TEST I

Abajo encontrars una serie de frases. Solo una es correcta en cada caso, bien sea por razones gramaticales, bien sea por el contexto. Piensa la respuesta muy bien antes de contestar y piensa por qu es correcta esa respuesta y no las restantes. Encontrars las respuestas en la pgina siguiente con sus correspondientes explicaciones.

IE1 O

The late Ronald Reagan annoyed him Ronald Reagan, late, annoyed him Late Ronald Reagan annoyed him Ronald Reagan annoyed him late Yesterday he bought a trouser in Bryant's He yesterday bought a trouser in Bryant's He boughted a trouser in Bryant's yesterday Yesterday he bought some trousers in Bryant's The fraudster was sent to a prison The fraudster was sent to the prison The fraudster was sent to prison The fraudster was sent to some prison Barely I have any rice left I barely have any rice left I have any rice barely left I have some rice barely left However hard he pushed, he just couldn't open the door However, hard he pushed, he just couldn't open the door How hard he ever pushed, he just couldn't open the door However much hard he pushed, he just couldn't open the door I I I I really like the Pedro's new car like the Pedro's new car really really like Pedro's new car really like new Pedro's car

D D D D D I I D D D D D D D D D D D D D | | D D D D D D D D | | D D D

U I 9 l SU !H u

SOI 13E1 0}

Will you be not able to go? Will you can't go? Won't you be able to go? Will'n't you can go? Horse have calves Horses have foals Horses have cubs Horses have tadpoles

NOTAS

ANSWERS

1.a

Pero qu significa? Adivnalo! Se puede decir "the late Raner of Montecarlo" pero no "the late Juan Carlos of Spain". Igual de aceptable sera "the late John Paul II". Por otro lado, no se puede decir "the late John Paul I". Est claro? La respuesta viene a pie de pgina.* La colocacin de la palabra yesterday era simplemente para despistarte. Puede colocarse al principio o al final de la frase. Obviamente la "C" incluye un pasado incorrecto. El truco est en saber que en ingls siempre decimos "some trousers" o "a pair of trousers". "A trouser" no existe. Estamos hablando de un criminal: "a fraudster". Cuando hablamos de ciertas instituciones (entre ellas "prisons, schools, hospitals and churches"), a veces se omite el artculo. Por ejemplo: "A prisoner goes to pr/son. However, a relative goes to the pr/son to visit the prisoner. A pupil goes to school. His parents go to the school to speak with his teachers. A sick person goes to hospital. Similarly, a relative of that person goes to the hospital to visit them. If you are a practising Catholic, you go to church every Sunday. As a tourist, on the other hand, you go to the church to visit the crypt". Para que la "D" fuera correcta, hara falta aadir ms informacin: "He was sent to some prison n the middle of nowhere", por ejemplo. Nuestro adverbio equivalente a "apenas" se sita inmediatamente antes de cualquier verbo no auxiliar (regular o irregular), y despus de cualquier verbo auxiliar. Ojo! En este ejemplo, el verbo have significa "tener" y no "haber", con lo cual, se comporta como un verbo no auxiliar. La palabra however tiene dos significados: "however+ adverbio + sujeto + verbo", como en este caso, que significa "Por muy fuerte que empujara". El otro significado de however, (seguido de una coma) es "sin embargo". La "A" es quizs la que ms se oye en boca de un espaol, pero suena fatal. Tienes que olvidar el artculo en ejemplos de este tipo. Por otro lado, la "D" significa que lo nuevo es Pedro y no su coche! No olvides que el futuro del verbo can (por cierto, un verbo incompleto) es wll be able to. Para preguntas negativas el orden es siempre el siguiente: contraccin del auxiliar con negacin (won't) + sujeto (you) + infinitivo (be able to). Una simple cuestin de vocabulario! Cuntos caballos habis visto que paran terneros (calves), cachorros de felinos o lobos (cubs) o renacuajos (tadpoles)? "The late Ronald Reagan" s i g n i f i c a "el recin fallecido" o "el difunto".

