Adriano, Chung, Hayes !

Buffalo!
Head Buffalo Company

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Celine Adriano Elizabeth Chung Hannah Hayes

Mr. Cervantes Physics Bridge Report December 18, 2013

Adriano, Chung, Hayes !2 Objective To build a bridge using simple materials and scale-up the model. Introduction The inspiration for our bridge was drawn from the knowledge that it had to be light but also sturdy. We decided to go with an arched design due to the fact that examples of bridges from previous years that used the arched design proved to be successful. From there we utilized internet sources to find a design inspiration that best suited our likeness. Our original design process began with a drawing of our proposed bridge. As we built, we had difficulty keeping the bridge symmetrical which led to necessary alterations but overall, the finished product very closely matched the beginning design. We used two different types of beams
T-Beam

throughout the bridge made up of sturdy tongue depressors. We found that the use of I-beams would be most successful in providing stability along the arch. The I-beams would provide resistance so that the bridge would not collapse inward. We also

I-Beam

used T-beams on the base that connected the two sides of the base and worked along with crossing beams that also connected the

two sides of the base together. In order to connect the arch to the base we used layered popsicle sticks. We tried to limit the amount of popsicle sticks we used and also the amount of layering that was applied in order to guarantee a positive load-to-weight ratio. We took a different approach with the loading plate design. Instead of using I-beams or T-beams sticks, we used to box beams made with sturdier tongue depressors which formed the base of the plate and connected these with two single tongue depressors.

Adriano, Chung, Hayes !3 Our bridge was tested at Saint John Bosco High School. In order to test how much weight our bridge could hold, weights were attached to the bridge by way of the loading plate. Once everything was in place, the device connected to the weights allowed more and more of the full weight was added to the bridge. Buffalo Bridge held nearly 160 pounds of weight before it could not withstand the pressure any longer. Our bridge failed due to the lack of reinforcement on the sides of the bridge. The sides were constructed by six diagonally placed columns of Popsicle sticks and five vertically placed columns of Popsicle sticks. These columns were made up of two connected Popsicle sticks, strategically layered so that they would connect the roadway and the arch of the bridge. We believe that if these columns were reinforced by way of more layering, our bridge would have been able to withstand more weight. We had to take into consideration the fact that the load-to-weight ratio would not have been as high had we added layers to the sides and therefore more weight to the bridge. Materials

popsicle sticks tongue depressors white Elmers glue scissors MathType

- large and medium binder clips - Microsoft Word - ruler - X-acto knife - weighing scale Conversions

Bridge Data

Cost of Materials

Adriano, Chung, Hayes !4 Time Sheet

Celine Adriano Nov. 8 Planning/ Design Construction Travel 2 hr Nov. 29 0.10 hr 5 hr 0.6 hr Nov. 30 0.10 hr 7 hr 0.6 hr Dec. 1 0.10 hr 7 hr 0.6 hr 0.2 hr Dec. 9 Dec. 16 2 hr Dec. 17 1 hr 2 hr Dec. 2

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Inspection

Calculations

Elizabeth Chung Nov. 8 Planning/ Design Construction Travel Calculations 0.5 hr 0.2 hr 0.3 hr 2 hr 5 hr 8 hr 10 hr 7 hr Nov. 29 Nov. 30 Dec.1 Dec. 2

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Inspection

Dec. 9 Planning/Design Inspection 0.3 hr

Dec. 16

Dec. 17 2 hr

Hannah Hayes Nov. 8 Planning/ Design Construction 2 hr 3 hr Nov. 29 Nov. 30 Dec. 1 Dec. 2

Adriano, Chung, Hayes !5 Travel 0.5 hr Dec. 9 1 hr Dec. 16 2 hr Elizabeth Chung 28.3 35.3 Hannah Hayes 10.5 Dec. 17 2 hr Total Hours 74.1

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Calculations Celine Adriano

Time Breakdown
Planning/Design Inspection Construction Calculations Travel

5% 1% 10% 73%

11%

Calculations

- Load-to-Weight ratio:

R=

max load (lb ) 159 = = 159lbs bridgemass(lb ) 1.00

- Cost per pound load:

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total cos t ($) 20 Clb = = = $7.95 / lb max load (lb ) 159

Adriano, Chung, Hayes !6

! ! total cos t ($) 20 CL = = = $6.10 / ft ! ! length( ft ) 3.3 ! ! - Length density: ! ! bridgemass(lb ) 1.00 !L = = = 0.3 / ft ! ! length( ft ) 3.3 ! ! - Scaled Time per Length: ! ! manhours(hr ) 74.1 t= = = 22.5 / ft ! ! length( ft ) 3.3 ! ! - Waste Percentage: ! ! wastemass(lb ) 0.6 W= = = 0.6 ! ! bridgemass(lb ) 1.00 ! ! ! CW =W ! total $ = 0.6 ! 20 = $12 / lb ! ! ! ! Discussion Questions !
weight ratio.

