx x
x
M M
Q R 0

+ - =
b a

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w
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v
n
c
o
l
d
.
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n
w
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w
.
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n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

trong d:
x(a), s(b), n - phuong dung sinh, phuong tiep tuyen vi chu vi v phuong php
tuyen vi mat vo:
p
x
, p
s
, p
n
- cung do tai trong phan bo theo phuong doc truc (dung sinh), phuong
tiep tuyen vi chu vi (vuong gc vi dung sinh) v phuong php tuyen
vi mat vo:
R - bn knh tru.

+ Phuong trnh hnh hoc bieu dien quan he gia bien dang v chuyen vi

x
1 u
R
e =
a

s
1 v
w
R

e = -

b

xs
1 u v
R

e = +

b a

(2..51)

2
x
2 2
1 w
R
c =
a

s
2
1 w
v
R

c = +

b a

xs
2
1 w
v
R

c = +

a b

trong d:
u, v, w - chuyen vi cua diem bat ky tren mat trung bnh theo phuong cua cc truc
toa do:
e
x
, e
s
, e
xs
- bien dang thang v bien dang gc trong mat phang trung bnh:
c
x
, c
s
, c
xs
- bien dang uon (do cong cua mat vo) v bien dang xoan.

+ Phuong trnh lien tuc bien dang

s xs
s xs x xs
x xs s xs
2 2
0
0
R R
1 1
0
R 2 2
R R
c c
- =
a b
c c e e
- - + =
b a b a
c e e e e
- - + - =

b a b a
a b
(2..52)
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w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
+ Phuong trnh vat l bieu dien quan he gia noi luc v bien dang

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
x x s
2
y s x
2
xs
3
x x s
2
3
s s x
2
3
xs sx xs
2
Et
N
1
Et
N
1
Et
N
2 1
Et
M
12 1
Et
M
12 1
Et
M M
12 1
= e + me
- m
= e + me
- m
= e
+ m
= c + mc
- m
= c + mc
- m
= - = c
- m
(2..53)
trong d:
t - be dy cua vo:
E, m - mo dun dn hoi v he so Pot-xong cua vat lieu vo.

2. V tr chu tc dng ca ti trng i xng trc

a. L thuyet khong mo men
Phuong trnh can bang:

x
x
s
dN
Rp 0
d
N Rp 0
n
+ =
a
+ =
(2..54)
T hai phuong trnh ny de dng xc dinh luc doc theo phuong doc truc N
x
v
luc doc theo phuong hung vng N
s
cua vo dui tc dung cua tai trong phan bo deu p
x

theo phuong doc truc v tai trong phan bo bac nhat p
n
theo phuong vuong gc vi mat.
V du vi vo chiu tc dung cua trong luong ban than v p luc thuy tinh ben trong (hnh
2..18):

( )
( )
x
s n
N H x
N H x R
= g -
= g -

trong d:
g - trong luong rieng cua vat lieu vo:
g
n
- trong luong rieng cua nuc.
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.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
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w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Hnh 2.6.18: Vo tru chiu tai trong doi xng truc

b. L thuyet mo men
+ Phuong trnh vi phan do vng

4
4 x
4
N d w 1
4 w p
D R
d
n

+ h = + m

a
(2..55)
trong d:

( )
( )
2
4
2 2
3
2
3 1
R t
Et
D
1
- m
h =
=
- m
(2..5)
+ Nghiem cua phuong trnh
( )
x
1 2
w e C cos x C sin x
h
= h + h +
( ) ( )
x
3 4
e C cos x C sin x f x
-h
+ h + h + (2..57)
trong d:
C
1
, C
2
, C
3
, C
4
- hang so tch phan xc dinh t dieu kien bien:
f(x) - nghiem rieng xc dinh t dang cua tai trong tc dung tren mat tru.

+ ieu kien bien o hai dau vo
- Ngm: Gc xoay j
x
= 0: o vng w = 0.
- Tua khp: o vng w = 0: Mo men uon M
x
= 0. (2..58)
- Tu do: Luc cat Q
x
= 0: Mo men uon M
x
= 0.
w
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w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
+ Cong thc tnh noi luc

x x
s x
2
2
x
2
s x
3
x
3
N C p dx
1 Et
N N w
R
1
d w
M D
dx
M M
d w
Q D
dx
= +

= m -

- m
= -
= m
=
(2..59)
+ Li giai cho mot so bi ton
- Vo tru chiu p luc thuy tinh ben trong vo (hnh 2..18)

( )
x x
x
x x
x
2
x 1
N RH 1 e cos x 1 e sin x
H H
RtH 1
M e sin x 1 e cos x
H
12 1
-h -h
-h -h

= m - - h - - h

h

m
= - h - - h

h

- m
(2..0)
Ch l ket qua ny chi p dung vi vo c H 3 Rt .

- Vo tru c dai gia cung chiu p luc deu ben trong (hnh 2..19)

Hnh 2.6.19: Vo tru c dai gia cung

Mo men uon v luc cat tai vi tr st mp dai:

K
0
K
K
0
K
F ct
M 0, 304p Rt
F 1, 5t Rt
F ct
Q 0, 78p Rt
F 1, 5t Rt
n
n
-
=
+
-
=
+
(2..1)
trong d:
F
K
- dien tch mat cat ngang cua dai:
c - chieu rong cua dai.
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v
n
c
o
l
d
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n
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w
.
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n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Luc doc trong dai:

K
2
c
N p R
2t
1
F
n
+
h
=
+
h
(2..2)
Ch l cong thc tnh luc doc trong dai chi duoc p dung khi khoang cch gia
cc dai
4
h
.

- Vo tru kn chiu p luc deu ben trong (hnh 2..20)

Hnh 2.6.20. Vo tru kn chiu p luc du ben trong

Noi luc tai mat cat tiep gip dy o hai dau

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 2 2 3
d
3
d
d
0
2
d
3
d
d d
3 2 2
0 0
d d
p R D 2p R Et D
4D 1
Et 1 Et 2RD 1
2
M
Et 2R D
2
D 1
Et 2D R 1
p R D 2R D
Q M 2
D (1 ) 4D 1
n n
n
h h
+
m + m

- + h - m

=
h h
h+ -
+ m
+ h - m

h h
= h+ -

+ m + m

(2..3)
trong d: D
d
, t
d
l do cng tru v be dy cua dy.

2.6.6.3. V% trn xoay chiu tc dung cua tai trong doi xng truc

Hnh 2.6.21: Vo trn xoay chi tai trong doi xng truc
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.
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c
o
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d
.
v
n
1. Ni lc ca v
a. L thuyet vo khong mo men
Cong thc tnh noi luc

z
1
1 2
1 2
Q
N
2 r sin
N N
0
R R
=
p a
+ =
(2..4)
trong d:
R
1
- bn knh cong theo phuong dung sinh (kinh tuyen):
R
2
- bn knh cong theo phuong vuong gc vi dung sinh (vi tuyen):
a - gc hop boi gia php tuyen cua mat vo vi truc xoay cua mat vo:
Q
z
- tong hop luc theo phuong truc vo cua tai trong tc dung pha tren mat cat tnh
noi luc xc dinh bang cong thc:

2 z
z z
0
dx
Q 2 rp 1 dz
dz

= p +

(2..5)
Vo cau chiu tai phan bo deu thang dng (hnh 2..22)

Hnh 2.6.22: Vo cau chiu luc phan bo du thang dng

1 z
2 z
1
N p R
2
1
N p Rcos2
2
=
= a
(2..)
Luc xo ngang tai goi tua:

z
1
H p Rcos
2
= a (2..7)
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w
.
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n
c
o
l
d
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w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

Vo cau nam trong dich the (hnh 2..23)

Hnh 2.6.23: Vo cau nam trong dich the

( )
( )
3
1
2
3
2
2
2R 1 cos
R
N a R
2
3sin
1 1 cos
N R a R R cos
2
3sin

- a
g

= + -

a

- a
= g + + - a

a

(2..8)
Luc xo ngang tai goi tua:

1
H N cos = a (2..9)

Vo cau cha day dich the (hnh 2..24)

Hnh 2.6.24: Vo cau cha day dich the

- Pha tren vnh d A-A

2 2
1
2 2
2
R 2cos
N 1
1 cos
R 2cos
N 5 cos
1 cos

g a
= -

+ a

g a
= - a +

+ a

(2..70)
- Pha dui vnh d A-A
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.
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o
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d
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n
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c
o
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d
.
v
n

2 2
1
2 2
2
R 2cos
N 5
1 cos
R 2cos
N 1 cos
1 cos

g a
= +

- a

g a
= - a -

- a

(2..71)
Vo nn cha day dich the (hnh 2..25)

Hnh 2.6.25: Vo nn cha day dich the

( )
1
2
2
y d y tg
3
N
2cos
d y ytg
N
cos

g - a

=
a
g - a
=
a
(2..72)

b. L thuyet vo mo men
Tai vi tr gan vng d xuat hien mo men uon, song gi tri cua mo men tat rat
nhanh. Noi luc cua vo o vi tr ny phu thuoc vo do cng cua vng d. Trung hop do
cng cua vng rat ln (tuyet doi cng) noi luc duoc tnh bang cong thc:

( )
( )
k 1
1 K
2
k
2 K
2
k 1
1 K
2
2
k 2
2 K
2
1
R cot g
N N e cos k
2R ksin
4
e
N N sin k
4
sin
4
R
M N e cos k
4
2R k sin
4
R 2 cot g
M D N ke sin k
R
RtR sin
4
- w
- w
- w
- w
a
= w+ d
p
d +

p
= w+ d +

p
d +

p
= - w+ d +

p
d +

a
= w+ d
p
d +

(2..73)
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w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

trong d:
d - gi tri phu thuoc vo dieu kien lien ket cua vo vo vng,
Neu hn chat d = 0,
Neu noi khp ban le :
4
p
d =
k - he so tat dan xc dinh bang cong thc:

( )
2
4
1
2 2
2
3 1
k R
R t
- m
= (2..74)

2.6.7. Vt liu n hi phi tuyn
Mot so vat lieu nhu dat, d... hau nhu khong c kha nang chiu ko, cn khi chiu
nn quan he gia ng suat v bien dang khong cn tuan theo dinh luat Hc. Trung hop
chiu nn doc truc quan he ny c dang dung cong gan vi dang dung hypecbon nhu o
hnh 2..2. Theo un-can & Chang vat lieu dn hoi phi tuyen c mo dun dn hoi v
he so Pot-xong deu l hm cua ng suat v duoc goi l mo dun tiep tuyen v he so
Pot-xong tiep tuyen.

Hnh 2.6.26: Quan he giua ng suat v bien dang cua vat lieu dn hi phi tuyen

Mo hnh Dun-can & Chang duoc su dung kh rong ri de tnh ton dap dat dap
hoac dap d do. Mo dun tiep tuyen v he so Pot-xong tiep tuyen cua vat lieu ng vi
gi tri ng suat s
1
, s
3
bat ky duoc xc dinh bang cong thc:

( )( )
2
1 3
i 0
3
R 1 sin
E E 1
2c cos 2 sin
- j s - s
= -

j+ s j

(2..75)

( )
i
t
1 D
m
m =
- e
(2..7)
w
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w
.
v
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c
o
l
d
.
v
n
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w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
trong d:
E
0
- mo dun ban dau,
n
3
0 a
a
E KP
P
s
=

:
m
0
- he so Pot-xong ban dau,
3
0
a
G F og
P
s
m = -

l :
P
a
- p luc kh quyen:
e
a
- bien dang nn doc truc.

Cc thong so vat lieu c, j, R, K, n, G, F, D duoc xc dinh bang th nghiem nn ba
truc. Dui day dua cc gi tri cua cc thong so ny ng vi mot dap d do de tham khao.

Bang 2.6.3: Thong so vat lieu theo mo hnh Dun-can & Chang
vi mot so loai vat lieu

!" $%&' v ^ + L q e
;9 *0 +13 u?g% +?g: IZTT JKI IZON IZOH IZHP 4ZT
;9 *0 IZTT NII IZON IZOH IZHP 4ZT
(gA *&3 IZTP HIKI IZOP IZOI IZHR RZT
6y+ 3\" F7 ")+8 I 4IIIII I IZHJ I I

Bi ton phi tuyen thung phai giai dng dan bang phuong php lap. Tai trong duoc
chia thnh nhieu cap, trong moi cap vat lieu duoc coi nhu dn hoi tuyen tnh vi gi tri
mo dun dn hoi v he so Poat-xong khong doi v duoc xc dinh chnh xc dan bang
cong thc (2..75) v (2..7) sau khi tnh duoc ng suat o tng buc lap. Qu trnh giai
ket thc khi sai so cua ng suat tnh duoc o buc lap sau so vi ng suat o buc lap
truc dat tri so cho php.

2.7. Tnh h kt cu - nn
2.7.1. Khi nim v gi thit tnh ton (m hnh nn)
Cc cong trnh thuy loi nhu dap, cong, tram bom, dung ham v.v... deu duoc dat
tren mat nen (dy tiep xc vi nen), dat sau trong nen (dy v mat ben tiep xc vi nen)
hoac dat ngam trong nen (ton bo be mat cua chu vi ngoi tiep xc vi nen). Do ket cau
v nen tiep xc chat ch vi nhau nen ca hai cng tham gia chiu luc. Thuat ng chuyen
mon goi he ket cau v nen cng tham gia chiu luc l he ket cau - nen. e tnh ton loai
ket cau ny cho den nay thung chon mot trong hai cch tiep can:
w
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.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n

1. Cch th nhat
+ Khi giai bang giai tch coi nen l nua khong gian (vi bi ton khong gian) hoac
nua mat phang (vi bi ton phang) c kch thuc vo han ve chieu rong v chieu
sau duoc cau tao t vat lieu dn hoi tuyen tnh. Cn khi giai bang phuong php so
thung lay vng nen c kch thuc gii han du ln. Chang han khi tnh dap th
vng nen cng tham gia chiu luc vi dap thung lay c chieu rong t nhat gap 3
lan chieu rong cua dy dap, chieu sau t nhat bang chieu cao cua dap. Chuyen vi
ngang tren bien dng AB, CD v chuyen vi dng tren bien ngang BC lay bang 0.
+ Tnh he ket cau - nen nhu mot ket cau khong dong chat ve vat lieu vi dieu kien
lien tuc ve chuyen vi v ng suat tren be mat tiep xc gia ket cau vi nen (hnh
2.7.1 a).

Hnh 2.7.1: So d tnh ket cau cng lm viec vi nn

2. Cch th hai
+ Gia thiet dang cua phan luc cua nen tren be mat tiep xc (hnh 2.7.1 b).
+ Tnh ket cau dui tc dung cua phan luc nen gia thiet v cc tc dong khc nhu
vi ket cau thong thung.
Gia thiet dang cua phan luc nen su dung pho bien hien nay l gia thiet Uyn-c-le
(Winkler), coi nen c bien dang dn hoi tuyen tnh, cung do phan luc nen p o diem
bat ky tren mat tiep xc ty le bac nhat vi do ln y cua nen tai diem d (hnh 2.7.2),
cu the l:

1 1
p k y = (2.7.1)
trong d: he so ty le k
1
duoc goi l he so nen (N/cm
3
, kN/m
3
). Tri so cua k
1
duoc xc
dinh t th nghiem bn nn tai hien trung.
Trung hop khong c so lieu th nghiem, khi tnh dam hoac tam mng dat tren
nen c the tnh k
1
bang cong thc:

( )
0
1
2
0
E
k
1 H
=
- m
(2.7.2)
w
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.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
w
w
w
.
v
n
c
o
l
d
.
v
n
trong d:
E
0
, m
0
- mo dun bien dang v he so Pot-xong cua nen:
H - chieu sau cua vng dat chiu nn ke t be mat tiep xc.

Ngoi ra, c the tham khao gi tri k
1
ng vi tng loai dat trong bang 2.7.1.

Bang 2.7.1: He so nn cua mot so loai dat

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P ;9 :<+8 HIIIIII M HKIIIIII
J 1/+ :f: KIIII M HKIIII

Ve mat vat l, ban chat cua gia thiet Uyn-c-le l thay the nen bang tap hop cua
mot he l xo thang dng (hnh 2.7.2.a), moi l xo dai dien cho mot cot dat nen c kch
thuc mat cat bang don vi. Phan luc nen tai moi diem tren be mat tiep xc chnh l luc
nn trong moi l xo. Trong gia thiet Uyn-c-le bo qua ma st gia cc cot dat, do vay
dng gia thiet Uyn-c-le khong tnh duoc chuyen vi o ngoi mng gay ra boi tai trong
dat trong mng v nguoc lai. Ni cch khc, mo hnh Uyn-c-le chi de cap den kha
nang truyen ln boi mng, khong phan nh duoc kha nang truyen ln do ma st gia
cc cot dat nen. V vay dng gia thiet Uyn-c-le khong giai duoc bi ton xem xt anh
huong cua hai ket cau nam canh nhau, trong khi anh huong ny trong nhieu trung hop
khong the bo qua, tham ch dan den su co ph hoai cong trnh.

Hnh 2.7.2: Mo hnh nn Uyn-c-le (a) v Pas-te-r-nak (b)
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Van gi tnh don gian m lai khac phuc duoc nhuoc diem ny cua mo hnh nen
Uyn-c-le mo hnh nen Pas-te-r-nak d dua them vo luc ma st gia hai cot dat the
hien qua su nu ko lan nhau cua cc l xo ke lien (hnh 2.7.2 b). Tri so cua luc ma st
ty le vi do truot gia hai cot dat ke lien, m do truot ny bang gc xoay cua truc dam
hoac gc xoay cua mat trung bnh cua tam, cu the l:
- Vi dam:

2
dw
t k
dz
= (2.7.3)
- Vi tam:

x 2x
y 2y
w
t k
x
w
t k
y
(2.7.4)
Trong cc cong thc tren cc he so t y le k
2
hoac k
2x
, k
2y
duoc goi l he so nen th hai.
He so ny dac trung cho su tat dan do ln cua nen o ngoi pham vi mng cua gay ra boi
tai trong dat o trong mng v cng duoc xc dinh t th nghiem bn nn tai hien trung.
Mo hnh nen Pas-te-r-nac duoc ng dung de giai cc he ket cau - nen c xt den
anh huong cua tai trong ben (tai trong dat ngoi mng) den cong trnh, v du anh huong
cua cong trnh s xay den cong trnh dang ton tai, anh huong cua dat dap hon tho vo
ho mng den cong trnh dat trong ho mng.

2.7.2. Tnh dm v tm trn nn n hi Uyn-c-le
Bi ton tnh dam hoac tam tren nen Uyn-c-le thung duoc giai bang phuong
php chuyen vi tren co so thiet lap phuong trnh vi phan do vng cua dam hoac cua tam.
Vi dam tren nen Uyn-c-le phuong trnh vi phan do vng duoc viet o dang:

4
1
4
k d w q
w
EJ EJ
dz
+ = (2.7.5)
trong d: EJ l do cng cua dam.

Vi tam tren nen Uyn-c-le phuong trnh vi phan do vng duoc viet o dang:

4 4 4
1
4 2 2 4
k q w w w
2 w
D D
x x y y

+ + + =

(2.7.)
trong d: D l do cng tru cua tam xc dinh bang cong thc (2..41).

Tm nghiem cua cc phuong trnh tren bang phuong php giai tch chi cho php
han che trong mot so trung hop, chang han nhu dam hoac tam c mat cat khong doi,
nen dong chat dang hung, tai trong phan bo lien tuc v.v...
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Chang han, vi dam c do cng khong doi nghiem cua phuong trnh (2. 7.5) c dang:
( ) ( )
mz mz
1 2 3 4
y e C cos mz C sin mz e C cos mz C sin mz
-
= + + +
trong d:
1
4
k
m
4EJ
= :
C
1
,..., C
4
- cc hang so tch phan duoc xc dinh t dieu kien bien.

Cc cong thc tnh do vng, gc xoay v noi luc cua dam duoc thiet lap cho 3
trung hop cu the:
+ Dam di vo han.
+ Dam di nua vo han.
+ Dam di hu han.

Tuy vay tnh ton bang cc cong thc ny kh phc tap, de nham lan. Tot nhat l
nen su dung cc phan mem lap san v du SAP 2000 cua M hoac WSKC cua Trung tam
Tin hoc trung ai hoc Thuy loi.