2.d

3.c

4.b

5.a

6.c

7.c

8.b

How is he like? What does he look like? What does he look? How does he look like? How many of you will there be? 3 How many of you will be? l How many be you? I How many are you? I People in Italy dresses elegantly : f The Italian people dresses elegantly >t People from Italy dresses elegantly H Italian people dress elegantly Why Why Why Why 3Eft jflil EI JEI Et JJjl iT tfii you haven't started yet? haven't you started yet? do you not have started? you still haven't started? like like like like to to to to ask a question, fire away question me, fire away demand a question, fire away make me a question, fire away

I | I I I I G G G G I I G G G G G G G I I G I I G O G G G I I O O CU G G G | | G

If anyone would If anyone would If anyone would If anyone would

When did it last take you three hours to get to work? When did you take three hours to get to work for the last time? When did you last three hours to get to work lately? When have you lasted three hours to get to work lately? He He He He We We We We is used to make speeches is using to make speeches used to making speeches is used to making speeches go there go there go there go there all the years each year every year all years

NOTAS

1.b

Significa "Cmo es l fsicamente?". "Cmo es l?" (como persona) sera "What is he like?" "Cmo est?" sera "How is he?". Las tres restantes no tienen mucho sentido. Esta es una frase donde habitualmente los espaoles se equivocan, traduciendo de forma literal del castellano (como en el ejemplo "D"). La respuesta normal es "There'll be five of us." Otros ejemplos son "There were only three of us at the meeting." Y "/ interviewed many candidates but only seven of them were any good." Se puede decir perfectamente "The tallan people" (en los libros de historia), "People in ltaly"y "People from Italy". Sin embargo, people en ingls, al contrario que en castellano, es plural, con lo cual solo vale la ltima. Adems, tallan people junto con Italians son las formas ms empleadas. Una de las famosas preguntas en negativo en las que siempre tiene que haber presente un verbo auxiliar. En estos casos, hay que invertir dicho "auxiliar + not + sujeto". Aqu propongo ms ejemplos con el verbo auxiliar sealado en negrita: "Why don'tyou come?"; "What doesn't he like about it?"; "Why didn't she leave him?"; "Why can't you tell me?";"Why isn't he here?"; "Why won't they let you?". Respecto a la "C", en cuanto emplees el verbo auxiliar do, have ha de significar "tener", lo cual es imposible debido a la presencia del participio. Unos matices: "to question" significa "preguntar cuando hay motivo de sospecha" o "interrogar" (interrgame, por favor!!!). "To demand" significa "exigir" (exigir una pregunta?). "To make a question" -forma parte de ese mtico idioma spanglish que todava cuenta con algunos adeptos. "To ask a question" es la nica vlida. "Fire away" equivale a "Adelante!".

2.a

3.d

4.b

5.a

6.a

Significa "Cundo fue la ltima vez que tardaste tres horas en venir al trabajo?" Last aqu funciona como adverbio. Es una forma ms natural que "When was the last time it took you three hours to get to work?". "Tardar" = "to take"y se suele expresar en el impersonal (con "it" como sujeto). "For the last time" quiere decir "por ltima vez". "To last" - "durar". "Acostumbrarse" y "estar acostumbrado a" llevan la forma del verbo acabado en -ing. No hay que confundirlo con "usedto+ infinitivo". Comparmoslos: "I am usedto workinglonghours" = "Estoy acostumbrado a trabajar muchas horas". En este caso, sigo trabajando. "/ used to work long hours" - "Antes trabajaba muchas horas". Aqu se supone que ya no trabajo muchas horas. En trminos generales, each y every son sinnimos pero hay dos ocasiones en las que solo vale uno. Para decir "todos/as" refirindose a la frecuencia con la que hacemos algo, se emplea every ("every week", "every Monday", "every summer") y cuando hablamos de solo dos cosas ("cada una" o "ambas") hay que utilizar each.