- Cost per length:

- Waste Cost:

1. Calculate the mass of the bridge in pounds, assuming a similar material, with your load-to-

5 ! 10 "14 x $ 2000lbs ' = # x = 0.251& = 503lbs % 1ton ) ( 0.0795tons 40tons

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Adriano, Chung, Hayes !7

2. Calculate the length of this scaled-up bridge using the length density; divide your result by four, to account for the four lanes.

503lbs 1lb = ! l = 19874.21 ! 4l = 19874.21 ! l = 49868.5in l 39.5in !

3. Calculate the total cost of building this bridge by adding the cost based on the max load and the cost based on the length from (2).

$20 c ! c $ ! $20 $ = +# = ' (c = $10062.90) + (c = $2515.70) = $12578.60 # & " 40tons 0.0795tons % " 39.5in 4968.5in & %

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4. Calculate the mass of waste (in pounds) generated by this scaled-up bridge project. Also calculate the cost of this wasted material.

! W = 0.6 ! 503 = 301.8lbs !

! CW = 0.6 ! $15723.31 = $9433.99 ! !

5. Calculate the number of man hours required to build a bridge of length in question (2). Categorize these numbers according to each type of work by multiplying this total by each respective percentage. Assuming a person works 40 hour per week and four weeks a month, calculate how many employees are needed to complete this project in 10 months.

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Planning/Design - 11% Travel - 8% Construction - 73% Calculations - 10% Inspection - 1% 10264.58 hours 7465.15 hours 68119.48 hours 9331.44 hours 933.14 hours

Adriano, Chung, Hayes !8

! 4 weeks $ ! 40 hours $ ! 1employee $ (10 mon ) # = 1600 hours ' 93314.35 # = 58 employees & # & " 1month % " 1week % " 1600 hours & %

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6. There is an environmental service charge for solid resource removal of $0.813326/lb. Calculate the amount of waste in pounds, and the cost of waste disposal.

! $0.81 $ 301.8lbs # = $244.46 ' $244.46 + $9433.99 = $9678.45 " 1.00lb & %

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7. Due to a building regulation you must lengthen the bridge by 15% of your value from #2. Calculate the additional cost of for this length of bridge, and the additional time needed.

4968.50in ! 0.15 = 745.28in

$20 c = = $377.36 / in 39.5in 745.28in

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71.4 hrs h = = 1347.15 hrs / in 39.5in 745.28in

8. The Riverfront Properties Owners Association (RPOA) has sent a petition against your bridge being built. They argue that your bridge, which is located almost two and a half miles away from them, obstructs their view of the entire river. As well, they believe the bridge will take away from the natural beauty that increases their property value. Write a half-page to one page letter in response to this petition defending your bridge project.!

! December 18, 2013 !

Celine Adriano Head Buffalo Company 8291 Pasture Rd Buffalo, New York 14201

Adriano, Chung, Hayes !9

TO: Riverfront Properties Owners Association 1234 Water Way Buffalo, New York 14201

! Dear Riverfront Properties Owners Association, !

On behalf of Head Buffalo Company, I am writing to whom it may concern on the construction of our bridge, Buffalo. When completed, Buffalo will conveniently connect the cities of Buffalo, New York and Fort Erie, Ontario. With all legal matters taken care of, this monumental project will benefit both the American and Canadian communities. I have read your concerns and can assure you that this bridge will not decrease property value whatsoever, but may be able to increase it due to the easy accessibility to Canada. The view of the Niagara River will not be obstructed as well. Citizens or residents of either country will have full access to crossing the bridge as long as they present a valid passport or travel visa at the security check. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the Canada Border Services Agency have both agreed to send border patrol agents at each side of their respective borders. This will ensure that both cities are safe from any potential harm and individuals are following the protocol needed to cross each country. The benefits of having a bridge acting as a border crossing are endless. Families who have relatives on either side of the bridge will now be able to cross with frequency and ease. People who are seeking employment may now look on both sides of the border. This will help boost the city of Buffalos economy and help it keep thriving. Tourism will also increase as Niagara Falls, one of the seven wonders of the world, is only a 20 minute drive from Fort Erie. In turn, Buffalo is also in close proximity to the New York side of the falls; a short 25 minute drive. Residents of either country will be able to visit both sides of the famed waterfall with ease, as well as curious tourists. Buffalo will provide a beautiful view of the Niagara River and will be a sure favorite of travelers who are utilizing the bridge. In no way will it be an eyesore, but a positive addition to the city of Buffalo. Tourism and enterprise opportunities will increase and transportation will be easier than ever. On behalf of Head Buffalo Company, we guarantee that Buffalo will only bring positive attributes to the already thriving community. Sincerely, Celine Adriano Chief Marketing Officer of Head Buffalo Company

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Adriano, Chung, Hayes !10

Blueprint!