2.8. n nh n hi ca kt cu

Cc ket cau, nhat l cc ket cau c dang manh khi chiu nn hoac uon neu tai trong
vuot qu mot gi tri ti han no d s bi mat on dinh. Khi bi mat on dinh ngoi bien
dang bnh thung o ket cau s xuat hien them bien dang khc, v du o thanh chiu nn s
xuat hien them bien dang uon, o dam chiu uon s xuat hien them bien dang xoan v.v...
Ve nguyen tac khong bao gi duoc cho ket cau lm viec o trang thi mat on dinh.
Tnh on dinh cua ket cau l xc dinh luc ti han P
th
hoac tham so luc ti han u
th

de tren co so d gi cho ket cau lm viec o trang thi can bang on dinh. V trong phan
ln cc trung hop ket cau bi mat on dinh khi vat lieu cua ket cau cn lm viec trong
giai doan dn hoi nen dui day chi xt on dinh dn hoi cua ket cau.
2.8.1. !n nh n hi ca thanh chu nn ng tm
2.8.1.1. Thanh hai dau lien ket cng chiu luc t!p trung o d&nh (hnh 2.8.1)

( )
2
th
2
EJ
P
p
=
m
(2.8.1)

2
th
th
2
P E
F
p
s = =
l
(2.8.2)
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trong d:
E - mo dun dn hoi cua vat lieu lm thanh:
J - momen qun tnh chnh trung tam c gi tri nho nhat cua mat cat ngang:
- chieu di thanh:
m - he so phu thuoc lien ket hai dau thanh cho trong hnh 2.8.1:
F - dien tch nguyen cua mat cat ngang thanh:
l - do manh cua thanh
l = m
F
J
(2.8.3)
Cc cong thc tren chi dng khi vat lieu lm viec trong giai doan dn hoi, nghia l
khi l l
0
=
2
tle
E p
s
. l
0
l mot dac trung co hoc cua vat lieu.

Hnh 2.8.1: He so lien ket hai dau thanh m

2.8.1.2. Thanh 2 dau lien ket cng chiu trong luong ban than
( )
th 2
EJ
q k =
(2.8.4)
trong d k l he so phu thuoc lien ket 2 dau thanh v cho trong hnh 2.8.2.

Hnh 2.8.2: He so lien ket hai dau thanh k
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2.8.1.3. Thanh 2 dau lien ket dn hoi
Vi thanh c hai dau lien ket dn hoi phuong trnh xc dinh luc ti han c dang
sieu viet. Trong bang 2.8.1 trnh by mot so trung hop thung gap.

Bang 2.8.1

WU *. _b" :@'

|-?U+8 "Ew+- 0+ *a+-
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:G"8V t V

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2.8.2. !n nh n hi ca dm chu un phng
2.8.2.1. Dam mat cat ngang l hnh chu nh!t h'p
Luc ti han ng vi mot so trung hop chiu luc cho trong bang 2.8.2.

Bang 2.8.2: Luc ti han dam chu nhat hep

WU *. ux3 (=: "g% -X+ L-% :-4

p
"- Q "
( t /o Lo
" $, "E.: "-D+-

"- Q "
^
| t /o Lo
^ A-. "-'}: : *?': :-G "E7+ Fy+8 4&T&R
| *\" "E7+ "E.: ux3
q
l
( )
Q "
"- 4
4TZ R
m t /o Lo
m *\" "E7+ "E.: ux3
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WU *. ux3 (=: "g% -X+ L-% :-4

"- Q "
4
^
| t /o Lo
^ A-. "-'}: _-Gy+8 :9:- D "] *%z3 *\" $=:
"g% "E.: ux3& BEa [h :-G "E7+ Fy+8 4&T&O V,
4&T&K

( )
Q "
"- 4
H4Z TK
m t /o Lo
m *\" "E7+ "E.: ux3

"-
I Q "
4
K4Z T
m t /o Lo
m *\" "E7+ "E.: ux3

Bang 2.8.3

c
IZK IZOK IZO IZRK IZR IZ4K IZ4 IZHK IZH IZIK
^ HPZNO HJZHK HJZT4 HNZIO 4HZIH 4OZH 4NZHH RJZTT KPZIH HHHZP

Bang 2.8.4

;%z3 *\" $=: :9:- "Ef+8 "j3 A-nD "E7+ *GX+ $, D
Q
"
/o
D
Lo
I IZIIRH IZITTJ IZHPO IZ4RT IZR44 IZO4K IZKPT IZJNH HZ44O 4ZOTK
^ OZIHR OZI RZP RZ4 4ZT 4ZO 4ZI HZP HZ4 IZT IZO

Bang 2.8.5

;%z3 *\" $=: + u?g% "Ef+8 "j3 V, :9:- _-Gy+8 $, D
Q
"
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D
Lo
I IZHHO IZR4I IZN4R
^ OZIHR OZO OZT KZ4 KZKP4
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n
2.8.2.2. Dam mat cat ngang chu (
Luc ti han ng vi mot so trung hop chiu luc cua dam cho trong bang 2.8..

Bang 2.8.6: Luc ti han cua dam chu I chiu uon phang

WU *. ux3 (=: "g% -X+ L-% :-4

"- Q "
^
( t /o Lo
0Lo
"
# *} :<+8 :-h+8 iGk+ :%D
3\" :k" +8D+85
r& [h
p p
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4
4
D
^ t Hd
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D
:-G "EG+8 Fy+8 4&T&JZ
"EG+8 *
4 5 4
Q Q
4
" "
- /o - /o
D t
4Lo OLo
0- $, :-%/'
:DG "%b" u%&+ :-* 65

"- Q "
4
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aZ ^ -& [h A-. "-'}: "S [h
D
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"EG+8 Fy+8 4&T&T! "Ea [h ^ :-G "EG+8 Fy+8
4&T&N

( )
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"- 4
^
m t /o Lo
r& [h ^ A-. "-'}: "S [h
D
! "Ea [h ^ :-G
"EG+8 Fy+8 4&T&HI <+8 Vg% R "E?`+8 -'A#
m *\" + "Ef+8 "j3Z + Fy+ :9+- "E7+Z + Fy+
:9+- u?g%&

"- Q "
4
^
| t /o Lo
r& [h ^ 0_-% | *\" + "E.: ux35 A-. "-'}: "S
[h
D
Z :-G "EG+8 Fy+8 4&T&HH

Bang 2.8.7

4
4
D
IZH H 4 O P T HI H4 HP 4I 4O 4T R4 RP OI HII
^ RHZOI HIZRP JZPP KZTK KZHH OZJI OZOR OZ4O OZI RZTR RZJR RZPP RZKN RZKK RZKH RZ4N

Bang 2.8.8: Gi tri a khi x0,5 khi P dat tren truc dam

x IZK IZOK IZO IZRK IZR IZ4K IZ4 IZHK IZH
a HZI HZIH4 HZIKH HZH4K HZ4HI HZO44 HZJHJ 4Z4RK RZRIK
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n

Bang 2.8.9: Gi tri K khi P dat tren truc dam

4
4
D
IZO O T HP 4O R4 OT PO TI NP HPI 4OI R4I OII
^ TPZO RHZN 4KZP 4HZT 4IZR HNZP HTZT HTZR HTZH HJZN HJZK HJZO HJZ4 HJZ4

Bang 2.8.10: Gi tri K khi P dat o cc vi tr khc nhau

4
4
D
IZO O T HP 4O R4 OT PO TI H4T 4II 4TI RPI OII
BEf+8 "j3
"%b" u%&+
HORZI KRZI O4ZP RPZR RRZT R4ZP RHZK RIZK RIZH 4NZO 4NZI 4TZT 4TZP 4TZP
6y+ :9+-
"E7+
N4ZN RPZR RIZO 4JZK 4PZP 4PZH 4PZI 4KZN 4KZT 4PZI 4PZR 4PZK 4PZP 4PZJ ^
a
"En
*\"
"y%
|
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u?g%
444ZK JJZO KNZP OTZH ORZP OIZK RJZN RPZR RKZH RRZ4 R4ZI RHZK RHZI RIZT

Bang 2.8.11: Gi tri K khi P dat tren truc dam

4
4
D
IZH H 4 R O P T HI H4 HO HP 4O R4 OI
^ OOZR HKZJ H4Z4 HIZJ NZJP TZPN TZIR JZKT JZ4 PZNP PZJR PZHN KZTJ KZPO

2.8.3. !n nh n hi ca khung phng

e xc dinh luc ti han cua cc thanh chiu nn trong khung phang thung dng
phuong php chuyen vi. Gia thiet tai trong chi l luc tap trung dat tai cc nt th he
phuong trnh chnh tac cua phuong php chuyen vi (2.5.18) duoc viet o dang:

11 1 12 2 1n n
21 2 22 2 2n n
n1 n n2 n nn n
r z r z ... r z 0
r z r z ... r z 0
...
r z r z ... r z 0
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
(2.8.5)
trong d r
ik
l phan luc don vi tai lien ket them vo nt th i gay ra boi chuyen vi cung
bc bang don vi tai lien ket them vo nt th k tren he co ban cua phuong php chuyen
vi. Khi tnh r
ik
phai xt ti luc doc trong thanh.
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V trang thi mat on dinh cua he ng vi
i
z 0 nen de c nghiem dinh thc cua
ma tran he so trong he phuong trnh (2.8.5) phai bang 0, tc l:

11 12 1n
21 22 2n
n1 n2 nn
r r ... r
r r ... r
D 0
... ... ... ...
r r ... r
= = (2.8.)
Mat khc, vi cc thanh chiu nn phan luc don vi o lien ket dau moi thanh c the
bieu dien l mot hm sieu viet x(v) cua tham so v nh trong bang 2.8.12 vi

N
v
EJ
= (2.8.7)
Neu gia thiet ty so gia luc nn cua cc thanh trong he khi he chuyen t trang thi
on dinh sang trang thi mat on dinh c gi tri nh nhau, tc l

th th th
1 2 n
1 2 n
N N N
...
N N N
= = = (2.8.8)
th tham so v ng vi moi thanh chiu nn c the bieu dien qua tham so v
i
cua thanh chiu
nn th i.

Khai trien (2.8.) duoc he phuong trnh chi cha an v
i
. Nghiem duong nho nhat
cua phuong trnh cho gi tri ti han cua tham so v
i
cua thanh th i. V tham so v cua
moi thanh chiu nn duoc bieu dien qua tham so v
i
cua thanh chiu nn th i nen neu biet
v
th
cua thanh chiu nn th i s tnh duoc v
th
cua cc thanh chiu nn khc. Biet v
th
cua
moi thanh dua vo (2.8.7) s tnh duoc N
th
cua cc thanh d.
e lm r noi dung cua phuong php giai di day trnh by so luoc cch xc dinh
tham so luc ti han cho 2 thanh dng trong khung v o hnh 2.8.4 a. Tat ca cc thanh c
do cng l EJ.

Hnh 2.8.4: V du tnh tham so luc ti han cho khung
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n

He co ban cua phuong php chuyen vi duoc chon nhu v o hnh 2.8.4 b, trong d
z
1
, z
2
l chuyen vi gc, z
3
l chuyen vi thang.
Tham so tai trong cua thanh dng tri:

1
P
v h v
EJ
= =

Tham so tai trong cua thanh dng phai:

2
0, P
v h 0, 775v
EJ
= =

V cc phan luc don vi cua moi thanh chiu nn duoc bieu dien qua cc hm x(v)
nen cc phan luc r
ik
cua he co ban v o hnh 2.8.4 b cng duoc bieu dien qua cc hm
x(v). Thay r
ik
vo (2.8.) v khai trien s duoc phuong trnh chi cha an v. Giai phuong
trnh ny xc dinh duoc v
th
cua thanh dng tri v thanh dng phai:

th
1
th th
2 1
v 3,14
v 0, 775v 2, 43
=
= =

Bang 2.8.12: Cc phan tu mau dng tnh on dinh cua khung bang phuong php
chuyen vi

WU *. (
D
(
F
{
D
t {
F
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M
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0V5

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2
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0V5
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0V5

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0V5
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'h+ "-D+-
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|
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z
H
0V5 t
( )
4
V "8V
R "8V M V

z
4
0V5 t
( )
( )
V "8V M V
V V
T"8V "8 M
4 4

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WU *. (
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O
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2
P/o
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0V5
3
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h
4
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/o V
"8V
M
/o V
[%+V
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/o V
"8V
M
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[%+V
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M
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V "8V I I

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I I
M
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4

z
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( )
( )
V V M [%+V
V V
O[%+V "8 M
4 4

z
O
0V5 t z
H
( )
V
4

h
H
0V5 t
( )
R
V
R "8V M V

h
4
0V5 t h
H
( )
V
4
t z
O
0V5 M
4
V
H4

h
R
0V5 t z
O
0V5
BEa [h :9: -,3 zZ hZ
V
[%+V
Z
V
"8V
<+8 Vg% :9: V _-9:
+-D' "ED Fy+8&

2.8.4. !n nh n hi ca tm chu nn
2.8.4.1. Tam chiu luc nn phan bo b!c 1 (#nh 2.8.5a)
q
x
(y) = q
o
y
1
b

- a

(2.8.9)
trong d a l mot he so.
ng suat ti han duoc tnh theo cong thc:
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n
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o
l
d
.
v
n

( )
2
2
th
2
E t
K
b
12 1
p
s =

- n
(2.8.10)
trong d:
t - be dy tam:
E - modun dn hoi:
n - he so Poat-xong cua vat lieu:
K - he so phu thuoc dieu kien bien tam v ty so
b
a
v tri so cho trong bang 2.8.12.

2.8.4.2. Tam chiu luc nn phan bo deu cung do q (#nh 2.8.5b)

Hnh 2.8.5: Tam chiu nn boi luc phan bo

ng suat ti han duoc tnh theo (2.8.8) vi a = 0, he so K phu thuoc dieu kien
bien tam v cho tren bang 2.8.17.

Bang 2.8.13: Gi tri K trong (2.8.10) khi canh tam lien ket khp

D
F

a
IZO IZK IZP IZPPJ IZJK IZT IZN HZI HZK
4 4NZH 4KZP 4OZH 4RZN 4OZH 4OZO 4KZP 4KZP 4OZR
O
R
HTZJ M H4ZN M HHZK HHZ4 M HHZI HHZK
H HKZH M NZJ M TZO TZH M JZT TZO
O
K
HRZR M TZR M JZH PZN M PZP JZH
4
R
HIZT M JZH M PZH PZI M KZT PZH
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d
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n
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o
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d
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n
Bang 2.8.14: Gi tri K trong (2.8.8) khi canh tam lien ket khp v ngm

D
F

;%/' _%&+ F%7+
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2.8.5. !n nh n hi ca v tr trn
2.8.5.1. V% chiu nn deu theo phuong doc truc, cc mp v% lien ket khop
(#nh 2.8.6 a)

Hnh 2.8.6: Vo tru chiu nn

ng suat ti han khi vo bi mat on dinh cuc bo

( )
th
2
1
E
R
3 1
s =
- n
(2.8.11)
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d
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trong d:
- chieu di:
R - bn knh cua tru.

n dinh tong the cua vo tru ny tnh nhu thanh chiu nn tiet dien rong.

2.8.5.2. V% chiu p luc phan bo deu huong tam pha ngoi (#nh 2.8.6b)
p luc ti han tren khi mp vo lien ket khp:

( ) ( )
3
th
2 2 2 2 3
2 2
Et 1 Et
q
R n 1 n 12 1 R
1
R
= +

- - g
+

p

( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
2n 1
n 1
n
1
R

- - g

- +

+

p

(2.8.12)
trong d:
t - be dy:
- chieu di:
n - so dinh sng doc theo chu vi trong dang mat on dinh. Trong tng trung hop cu
the chon n sao cho P
th
l nho nhat. Gi tri n phu thuoc ty so
R
v
R
t
xc dinh
theo bang 2.8.15.

Bang 2.8.18: Gi tri n trong (2.8.12)

v
"

v

4KI 4II KI 4K
4 4 4 4
HI O R 4 4
K K O R R
4 T P K O

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2.9. Dao ng ca kt cu

Tai trong dong l tai trong tc dung vo ket cau lm ket cau chuyen dong c gia
toc. Dao dong cua ket cau l bi ton thung gap trong cong trnh xay dung, tai trong
gay dao dong thung gap nhat l luc kch thch tuan hon dang
P(t) = P
0
sinrt
trong d:
P
0
- bien do cua tai trong:
r - tan so dao dong.

Vi bi ton dao dong cua ket cau c hai van de can giai quyet:
+ Xc dinh tan so dao dong rieng cua ket cau de xem c trng vi tan so cua luc
kch thch de xay ra cong huong hay khong?
+ Xc dinh bien do noi luc v chuyen vi de dnh gi an ton cua cong trnh theo
dieu kien ben v dieu kien cng.

Vi mot he dao dong, bac tu do l so thong so doc lap can thiet de xc dinh vi tr
cua he thong qua vi tr cua cc khoi luong tap trung trong he.
Cc dac trung co ban cua dao dong l:
+ Chu ky dao dong:
Thi gian can thiet de thuc hien xong mot dao dong, thung k hieu l T, don vi
do l giay (s).
+ Tan so dao dong:
So dao dong duoc thuc hien trong thi gian 1 giay, thung k hieu l f, don vi do
l Hc (Hz).
+ Tan so vng cua dao dong:
So dao dong duoc thuc hien trong thi gian 2p giay, thung k hieu l w, don vi
do l 1/s.

Gia cc dai luong ny c moi lien he sau:

2
T
f
2
p
=
w
w
=
p
(2.9.1)

2.9.1. Dao ng ca h c mt bc t do
2.9.1.1. Phuong trnh vi phan dao dong
Dua vo nguyen l a-lam-be thiet lap duoc phuong trnh vi phan dao dong trong
trung hop luc can ty le bac nhat vi van toc o dang:
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My(t) "" + c y(t) " + Ky(t) = P(t) (2.9.2)
trong d:
M - khoi luong cua he:
c - he so can:
K - do cng cua he dao dong:
P(t) - luc kch thch tuan hon.

Ve ban chat vat l phuong trnh (2.9.2 bieu dien can bang cua cc luc tc dung len
he: Luc qun tnh My "" , luc can cy, " luc dn hoi Ky v luc kch thch P(t).

2.9.1.2. Dao dong tu do
+ Phuong trnh dao dong khi khong c luc can:
y(t) = A
0
sin(wt + l) (2.9.3)
+ Phuong trnh dao dong khi luc can b:
( )
c 2 kM <
y
1
(t) = A
1
e
at
sin(w
1
t + l
1
) (2.9.4)
trong d:
c
2M
a = :
2
2 0
0 0
v
A y

= +

w

:
A
1
- bien do dao dong,

( )
2
0 0 2
1 0
2
v y
A y
+ a
= +
w
(2.9.5)
l = artg
0
0
y
v

w

:
l
1
- gc lech pha,
l
1
= artg
0 1
0 0
y
v y
w

+ a

(2.9.)
y
0
, v
o
- dich chuyen v van toc ban dau cua khoi luong (tai thi diem t = 0).

+ Tan so dao dong rieng khi khong c luc can:
w =
t
g
y
(2.9.7)
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+ Tan so dao dong rieng khi luc can b:

2 2
1
w = w - a

trong d
g - gia toc trong trung:
y
t
- chuyen vi tinh theo phuong cua dao dong tai vi tr dat khoi luong do trong luong
cua khoi luong M dat tinh tai d gay ra (hnh 2.9.1 b).

V trong thuc te a kh nho nen c the lay w
1
w. Cong thc (2.9.7) duoc dng
cho thanh chiu dao dong uon v dao dong doc truc.
+ Tan so dao dong rieng xoan khi khong c luc can:
w =
xoan
GJ
J
(2.9.8)
trong d:
GJ
xoan
- do cng chong xoan cua truc xoan:
J - momen qun tnh cua dia doi vi truc xoan:
- chieu di truc xoan (Hnh 2.9.1 b).

Hnh 2.9.1

2.9.1.3. Dao dong cu)ng bc chiu luc kch thch
P(t) = P
0
sinrt
1. Ph- ng trnh dao ng
Sau khi dao dong d di vo on dinh (phan dao dong tu do mat di do luc can), dao
dong cua he l mot dao dong dieu ho c cng tan so vi tan so cua luc kch thch.
y(t) = A
2
sin(rt + l
2
) = K
d
y
t
sin(rt + l
2
) (2.9.9)
trong d:
y
t
- chuyen vi tinh tai vi tr dat khoi luong tap trung do luc c gi tri bang bien do
cua luc kch thch dat tinh tai d gay ra.
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K
d
- he so dong,
K
d
=
2
2 2
2
2 2
1
r c
1 r
K

- +

w

(2.9.10)
l
2
- gc lech pha,
l
2
= artg
2
cr
K Mr -
(2.9.11)
Ve l thuyet, khi ty so
r
1 =
w
, tc l tan so dao dong rieng bang tan so dao dong
cung bc s xay ra hien tuong cong huong. Song trong thuc te khi ty so ny nam trong
khoang
r
0, 75 1, 25
w
bien do dao dong d tang rat ln v khoang ny duoc coi l
vng xay ra cong huong.