7.d

8.c

TEST 3
The The The The news news news news s a s a s a is a disaster. disaster. disaster. disaster. Now-m-on, ufe will be even harder From here forward, ufe will be even harder Here-in-on, life will be even harder Henceforth, life will be even harder Bob. Bob. Bob. Bob. -No, -No, -No, -No, it was Peter who bought it were Peter who bought it was Peter who bought it he was Peter who bought it | | I I I I G O G d O G O Q D HJ O O I I Q O O O | | O O O D O d O O I I O O

John John John John It It It It

bought bought bought bought

the cat from the cat from the cat from the cat from

would would would would

be a calamity be a calamity be a calamity be a calamity

were the summit to fail should the summit to fail unless the summit to fail if the summit to fail

Only Only Only Only

by chance did Jack discover where the settlement was by chance had Jack discover where the settlement was by chance might have Jack discovered where the settlement was by chance Jack discovered where the settlement was their their their their trip, trip, trip, trip, they they they they had to had to had to had to incorprate lots of jabs. (Jabs = vacunas) make lots of jabs do lots of jabs have lots of jabs

Before Before Before Before He He He He

shoved the day before yesterday shoved himself the day before yesterday shaved himself the day before yesterday shaved the day before yesterday

He tooks the pen out his pocket He took the pen out of his pocket He took out the pen his pocket He took out the pen of his pocket He saught employment He seeked employment He soaked employment He sought employment all last year all last year all last year all last year

NOTAS

10

ANSWERS

1.d

Henceforth: una de nuestras expresiones para decir "de aqu en adelante". Las tres restantes son errneas: deberan ser "now-on-in ', "from now on" y "here-on-in" para ser correctas. Hasta que no identifiquemos a una persona por su nombre utilizamos la forma impersonal con el pronombre it, aunque estemos hablando de nosotros mismos. "It wasn't him, it was me". El ejemplo ms comn es cuando descolgamos el telfono. "Quin eres?" se dice "Who is it?"y "Soy Richard" se dice "It's Richard". Una vez identificado el sujeto, volvemos a utilizar el pronombre personal habitual. Esta es una forma alternativa y muy formal del segundo condicional, por muy raro que suene. Summit significa "cumbre", tanto poltica como montaosa. La oracin compuesta por "Were + sujeto + to + infinitivo" sustituye a la ms frecuente "If + sujeto + pasado simple". Se suele utilizar esta forma cuando estamos hablando de un desenlace poco probable en el contexto de un acontecimiento y periodo de tiempo especfico. "Should the summit /a/7" sera otra alternativa, pero claro, no se puede escribir con to como en el ejemplo "C" tratndose de un verbo auxiliar. La palabra o tambin sobra en el ltimo ejemplo, donde el verbo tendra que ir en el pasado para ser correcto. Esta es difcil. Cuando empezamos una frase con "On/y by chance" (Por pura casualidad) hay que hacer lo siguiente: "On/y by chance + did + sujeto + infinitivo". Si esta forma enftica te resulta complicada, simplemente escribe la frase as: "Jack only discovered where the settlement was by chance. " Settlement significa "poblado". Una simple cuestin de vocabulario. "Vacunarse" se dice get vaccinated, get nnoculated o, entre la poblacin profana en el tema, have a jab. Jab es un "pinchazo". Shove o shave? Shove significa "empujar" pero normalmente requiere un complemento y no se usa de forma reflexiva. Nuestro verbo para "afeitarse" es shave. No se suele utilizar con el reflexivo, al contrario que en castellano. "Sacar algo de algn sitio" es take something out of a place. La "A" no vale porque solo se aade una s despus de la tercera persona en el presente simple. Took, el pasado, no vara en funcin de la persona. Falta of en la "C". En cuanto a la "D", cuando hay dos preposiciones con un verbo, no se suelen separar. En dichos casos, al tratarse de un verbo de movimiento, el complemento directo suele ir entre el verbo y la primera preposicin. El pasado del verbo seek ("buscar") es sought. Sin embargo, es mucho ms comn usar look for. Soaked es el pasado y el participio del verbo soak ("empapar") y los otros dos simplemente no existen.

2.a

3.a

4.a

5.d

6.d

7.b

8.d

11

TEST 4

U OJ El u u El U JU fH U C3EI Cffil

Nobody saw anything suspicious at any point Anybody saw anything suspicious at any point Somebody saw anything suspicious at any point Nobody saw anything suspicious at no point l'm not looking forward to start work again l'm not looking forward of starting work again l'm not looking forward for starting work again l'm not looking forward to starting work again A part from my jewellery is missing Apart from my jewellery is missing Some of jewellery of mine is missing Some of my jewellery is missing He's a pain seen that he's always late He's a pain although he's always late He's a pain, however, he's always late He's a pain inasmuch as he's always late The country The country The country The country has a rapid immigrant expanding population has a rapidly expanding immigrant population has a rapid population expandingly immigrant has an expandingly rapid immigrant population

D D D D D D I I D D D D D D D D D D D D D D I I D D D D D D D D D

El fu El

ts^i]| @EI @EI H l

He have just eaten his toast He just has eaten his toast He's just eaten his toast He is just eaten his toast He went He went He went He went She She She She out despite of the fact that it rained out in spite of it rained out in spite of raining out despite the rain

stood on the doormat standed on the doormat stoods in the doormat stoods on the doormat.

