Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Ps-Graduao em Fsica Mecnica Estatstica, 2013.1 Prof. Giovani L.

Vasconcelos 1o Exerccio Escolar

1. (2,0) Show the following Maxwell relation: S V =
T,N

P T

.
V,N

Suggestion: consider the Helmholtz free energy F (T, V ) = E T S , with N kept xed. 2. (3,0) The motion of a particle in one dimension is a series of independent steps of length and time duration . At each step the particle goes forward, i.e., xi = , with probability p or backward, i.e., xi = , with probability q = 1 p. The particle (walker) starts at the origin and makes a large number of steps N . Denote by x = N i=1 xi the position of the walker after N steps. a) Compute the expectation value x as a function of p. (Verify that it vanishes for p = 1/2.) b) Now consider that p = 1/2. Compute the expectation value x2 . Write your answer in terms of the time t, where t = N , and show that for x2 to remain nite in the limit N , 0, and 0 we must have 2 2 / = constant. c) Use the central limit theorem, and the result of part b), to write down the probability density p(x, t) for the particle to end up at the point x in time t. 3. (2,0) The normalized ensemble density () is a probability in the phase space . This probability has an associated entropy S (t) = d(, t) ln (, t). a) Using the method of Lagrange multipliers, nd the function max () that maximizes the functional S [], subject to the following two constraints: i) xed average energy, dH = E , and ii) normalization, d = 1. b) Use Liouville equation to show that the solution to part a) is stationary, that is, max / t = 0. 4. (3,0) Consider a system of N free particles in which the energy E of each particle can assume only two distinct values: E = /2, with > 0. Denote by N0 the number of particles in the lowest energy level, E = /2, and by N1 the number of particles in the excited state, E = /2, with N0 + N1 = N . The total energy of the system is E . a) Compute the entropy S (E, N ) of the system. b) Find the temperature T as a function of the energy E and show that this relation can be written as: 2k B 2E 1 = artanh . T N
1 x Dado: artanh(x) = 2 ln 1+ . 1x c) Obtain the expression for E (T ) and make a plot of this function. d) Compute the heat capacity CV .