2. Tnh chuyn v v ni lc
T (2.9.9) rt ra cong thc chung de tnh bien do chuyen vi v bien do noi luc do
luc kch thch gay ra:
S
d
= K
d
S
t
(2.9.12)
trong d:
S
d
- bien do chuyen vi hoac noi luc do luc kch thch gay ra:
S
t
- chuyen vi hoac noi luc do luc c gi tri bang bien do cua luc kch thch dat tinh
tai vi tr dat khoi luong tap trung gay ra:
K
d
- he so dong,
- Khi luc kch thch l luc dieu ho, K
d
tnh theo (2.9.10):
- Khi luc kch thch nhu p luc no, p luc nuc va, p luc gi, luc va cham v.v...
l luc kch dong tat nhanh sau mot khoang thi gian t
1
no d v duoc bieu
dien dui dang:
P(t) = P
0
f(t) (2.9.13)
vi:
P
0
- bien do cua luc dong:
f(t) - hm chat tai:

th gi tri K
d
duoc lay ty theo dang cua hm chat tai (hnh 2.9.2).
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Hnh 2.9.2: Mot so dang tai trong kch dong v he so dong tuong ng

2.9.2. Dao ng h c n bc t do
Phuong trnh vi phan dao dong cua he n bac tu do chiu tc dung cua luc kch thch
dat tai vi tr cua cc khoi luong tap trung viet o dang ma tran c dang tuong tu nhu
phuong trnh (2.9.1)
My(t) "" + c y(t) " + Ky(t) = P(t) (2.9.14)
trong d:
M - ma tran khoi luong:
c - ma tran can:
K - ma tran cng cua he:
y(t), y(t) " , y(t) "" - lan luot l vcto chuyen vi, vcto van toc v vcto gia toc chuyen
dong cua cc khoi luong:
P(t) - vcto luc kch thch.

He c bao nhieu khoi luong tap trung s c bay nhieu tan so dao dong rieng. Bat ky
tan so dao dong rieng no c tri so xap xi tan so luc kch thch deu xuat hien cong huong.
Neu bo qua luc can, cc tan so dao dong rieng duoc xc dinh t phuong trnh sau:
D =K Mw
2
= 0 (2.9.15)
hoac bieu dien qua ma tran mem cua he:
D =
2
2
2
1
1 11 2 12 n 1n
1
1 21 2 22 n 2n
1
1 n1 2 n2 n nn
M M ... M
M M ... M
... ... ... ...
M M ... M
w
w
w
d - d d
d d - d
d d d -
= 0 (2.9.1)
trong d:
d
ik
- chuyen vi don vi tai khoi luong th i do luc don vi dat tai khoi luong th k gay ra:
M
i
- khoi luong th i.
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n

Cc tan so dao dong rieng cua he thung duoc dat ten theo th tu t nho den ln:
w
1
< w
2
< ... < w
n

Cc tan so c gi tri thap duoc goi l cc tan so co ban. Tan so w
1
duoc goi l tan
so co ban th nhat v duoc tnh gan dng bang cong thc Pe-so-tel:

2
1
2
2
1
2
1
1 2
B
B
B 1 2 1
B
< w <

+ -

(2.9.17)
trong d:
B
1
=
n
i ii
i 1
M
=
d
:
B
2
=
n
2 2
i ii
i 1
M
=
d
+ 2
n
2
i k ik
i,k 1
M M
=
d
(vi i k).

2.9.2.2. Dao dong cu)ng bc do tc dung cua cc luc kch thch dieu ho c*ng tan so
Neu k hieu S l chuyen vi hoac noi luc do luc kch thch dat tai vi tr cua cc
khoi luong tap trung gay ra th gi tri ny c the tnh bang cong thc:

1 1 2 2 n n Po
S S F S F ... S F S = + + + + (2.9.18)
trong d:
S
Po
- gi tri cua S do bien do P
o
cua cc luc kch thch dat tinh tai vi tr cua cc khoi
luong tap trung gay ra:
i
S - gi tri cua S do luc bang don vi dat tinh tai khoi luong th i gay ra.
F
i
- bien do cua luc qun tnh tai khoi luong th i duoc xc dinh t he phuong trnh sau:

( )
*
i1 1 i2 2 ii i in n iPo
F F ... F ... F 0
i 1, 2, ..., n
d + d + + d + + d + D =
(2.9.19)
vi:
*
ii ii
2
i
1
M r

d = d -

:
D
iPo
- chuyen vi tai khoi luong th i do bien do cua cc luc kch thch P
o
dat tinh tai
vi tr cua cc khoi luong tap trung gay ra.

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2.9.3. Dao ng ca h c v hn bc t do
1. Dm 1 nhp di , khi l- ng phn b u m
Cc tan so co ban duoc xc dinh bang cong thc:

i i
4
EJ
H
m
w =
(2.9.21)
Trong bang 2.9.1 cho tri H
i
ng vi 5 dang dao dong rieng cua mot so dam 1 nhip.

Bang 2.9.1: Dao dong tu do cua dam 1 nhip

eX+8
ux3
>9: uX+8 uDG *}+8 :-n+- V, "x+ [h "?U+8 <+8
ex3
:)+8
i)+

ex3 4
*x'
_-gA

4 *x'
+8,3

H *x'
+8,3
H *x'
_-gA

r
H
r
4
r
R
r
O
r
K

2. Dm lin tc v khung phng
Cc tan so rieng l nghiem cua phuong trnh tan so thiet lap theo phuong php
chuyen vi nhu sau:
D =
11 12 1n
21 22 2n
n1 n2 nn
r r ... r
r r ... r
... ... ... ...
r r ... r
= 0 (2.9.22)
trong d: r
ik
l bien do cua phan luc tai lien ket them vo th i do chuyen vi cung bc
dieu ho z
k
(t) = 1

sin rt tai lien ket them vo th k gay ra o he co ban cua phuong php
chuyen vi. Cc tri so ny xc dinh duoc nh cc phan tu mau cho tren bang 2.9.2.
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Bang 2.9.2: Tri so bien do phan luc dong do chuyen vi goi tua gay ra

WU *. (
DF
t (
I
(
FD
t (
{
DF
t {
I
{
FD
t {

( ) m l
H
O/o
( ) m l
4
4/o

M ( ) e l
H
4
P/o
M ( ) e l
4
4
P/o

M ( ) m l
R
4
P/o
M ( ) m l
O
4
P/o
( ) e l
O
R
H4/o
( ) e l
O
R
H4/o

( ) m l
K
R/o
I
M ( ) e l
K
4
R/o
M ( )
*
5
e l
4
R/o

M ( ) m l
P
4
R/o

I ( ) e l
P
R
R/o
( )
*
e l
R
R/o

M ( ) m l
J
4
R/o

I ( ) e l
J
R
R/o
( ) e l
T
R
R/o

( ) m l
T
/o
M ( ) m l
N
/o
( ) e l
N
4
/o

I
^
O
t
4
3E
/o
! l t _! :9: -,3 mZ e "E7+ Fy+8 4&N&R

Bang 2.9.3: Cc hm m, e trong dong luc hoc cong trnh (trong bang 2.9.2)

1
1
B C A D ch sin sin cos
( )
4 4 1 ch cos
l l l l
- l l l l - l l
m l = =
D - l l
!
( )
2
1
D sh sin
( )
2 2 1 ch cos
l
l l l - l
m l = =
D - l l
!
( )
2 2 2
3
1
D A C sh sin
( )
1 ch cos
l l l
- l l l l
m l = - =
D - l l
!
( )
( )
4
1
ch cos C
( )
3 3 1 ch cos
l
l - l
l l
m l = =
D - l l
!
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2 2
5
2
D B 2 sh sin
( )
3 3 ch sin sh cos
l l
- l l l l
m l = =
D l l - l l
!
2 2
2
A B C D sh cos ch sin
( )
3 3 ch sin sh cos
l l l l
- l l l l + l l
m l = - =
D l l - l l
!
2 2
7
2
B sh sin
( )
3 3 ch sin sh cos
l
l l l + l
m l = - =
D l l - l l
!
2 2
8
3
A C 2ch sin
( )
ch sin sh cos
l l
- l l
m l = l = l
D l l + l l
!
9
3
A ch cos
( )
ch sin sh cos
l
l + l
m l = l = l
D l l + l l
!
2 2 2
1 3
1 1
A C B sh sin
( ) ( )

l l l
- l l l l
e l = - = = m l
D D
!
2
2 4
1
C
( ) ( )
l
l
e l = = m l
D
!
3 2
3
1
A B C D sh cos ch sin
( )
12 12 1 ch cos
l l l l
- l l l l + l l
e l = =
D - l l
!
3 2
4
1
B sh sin
( )
12 12 1 ch cos
l
l l l + l
e l = =
D - l l
!
l l - l l
l l + l l l
=
D
- l
- = l e
l l l l
cos sh sin ch
sin ch cos sh D C B A
) (
3 3
2
2
2
5
!
) (
cos sh sin ch
sin sh B
) (
*
l m =
l l - l l
l + l l
=
D
l
- = l e
l
7
2
2
2
5
3 3
!
l l - l l
l l l
=
D
- l
= l e
l l
cos sh sin ch
cos ch A C
) (
2
3 3
3
2
2 2 3
6
!
) (
cos sh sin ch
cos ch A
) (
*
l m =
l l - l l
l + l l
=
D
l
- = l e
l
7
3
2
3
6
3 3
!
l l - l l
l l + l
=
D
- l
= l e
l l l
cos sh sin ch
cos ch A D B
) (
1
3 3
3
2
2 3
8
!
l l + l l
l l - l l
l =
D
-
l = l e
l l l l
cos sh sin ch
cos sh sin ch D A C B
) (
2
3
2
9
!
D
H
Z D
4
Z D
R
il3 + Fy+8 4&N&O
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Bang 2.9.4: Bien do phan luc dong do tai trong dong tren dam 1 nhip

WU *. BEa [h :9: -,3 Z 6Z >Z e "ED Fy+8

( ) ( )
0
0 1 K a K a
P
M C D D C :
K
l l - -

= - D

( ) ( )
0 0 1 K a K a
Q P C C B D :
l l - -

= - D

[ ]
0
Ka Ka 1
P
M D C C D :
K
l l
= - D

[ ]
0 Ka Ka 1
Q P B D C C :
l l
= - D

( )
2 0
0 K 1
2
q
M M C A 1 D :
K
l l

= - = - - D

( )
0
0 1
q
Q Q C D B A 1 :
K
l l l l
= - = - - D

( ) ( )
0
0 2 K a K a
P
M D B B D :
K
l l - -

= - D

( ) ( )
0 0 2 K a K a
Q P A D C B :
l l - -

= - D

[ ]
0 Ka Ka 2
Q P B C A D :
l l
= - D

[ ]
, 0
Ka Ka 2
2
P
y C D D C :
K EJ
l l
= - D

( )
0
0 2
2
q
M C D B A 1 :
K
l l l l
= - - D

( )
2 0
0 2
q
Q A A 1 C :
K
l l l

= - - D

( )
o
2
q
Q A A 1 B D :
K
l l l l
= - - D

( )
, 2 0
2
2
q
y D C A 1 :
K EJ
l l l

= - - D

( ) ( )
0
0 3 K a K a
P
M A C D D :
K
l l - -

= - D

( ) ( )
0
0 3 K a K a
3
P
y B D C C :
K EJ
l l - -

= - D

[ ]
0
Ka Ka 3
P
M C A A C :
K
l l
= - D
!

[ ]
0 Ka Ka 3
Q P D C B A :
l l
= - D

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0
0 3
2
q
M D :
K
l
= D !
( )
0
0 3
4
q
y C D B A 1 :
K EJ
l l l l
= - - D

[ ]
0
3
2
q
M A D B C :
K
l l l l
= - + D
!
2 2 0
3
q
Q D B :
K
l l

= - D

2
1
C B D :
l l l
D = -
2
A D B C :
l l l l
D = -
3
A B C D :
l l l l
D = -

2.9.3.2. Dao dong cu)ng bc
Dui day chi xt trung hop he chiu tc dung cua cc luc kch thch dieu ho cng
tan so.
1. Dao ng ca dm 1 nhp
Bien do phan luc lien ket cua dam 1 nhip do luc kch thch dieu ho v dich
chuyen goi tua bien doi c dang dieu ho (z
0
sinrt) duoc cho trong bang 2.9.2 v 2.9.4.
Hm bieu dien bien do chuyen vi v noi luc dong duoc xc dinh bang cong thc
truy hoi:

( )
,
0 0 0 0
0 kz kz kz kz kz
2 3 4
0 0 0
0 kz 0 kz kz kz kz
2 3
2 0 0
o kz o kz o kz kz kz
2
3 2 0
0 kz 0 kz 0 kz 0 kz kz
y M Q q
y(z) y A B C D A 1
k
k EJ k EJ k EJ
M Q q
y'(z) ky D y' A B C D
kEJ
k EJ k EJ
Q q
M(z) k EJy C kEJy' D M A B C
k
k
q
Q(z) k EJy B k EJy' C kM D Q A B
k
= + - - - -
= + - - -
= - - + + +
= - - + + +
(2.9.23)
trong d:
y
0
, y'
0
, M
0
, Q
0
- cc thong so ban dau, xc dinh t bang 2.9.2 v 2.9.4:
q
0
- bien do tai trong dong phan bo deu:
K =
2
4
mr
EJ
:
Tri cua cc hm A
kz
, B
kz
, C
kz
, D
kz
ng vi cc z khc nhau cho trong bang 2.9.5.
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2. Dm lin tc v khung phng
He phuong trnh chnh tac dng tnh dam lien tuc v khung phang chiu cc tai
trong dong dieu ha cng tan so theo phuong php chuyen vi c dang nhu khi tnh vi
tai trong tinh.

0
0
0
11 1 12 2 1n n 1P
21 1 22 2 2n n 2P
n1 1 n2 2 nn n nP
r z r z ... r z R 0
r z r z ... r z R 0
....
r z r z ... r z R 0
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
(2.9.24)
trong d:
r
ik
- c nghia nhu trong (2.9.22):
0
iP
R - bien do phan luc tai lien ket them vo th i do tai trong dong gay ra tren he co
ban, tri so tra trong bang 2.9.4.

Giai he phuong trnh (2.9.24), xc dinh duoc bien do cc chuyen vi dong tai cc
nt. Su dung (2.9.23) thiet lap duoc cc hm bieu dien su bien thien cua bien do chuyen
vi v noi luc dong cho tng thanh, t d v duoc bieu do bien do chuyen vi v noi luc
dong cho ton he. Gap he doi xng ta van dua ve giai mot nua he nhu d biet.