NOTAS

12

ANSWERS

1.a

Aqu se trata de saber la diferencia entre anybody ("nadie") y anybody ("cualquiera"). Cuando viene precedido por un verbo o una expresin en negativo significa "nadie". Sin embargo, cuando no es as, significa cualquiera. Adems, no puede haber ms de una palabra estilo "no-body/thing/where" en la misma frase. A partir del primero, los dems ejemplos sern "any-body/thing/where", por supuesto con connotacin negativa. Repasemos las cuatro frases para ver lo que significan. 1.a "Nobody saw anythingsuspicious at any point". "Nadie vio nada sospechoso en ningn momento". (Versin correcta) 1.b "Anybody saw anything suspicious at any point". "Cualquiera vio cualquier cosa sospechosa en cualquier momento". (!) Un poquito raro, verdad? 1.c "Somebody saw anything suspicious at any point". "Alguien vio cualquier cosa sospechosa en cualquier momento". No! Dos negativos, con lo cual no se 1 .d "Nobody saw anything suspicious at no point". puede traducir. Esta es una expresin que hay que aprender de memoria. Es realmente til para terminar una carta: "l'm looking forward to hearing from you soon" - "Quedo a la espera de tus noticias". Una de las pocas veces que to acompaa a un verbo acabado en ing. "Some of myjewellery is missing" est bien. "Una parte de" = "a par OF" en ingls y, por tanto, la primera respuesta est mal. "B": "exceptuando + sujeto + verbo" = "apart from the fact that...". Para ser correcta, la tercera tendra que omitir el primer of: Somejewellery of mine is missing. l es un pesado PORQUE siempre llega tarde. En consecuencia, la segunda (aunque) y la tercera (sin embargo), no tienen mucho sentido. El equivalente de "en vista de que" en ingls puede ser nasmuch as, "seeing that" y since, entre otras. En una cadena de adverbios y adjetivos siempre vamos del menos al ms esencial. De qu se trata? De una poblacin (esto al final). Qu tipo de poblacin? Una poblacin de inmigrantes (immigrant\ia penltimo). Qu est haciendo esta poblacin de inmigrantes? Est creciendo (antepenltimo). Cmo est creciendo? Rpidamente (los adverbios siempre van antes del adjetivo). No olvides que el apostrofe + s puede representar has o is. Significa "l acaba de comerse su tostada". Si alguien ha puesto la "A", me pego un tiro! La posicin errnea de la palabra justdescarta la "B". En la "A" sobra of. Se dice in spite of, pero el sinnimo despite no lleva preposicin. En la "B" falta "the fact that" antes del sujeto it. La "C" es absurda, dejndonos con la "D" como nica opcin posible. Stand / Stood / Stood. La tercera persona solo lleva una s en el presente simple por supuesto!

2.d

3.d

4.d

5.b

6.c

7.d

8.a

13

TEST 5
You needn't smoke in the office You mustn't smoke in the office You don't have to smoke in the office You shouldn't have to smoke in the office U O I I G D I I O I I Q CU HJ d Q n D D D D D O | | G O O D D O D Q O O O

H ! l

fe Pollution is something you have to suppose I Pollution is something you have to live with l Pollution is something you have to assume ii Pollution is something you have to support I I i l I don't believe in the justice I don't believe about justice I don't believe in justice I don't believe about the justice The river is lOm deep at that point The river is lOm of deep at that point The river has lOm of depth at that point The depth river is lOm at that point At that moment, In this moment, At this moment, In that moment, He earns twenty He earns twenty He earns twenty He earns twenty Len turned up out of the blue Len turned up out of the blue Len turned up out of the blue Len turned up out of the blue millions pesetas a year million of pesetas a year millions of pesetas a year million pesetas a year