Bang 2.9.5: Bang tra gi tri cc hm A
mz
; B
mz
; C
mz
; D
mz
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IZII HZIIIII IZIIIII IZIIIII IZIIIII
IZHI HZIIIII IZHIIII IZIIKII IZIIIHJ
IZ4I HZIIIIJ IZ4IIIIK IZI4III IZIIHRRK
IZRI HZIIIRO IZRIII4 IZIOKII IZIIOKI
IZOI HZIIHIPK IZOIIITK IZITIIIK IZIHIPPK
IZKI HZII4PIK IZKII4PK IZH4KI4K IZI4ITRK
IZPI HZIIKOIK IZPIIPOK IZHTIIPK IZIRPIIK
IZJI HZIHIIIK IZJIHOI IZ4OKHPK IZIKJHT
IZTI HZIHIJIJ IZTI4JRK IZR4IRP IZITKRJK
IZNI HZI4JRK IZNION4K IZOIKJO IZH4HKNK
HZII HZIOHPN HZIITRRK IZKIHRN IZHPPTPK
HZI4 HZIOKHR HZI4N4IK IZK4HJP IZHJJINK
HZIO HZIOTJT HZIKIHO IZKO4KP IZHTJJO
HZIP HZIK4PO HZIJHHP IZKPRJJ IZHNTTI
HZIT HZIKPJRK HZIN44K IZKTKOIK IZ4HI4N
HZHI HZIPHIP HZHHROR IZPIJOP IZ44444
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Bang 2.9.5 (tiep)
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>
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HZH4 HZIPKP4K HZHROPNK IZP4NNOK IZ4ROKNK
HZHO HZIJIOO HZHKPIK IZPK4TK IZ4OJO4
HZHP HZIJKK4K HZHJJKH IZPJPHTK IZ4PIJH
HZHT HZITITJK HZHNNIT IZPNNNKK IZ4JOOJ
HZ4I HZITPKH HZ44IJK IZJ4OHK IZ4TTJH
HZ44 HZIN4OR HZ4O4KO IZJOTJT IZRIROO
HZ4O HZINTPK HZ4POOOK IZJJRTK IZRHTPPK
HZ4P HZHIKHT HZ4TPOTK IZJNNRN IZRRORNK
HZ4T HZHH4IR HZRITPP IZTRKRH IZRKIPO
HZRI HZHHN4IK HZRRINJ IZTKHJIK IZRPJOH
HZR4 HZH4PJR HZRKROR IZTJTKK IZRTOJH
HZRO HZHROKNK HZRJPIO IZNIKTOK IZOI4KP
HZRP HZHO4TRK HZRNTTHK IZNRRKNK IZO4INKK
HZRT HZHKHOO HZO4HJKK IZNPHTI IZORNNIK
HZOI HZHPIORK HZOOOTJK IZNNIOPK IZOKNO4K
HZO4 HZHPNT4K HZOPTHJK HZIHNKNK IZOJNK4K
HZOO HZHJNPHK HZONHPJ HZIONHNK IZKII4H
HZOP HZHTNTRK HZKHKRPK HZIJN4PK IZK4HOPK
HZOT HZ4IIOT HZKRN4PK HZHINTH IZKORRTK
HZKI HZ4HHKJK HZKPRRTK HZHOITRK IZKPKTNK
HZK4 HZ44RH4 HZKTJJRK HZHJ4RK IZKTNI4K
HZKO HZ4RKHO HZPH4RHK HZ4IORK IZPH4JTK
HZKP HZ4OJPO HZPRJHO HZ4RPTO IZPRJ4I
HZKT HZ4PIPRK HZPP444K HZ4PNTRK IZPP44PK
HZPI HZ4JOHR HZPTJKJ HZRIRRR IZPTTII
HZP4 HZ4TTHKK HZJHRHNK HZRRJRRK IZJHOOIK
HZPO HZRI4JH HZJRNHI HZRJHTP IZJOHON
HZPP HZRHJTHK HZJPKRIK HZOIPNIK IZJPN4TK
HZPT HZRRROTK HZJNHTHK HZOO4OJK IZJNJJJK
HZJI HZRONJH HZTHTPOK HZOJPKT IZT4PNTK
HZJ4 HZRPJKJK HZTOKTH HZKOK44K IZTKPN4
HZJO HZRTOIHK HZNJ4RHK HZKK4OHK IZTTJKNK
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Bang 2.9.5 (tiep)
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>
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HZJP HZOI4IT HZNIHHK HZKNIHP IZNHNI4K
HZJT HZH4IJTK HZN4NOIK HZP4TOPK IZNKH4IK
HZTI HZOOIHRK HZNKTIH HZPPJRRK IZNTOHP
HZT4 HZOPIHKK HZNTJIHK HZJIPJTK HZIHJNIK
HZTO HZORITP 4ZIHPO4 HZJPT4 HZIK4OO
HZTP HZKI44KK 4ZIOP4K HZJTJOOK 4ZITJJT
HZTT HZK4ORJK 4ZIJPK4 HZT4TPJK HZH4RNO
HZNI HZKOJ44 4ZHIJ4R HZTJIKH HZHPINR
HZN4 HZKJITHK 4ZHRTOHK HZNH4NPK HZHNTJPK
HZNO HZKNKHT 4ZHJIIPK HZNKPIK HZ4RJOKK
HZNP HZP4IR4 4Z4I444 HZNNNJJ HZ4JJIH
HZNT HZPOP4PK 4Z4ROTN 4ZIOOHOK HZRHJOK
4ZII HZPJRI4K 4Z4PTIT 4ZITNHJK HZRKTJT
4ZI4 HZJIIP4 4ZRIHTH 4ZHROTJ HZOIHI4
4ZIO HZJ4NIJ 4ZRRPHH 4ZHTH4K HZOOOHT
4ZIP HZJKTRNK 4ZRJINTK 4Z44TRHK HZOTT4JK
4ZIT HZJTTPH 4ZOIPOK 4Z4JPIN HZKRRR4
4ZHI HZTHNJR 4ZOO4KRK 4ZR4OKT HZKJNR4K
4ZH4 HZTKHJTK 4ZOJN4HK 4ZRJRJNK HZP4PRIK
4ZHO HZTTOJNK 4ZKHPPH 4ZO4RJKK HZPJO4T
4ZHP HZNHTJPK 4ZKKHPHK 4ZOJOOPK HZJ4R4PK
4ZHT HZNKRJR 4ZKNRRPK 4ZK4KNO HZJJR4PK
4Z4I HZNTNJIK 4ZPR4TIK 4ZKJT4IK HZT4ORIK
4Z44 4ZI4PJH 4ZPJ4NPK 4ZPRH4P HZTJPRNK
4Z4O 4ZIPOJPK 4ZJHRTT 4ZPTKH4K HZN4NKP
4Z4P 4ZHIRNI 4ZJKKKP 4ZJRNT4 HZNTRTH
4Z4T 4ZHOOH4K 4ZJNTIH 4ZJNKRKK 4ZIRNHP
4ZRI 4ZHTKOJ 4ZTHHRRK 4ZTKHJK 4ZINKP4K
4ZR4 4Z44JNKK 4ZTTKOPK 4ZNINIHK 4ZHKR4RK
4ZRO 4Z4JHPH 4ZNRIOKK 4ZNPJHJ 4Z4HHNNK
4ZRP 4ZRHPOK 4ZNJPRO RZI4P4O 4Z4JHNR
4ZRT 4ZRP4ONK RZI4RH4K RZITP4RK 4ZRRRIKK
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Bang 2.9.5 (tiep)
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4ZOI 4ZOINJT RZIJITOK RZHOJHJ 4ZRNKRTK
4ZO4 4ZHKNR4 RZHHNK4K RZ4INIJ 4ZOKTNOK
4ZOO 4ZKITHO RZHNHN RZ4J4NP 4ZK4RJK
4ZOP 4ZKKN4JK RZ4HNTK RZRKTOK 4ZKTNTR
4ZOT 4ZPHHJOK RZ4JHKPK RZOIIJKK 4ZPKJHPK
4ZKI 4ZPPKKJK RZR4ORRK RZOPPJHK 4ZJ4ITPK
4ZK4 4ZJ4IJN RZRJT4I RZKRRJO 4ZJNKTJ
4ZKO 4ZJJJOHK RZORRHT RZPIHTKK 4ZTPJ44
4ZKP 4ZTRKOTK RZTNRH RZPJHIJK 4ZNRNNK
4ZKT 4ZTNKI4K RZKOPPIK RZJOHORK RZIHOIJK
4ZPI 4ZNKPIP RZIKHHK RZTH4NK RZITNPHK
4ZP4 RZIHTPHK RZPPOTP RZTTKPOK RZHPPPI
4ZPO RZIT4JR RZJ4KTJ RZNKNKK RZ4OKIK
4ZPP RZHOTOR RZJTTHT OZIROPN RZR4ONN
4ZPT RZ4HKJOK RZTKHTR OZHHHITK RZOIPOK
4ZJI RZ4TOJI RZNHPT4 OZHTTJJ RZOTNOO
4ZJ4 RZRKKRR RZNTR4HK OZ4PJJJ RZKJOIIK
4ZJO RZO4JPJ OZIKHIOK OZROTHH RZPPIHPK
4ZJP RZKIHJK OZH4IRO OZO4NT4 RZJOJNO
4ZJT RZKJJPI OZHNHH4K OZKH4NR RZTRJRPK
4ZTI RZPKK4KK OZ4PROKK OZKNJOJK RZN4TOPK
4ZT4 RZJROJK OZRRJRK OZPTROT OZI4H4J
4ZTO RZTHPH4 OZOH4TKK OZJJINT OZHHKTHK
4ZTP RZTNNRNK OZONIIH OZTPIIIK OZ4H4H4
4ZTT RZNTOPH OZKPTTOK OZNKIKN OZRHI44K
4ZNI OZIJHTH OZPONOIK KZIO4JJ OZOHIHKK
4ZN4 OZHPHIR OZJRHJR KZHRPKT OZKHHNK
4ZNO OZ4K4RIK OZTHKTP KZ4R4IKK OZPHKPR
4ZNP OZROKPJ OZNIHTO KZR4N4R OZJ4H4O
4ZNT OZOOHHPK OZNTNJI KZO4THRK OZT4TTH
RZII OZKRTTRK KZIJNONK KZK4TT4K OZNRTRJK
RZI4 OZPRTJHK KZHJH4J KZPRHRRK OZIKNNT
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Bang 2.9.5 (tiep)
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>
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RZIO OZJOITK KZ4PKIP KZJRKPN KZHPRPO
RZIP OZTOK4JK KZRPINHK KZTOHNOK KZ4JNOHK
RZIT OZNK4IO KZOKTTTK KZNKIHO KZRNJRRK
RZHI KZIPHHT KZKKNIHK PZIPIR4 KZKHJORK
RZH4 KZHJ4JK KZPHRK PZHJ4K4 KZPRNJP
RZHO KZ4TPJTK KZJPKNO PZ4TPK KZJPORK
RZHP KZOIRROK KZTJ4TO PZOIRHJ KZTNH4K
RZHT KZK44OKK KZZNT4IN PZK4HJHK PZI4ION
RZ4I KZPOOHT PZINRJKK PZPO4OJ PZHK4H4K
RZ44 KZJPTKK PZ4IJTJK PZJPKOTK PZ4TP4IK
RZ4O KZTNKPO PZR4OKHK PZTNITI PZO44JPK
RZ4P PZI4KOT PZOORJ4K JZIHTOT PZKPHTK
RZ4T PZHKTHR PZKPKKK JZHOTKJ PZJIRK4
RZRI PZ4NRPO PZPNIIPK JZ4THH4 PZTOJTHK
RZR4 PZOR4IP PZTHJR4 JZOHPHN PZNNOJT
RZRO PZKJROK PZNOJRJ JZKKRTR JZHHOOT
RZRP PZJHJTP JZITI4JK JZPNOHI JZ4NPNKK
RZRT PZTPKROK JZ4HPHI JZTRJIPK JZOK44P
RZOI JZIHKNJ JZRKONH JZNT4JJ JZPHIOK
RZO4 JZHPNJTK JZONPJPK TZHRH4JK JZJJHKTK
RZOO JZR4PTK JZPOHJ4K TZ4T4PP JZNRKJ4K
RZOP JZOTJ4R JZJTNTP TZORPNJ TZHI4NH
RZOT JZPKINN JZNOH4RK TZKNO4J TZ4JR44K
RZKI JZTHTHT TZINKN4K TZJKOPH TZOOPJIK
RZK4 JZNTTTT TZ4KRNTK TZNHTHR TZP4RO4K
RZKO TZHPROK TZOHKKI NZITOT4K TZTIROK
RZKP TZRHHIO TZKTIKRK NZ4KOJT TZNTPTOK
RZKT TZK44PH TZJONHPK NZO4TIJ NZHJRPPK
RZPI TZJITIH TZN4HOJI NZPIOJJ NZRPRNN
RZP4 TZTNJ44K NZINJKH NZJTONKK NZKKJTT
RZPO NZINIROK NZ4JJRT NZNPTPNK NZJKKOH
RZPP NZ4TJOPK NZOPHHKK HIZHKPIJK NZNKPPK
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Bang 2.9.5 (tiep)
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RZPT NZOTTPO NZPOTNH HIZRHJHJ HIZHPHPT
RZJI NZPNRNKK NZTOIJ4K HIZKO4IKK HIZRJIKPK
RZJ4 NZNIROI HIZIRPPNK HIZJOIT4 HIZKTRRTK
RZJO HIZHHJO4 HIZ4RPTNK HIZNORKK HIZTII44K
RZJP HIZRRKK4K HIZOOHKHK HHZHKIR4K HHZI4IHKK
RZJT HIZKKTHN HIZPKIROK HHZRPH4O HHZ4OP4PK
RZTI HIZJTKOIK HIZTPRJJK HHZKJPRJK HHZOJKPRK
RZT4 HHZIHJ4K HHZITHJNK HHZJNKT4 HHZJINROK
RZTO HHZ4KRTIK HHZRIOONK H4ZIHNPJK HHZNOJONK
RZTP HHZONKHT HHZKRHNJK H4Z4OTIR HHZHNIHPK
RZTT HHZJOHOOK HHZJPORRK H4ZOINTK H4ZORJOOK
RZNI HHZNN4JH H4ZIIHPPK H4ZJHTPO H4ZPTNORK
RZN4 H4Z4ONIKK H4Z4OOIJK H4ZNPHITK H4ZNOP44K
RZNO H4ZKHIKTK H4ZONHPPK HRZ4ITORK HRZ4IJNHK
RZNP H4ZJJJOIK H4ZJOOKRK HRZOPIJTK HRZOJOKNK
RZNT HRZIONPIK HRZII4JNK HRZJHT4KK HRZJOPRJK
OZII HRZR4J4NK HRZ4PPKP HRZNTINRK HOZI4RRP
OZI4 HRZPHIKJK HRZKRKNR HOZ4OTNKK HOZRIKPK
OZIO HRZTNNKKK HRZTHHIHK HOZK44OHK HOZKNRRKK
OZIP HOZHNOROK HOZINHNOK HOZTIHORK HOZTTPKTK
OZIT HOZONKIP HOZRJTTR HKZITPHR HKZHTKOK
OZHI HOZTIHTIK HOZPJHJN HKZRJPP4K HKZONIIJ
OZH4 HKZHHOJI HOZNJINOK HKZPJRIO HKZTIIKKK
OZHO HKZORRTPK HKZ4JPO4 HKZNJKKIK HPZHHJIR
OZHP HKZJKNO4K HKZKTTROK HPZ4TOHOK HPZORNPHK
OZHT HPZINHONK HKZNIPTO HPZKNNITK HPZJPTOO
OZ4I HPZORI4I HPZ4R4IOK HPZN4IOP HJZHIRP4K
OZ44 HPZJJKPT HPZKPOIN HJZ4OTOH HJZOOKRI
OZ4O HJZH4TIP HPZNIRH4 HJZKTRIJ HJZJNRPI
OZ4P HJZOTJOPK HJZ4ON4P HJZN4OKTK HTZHOTPJ
OZ4T HJZTKOIK HJZPI4PPK HTZ4JRIN HTZKHIPRK
OZRI HTZ44JNO HJZNPROJ HTZP4TJO HTZTJNPO
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Bang 2.9.5 (tiep)
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OZR4 HTZPIN4T HTZRRHTR HTZNNOPT HNZ4KKTR
OZRO HTZNNT44K HTZJIJTNK HNZRP4IPK HNZPRNRKK
OZRP HTZRNONH HNZINHTHK HNZJOIIK 4IZIRIRPK
OZRT HTZJNNON HNZOTRJO 4IZH4KJN 4IZO4NIH
OZOI 4IZ4H4H4 HNZTTRTK 4IZKHNOK 4IZTRKOK
OZO4 4IZPR4NP 4IZ4N44TK 4IZN4H4I 4HZ4ONTOK
OZOO 4HZIP4HJ 4IZJIN44 4HZRRH4I 4HZPJ4RK
OZOP 4HZONNNH 4HZHROT4K 4HZJONPR 44ZHIRHOK
OZOT 4HZNOPRK 4HZKPN4JK 44ZHJPPK 44ZKO4RNK
OZKI 44ZOIHPP 44ZIH4JO 44ZPH4OP 44ZNNI4J
OZK4 44ZTPPI4 44ZOPKOI 4RZIKJ44 4RZOOPNK
OZKO 4RZRRNPI 44ZN4JOO 4RZKHHHO 4RZNH4P4
OZKP 4RZT44KTK 44ZRNNIK 4RZNJORTK 4OZRTJOP
OZKT 4OZRHKHP 44ZTTIOH 4OZOOJHP 4OZTJHPP
OZPI 4OZTHJKHK 4OZRJHJ4 4OZN4NPPK 4KZRPKOH
OZP4 4KZR4NTO 4OZTJRHJK 4KZO44HI 4KZTPTNHK
OZPO 4KZTK4RRK 4KZRNONT 4KZN4OPPK 4PZRT4RP
OZPP 4PZRTK4I 4PZNIJRO 4PZORJKJ 4PZNIKNJ
OZPT 4PZN4TPK RPZOOIOP 4PZNPHIR 4JZORNNO
OZJI 4JZOT4TJ 4PZNTOKP 4JZONK4P 4JZNTOOT
OZJ4 4TZIOTINK 4JZKRNTK 4TZIOIOTK 4TZKRNT4
OZJO 4TZP4OKO 4TZHIPKK 4TZKNPNR 4NZHIPHJK
OZJP 4NZ4H4O4 4TZPTONIK 4NZHPOTR 4NZPTRJJK
OZJT 4NZTHHNPK 4NZ4JKHR 4NJOHOIK RIZ4J4TK
OZTI RIZO4ROH 4NZTJJOPK RIZRRKNH RIZTJRP4K
OZT4 RHZIOPNN RIZON4HOK RIZNRNKN RHZOTPRPK
OZTO RHZPT4NOK RHZHHNO4K RHZKKKPTK R4ZHHH4NK
OZTP R4ZRRHKR RHZJKNKK R4ZHTOOK R4ZJKTPT
OZTT R4ZNN4NT R4ZOH4JJ R4ZT4PHK RRZRNTJP
OZNI RRZPPJKP RRZIJNRP RRZOTHIK ROZIPHTH
OZN4 ROZRKKKO RRZJKNKPK ROZHONO4 ROZJRTINK
OZNO RKZIKJHJK RHZOKRPJ ROZTRHK4K RKZO4JTT
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Bang 2.9.5 (tiep)
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6
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>
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e
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OZNP RKZJJ4JOK RKZHPHNOK RKZK4JPKK RPZHRHOOK
OZNT RPZKI4KR RKZTTOPJ RPZ4RTHI RKZTONIT
KZII RJZ4OPTIK RPZP44HOK RPZNPRHOK RJZKTHIPK
KZI4 RTZIIKTPK RJZRJOPOK RJZJIRITK RTZR4JJIP
KZIO RTZJTIIH RTZHO4OT RTZOKT4R RNZITN4N
KZIP RNZKPNKO RTZN4KNK RNZ44TTN RNZTPPHO
KZIT OIZRJOJPK RNZJ4KRPK OIZIHKRJK OIZPKTKKK
KZHI OHZHNKNN OIZKOHIK OIZTHTIHI OHZOPPTP
KZH4 O4ZIRRKOK OHZRJRRHK OHZPRJH4K O4Z4NHRTK
KZHO O4ZTTJJKK O4Z444KI O4ZOJRIKK ORZHR4OP
KZHP JRZJKTNKK ORZITTNO ORZR4PHOK ORZNNIO4
KZHT OOZPOJON ORZNJ4NJ OOZHNPJR OOZTPKP4
KZ4I OKZKKRJI OOZTJONKK OKZITKHT OKZJKTOIK
KZ44 OPZOJJNOK OKZJNK4O OKZNNHTKK OPZPPNHK
KZ4O OJZO4IKTK OPZJROHNK OPZNHJHHK OJZKNT4IK
KZ4P OTZRTHNNK OJZPN4HN OJZTPHROK OTZKOKNP
KZ4T ONZRP4KK OTZPPNPI OTZT4ONR ONZKH4JN
KZRI KIZRP4PRK ONZPPPT4 ONZTIT4PK KIZONNIN
KZR4 KHZRT4PK KIZPTO4H KIZTHHJO KHZKIK4K
KZRO K4ZO44NT KHZJ444PK THZTRKJJ K4ZKRHPNK
KZRP KRZOTOIK K4ZJTH4NK K4ZTTIJJ KRZKJTT4K
KZRT KOZKPP4JK KRZTPHJPK KRZNOJHPK KOZPOJIPK
KZOI KKZPJIIT KOZNNOINK KKZIRKRN KKZJRPNKK
KZO4 KPZJNKTNK KPZITTJHK KPZHOKTJK KPZTOTPRK
KZOO KJZNOOHJK KJZ4RPIJK KJZ4JNITK KJZNT4TOK
KZOP KNZHHKRPK KTZOIPPRK KTZORKOJK KNZHRNNKK
KZOT PIZRINNR KNZPIITK KNZPHKKH PIZR4IO4
KZKI PHZK4TRH PIZTHNHN PIZTHNPJ PHZK4OJR
KZK4 P4ZJJHIT P4ZIP4HOK P4ZIOTOO P4ZJKRRJK
KZKO POZIRTPO PRZRRI4I PRZRI4R4 POZIIPTO
KZKP PKZRRHK4 POZP4RTKK POZKTHT4 PKZ4TKPRK
KZKT PPZPKI4H PKZNORPRK PKZTTJOK PPZKNI4TK
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Bang 2.9.5 (tiep)
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KZPI PJZNNKRH PJZ4NIIO PJZ4HNJO PJZN4HRH
KZP4 RPZRPJ4J PTZPPRP4K PTZKJN4R PNZ4JN4KK
KZPO JIZJPPPK JIZIPONHK PNZNPPOJK JIZPPOPPK
KZPP J4ZHNOIO JHZONOOT JHZRT4I4 J4ZIJTHI
KZPT JRZPONNJK J4ZNK4TJ J4ZT4PHOK JRZK4IHO
KZJI JKZHRKIO JOZOOIPJ JOZRIIRR JOZNNHRP
KZJ4 JPZPONTR JKZNKTOJ JKZTIO4J JPZON4RK
KZJO JTZHNONO JJZKIPTPK JJZRRTTJ JTZI4RJRK
KZJP JNZJJINTK JNZITPOJK JTZNIOJKK JNZKTPHHK
KZJT THZRJTKNK TIZPNJNHK TIZKI4KOK THZHTIHRK
KZTI TRZIHTOIK T4ZROHTRK 4ZHR4TTK T4ZTIPORK
KZT4 TOZPNHIJ TOZIHTTJ TRZJNPOO TOZOPKPJ
KZTO TPZRNJ4KK TKZJ4NJI TKZONRTPK TPZHKTK4
KZTP TTZHRJPOK TJZOJONN TJZ4KKTKK TJZTTKPP
KZTT TNZNH4N4 TNZ4KKORK TTZNNRHI TNZPOJJTK
KZNI NHZJ4RJN NHZIJHJO NIZJNPRH NHZHOKP4
KZN4 NRZKJINTK N4ZN4OPR N4ZPRP4HK NRZ4JNTT
KZNO NKZOKK4RK NOZTHOTR NOZKHRKOK NKZHKHR4
KZNP NJZRJJ4N NPZJORIN NPZO4NIP NJZIPIPT
KZNT NNZRRJN4 NTZJHIHT NTZRTRKR NNZIITJO
PZII HIHZRRJNIK HIIZJHPTJ HIIZRJJJRK HIIZNNP4N
PZIH HI4ZRK4NIK HIHZJRKRHK HIHZRTNNTK HI4ZIIKHHK
PZI4 HIRZRJTIO HI4ZJPRNP HI4ZOH4OJ HIRZI4OH4
PZIR HIOZOHRO4 HIRZTI4TH HIRZOOKRI HIOZIKROI
PZIO HIKZOKNHOK HIOZTK44PK HIOZOTTKPK HIKZINRIPK
PZIP HIJZKT4IOK HIPZNT4PIK HIPZPIPTOK HIJZ4IRNOK
PZIJ HITZPKNOR HITZIPRTH HIJZPT4IJ HITZ4JKRT
PZIT HINZJOJKTK HINZHKKTR HITZJPTHKK HINZRKJP4
PZIN HHIZTOPP4 HHIZ4KTJN HINZTPK44 HHIZOKIJT
PZHI HHHZNKPPO HHHZRJ4TI HHIZNJRRJ HHHZKKONP
PZHH HHRZIJJJK HH4ZONJNPK HH4ZIN4JHK HH4ZPJI4TK
PZH4 HHOZ4HIIT HHRZPRORNK HHRZ44RRJ HHRZJNPTKK
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Bang 2.9.5 (tiep)
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PZHR HHKZRKRJR HHOZJT44I HHOZRPKOH HHHZNROJN
PZHO HHPZKITTHK HHKZNOHKIK HHKZKHNIHK HHPZITO4IK
PZHP HHTZTKRJKK HHTZ4NKIKK HHJZTPHRRK HHTZOHJN4K
PZHJ H4IZIORTK HHNZOTNKRK HHNZIKI4K HHNZPI4OJK
PZHT H4HZ4OKTOK H4IZPNKNJ H4IZ4KHHPK H4IZJNTNJ
PZHN H44ZOKNTJ H4HZNHOON H4HZOPO4H H44ZIIJKO
PZ4 H4RZPTPIH H4RZHHK4H H44ZPTNKI H4RZ44TRI
PZ4H H4OZN4OOJK H4OZRTT4K H4RZN4JHKK H4OZOPHRJ
PZ44 H4PZHJKRIK H4KZPORJO H4KZHJJRIK H4KZJIPTT
PZ4R H4JZORTPP H4PZNHHTI H4PZOOIIJ H4PZNPONP
PZ4O H4TZJHOPK H4TZHN4KK H4JZJHKKT H4TZ4RKJ4K
PZ4P HRHZRIKIT HRIZJN4PPK HRIZRIKRK HRIZTHKTHK
PZ4J HR4ZPHNJJK HR4ZHH44T HRHZPHNTPK HR4ZH4KOP
PZ4T HRRZNOJPR HRRZOOKHIK HR4ZNOJPO HRRZOOT4NK

Bang 2.9.6: Bang tra gi tri cc hm m
i
de tnh dong luc hoc cc khung
v dam lien tuc
l m
H
0l5 m
4
0l5 m
R
0l5 t e
H
0l5 m
O
0l5 t e
4
0l5 m
K
0l5 m
P
0l5 t e
K
0l5
H 4 R O K P J
IZII HZIIIII HZIIIII HZIIIII HZIIIII HZIIIII HZIIIII
IZHI HZIIIII HZIIIII HZIIIII HZIIIII HZIIIII HZIIIII
IZ4I HZIIIII HZIIIIH IZNNNNN HZIIIIH IZNNNNN IZNNNNK
IZRI IZNNNNT HZIIIIR IZNNNNR HZIIIIR IZNNNNO IZNNNJJ
IZOI IZNNNNO HZIIIIN IZNNNJT HZIIIHO IZNNNTO IZNNN4J
IZKI IZNNNTK HZIII44 IZNNNOK HZIIIR4 IZNNNPI IZNNT4H
IZPI IZNNNPN HZIIIOP IZNNTTJ HZIIIPJ IZNNNHT IZNNPRI
IZJI IZNNNOR HZIIITP IZNNJNI HZIIH4O IZNNTOJ IZNNRHO
IZTI IZNNNI4 HZIIHOP IZNNPO4 HZII4HH IZNNJRN IZNTT4T
IZNI IZNNNOO HZII4RK IZNNO4J HZIIRRN IZNNKT4 IZNTH4H
HZII IZNNJPH HZIIRKT IZNNH4P HZIIKHJ IZNNRPR IZNJHRR
HZHI IZNNPKI HZIIK4K IZNTJHN HZIIJKT IZNNIPK IZNKJNP
HZ4I IZNNKIO HZIIJOO IZNTHTO HZIHIJK IZNTPJR IZNOIRO
HZRI IZNNRHJ HZIHI4P IZNJONP HZIHOTR IZNTHPJ IZNHJP4

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Bang 2.9.6 (tiep)
l m
H
0l5 m
4
0l5 m
R
0l5 t e
H
0l5 m
O
0l5 t e
4
0l5 m
K
0l5 m
P
0l5 t e
K
0l5
H 4 R O K P J
HZOI IZNNIJN HZIHRTO IZNPP4J HZI4III IZNJK4K IZTTTT4
HZKI IZNTJTO HZIHT4T IZNKKOJ HZI4POR IZNPJ4R IZTK4TN
HZPI IZNTO44 HZI4RJK IZNO44R HZIRORR IZNKJRO IZTITKN
HZJI IZNJNTR HZIRIRN IZN4PHT HZIORNO IZNOK4K IZJKOKK
HZTI IZNJOKK HZIRTRT IZNIPN4 HZIKKKH IZNRIPI IZPTN4I
HZNI IZNPT4P HZIOJNH IZTTOII HZIPNRR IZNH4NT IZPHIJH
4ZII IZNPITR HZIKN44 IZTKPNO HZITKJ4 IZTNHTT IZKHPNT
4ZHI IZNK4HI HZIJ4KK IZT4KHN HZHIKIJ IZTPPJH IZOIKK4
4Z4I IZNOHTN HZITTHN IZJTTHK HZH4JJT IZTRPJT IZ4JRRO
4ZRI IZNRIII HZHIPOP IZJOKH4 HZHKORP IZTIH4I IZHHPTK
4ZOI IZNHP44 HZH4JJP IZPNKRR HZHTKRP IZJKTNH M IZIPTRT
4ZKI IZNII4J HZHK4K4 IZPRJTN HZ44HOP IZJITKK M IZ4TJN4
4ZPI IZTTHTJ HZHTH4H IZKJHJT HZ4PROK IZPOTRT M IZKOTTK
4ZJI IZTPIPH HZ4OOPK IZONKT4 HZRH44J IZKJPHI M IZTPIO4
4ZTI IZTRPHT HZ4KROI IZOITKN HZRPNIP IZOTTPO M HZ4RONN
4ZNI IZTIJNJ HZ4NTOO IZRITOO HZORK4I IZRTHJK M HZPTNKO
RZII IZJJKOI HZRKITN IZHNRRP HZKH4OH IZ4ONRJ M 4Z4OTHJ
RZHI IZJRJJ4 HZOH4HJ IZIPINI HZPI4T4 IZIT4KP M 4ZNOPRP
RZ4I IZPNRNN HZHTOIO M IZINHNJ HZJINHO M IZHR4K4 M RZNRTTI
RZRI IZPHRII HZKPTJJ M IZ4PNIT HZNROTO M IZOHTOJ M KZIHOJ4
RZOI IZKTR44 HZPPNRH M IZOJKRO HZNTOOO M IZTHKI4 M PZPRIKN
RZKI IZKH4PH HZJTNKN M IZJHJHJ 4ZHPRNP M HZRNNIP M TZNTPJJ
RZPI IZO4TOK HZNRONH M HZIIR4H 4ZRTHPI M 4ZROHKI M H4ZJP4I
RZJI IZR4PNH 4ZHH4PN M HZROKRI 4ZPOTJO M OZHHHTH M HNZTIPT
RZTI IZ4I4JH 4ZRRRKH M HZJPIRH 4ZNTHJR M TZPTRTR M RJZTOKI
RZNI IZIOJTI 4ZPHRHI M 4Z4JRIO RZOIOTO M OJZKKKR M HNIZPTT
OZII M IZHKIIT 4ZNJKTI M 4ZN4HJJ RZNKKJR HNZOPJP J4ZKTN4
OZHI M IZHHINN RZOPHKH M RZJPTTI OZPNPIT NZHJIHK R4ZIHON
OZ4I M IZJJIIO OZHOI4R M OZN4R44 KZJRO4P PZRNRO4 4IZNTOO
OZRI M HZ4NKI4 KZHOJ4H M PZKNKHJ JZ4JNP4 KZIN4JR HKZJORK
OZOI M 4ZHRKPT PZJTHJI M NZ4OTNK NZJNKPO OZRRIPT H4ZPIJH
OZKI M RZJI4H4 NZTPRKI M HOZHJKR HOZJK4H RZTH4RKT HIZOPIR
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Bang 2.9.6 (tiep)
l m
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0l5 m
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H
0l5 m
O
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4
0l5 m
K
0l5 m
P
0l5 t e
K
0l5
H 4 R O K P J
OZPI M JZPPKKI HJZJROP M 4PZHN44 4PZJ4KN RZOKPIR TZTOJPR
OZJI M RJZNOJJ JTZ4RT4 M H4IZRJO H4IZORI RZHJRHH JZKOTIK
OZTI HTZRIHT M ROZRR4T KRZTRNI M KRZNKKT 4ZNOH4K PZORNNR
OZNI TZRORJP M HOZHTRI 44ZNIKR M 4RZ4K4R 4ZJOK4I KZOHNPK
KZII KZJHTP4 NZRJHKT HOZJTPP M HKZRP4K 4ZKJ44H OZK4TTJ
KZHI OZKOOOT M JZIONON HIZNJH4 M HHZJNPP 4ZHHOHN RZPO4RN
KZ4I RZTOHJ4 M KZJRTRH TZJI4RJ M NZTIIIP 4Z4PK4R 4ZJPPKP
KZRI RZRJOTN M OZNITI4 JZHKPNN M TZKK444 4ZH4IPP HZTJPJI
KZOI RZIRPTK M OZROKRN PZII4OR M JZJ4R4P HZNJPKO IZNKRJR
KZKI 4ZJJKNI M RZNOTRI KZIJJTI M JZHKKKN HZT4N4K M IZI44HO
KZPI 4ZKPRNR M RZPPHNO OZ4NKIK M PZJPKI4 HZPJKHT M HZIJ4IP
KZJI 4ZRTO4I M RZOKOKK RZPIH4R M TZKIRHP HZKHIHP M 4Z44IHN
KZTI 4Z4KNP M RZRIPPT 4ZNPHTR M PZROINH HZRRIKT M RZONKTI
KZNI 4ZITHTP M RZ4IP4J 4ZRK4KT M PZ4PIKH HZHRIIR M OZNRPIR
PZII HZNOPKO M RZHOONJ HZJKKIT M PZ4KHO4 IZNIHPO M PZKNIHI
PZHI HZTHKJN M RZHHTPR HZHKOHN M PZRITHP IZPRKPO M TZK4KNI
PZ4I HZPTPIN M RZH4OKH IZKRPRK M PZO4NIT IZRHTHI M HIZTOHH

Bang 2.9.6 (tiep)
l m
J
0l5 e
R
0l5 e
O
0l5 e
P
0l5 e
J
0l5 e
T
0l5
T N HI HH H4 HR HO
0,00 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000
0,10 1,00000 1,00000 1,00000 0,9999 8 1,00000 0,99999
0,20 1,00002 0,99995 1,00002 0,99974 1,00007 0,99987
0,30 1,00011 0,99975 1,00009 0,9989 1,00038 0,9993
0,40 1,00034 0,99921 1,00027 0,99585 1,00119 0,99799
0,50 1,00082 0,9980 1,0007 0,98988 1,00290 0,99509
0,0 1,00170 0,99599 1,00139 0,97901 1,0002 0,98981
0,70 1,00315 0,99257 1,00257 0,9111 1,0111 0,98112
0,80 1,00537 0,98732 1,00439 0,9332 1,0190 0,9779
0,90 1,0082 0,9798 1,00704 0,8931 1,03057 0,94837
1,00 1,0131 0,9902 1,01074 0,83772 1,047 0,92125
1,10 1,01931 0,9542 1,01575 0,721 1,0850 0,88458
1,20 1,02743 0,9359 1,02234 0,24 1,09733 0,8330
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Bang 2.9.6 (tiep)
l m
J
0l5 e
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0l5 e
O
0l5 e
P
0l5 e
J
0l5 e
T
0l5
T N HI HH H4 HR HO
1,30 1,03792 0,91135 1,03083 0,53448 1,1342 0,77412
1,40 1,05125 0,8804 1,04157 0,37238 1,18201 0,9549
1,50 1,0794 0,84252 1,05495 0,17050 1,24142 0,59757
1,0 1,08859 0,79583 1,07141 - 0,0778 1,31504 0,47721
1,70 1,11391 0,73933 1,09144 - 0,37944 1,40540 0,33090
1,80 1,14470 0,715 1,11557 - 0,74297 1,51549 0,1548
1,90 1,18194 0,59133 1,14442 - 1,17151 1,4887 - 0,05590
2,00 1,2275 0,4973 1,17870 - 1,932 1,80980 - 0,30593
2,10 1,28054 0,3809 1,21920 - 2,30348 2,0034 - 0,012
2,20 1,34499 0,2574 1,283 - 3,02127 2,2321 - 0,9489
2,30 1,42221 0,1084 1,322 - 3,8381 2,5103 - 1,3528
2,40 1,5148 - 0,025 1,38794 - 4,85132 2,85300 - 1,83370
2,50 1,231 - 0,25921 1,4412 - ,0085 3,2008 - 2,39277
2,0 1,7099 - 0,48401 1,5529 - 7,350 3,75427 - 3,04824
2,70 1,92479 - 0,74051 1,555 - 8,9474 4,35821 - 3,8189
2,80 2,125 - 1,0327 1,77743 - 10,8553 5,10279 - 4,7293
2,90 2,37573 - 1,3510 1,91871 - 13,1085 ,03118 - 5,8133
3,00 2,8795 - 1,74324 2,08425 - 15,8228 7,20554 - 7,1172
3,10 3,0890 - 2,1730 2,27887 - 19,141 8,71851 - 8,70949
3,20 3,1495 - 2,408 2,50873 - 23,2841 10,7144 - 10,929
3,30 4,321 - 3,22447 2,78172 - 28,053 13,4304 - 13,2357
3,40 5,32940 - 3,8709 3,10821 - 35,7248 17,2849 - 1,30
3,50 ,831 - 4,0787 3,50200 - 45,83 23,0905 - 21,441
3,0 9,29380 - 5,4784 3,98191 - 1,5871 32,572 - 28,9184
3,70 13,9908 - ,4755 4,57418 - 90,279 50,9940 - 42,509
3,80 2,2273 - 7,7158 5,315 - 12,24 98,9449 - 7,5449
3,90 131,07 - 9,11447 3,2517 - 74,081 510,81 - 30,744
4,00 - 50,0202 - 10,8945 7,50722 29,204 - 200,997 127,01
4,10 - 22,3504 - 13,1577 9,1859 108,347 - 92,448 51,050
4,20 - 15,0017 - 1,1590 11,5520 3,471 - 3,774 29,7927
4,30 - 11,541 - 20,3881 15,0923 41,2098 - 50,8504 19,2100
4,40 - 9,77808 - 2,9254 20,8829 27,081 - 43,7338 12,412
4,50 - 8,094 - 38,7254 31,8739 1,7007 - 39,4279 7,47032
4,0 - 7,83952 - 7,8215 0,0939 8,25542 - 3,7214 3,38788
4,70 - 7,31942 - 28,451 277,775 0,8832 - 35,035 - 0,20327
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Bang 2.9.6 (tiep)
l m
J
0l5 e
R
0l5 e
O
0l5 e
P
0l5 e
J
0l5 e
T
0l5
T N HI HH H4 HR HO
4,80 - ,9999 117882 - 127,584 - 5,95313 - 34,073 - 3,5345
4,90 - ,74570 45,470 - 5,2845 - 12,5144 - 33,417 - ,7583
5,00 - ,1931 2,0348 38,0519 - 19,0240 - 33,11 - 9,9388
5,10 - ,57441 1,558 29,8773 - 25,381 - 34,0712 - 13,232
5,20 - ,015 10,284 25,314 - 32,4852 - 34,8473 - 1,251
5,30 - ,922 ,3338 22,5990 - 39,811 - 35,9872 - 20,1978
5,40 - ,85771 2,8932 20,8558 - 47,3398 - 37,5073 - 24,008
5,50 - 7,08877 - 0,0147 - 19,777 - 55,5820 - 39,4429 - 28,1115
5,0 - 7,3952 - 2,7489 - 18,919 - 4,5540 - 41,849 - 32,5797
5,70 - 7,78837 - 5,29338 - 18,590 - 74,3878 - 44,8078 - 37,4921
5,80 - 8,28201 - 7,78152 - 18,4354 - 85,314 - 48,4303 - 42,9490
5,90 - 8,89804 - 10,272 - 18,5245 - 97,5837 - 52,8743 - 49,0801
,00 - 9,722 - 12,8279 - 18,817 - 111,542 - 58,310 - 5,0589
,10 - 10,340 - 15,4813 - 19,3091 - 127,70 - 5,2074 - 4,1290
,20 - 11,842 - 18,2790 - 20,0042 - 14,59 - 73,8813 - 73,279

2.10. L thuyt do v t bin
2.10.1. L thuyt do
L thuyet deo (LTD) nghien cu cch tnh ton ket cau khi trong ket cau xuat
hien bien dang deo. Ve nguyen tac, de tm ng suat, bien dang v chuyen vi LTD cng
xay dung cc phuong trnh can bang, hnh hoc v vat l nhu trong l thuyet dn hoi
(LTH) trnh by o muc 2.. Khc biet co ban gia LTD v LTH the hien o hai diem:
+ LTD phai xay dung them dieu kien deo (cn goi l tieu chuan deo) de biet o vi tr
no trong ket cau vat lieu bat dau xuat hien bien dang deo.
+ Do o giai doan chay deo bien dang khong cn tuan theo dinh luat Hc (Hook)
na nen phuong trnh vat l bieu dien lien he gia ng suat v bien dang trong
LTD khc vi phuong trnh vat l bieu dien lien he gia ng suat v bien dang
trong LTH.
1. ieu kien d+o
ieu kien deo l tieu chuan duoc thiet lap theo ng suat tai mot diem de lm can
c nhan biet vat lieu tai diem d chuyen t giai doan dn hoi sang giai doan chay deo.
Vi thanh chiu luc doc truc, vat lieu o diem bat ky trong thanh buc vo giai doan
chay deo khi ng suat ko hoac nn tai d dat den gii han chay (s
c
). Vi vat lieu dn
deo l tuong, quan he gia ng suat v bien dang trong trung hop chiu ko doc truc
duoc bieu dien o hnh 2.10.1.
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Hnh 2.10.1: Quan he s - e khi chiu ko doc truc vi vat lieu dn deo l tuong

Trung hop chiu luc tong qut dieu kien deo duoc bieu dien o dang:

( )
x y z xy yz zx
f , , , , , K 0 s s s t t t = (2.10.1)
trong d K l hang so vat lieu duoc xc dinh bang th nghiem.

Hm f duoc goi l hm deo, cn mat xc dinh boi phuong trnh (2.10.1) duoc goi
l mat chay deo. Dui day trnh by hai dieu kien deo thung duoc ng dung trong tnh
ton ket cau kim loai hoac dat nen.

a. iu kin do Phn Mi-zes (Von Mises)

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2 2
x y y z z x xy yz zx c
2 s - s + s - s + s - s + t + t + t = s
(2.10.2)
trong d s
c
l gii han chay cua vat lieu trong trung hop chiu luc doc truc.

Trong khong gian cua he truc toa do c phuong trng vi phuong cua ba ng suat
chnh s
1
, s
2
, s
3
phuong trnh (2.10.2) bieu dien mot mat tru elp c truc nghieng deu
vi ba truc toa do (hnh 2.10.2 a).

Hnh 2.10.2: Mat deo Mi-zes (a) v mat deo Mo-Cu-long (b)
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b. iu kin do Mo-Cu-lng (Mohr -Coulomb)

ieu kien deo Mo-Cu-long duoc bieu dien qua ng suat chnh o dang:

1 2 3 2 3
2 3 1 3 1
3 1 2 1 2
1 1
f sin c cos 0
2 2
1 1
f sin ccos 0
2 2
1 1
f sin c cos 0
2 2
= s - s + s + s j- j =
= s - s + s + s j- j =
= s - s + s + s j- j =
(2.10.3)
trong d c v j l luc dnh v gc ma st trong cua dat xc dinh bang th nghiem.

Trong khong gian cua he truc toa do c phuong trng vi phuong cua ba ng suat
chnh s
1
, s
2
, s
3
phuong trnh (2.10.3) bieu dien mot mat chp dy luc gic c truc
nghieng deu vi ba truc toa do (hnh 2.10.2 b).


Trong l thuyet deo ton tai nhieu l thuyet khc nhau, trong d l thuyet duoc
su dung rong ri nhat l ly thuyet chay deo. Theo l thuyet ny, vi vat lieu dn deo
l tuong (hnh 2.10.1) o giai doan chay deo bien dang deo c gi tri rat ln nen thay
cho bien dang deo su dung mot dai luong goi l gia so bien dang deo de xc dinh bang
cong thc:

x xy
x xy
y yz
y yz
z zx
z zx
f f
d d
f f
d d
f f
d d

e = l g = l
s t

e = l g = l
s t

e = l g = l
s t
(2.10.2)
trong d l l mot dai luong vo hung.
l = 0 khi vat lieu cn lm viec trong giai doan dn hoi,
l > 0 khi vat lieu buc sang giai doan chay deo.

Bieu thc (2.10.2) cho lien he gia bien dang v ng suat trong giai doan chay
deo. chnh l phuong trnh vat l trong l thuyet chay deo.
Can ch l cong thc tren chi dng vi qu trnh gia tai don, nghia l tat ca cc
tai trong dat vo ket cau deu tuan theo quy luat gia tai tinh, chng c gi tri tang dan t
0 den gi tri xc dinh vi cng mot toc do.

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3. Phuong php giai
Ve nguyen tac, dua vo phuong trnh can bang, phuong trnh hnh hoc, dieu kien
deo, phuong trnh vat l v dieu kien bien c the tm duoc nghiem l ng suat, bien
dang v chuyen vi cua ket cau khi xt den bien dang deo cua vat lieu ket cau. Trong
tnh ton cong trnh thung quan tam den hai loai bi ton sau:
+ Xc dinh vi tr v kch thuc cua vng bien dang deo. V du, vi dung ham chiu
p luc ben trong p nhu o hnh 2.10.3, tnh ton d chi ra rang bien dang deo bat
dau xuat hien o mp trong v lan rong trong vng a r c , trong d r l bn knh
cua vng deo.

Hnh 2.10.3: Vng bien dang deo quanh lo khot

+ Xc dinh tai trong gii han khi ket cau dat den trang thi can bang gii han, c
nghia l gii han toi da ve mat chiu luc. Bi ton ny duoc p dung de xc dinh
sc chiu cua nen hoac tnh ton an ton cua mi doc v.v...

ieu can ni o day l so bi ton cua l thuyet deo c the giai duoc bang phuong
php giai tch chi han che o nhng ket cau c dang hnh hoc, dang tai trong v dieu kien
bien khong phc tap. Ngoi nhng trung hop ny thung phai dng phuong php so,
cu the l phuong php phan tu hu han trnh by o muc 2.11.

2.10.2. L thuyt t bin
1. Khi niem
Bien dang nghien cu trong l thuyet dn hoi v l thuyet deo l bien dang tc
thi ngay sau khi dat tai trong vo ket cau. Bien dang ny duoc xem nhu khong thay
doi trong suot thi gian ket cau chiu tai trong. Thuc te khong phai nhu vay, vi mot
so loai vat lieu nhu thp lm viec trong dieu kien nhiet do cao, be tong, dat, d, vat lieu
polyme... lm viec trong dieu kien nhiet do bnh thung, mac d tai trong gi gi tri
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khong doi trong suot thi gian dat tai bien dang van tang mot luong dng ke vi toc do
rat cham. Hien tuong ny duoc goi l t bien (bien dang cham- creep). T bien cua vat
lieu lm viec trong giai doan dn hoi duoc Ken-vin mo phong boi bien dang cua co he
gom mot l xo v mot xi lanh thuy luc (hnh 2.10.3 a), trong d bien dang dn hoi cua
l xo mo ta bien dang dn hoi cua vat lieu, bien dang cua xi lanh thuy luc mo ta t bien
cua vat lieu. T bien cua vat lieu dn deo l tuong duoc mo phong boi co he gom mot
l xo, mot phanh ma st v mot xi lanh thuy luc (hnh 2.10.2 b), trong d phanh ma st
mo ta co che chay deo cua vat lieu. Phanh mat ma st ng vi tnh huong vat lieu buc
sang giai doan chay deo.

Hnh 2.10.3: Mo hnh vat lieu dn nht (a) v dn deo nht (b)

Nguoc lai cua hien tuong t bien l hien tuong chng ng suat (relaxation). ay
l hien tuong muon gi nguyen bien dang do ngoai luc hoac ng suat gay ra theo thi
gian th tuong ng phai giam ngoai luc hoac ng suat d.

Trong tnh ton cong trnh thung su dung l thuyet t bien di truyen tuyen tnh.
Theo l thuyet ny bien dang tai mot thi diem no d khong chi phu thuoc vo ng
suat o tai thi diem d m cn phu thuoc vo lich su cua bien dang truc d v duoc
tnh bang cong thc:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
t
tb
0
0
t
e t K t d
E
s
= + - t s t t
(2.10.3)
trong d:
- So hang th nhat bieu dien bien dang tc thi e
0
o thi diem t gay ra boi ng
suat s(t):
- So hang th hai bieu dien bien dang pht trien theo thi gian gay ra boi ng suat
bien doi theo thi gian s(t):
- ( ) K t - t : Nhan t bien, dac trung cho anh huong cua tai trong dat o thi diem t o
truc thi diem t den bien dang o thi diem t.
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T (2.10.3) suy ra:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
0
0
t E t R t d s = e - - t e t t
(2.10.4)
trong d:
- So hang th nhat bieu dien ng suat ban dau o thi diem t:
- So hang th hai bieu dien su bien doi cua ng suat theo thi gian khi bien dang e
bien doi theo thi gian:
- ( ) R t - t : Nhan chng ng suat, dac trung cho anh huong cua bien dang xuat hien
o thi diem t den ng suat o thi diem t.

Trung hop s = const t (2.10.3) c:
( ) ( )
t
0
0
1
t K t dt
E

e = s +

Trung hop e = const t (2.10.4) c:
( ) ( )
t
0
0
t E R t dt

s = e -

Ve ban chat vat l, hm K(t) l toc do bien dang khi ng suat c gi tri bang don
vi, cn hm R(t) l ng suat can thiet de gay ra bien dang bang don vi. K(t) duoc xc
dinh t dung cong toc do bien dang khi s = const, cn R(t) duoc xc dinh t dung
cong toc do chng khi e = const.
Vi vat lieu duoc mo phong boi mo hnh Ken-vin toc do bien dang t bien l mot
hm phu thuoc vo ng suat v bien dang hien tai.
O trang thi ng suat don hm ny duoc xc dinh bang cong thc:

d
a b
dt
e
= s- e (2.10.5)
trong d a, b l cc hang so vat lieu xc dinh bang th nghiem.

Bien dang o thi diem t + Dt duoc xc dinh bang cong thc:

( )
b t b t
t t t
a
e 1 e
b
- D - D
+D
e = e + s - (2.10.)
O bi ton bien dang phang bien dang o thi diem t + Dt duoc xc dinh bang cong
thc tuong tu:
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( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
b t b t
x, t t x, t x y
b t b t
y, t t x, t y x
b t b t
xy, t t x, t xy
1 a
e 1 e
1 2 1 1 2 1 b
1 a
e 1 e
1 2 1 1 2 1 b
1 a
e 1 e
2 1 b
- D - D
+D
- D - D
+D
- D - D
+D

- m m
e = e + s + s -

- m + m - m + m

- m m
e = e + s + s -

- m + m - m + m

g = e + t -
+ m

(2.10.7)

3. Phuong php giai
Nghiem giai tch cua bi ton t bien cng chi thu duoc cho nhng trung hop
don gian, vi cc trung hop khc thung phai dng phuong php so. Khi giai chia
khoang thi gian xem xt thnh nhieu thi doan v thuc hien tnh ton cho tng thi
doan. Trong moi thi doan thuc hien php tnh lap de tnh gan dng ng suat v bien
dang cho den khi sai so cua ket qua tnh ton gia hai buc lap lien tiep dat tri cho php.

2.11. Ph- ng php s gii cc bi ton kt cu
2.11.1. M u
Vi ket cau he thanh sieu tinh cc phuong php truyen thong cua Co hoc ket
cau nhu phuong php luc, phuong php chuyen vi... ve nguyen tac c the giai ket cau
bat ky, nhung vi cc ket cau phc tap th khong the tnh bang tay m tnh bang my
th kh xay dung mot phan mem de c the giai cho nhieu loai ket cau. Vi cc ket cau
tam, vo, ket cau dang khoi hoac ket cau duoc dua ve giai o dang bi ton phang, de
tm chuyen vi v noi luc hoac ng suat cua ket cau, phuong php truyen thong cua L
thuyet dn hoi l thiet lap phuong trnh vi phan cua chuyen vi hoac ng suat, sau d
giai cc phuong trnh ny de tm dang giai tch cua hm bieu dien cc dai luong d.
Song so bi ton c the giai de thu duoc li giai o dang giai tch m thung quen goi l
li giai chnh xc chi han che o nhng trung hop ket cau c dang hnh hoc, lien ket v
tai trong khong phc tap. e khac phuc han che cua cc phuong php truyen thong
dng trong Co hoc ket cau v L thuyet dn hoi, t nhng nam 0 cua the ky XX, khi
my tnh dien tu bat dau pht trien, nhieu phuong php gan dng giai bang so tren my
tnh cng duoc pht trien. Khc vi phuong php giai tch, phuong php so khong tm
dang giai tch cua hm chuyen vi hoac ng suat m tm tri cua cc hm d o mot tap
hu han cc diem trong ket cau. Vi tr cua cc diem do ngui tnh tu chon theo yeu cau
tnh ton.
Ba phuong php so thung duoc dng de giai cc bi ton ket cau l phuong php
sai phan hu han (SPHH), phuong php phan tu hu han (PTHH) v phuong php phan
tu bien (PTB), trong d ng dung pho bien nhat l phuong php PTHH. Trong khuon
kho cuon sch ny chi trnh by phuong php PTHH.
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2.11.2. C s ca phng php phn t hu hn (PTHH)
1. Nguyen l chung
Khi tnh bang phuong php PTHH ket cau duoc chia thnh nhieu phan nho, moi
phan duoc goi l mot phan tu (element). Cc phan tu thung duoc chon c dang hnh
hoc don gian. Chang han, vi ket cau he thanh phan tu thung duoc chon l mot doan
cua thanh. Vi tam, vo hoac bi ton phang (ng suat phang, bien dang phang) thung
chon phan tu c dang tam gic hoac t gic. Vi ket cau dang khoi thung chon phan tu
c dang khoi chp hoac lang tru... (hnh 2.11.1).
Cc phan tu duoc xem nhu chi duoc noi vi nhau o diem chia gia hai doan (phan
tu thanh), o dinh cua tam gic, t gic, dinh cua khoi chp, khoi lang tru (phan tu phang
hoac khoi). Cc diem ny duoc goi l cc diem nut (node) cua mang lui phan tu.
Trong mot so trung hop nt cn duoc chon them l mot so diem o tren doan (phan tu
thanh), tren canh (phan tu tam gic, t gic hoac phan tu khoi).
Ve nguyen tac, lui phan tu cng dy, so diem nt cng nhieu th do chnh xc
cua ket qua cng ln. Tuy vay, trong thuc te p dung cng khong can phai chia lui
phan tu qu dy. Mat khc, khong nhat thiet phai chia cc phan tu c kch thuc nhu
nhau m nen dng lui phan tu c kch thuc nho o nhng vng hm phai tm c kha
nang bien thien manh ve gi tri, v du vng xung quanh cc lo khot trong than dap,
vng gan cc vi tr dat tai tap trung... cn o cc vng khc th dng lui phan tu c kch
thuc ln hon. Nhu vay va dat do chnh xc cao, va giam duoc kch thuc cua bi
ton phai giai.

Hnh 2.11.1: Mot so dang phan tu thung dng

e xc dinh vi tr cua phan tu v diem nt trong mang lui phan tu moi phan tu
v moi diem nt duc dnh mot so ma. Cch dnh so m don gian nhat l dng cc so
tu nhien 1, 2, 3... de gn cho moi phan tu v moi diem nt. Th tu dnh so khong anh
huong den do chnh xc cua ket qua. Rieng vi nt, neu ket cau c dang di v hep nen
chon th tu dnh so nt theo chieu hep (hnh 2.11.2 a). Vi cch dnh so ny my s
ton t thi gian giai hon so vi cch dnh so th tu nt theo chieu di (hnh 2.11.2 b).
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Hnh 2.11.2: Cch dnh cc ma nt

\e cach giai, phuong phap PIHH l mot phuong phap gan dung. nghia gan
dng the hien o cho trong mien cua mot phan tu chon mot hm no d de bieu dien gan
dng dang cua hm phai tm trong mien cua phan tu d. Hm duoc chon goi l hm xap
xi. e don gian, dang cua hm thung duoc chon l mot da thc nguyen. Bac cua da
thc lay du ln de thoa mn dieu kien hoi tu cua li giai. Thong thung, vi moi dang
ket cau phai chon mot dang bac cua da thc. n cua bi ton l he so cua da thc. Van
de dat ra l phai xc dinh cc he so ny de hm xap xi mo ta st nhat dang cua hm
thuc. Khc vi cc phuong php gan dng khc, o phuong php PTHH cc he so cua da
thc nguyen duoc bieu dien qua cc gi tri cua hm phai tm tai vi tr cc diem nt cua
phan tu. Do d, de tim dang cua hm xap xi, thay cho tim he so cua da thuc di tim gia
tri cua hm phai tim tai vi tri cac diem nut.
Can nhan manh o day l viec tm hm xap xi chi l co so ton hoc cua phuong
php giai, cn thuc te sau khi tm duoc an l gi tri cua hm tai cc diem nt th c the
ket thc viec giai, v thong qua cc gi tri ny c the nhan biet v dnh gi bien thien
cua hm trong mien xc dinh cua n.
Trong bi ton ket cau, tuy theo nghia vat l cua hm xap xi dinh tm l chuyen
vi, ng suat hoac ca hai, ngui ta su dung ba loai mo hnh sau: mo hinh tuong thich, mo
hinh can bng v mo hinh hon hop. Trong ba mo hnh tren th mo hinh tuong thich
duoc su dung rong ri nhat. Irong mo hinh tuong thich hm duoc chon bieu dien xap xi
l chuyen vi trong pham vi mot phan tu, cac he so cua da thuc xap xi duoc bieu dien
thong qua chuyen vi o cac nut cua phan tu. !n cua bi toan duoc chon l chuyen vi tai
cac diem nut.
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e gon trong cch bieu dien, phuong php PTHH thung su dung k hieu ma tran
de viet cc bieu thc hoac cc phuong trnh tnh ton. Cu the l thay cho viec viet cc
phan tu cua mot dy su dung ch ci k hieu dy d, thay the cho viec viet cc phan tu
cua mot ma tran su dung ch ci k hieu ma tran d, thay cho dien giai mot bieu thc
hoac mot he phuong trnh su dung k hieu nhan ma tran v.v...
Dui day su dung k hieu ma tran de viet phuong trnh hnh hoc (2..3) v
phuong trnh vat l (2..7) cua l thuyet dn hoi l hai phuong trnh duoc su dung de
thiet lap phuong trnh giai bang phuong php PTHH.
Phuong trnh hnh hoc: Neu goi

x
y
z
xy
yz
zx
e

e

e

e =
g

g

g

l vecto bien dang:

u
u v
w

=

l vecto chuyen vi:

T
x
y
z
y x
z y
x z

=

l ma tran chuyen vi cua ma tran ton tu vi phan :
th phuong trnh hnh hoc (2..3) duoc viet gon lai o dang ma tran nhu sau:

T
u e = (2.11.1)
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Phuong trnh v!t l: Neu goi

x
y
z
xy
yz
zx
s

s

s

s =
t

t

t

l vecto ng suat

( )( )
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
1 2
E
0 0 0 0 0
D
2
1 2 1
1 2
0 0 0 0 0
2
1 2
0 0 0 0 0
2
- m

- m

- m

- m

=

- m + m

- m

- m

l ma tran
dn hoi cua vat lieu th phuong trnh vat l (2..7) duoc viet gon lai o dang ma tran nhu sau:
D s = e (2.11.2)
Ahin vo dang cua ma tran D ta thay o trung hop vat lieu dn hoi tuyen tinh D
l ma tran doi xung v cac phan tu cua D l hng so.

2. #m xap x&
Nhu d ni o tren, khi tnh ket cau bang phuong php PTHH thung chon hm
xap xi l chuyen vi trong mien cua mot phan tu. Vi moi dang phan tu ng vi mot
dang ket cau can chon mot da thc nguyen c bac thch hop de dam bao dieu kien hoi
tu cua li giai (xem muc 2.11.3). Tuy vay, neu su dung k hieu ma tran c the bieu dien
cc hm xap xi ny o cng mot dang:
u Pa = (2.11.3)
trong d:
u - vecto chuyen vi trong pham vi mot phan tu:
P - ma tran da thc c so hng bang so thnh phan chuyen vi, so cot bang so so hang
cua da thc xap xi (xem muc 2.11.3):
a - vecto he so cua da thc xap xi c so phan tu bang so so hang cua da thc xap xi
(xem muc 2.11.3).
e bieu dien he so cua da thc qua chuyen vi o cc nt phan tu chi viec thay toa
do v chuyen vi cua cc nt vo bieu thc (2.11.3), tiep d rt ra bieu thc tnh a:
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1
e
a C
-
= D (2.11.4)
trong d:
C
-1
- ma tran nghich dao cua ma tran toa do C c duoc sau khi thay toa do cua cc
nt vo cc bien toa do trong ma tran P:
D
e
- vecto chuyen vi nt cua phan tu c cc thnh phan l cc thnh phan chuyen vi
tai cc nt cua phan tu.

Thay (2.11.4) vo (2.11.3) duoc:

1
e
u PC
-
= D (2.11.5)
Day l dang cua hm xap xi chuyen vi trong pham vi phan tu duoc bieu dien qua
chuyen vi nut cua phan tu viet bng ky hieu ma tran.
Neu goi D l vecto chuyen vi nt cua ket cau c cc thnh phan l cc thnh phan
chuyen vi o tat ca cc nt cua mang lui phan tu th lien he gia vecto chuyen vi nt cua
mot phan tu D
e
vi vecto chuyen vi nt D cua ket cau duoc bieu dien bang cong thc:

e e
L D = D (2.11.)
trong d L
e
l ma tran dinh vi chuyen vi nt cua phan tu trong vecto chuyen vi nt cua
ket cau. Ma tran L
e
c so hng bang so thnh phan chuyen vi nt cua phan tu, so cot
bang so thnh phan chuyen vi nt cua ket cau. Phan tu cua L
e
c gi tri bang 1 neu ng
vi phan tu d chuyen vi nt cua phan tu c mat trong vecto chuyen vi nt cua ket cau,
bang 0 neu nhu ng vi phan tu d chuyen vi nt cua phan tu khong c mat trong
chuyen vi nt cua ket cau.
Thay (2.11.) vo (2.11.5) duoc bieu thc cua hm xap xi chuyen vi trong pham
vi phan tu bieu dien qua chuyen vi nt cua ket cau:

1
e
u PC L
-
= D (2.11.7)
V du, vi thanh chiu luc doc phan bo deu cung do tai trong q v o hnh 2.11.3
duoc chia thnh 4 phan tu v hm xap xi chuyen vi trong pham vi mot phan tu duoc
chon o dang:

1 2
u a a x = +
th cc bieu thc (2.11.3) den (2.11.) duoc viet o dang ma tran nhu sau:

Hm xap xi chuyen vi nt
u Pa =
trong d:
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[ ]
1
2
P 1 x
a
a
a
=

=

Hnh 2.11.3

Vecto chuyen vi nt cua mot phan tu:

i
e
j
u
u

D =

Ma tran toa do cua mot phan tu:

i
j
1 x
C
1 x

=

Vecto chuyen vi nt cua ket cau:

1
2
3
4
5
u
u
u
u
u

D =

Vecto chuyen vi nt v ma tran dinh vi cua phan tu th 2:

2
e
3
u
u

D =

2
0 1 0 0 0
L
0 0 1 0 0

=

R rng l

2 2
L D = D .
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3. Phuong trnh co ban cua phuong php PT##
Phuong trnh co ban cua phuong php PTHH l phuong trnh duoc thiet lap de tm
gi tri gan dng cua an sao cho gi tri ny tiep can tot nhat vi gi tri chnh xc cua an.
C mot so tieu chuan ton hoc duoc thiet lap cho dieu kien d. Vi bi ton ket cau,
La-go-rang d chng minh rang: 'Khi cac dieu kien can bng v cac dieu bien duoc
thoa mn, gia tri cua chuyen vi gan dung duoc lua chon (cn duoc goi l chuyen vi kha
di) se l chuyen vi thuc (nghiem chinh xac) neu tong cong kha di cua ngoai luc v noi
luc trong ton ket cau ung voi chuyen vi d bng . Pht bieu ny l noi dung cua
nguyen l bien phan La-go-rang. Dui day s trnh by cch dua vo nguyen l ny de
thiet lap phuong trnh tm an l chuyen vi nt cua ket cau.
Neu goi V
e
l the tch cua mot phan tu, e l vecto bien dang, s l vecto ng suat,
u l vecto chuyen vi, p l vecto luc the tch (ngoai luc) th tong cong kha di P
e
cua phan
tu duoc tnh bang cong thc:

e e
T T
e
V V
dV u pdV P = e s -

(2.11.8)
trong d: so hang th nhat o ve tri l cong kha di noi luc, so hang th hai l cong kha
di ngoai luc.

V bien dang duoc xc dinh qua chuyen vi thong qua phuong trnh hnh hoc, ng
suat duoc xc dinh qua bien dang thong qua phuong trnh vat l nen tong cong kha di
c the duoc xc dinh hon ton theo chuyen vi. Cu the nhu sau:
Thay (2.11.7) vo (2.11.1) duoc bieu thc xc dinh bien dang trong pham vi phan
tu bieu dien qua chuyen vi nt cua ket cau:

T 1
e e
PC L BL
-
e = D = D (2.11.9)
trong d:
T 1
B PC
-
= duoc goi l ma tran bien dang.

Thay (2.11.10) vo (2.11.2) duoc bieu thc xc dinh ng suat trong pham vi phan
tu bieu dien qua chuyen vi nt cua ket cau:

e
DBL s = D (2.11.10)
Thay (2.11.7), (2.11.9) v (2.11.10) vo (2.11.8) duoc bieu thc tnh cong bien
dang kha di cua phan tu bieu dien qua chuyen vi:

T T T T
e e e e e
L K L L F P = D D + D (2.11.11)
trong d:

e
e
T
e
V
1T T
e
V
K B DBdV
F C P pdV
-
=
=
(2.11.12)
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K
e
duoc goi l ma tran cng phan tu, F
e
duoc goi l vecto tai trong nt cua phan
tu. Phan tu c bao nhieu chuyen vi nut thi ma tran K
e
c bay nhieu hng, bay nhieu
cot v vecto !
e
c bay nhieu thnh phan. V D l ma tran doi xng nen K
e
l ma tran
doi xung.
V du, vi phan tu thanh chiu luc doc (hnh 2.11.3), moi phan tu c 2 thnh phan
chuyen vi nt, doc theo thanh c tai trong phan bo deu cung do q th ma tran cng,
vecto chuyen vi nt v vecto tai phan tu c dang:

trong d:
EF - do cng cua thanh chiu luc doc:
- chieu di cua phan tu:
u - chuyen vi doc theo truc thanh tai dau mt phan tu.

Cn vi phan tu thanh dng de tnh he khung phang trnh by o muc 2.11.3, moi
phan tu c thnh phan chuyen vi nt, doc theo thanh c tai trong phan bo deu doc truc
thanh l q v vuong gc vi truc thanh l p th ma tran cng, vecto chuyen vi nt v vec
to tai phan tu c dang:

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trong d:
EF - do cng cua thanh chiu luc doc:
EJ - do cng cua thanh chiu uon:
- chieu di cua phan tu:
u - chuyen vi doc theo truc thanh:
v - chuyen vi vuong gc vi truc thanh:
j - gc xoay cua mat cat ngang o dau mt phan tu.

Neu ket cau duoc chia thnh n
e
phan tu, tong cong bien dang kha di cua ket cau s
bang tong cong bien dang cua cc phan tu d. at D
T
lm tha so chung ta duoc:

hoac
(2.11.13)
trong d:
(2.11.14)
duoc goi l ma tran do cung cua ket cau, cn:
(2.11.15)
duoc goi l vecto tai trong nt cua ket cau.
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Ve thuc chat, (2.11.14) v (2.11.15) l bieu dien ton hoc cua viec sap xep ma
tran cng phan tu vo ma tran cng cua ket cau v vecto tai phan tu vo vecto tai ket
cau tuong ng vi cc thnh phan chuyen vi nt phan tu trong vecto chuyen vi nt cua
ket cau. Trong qu trnh sap xep, cc phan tu cua ma tran cng phan tu hoac vecto tai
phan tu tuong ng vi cng mot chuyen vi nt trong mang lui phan tu (c cng vi tr
hng v cot trong ma tran cng ket cau hoac cng vi tr hng trong vecto tai ket cau)
duoc cong lai.
V du, vi thanh chiu luc doc nhu hnh 2.11.3 sau khi sap xep cc ma tran cng
phan tu v vecto tai phan tu vo ma tran cng v vecto tai cua ket cau bang cch tren
hoac su dung cc cong thc (2.11.14) v (2.11.15) duoc ket qua:

Theo nguyen l La-go-rang D s l chuyen vi thuc cua ket cau neu cong kha di
ng vi n bang 0. V nen t (2.11.13) rt ra:
KD = F (2.11.1)
Phuong trinh (2.11.1") l phuong trnh de xc dinh an l chuyen vi D tai cc nt
v duoc goi l phuong trinh co ban cua phuong phap PIHH. Ve thuc chat day l
phuong trnh can bang luc tai cc nt duoc bieu dien qua chuyen vi nt, trong d tch
KD bieu dien vecto noi luc nt, cn F bieu dien vecto tai trong nt. Ket cau c bao
nhieu chuyen vi nut thi ma tran K c bay nhieu hng, bay nhieu cot v vecto ! c bay
nhieu thnh phan. \i K
e
l ma tran doi xung nen K l ma tran doi xung. #t khac K
thung c dang b$ng dung ch%o chinh, be rong b$ng phu thuoc vo dang cua ket cau
v vo cach danh so m chuyen vi nut cua ket cau. Vi ket cau c dang di v hep
(hnh 2.11.2) neu dnh so m nt theo chieu hep th be rong bang s nho hon dnh so
theo chieu di v do vay giai he phuong trnh (2.11.1) s ton t thi gian hon.
Chu y l trong vecto chuyen vi nt D c cha cc thnh phan chuyen vi nt bi
rng buoc o vi tr cc nt c lien ket tren bien, truc khi giai he phuong trnh (2.11.1)
phai thay the cc gi tri chuyen vi ny vo he phuong trnh, neu khong dinh thc cua
ma tran K s bang 0 v he phuong trnh tren tro thnh vo dinh. Ve mat vat l, viec thay
gi tri cua cc chuyen vi tai vi tr cc lien ket vo phuong trnh c nghia l dua cc lien
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ket de rng buoc chuyen vi cua ket cau, neu khong chuyen vi cua ket cau s l vo dinh.
Ve mat ton hoc, viec thay the chuyen vi bang 0 tai vi tr cc lien ket l su loai bo cc
hng cc cot cua he phuong trnh (2.11.) tuong ng vi chuyen vi ny. V du vi thanh
chiu ko (hnh 2.11.3), v chuyen vi tai nt 1 (ngm) bang 0 nen phai xo hng 1, cot 1
cua he phuong trnh (2.11.) viet cho ket cau ny. Ket qua duoc he phuong trnh:

Sau khi xac dinh duoc chuyen vi nut tinh ung suat trong pham vi phan tu bng
cong thuc (2.11.1).

4. Cc buoc tnh ton
C the he thong cc buc tnh ket cau bang phuong php PTHH lai nhu sau:
+ Chia ket cau thnh cc phan tu. nh so m phan tu v m nt.
+ Thiet lap ma tran cng phan tu, vecto tai phan tu theo (2.11.12), ma tran cng ket
cau theo (2.11.14), vecto tai ket cau theo (2.11.15).
+ Thay the cc gi tri cua cc chuyen vi tai vi tr cc nt c lien ket vo he phuong
trnh (2.11.1), sau d giai he phuong trnh ny de xc dinh cc thnh phan cua
vecto chuyen vi nt D.
+ Xc dinh ng suat bang (2.11.10).
Can ni them l sau khi xac dinh duoc cac gia tri chuyen vi v ung suat thung
bieu dien cac gia tri ny o dang do hoa de tien xem v danh gia ket qua.

5. ay dung phan mem
Cc buc tnh trong phuong php PTHH deu duoc lap trnh de thuc hien tren my
tnh. Hien nay c nhieu phan mem tnh ton ket cau bang phuong php PTHH duoc bn
tren thi trung nhu SAP, ANSYS, WSKC... Song c the thay hau het cc phan mem deu
duoc cau trc t cc khoi chc nang sau:
a. Khi nhp d liu
Cha cc lenh nhap so do hnh hoc, kch thuc, vat lieu v lien ket cua ket cau.
Phuong thc thung dng l nhap o dang do hoa, ngui tnh v so do ket cau, tai trong
v lien ket tren mn hnh nhu v tren giay thong qua menu hoac nt lenh. Tri cua tai
trong, cua cc hang so vat lieu nhu mo dun dn hoi E, he so nen... duoc nhap thong qua
cc bieu bang (form) thiet ke san (hnh 2.11.4).
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b. Khi x l d liu
Cha cc lenh tu dong phan chia ket cau thnh cc phan tu, tu dong dnh so m
nt, m phan tu, thiet lap ma tran cng phan tu, vecto tai phan tu, ma tran cng ket cau,
vecto tai ket cau, thay tri cc chuyen vi tai vi tr cc nt c lien ket vo he phuong trnh
(2.11.1).
c. Khi gii h phng trnh
Cha cc lenh giai he phuong trnh dai so tuyen tnh (2.11.1) de tm chuyen vi
tai cc nt, sau d tnh ng suat hoac noi luc tai cc nt t cc chuyen vi d. Thong
thung, de giai he phuong trnh (2.11.1) cc phan mem tnh ket cau bang phuong php
PTHH su dung phuong php Gao-xo (Gauss) hoac phuong php So-le-xo-ki (Choleski).
V dung luong bo nh trong cua my tnh (RAM) c han nen de giai cc he phuong
trnh c so an ln khi giai cn chia ma tran K thnh nhieu khoi, lan luot dua tng khoi
vo bo nh trong de giai cn cc khoi khc cha o bo nh ngoi (dia t), ket qua giai
tng khoi cng duoc dua ra dia t.
d. Khi biu din kt qu
Cha cc lenh hien thi ket qua tnh ton o dang do hoa, v du v lai so do ket cau
v tai trong (hnh 2.11.5), dng ket qua tnh chuyen vi de v so do ket cau sau khi bien
dang (hnh 2.11.), dng ket qua tnh noi luc de v bieu do noi luc (hnh 2.11.7). Vi
ket cau tam, vo, khoi hoac ket cau duoc dua ve giai o dang bi ton phang cc phan
mem thung bieu dien cc vng gi tri cua noi luc hoac ng suat qua cc giai mu. Moi
giai mu ng vi mot mien gi tri cua noi luc hoac ng suat (hnh 2.11.8).

Hnh 2.11.4: Cua so dng de thao tc ve ket cau v nhap cc hang so vat lieu
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Hnh 2.11.5: So d ket cau v tai trong

Hnh 2.11.6: So d ket cau sau bien dang
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Hnh 2.11.7: Bieu d mo men

Hnh 2.11.8: Cc giai mu bieu thi cc vng gi tri ng suat max cua dap
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2.11.3. Dng phn t v hm xp x chuyn v ng vi mt s dng kt cu

Trong bang 2.11.1 trnh by mot so dang phan tu thung dng trong tnh ton ket
cau he thanh, bi ton phang, tam, vo, dang khoi v hm xap xi tuong ng.

Bang 2.11.1: Dang phan tu v hm xap x ng vi mot so dang ket cau

BE?`+8 -'A
eX+8 A-x+ "9
V, -& "GX *} :.: F}
r,3 i@A i: :-'Qz+ Va
r& "-D+- A-;+8

4 +4" + 4 *x' *GX+

l:"U :-'Qz+ Va#

(D "E!+ |#

l:"U -& [h D#

>-'Qz+ Va + H +4"# ' "-lG A-?U+8 "E.: i! V "-lG
A-?U+8 "E.: Q! 8: iGDQ q m'D+- "E.: "&
>@A 3D "E!+ :<+8 A-x+ "9 ^
l
# P
B-D+- :-a' iGk+

4 +4" + 4 *x' *GX+

(D "E!+ |#

l:"U -& [h D#

>-'Qz+ Va + H +4"# 8: iGk+ m'D+- "E.: i
>@A 3D "E!+ :<+8 A-x+ "9 ^
l
# O
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BE?`+8 -'A
eX+8 A-x+ "9
V, -& "GX *} :.: F}
6,% "G9+ A-;+8

R +4" + R *:+-

l:"U :-'Qz+ Va#

(D "E!+ |#

l:"U -& [h D#

>-'Qz+ Va + H +4"# ' "-lG A-?U+8 "E.: i# V "-lG
A-?U+8 "E.: Q&
>@A 3D "E!+ :<+8 A-x+ "9 ^
l
# P
6,% "G9+ A-;+8

O +4" + O *:+-

l:"U :-'Qz+ Va#

(D "E!+ |#

l:"U -& [h D#

>-'Qz+ Va + H +4"# ' "-lG A-?U+8 "E.: i# V "-lG
A-?U+8 "E.: Q
>@A 3D "E!+ :<+8 A-x+ "9 ^
l
# T
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BE?`+8 -'A
eX+8 A-x+ "9
V, -& "GX *} :.: F}
B@3 :-a' 'h+

O +4" + O *:+-

(D "E!+ |#

l:"U -& [h D#

>-'Qz+ Va + H +4"# *} V~+8 ,Z 8: iGDQ q
i
m'D+-
"E.: i! 8: iGDQ q
Q
m'D+- "E.: Q&
>@A 3D "E!+ :<+8 A-x+ "9 ^
l
# H4
2

O +4" + O *:+-

l:"U :-'Qz+ Va#

(D "E!+ |#

l:"U -& [h D#

>-'Qz+ Va + H +4"# *} V~+8 ,! 8: iGDQ q
i
m'D+-
"E.: i! 8: iGDQ q
Q
m'D+- "E.: Q&
>@A 3D "E!+ :<+8 A-x+ "9 ^
l
# 4I
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BE?`+8 -'A
eX+8 A-x+ "9
V, -& "GX *} :.: F}
^-h%

O +4" + O *:+-

l:"U :-'Qz+ Va#

(D "E!+ |#

l:"U -& [h D#

>-'Qz+ Va + H +4"# ' "-lG A-?U+8 "E.: i! V "-lG
A-?U+8 "E.: Q! , "-lG A-?U+8 "E.: "&
>@A 3D "E!+ :<+8 A-x+ "9 ^
l
# H4

Ch l ng vi moi phan tu tuy theo bac cua da thc nguyen duoc chon s phai
c so chuyen vi nt tuong ng du de bieu dien cc he so cua da thc qua cc chuyen vi
d. Cu the l da thc nguyen c bao nhieu so hang th phai c bay nhieu thnh phan
chuyen vi nt phan tu. Thong thung, cc chuyen vi nt phan tu duoc xep thnh tng
nhm theo moi nt v phai gi th tu d nhu nhau o cc nt. Vi phan tu thanh, th tu
cc nt thung lay t tri sang phai, vi cc phan tu phang (tam gic, t gic) thung
lay theo chieu nguoc chieu kim dong ho, vi phan tu khoi thung lay cc nt t dinh
xuong dy. V trong bang khong du cho de viet tat ca cc thnh phan chuyen vi nt cua
phan tu nen chi viet nhm chuyen vi nt o mot nt theo th tu sap xep cc chuyen vi nt
o nt d. Nhm chuyen vi v sap xep ny c dang nhu nhau o tat ca cc nt cua phan tu.
O day khong dua vo dang cu the cua ma tran cng phan tu. oc gia can c the xem
trong ti lieu tham khao trnh by o cuoi chuong.
Cng ni them l, ngy nay mot so phan mem dng trong Ton hoc, v du
MATLAB, cho php lay dao hm v tch phan mot hm v tra ket qua o dang hm.
Do vay, neu biet dang cua da thc xap xi th dng cc phan mem d c the rt ra
bieu thc tnh cc phan tu cua ma tran cng phan tu sau khi thay da thc xap xi vo
cong thc (2.11.12) tnh K
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Chi chu:
a. Ngoi cc phan tu c dang hnh hoc don gian liet ke o tren trong nhieu phan mem
cn su dung cc phan tu dang thong so, d l cc phan tu thanh dang thang hoac
cong (hnh 2.11.9 a), phan tu tam gic hoac t gic c canh l doan thang hoac cong
(hnh 2.11.9 b) v phan tu khoi chp hoac khoi lang tru c giao tuyen cua cc mat l
doan thang hoac cong (hnh 2.11.9 c).
So di goi l phan tu dang thong so l v hm xap xi dang truc cua thanh (phan
tu thanh), dang dung cua cc canh (phan tu phang) v dang giao tuyen cua cc mat
(phan tu khoi) bieu dien qua toa do cua cc nt c cng dang vi hm xap xi chuyen vi
trong pham vi phan tu bieu dien qua chuyen vi tai cc nt. V du, vi phan tu phang
(hnh 2.11.9 b) hm xap xi toa do x, y cua canh v chuyen vi u, v trong pham vi phan tu
duoc bieu dien o dang:

trong d: h
i
l da thc xap xi.

Hnh 2.11.9: Phan tu dang thong so

Uu diem cua dang phan tu ny l c kha nang xap xi rat st dang truc thanh, dang
cua dung bien hoac mat bien c dang bat ky v cho ket qua tnh ton vi do chnh xc
cao m chi phai dng mot so t phan tu, t hon nhieu so vi viec su dung dang phan tu
don gian de dat cng mot do chnh xc. Song so vi cc phan tu c dang hnh hoc don
gian th xay dung cong thc tnh ton ma tran cng phan tu, vecto tai phan tu... phc tap
hon nhieu.

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b. Vi ket cau he thanh, ket cau vo hoac ket cau khoi, de thuan loi cho viec thiet lap ma
tran cng phan tu thung chon mot he toa do cuc bo ng vi tng phan tu nhu o cc
hnh trong bang 2.11.1. V he toa do ny thung c cc truc khong song song vi
phuong cc truc cua he toa do ton the nen truc khi ghp ma tran cng phan tu vo
ma tran cng ket cau phai su dung php bien doi toa do de dua cc ma tran cng
phan tu xc dinh trong he toa do cuc bo ve ma tran cng phan tu xc dinh trong he
toa do ton the bang cong thc:

trong d T
e
l ma tran bien doi toa do, cc phan tu cua n cha cosin chi phuong cua he
toa do cuc bo trong he toa do ton the.

V du, vi phan tu thanh dng de tnh khung phang nhu v trong bang 2.11.1, neu
cc truc cua he toa do cuc bo hop vi cc truc cua he toa do ton the mot gc a th ma
tran bien doi toa do c dang:

2.11.4. Tnh kt cu cng lm vic vi nn
1. S$ dung mo hnh n$a khong gian vo han
Thung p dung khi tnh dap trong luc, dap dat, d, dung ham... Vng nen cng
lm viec vi ket cau duoc lay vi kch thuc du ln sao cho o tren bien dng cua nen c
the coi chuyen vi ngang bang 0 v tren bien ngang cua nen c the coi chuyen vi dng
bang 0 (hnh 2.11.10). Coi vng nen l mot bo phan cua ket cau vi dieu kien lien tuc
ve chuyen vi o cc diem nt tren bien tiep gip gia ket cau v nen. Vi cch lm ny
ma tran cng cua he ket cau - nen s bang tong cua ma tran cng ket cau v ma tran
cng cua nen.

2. S$ dung mo hnh nen Uyn-c-le
Thung p dung khi tnh ket cau thanh, tam hoac vo. ua l xo vo cc nt tren
bien tiep xc (hnh 2.11.10) thong qua gi tri cua he so nen ng vi loai dat hoac d cua
vng nen cng chiu luc vi ket cau. Khi tnh ma tran cng do cng cua l xo s duoc
dua vo ma tran cng cua ket cau.
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Hnh 2.11.10: So d tnh dap cng lm viec vi nn

Hnh 2.11.11: Tnh dap dang ket cau vo gap cng lm viec vi nn

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2.11.5. Tnh kt cu n hi phi tuyn
Ve mat hnh thc, vi vat lieu dn hoi phi tuyen quan he gia ng suat v bien
dang c the bieu dien bang bieu thc tuong tu vi bieu thc (2.11.2) nhu o vat lieu dn
hoi tuyen tnh. iem khc nhau l o vat lieu dn hoi tuyen tnh ma tran D c cc phan
tu l hang so cn o vat lieu dn hoi phi tuyen cc phan tu cua ma tran D l hm phu
thuoc vo ng suat. Do vay vi bi ton dn hoi phi tuyen khong the tnh dng ngay
duoc ng suat nhu o bi ton dn hoi tuyen tnh m phai tnh dng dan bang phuong
php lap, trong d phuong php thung dng l phuong php tuyen tnh tng buc. Noi
dung cua cc buc giai c the tm tat nhu sau:
a. Chia tai trong thnh nhieu cap.
b. O cap dau tien coi vat lieu l dn hoi tuyen tnh. Ma tran dn hoi D cua vat lieu
duoc xc dinh vi gi tri ban dau cua cc hang so cua vat lieu. Dng ma tran ny
de xc dinh ma tran cng K
e
cua tng phan tu v ma tran cng K cua ket cau, giai
he phuong trnh (2.11.1) tm chuyen vi v tnh ng suat o tng phan tu. Tiep d,
can c vo gi tri ng suat va tnh xc dinh lai cc tri cua hang so dn hoi theo
(2..75) v (2..7), ma tran cng K
e
cua tng phan tu theo (2.11.12) v ma tran
cng K cua ket cau theo (2.11.14), c lm nhu vay cho den khi ng suat xc dinh
duoc c sai so so vi ng suat o buc lap truc nam trong pham vi cho php.
c. Chuyen sang cap tai trong sau. O buc lap dau tien lay ma tran dn hoi cua vat
lieu ng vi buc lap cuoi cng cua cap tai trong truc v thuc hien nhu o buc 2.
C lm nhu vay cho den cap tai trong cuoi cng.

2.11.6. Tnh kt cu n do
Tnh ket cau dn deo cng c the thuc hien bang phuong php tuyen tnh tng
buc tuong tu nhu tnh ket cau lm bang vat lieu dn hoi phi tuyen. iem khc nhau chi
l trong moi buc lap, sau khi tnh duoc ng suat o moi phan tu phai dua vo dieu kien
deo de kiem tra xem vat lieu o phan tu d d buc vo giai doan chay deo hay chua.
Neu vat lieu d buc vo giai doan chay deo th thay cho ma tran dn hoi phai su dung
ma tran dn deo de tnh lai ma tran K
e
v ma tran K, sau d giai lai he phuong trnh
(2.11.1). C lm nhu vay cho den khi o buc lap sau khong c them phan tu vat lieu
no buc vo giai doan chay deo th chuyen sang cap tai trong sau.
Ngoi phuong php tuyen tnh tng buc khi tnh ket cau dn deo bang phuong
php PTHH cn hay su dung phuong php ng suat ban dau. Noi dung cua cc buc
giai c the tm tat nhu sau:
a. Chia tai trong thnh nhieu cap.
b. O moi cap tai trong v trong moi buc lap lay ma tran K ng vi vat lieu dn hoi
tuyen tnh v tm vecto ng suat s
e
o moi phan tu theo (2.11.10) vi D l ma tran
dn hoi, sau d kiem tra dieu kien deo o moi phan tu. Neu o mot phan tu no d
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vat lieu buc vo giai doan chay deo th tnh lai vecto ng suat s
de
o phan tu d
theo (2.11.10) vi D
d
l ma tran dn deo. Chenh lech ng suat:
Ds = s
de
s
e

duoc coi nhu tai trong phan bo trong pham vi phan tu, duoc quy ve tai trong nt
v cong vo vecto tai trong nt de giai o buc lap sau. C lm nhu vay cho den
khi o buc lap sau khong c them phan tu vat lieu no buc vo giai doan chay
deo th chuyen sang cap tai trong sau.
c. Chuyen sang cap tai trong sau v thuc hien nhu o buc 2. C lm nhu vay cho den
cap tai trong cuoi cng.

Khc nhau gia hai phuong php l sau moi buc lap phuong php tuyen tnh
tng buc thay doi ma tran cng K, gi nguyen vecto tai cn phuong php ng suat ban
dau th gi nguyen ma tran cng K, thay doi vecto tai. Phuong php tuyen tnh tng
buc di hoi my tnh c dung luong ln hon v toc do giai cham hon so vi phuong
php ng suat ban dau.

2.11.7. Tnh kt cu chu ti trng ng
1. Phuong trnh co ban
Phuong trnh co ban cua phuong php PTHH tnh ket cau chiu tai trong dong
duoc viet o dang:
(2.11.17)
trong d:
K - ma tran cng cua ket cau:
M - ma tran khoi luong cua ket cau. Cc phan tu cua ma tran l khoi luong vat lieu
tap trung tai cc nt cua mang lui phan tu. Vi cong trnh thuy loi thung
xuyen tiep xc vi nuc, khi xc dinh ma tran khoi luong phai tnh them phan
khoi luong nuc cng tham gia dao dong vi ket cau:
C - ma tran can duoc xc dinh bang cong thc:

vi a v b l hai hang so duoc xc dinh t hai he so can tuong ng vi hai tan so
dao dong khc nhau:
F - vecto tai trong nt duoc xc dinh t tai trong dong tc dung vo ket cau. ay l
cc luc kch thch tc dung vo ket cau trong suot thi gian ket cau dao dong:
D - vecto chuyen vi nt:
- vecto toc do chuyen vi nt, :
- vecto gia toc chuyen vi nt, .
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Ve thuc chat phuong trnh (2.11.17) mo ta can bang luc cua ket cau chiu tai trong
dong. So vi phuong trnh (2.11.1) mo ta can bang luc cua ket cau chiu tai trong tinh
phuong trnh ny c them hai thnh phan:
- bieu dien luc can. Luc ny thung duoc gia thiet ty le vi van toc dao dong.
- bieu dien luc qun tnh.

Vi ket cau chiu tai trong dong thung quan tam den hai li giai sau:
- Tan so dao dong rieng cua ket cau. ai luong ny duoc su dung de dnh gi
xem dui tc dung cua tai trong dong ng vi mot tan so no d c xay ra cong
huong dan den ph hoai ket cau hay khong.
- Chuyen vi v noi luc cua ket cau tai thi diem bat ky dui tc dung cua tai
trong dong.

2. Tan so dao dong rieng cua ket cau
Vi ket cau chiu tai trong l luc kch thch c chu ky, v du dong dat hoac rung
dong cua dong co..., de xem ket cau c bi cong huong hay khong thung phai xc dinh
tan so dao dong rieng cua ket cau.
Dao dong rieng l dao dong sinh ra dui tc dung cua mot luc kch thch tc thi
tai thi diem ban dau. Trong moi trung khong c luc can dao dong ny c dang l dao
dong dieu ha:

trong d: w l tan so dao dong rieng.
Trong trung hop khong c luc can v luc kch thch thung xuyen ( = F = 0),
thay bieu thc vo phuong trnh (2.11.17) duoc:
(2.11.18)
He phuong trnh ny c nghiem khi dinh thc cua ma tran:
(2.11.19)
Ve mat ton hoc (2.11.19) l phuong trnh tm tri rieng cua ma tran. Giai (2.11.9)
xc dinh duoc n tri rieng cua ma tran cng chnh l n tan so rieng cua dao dong ng vi
n khoi luong tap trung cua mang lui phan tu. Moi tan so ng vi mot dang dao dong tu
do cua ket cau duoc goi l dang dao dong rieng. Cc tan so duoc k hieu t nho den ln
lan luot l w
1
, w
2
, w
3
,... Trong thuc te cong trnh thung chi quan tam den nhng tan so
dao dong rieng c gi tri nho. Cc tan so ny duoc goi l cc tan so co ban. Phan mem
SAP 2000 cho php xc dinh toi da 10 tan so dao dong rieng co ban v dang dao dong
rieng ng vi cc tan so d.
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3. Tnh chuyen vi v ng suat gay ra boi tai trong dong
Ve nguyen tac, giai he phuong trnh vi phan (2.11.17) vi dieu kien bien v dieu
kien ban dau d biet s xc dinh duoc chuyen vi v ng suat tai thi diem t bat ky. Hien
c nhieu phuong php giai, trong d phuong php Niu-mac (Newmark) duoc su dung
pho bien. Noi dung cua phuong php ny c the tm tat nhu sau:
+ Chia thi gian tnh ton lm n thi doan vi do di moi thi doan l Dt.
+ Cuoi moi thi doan t + Dt tnh toc do chuyen vi v chuyen vi bang cong thc
noi suy:
(2.11.20)
trong d: a v d l hai thong so duoc lua chon de thoa mn do chnh xc v on dinh cua
li giai, v du lay .
+ T (2.11.20) rt ra cong thc tnh v qua , sau d thay vo
phuong trnh (2.11.17) viet cho thi diem t + Dt:

duoc he phuong trnh chi cha an .
+ Giai he phuong trnh ny xc dinh duoc chuyen vi tai thi diem t + Dt.
+ Thay vo (2..10) xc dinh duoc ng suat tai thi diem t + Dt.
Ch l gi tri cua thi doan Dt lua chon c anh huong den on dinh v do chnh
xc cua php giai lap. Theo nghien cu, de dam bao on dinh cua php tnh nen lay Dt
khoang bang hoac tot nhat l khoang , trong d T
n
l chu ky nho nhat, cn
T
p
l chu ky ng vi tan so nho nhat cua dao dong. Cn de dam bao do chnh xc cua
ket qua th ty so phai lay nho hon 0,01, trong d T l chu ky cua dao dong.

2.12. Thc nghim kt cu cng trnh

Nhiem vu chnh cua thuc nghiem ket cau cong trnh l xc dinh ng suat v
chuyen vi bang cc dung cu do. Thong thung, de xc dinh ng suat trong cong trnh,
trong mo hnh hoac trong mau th nghiem phai do bien dang, sau d dua vo dinh luat
Hc (Hook) de tm ra ng suat. Dui day gii thieu mot so phuong php v dung cu do
bien dang v chuyen vi thung su dung.
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2.12.1. Nguyn l v dng c o bin dng
C rat nhieu phuong php do bien dang, song dui day chi trnh by mot so
phuong php co ban v thong dung nhat.
2.12.1.1. o bien dang dua tren nguyen l co hoc
Dung cu de do bien dang goi l ten-so-met, thong dung nhat l ten-so-met kieu
dn bay. Cau tao cua ten-so-met ny nhu tren hnh 2.12.1 a v so do nguyen l nhu tren
hnh 2.12.1 b.

a) b)

Hnh 2.12.1: Ten-so-met kieu dn bay

Tren khung (1) cua ten-so-met c mot lui dao co dinh v mot lui dao dong (2)
hnh qua trm t len khung (1). Khoang cch gia hai lui dao ny goi l chuan do
(ba-zo) cua dung cu. Lui dao (2) duoc noi vi tay dn (3). Ngoi ra cn c kim chi thi
(4) v bang chia do (5). e do bien dang cua mau ta dng bo g lap gan chat 2 lui dao
cua ten-so-met vo mau tai vi tr do. Khi mau th nghiem bi bien dang th khoang cch
gia 2 lui dao cng bi thay doi, lui dao (2) quay lm thanh (3) quay theo (dung nt
dt tren hnh 2.12.1 b) day kim (4) quay tren mat chia do (5). Nh he thong dn bay,
bien dang di (su thay doi do di cua khoang cch gia 2 lui dao) duoc khuech dai
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len K lan. K goi l he so khuech dai cua ten-so-met (thong thung K = 1000). Nhu vay
hieu so d doc duoc tren bang chia do truc v sau khi mau bi bien dang cho ta bien
dang di D cua doan cua mau d duoc nhan len K lan. Do d bien dang di tuong doi
cua mau duoc tnh:

Uu diem cua loai ten-so-met ny l don gian, de su dung, t chiu anh huong cua
moi trung. Tuy nhien do nhay cua dung cu ny thap nen do chnh xc khong cao.
Qun tnh cua dung cu ln nen khong su dung de do bien dang dong. Ngoi ra do chnh
xc khi do cn phu thuoc rat ln vo k thuat g lap dung cu vo mau th nghiem, tc l
phu thuoc vo trnh do tay nghe cua cn bo th nghiem. Khi muon do bien dang tai
nhieu diem th phai su dung nhieu ten-so-met.
Mot loai dung cu khc nhung cng dua tren nguyen l ny l i-mech (Demec).
So do cua dung cu ny cho tren hnh 2.12.2. Ve co ban cau tao cua n cng tuong tu
nhu ten-so-met dn bay, chi khc l bo chi thi o day l mot chuyen vi ke (cau tao cua
chuyen vi ke s duoc trnh by o phan dui). Khung cua i-mech duoc lm bang mot
loai kim loai (thung l thp in-va) c do dn no v nhiet vo cng nho de khu anh huong
cua moi trung.

Hnh 2.12.2: Dung cu do Di-mech

Muon do bien dang cua mau tai vi tr no d ta chi viec dn 2 chiec cc vo vi
tr can do. Hai cc ny dat cch nhau mot khoang xap xi chuan do cua dung cu (khoang
cch cua cc cc ny duoc dinh vi bang mot dung cu rieng km theo). e do bien dang
cua mau ta chi viec cam 2 lui dao cua i-mech vo 2 lo cua 2 cc d dn san tren mau
th nghiem truc v sau khi mau bi bien dang. Hieu so 2 lan doc ny chnh l bien dang
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tuyet doi D cua doan di gia 2 cc d dn san tren mau d duoc nhan len K lan.
K duoc goi l he so khuech dai cua i-mech. Biet D, v he so K cua i-mech de
dng xc dinh duoc bien dang tuong doi e cua mau. Vi cch do nhu tren, chi can mot
i-mech c the do bien dang tai nhieu vi tr khc nhau tren cong trnh v cng c the do
bien dang cua mau nhieu lan o nhieu thi diem khc nhau (do bien dang theo thi gian).
Ngoi ra, vi dung cu ny, ket qua do khong phu thuoc vo k thuat g lap dung cu.
Do mo rong duoc chuan do nen do nhay tang. Tuy nhien dung cu ny cng c qun tnh
ln nen chi do duoc bien dang tinh.

2.12.1.2. o bien dang bng tam dien tro
ay l phuong php do bien dang di duoc dng pho bien hien nay. Phuong php
ny c nhieu uu diem m cc phuong php co hoc khong the c duoc. l:
- C do chnh xc cao.
- Chi can mot my do c the do bien dang tai nhieu vi tr tren cong trnh.
- C the do bien dang theo nhieu phuong khc nhau tai cng mot diem v do d c
the xc dinh duoc gi tri, phuong cua ng suat chnh.
- C the do bien dang gay ra do tai trong tinh, tai trong dao dong cng nhu tai
trong xung.
- C the do bien dang o khoang cch xa vi tr dat my do, o nhng vi tr kn khong
the quan st duoc, v du do bien dang o nhng diem trong lng cau kien be tong,
ket cau chm trong nuc, ngam trong dat...
- C the su dung tam dien tro de che tao thnh cc dau chuyen doi de do nhieu dai
luong co hoc khc.
Tuy vay, phuong php do ny cng c nhuoc diem l chiu anh huong kh nhieu
cua moi trung nhu nhiet do, do am, t trung... nen can c bien php k thuat xu l
thch hop mi thu duoc ket qua tin cay.
e su dung phuong php do ny can tam dien tro (cn goi l dat-tric dien tro hoac
cam bien dien tro...) v thiet bi do.
Cau tao cua tam dien tro gom vo bang giay cch dien hoac bang po-ly-es-te v
mot day dien tro duoc dn chat gia 2 lp vo (hnh 2.12.4). Chieu di duoc goi l
chuan do. ien tro cua tam thung c gi tri l 120, 350, 00 W den 2000 W. Chuan do
thung l 5, 10, 20, 50 mm...
Muon do bien dang di cua mau th nghiem theo phuong no d, ta chi viec dng
keo chuyen dng dn tam dien tro len mau theo phuong d. Khi mau bi bien dang chieu
di day dien tro bi thay doi, dan den dien tro cua n cng bi thay doi theo. Biet dien tro
R cua day dan duoc xc dinh bang cong thc sau:
(a)
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trong d:
r - dien tro suat cua vat lieu lm day dan:
- chieu di day dan:
F - dien tch mat cat ngang cua day dan.

Hnh 2.12.4: Tam dien tro Hnh 2.12.5: Cau do

T (a) c :
ln R = ln r + ln ln F
Suy ra bien doi tuong doi cua dien tro:
(b)
O ve phai, so hang th nhat l thay doi cua dien tro suat, so hang th hai l do dn
di tuong doi e cua day dien tro, so hang th ba l bien dang tuong doi cua dien tch day.
V

trong d: m l he so Poat-xong.

M

Do d, neu bo qua su thay doi cua dien tro suat th t (b) ta c:
(c)
trong d K duoc goi l he so nhay cua tam dien tro. V vi mot loai day dien tro m = const
nen K = const.

T (c) thay thay doi tuong doi cua dien tro ti le bac nhat vi bien dang tuong doi
cua chieu di day dan, do d neu do duoc ti so DR/R th s xc dinh duoc bien dang di
tuong doi e cua day dien tro, cng chnh l bien dang di tuong doi cua mau th nghiem.
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Thiet bi do thay doi dien tro l mot cau do dien tro, thong thung l cau do
Uyn-ston (hnh 2.12.5). Khi cau can bang, tc l khi dien ke G chi so 0 th ta c
V
A
= V
C
hay:
I
1
R
1
= I
2
R
3
(*)
I
1
R
2
= I
2
R
4
(**)
T (*) v (**) c:

hay R
1
R
4
= R
2
R
3
(***)
Neu R
1
l dat-tric do bien dang th khi R
1
thay doi mot luong DR
1
. e cau can
bang phai thay doi dien tro R
4
mot luong DR
4
. Biet DR
4
c the xc dinh duoc DR
1
v
do d theo (c) c the xc dinh duoc e.
V bien dang rat nho nen thay doi dien tro v dien the cng rat nho. e nhan biet
duoc thay doi trong thiet bi do phai c mot bo khuech dai tn hieu dien. My do tot l
my c do khuech dai ln v trong qu trnh khuech dai khong lm mo tn hieu.
Neu mau th nghiem khong thuoc trang thi ng suat don m thuoc trang thi ng
suat phang th muon do duoc ng suat chnh phai do bien dang theo ba phuong, roi dua
vo cong thc cua trang thi bien dang de tnh bien dang chnh. e do bien dang theo 3
phuong thung dng cc dat-tric chuyen dung goi l hoa dien tro (hnh 2.12.).
Neu d biet phuong chnh ta thung dng hoa dien tro vuong gc (hnh 2.12. a).
Cc tam dien tro duoc dn vuong gc vi nhau v dn theo cc phuong chnh. Cc bien
dang do duoc ny chnh l cc bien dang chnh. T cc bien dang chnh, nh dinh luat
Hc (Hook) xc dinh duoc cc ng suat chnh s
max
, s
min
.

Hnh 2.12.6: Hoa dien tro
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Neu tai diem can do chua biet cc phuong chnh th phai do bien dang theo 3
phuong khc nhau. Trong trung hop d dng hoa dien tro 45
0
(hnh 2.12. b) hay hoa
dien tro 0
0
(hnh 2.12. c). Gia su ta dng hoa dien tro 45
0
. K hieu e
0
, e
45
, e
90
lan luot
l cc bien dang do duoc theo phuong ngang, phuong 45
0
v phuong 90
0
so vi phuong
ngang. Theo cong thc cua trang thi bien dang ta xc dinh duoc cc bien dang theo cc
phuong chnh e
max
, e
min
theo cc cong thc sau:
e
max
+ e
min
= e
0
+ e
90

hoac:
Gc gia phuong e
max
v phuong

e
0
l j duoc xc dinh t bieu thc:

Neu dn cc dien tro nhu tren hnh 2.12.1 c ta c:

(2.12.1)

2.12.2. o chuyn v bng phng php c hc

Dung cu de do chuyen vi goi l chuyen vi ke. Chuyen vi ke kieu co hoc c so do
nhu tren hnh 2.12.7. Cau tao cua n gom: Truc (1) truot duoc trong ong (2). ong ho
chi thi (3) gom mot he thong bnh rang lm nhiem vu truyen chuyen dong thang cua
truc (1) thnh chuyen dong quay cua cc kim tren mat chia do. Nh he thong bnh rang
ny m chuyen dich cua truc (1) duoc khuech dai len K lan. K goi l he so khuech dai
cua chuyen vi ke. Muon do chuyen vi tai mot diem no d cua ket cau phai dng mot
bo g de dat dau cua truc (1) tiep xc vi diem d. Bo g duoc kep chat vo vo ong (2)
v duoc dat tren mot vi tr co dinh (khong bi chuyen vi). Khi diem do c chuyen vi th
dau cua truc (1) dich chuyen theo. Hieu so doc duoc tren dong ho khi mau d chuyen vi
v khi chua chuyen vi cho chuyen vi cua diem do. Cc chuyen vi ke kieu ny thung c
do chnh xc 0,01 mm (bch phan ke) hoac 0,001 mm (thien phan ke).
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Hnh 2.12.7: Chuyen vi ke

Chuyen vi ke loai ny cho ket qua kh tin cay v t chiu anh huong cua moi
trung ngoi song c mot so nhuoc diem:
- o nhay khong cao.
- Muon do chuyen vi can phai c diem co dinh de dat bo g lap.
- Moi chuyen vi ke chi do duoc chuyen vi tai mot diem.
- Chuyen vi kieu co hoc thuan tu (khong c cau do ben trong) chi c the su dung
de do chuyen vi tinh.

2.12.3. o mt s i l- ng khc

Ngoi dung cu do bien dang v chuyen vi, cn nhieu loai dung cu do de do cc
dai luong khc nhu: o p luc (p luc dat, p luc nuc), do gia toc, do tan so, do bien
do dao dong v.v... Hau het cc dung cu do ny deu duoc che tao dua tren nguyen l cam
ng dien t.

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Ti liu tham kho

1. T. . Cham, P. H. Giang, N. Khai, N.V. Le
Gio trnh Sc ben vat lieu
NXB. Nong nghiep, 1989.

2. H. . Tr, . H. Quang, L. T. Thnh, D. V. Th, P. K. Thuong
Gio trnh Co hoc ket cau

3. P. H. Giang, P. N. Khnh, N. V. Le
Gio trnh L thuyet dn hoi

4. N. X. Bao, P. H. Giang, V. T. Hai, N. V. Le
Phuong php phan tu hu han

5. P. H. Giang
Phuong php phan tu bien
NXB. Khoa hoc K thuat, 2002.

. P. K. Hng, . T. Long, L. V. Mai
n dinh v dong luc hoc cong trnh
NXB. ai hoc v Trung hoc chuyen nghiep, 1974.

7. L. T. Trnh, . V. Bnh
n dinh cong trnh
NXB. Khoa hoc K thuat, H Noi, 2002.

8. N. V. Cung (chu bien), nnk.
So tay k thuat thuy loi
NXB. Nong nghiep.

9. So tay thiet ke ket cau thuy cong (tieng Trung)
NXB. Thuy loi thuy dien, 1984.

10. So tay thiet ke (tieng Nga)
NXB. Xay dung (Lien Xo c), 1979.

11. K.L. Bathe
Finite element Procedures in Engineering Analysis
Prentice Hall, Inc, 1982.

12. Tran Thang Honh
Tnh ton on dinh cua mi doc cao v nen phc tap cua dap cao (tieng Trung)
NXB. Thuy loi thuy dien (Trung Quoc), 2001.
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Phần 1 - Tập 1

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! #$%& %&'()* +, -'.

/ /0(1% %$%& /'$%

= "e > $d = d e < < d - < e

= "e > $d = d e < - < d - < e

= "e > $ = e > - < e

bang he so goc cua

bang toc do bien thien cua u theo x

(phan chinh cua so gia

[hoac gi tri nho nhat (GTNN) l

khong ton tai (Cc

l khoi luong cua vat the V:

c ba thnh phan (toa do): (P, Q, R) khi diem

khong phu thuoc vo dung di t A den B.

, tch phan mat loai duoc tnh theo cong thc:

- vecto php tuyen cua S, hung theo pha d chon tren S

l vecto khong doi ca phuong, chieu lan do di)

lan luot l tong mo men lay doi vi cc truc x, y, z cua cc

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