>

31 ai l

Who's the bag? Whose the bag is? Whose bag is it? Who's is the bag? I won't I won't I won't I won't go unless you not go go unless you will go go unless you won't go go unless you go

EJ I3t l i i

NOTAS

14

1.b

Todas son correctas desde el punto de vista gramatical, pero la "B" es la nica que, por el contexto, vale. Abajo tienes las traducciones de los cuatro ejemplos. Intenta traducirlo t mismo con el fin de ver si hay alguna estructura que requiere un repaso, 1.a 1.b l.c 1 ,d "You needn't smoke in the office". "You mustn't smoke in the office". "You don't have to smoke in the office". "You shouldn't have to smoke in the office". "No es necesario fumar en la oficina". "No debes fumar en la oficina". (Est prohibido) "No tienes que fumar en la oficina". "No deberas tener que fumar en la oficina". (!) "suponer";

2.b

uve with = "soportar"; suppose support= "apoyar".

"suponer, imaginarse"; assume -

3.c

En ingls, "we be/ieve IN something". La Justicia, al igual que todos los nombres abstractos, no lleva artculo. Aqu se trata de la siguiente estructura: "nmero + sustantivo + adjetivo". Piensa en: "/ am 30 years od"; "My block is eght storeys hgh"; "The meeting was 15 minutes long". Primero, turn up significa "presentarse en un sitio" y "out of the blue" se puede traducir como "inesperadamente". "En este momento = At the moment"; "En aquel momento - At that moment". Las dems suenan fatal. En ingls decimos: "Two hundred pesetas", "Five thousand pesetas" y "Twenty million pesetas". Cuando un nmero describe a algo nunca se pluraliza. Of est igualmente fuera de lugar. Es spanglish puro y duro. Veamos las posibles respuestas. No tiene sentido. Completamente absurdo pero se oye en Espaa! 7.c "Whose bag is t?" "De quin es el bolso?" Versin correcta. 7.d "Who's is the bag?" "Quin es es el bolso?" Por favor! Sera igualmente aceptable decir: "Whose is the bag?" o "Whose is this bag?" 7.a "Who's the bag?" "Quin es el bolso?" 7.b "Whose the bag is?" Imposible traducirlo.

4.a

5.a

6.d

7.c

8.d

Esta oracin significa "Yo no ir a menos que t vayas". En un contexto futuro empleamos el presente simple despus de un/ess.

15

TEST 6
I went to the station I went at the station I went the station I was to the station She's She's She's She's He's He's He's He's more big that me bigger as me bigger than me more big than me D D D D D D D D D I I D D D D D D D D D D I I D D I I D D | | D D D D | |

intelligenter that her more intelligent that her more intelligent than her intelligenter than her

m H 31 U H

Mine is red and the Christopher's is blue Mine is red and Christopher's is blue Mine one is red and Christopher's one is blue The mine is red and the Christopher's is blue I said I go I said that I go I said I had go I said l'd go This one is over there, that one is here These ones are here, thats ones are over there This one is here, thoses ones are over there These ones are here, those ones are over there Can you to help me? Can you be able to help me? Are you able help me? Can you help me? Tve stopped l've stopped l've stopped l've stopped going to the gym to go to the gym of go to the gym of going to the gym

NOTAS

16

ANSWERS

1.a

Utilizamos la preposicin to con el verbo go cuando nos dirijmos hacia un sitio. At se emplea con el verbo be para indicar el sitio donde nos encontramos. En espaol, la forma verbal "fui" corresponde al pasado simple de los verbos "ser" o "ir". En ingls no es as, por tanto la opcin "D" es incorrecta. Comparativos: para adjetivos de una slaba se forma colocando eral final. En nuestro ejemplo hay que aadir una segunda gal adjetivo. La siguiente palabra es siempre than. Por ejemplo, "l'm taller than him"; "They're fster than me"; "He's shorter than them". Sin embargo, cuando el adjetivo contiene dos slabas o ms, lo dejamos tal cual pero colocamos la palabra more justo antes. Than sigue siendo la palabra que hay que usar inmediatamente despus. Algunos ejemplos: "She's more interested in the project than I am"; "They're more unpredictable than you are", Una leccin muy importante. Olvida la palabra the cuando hablamos de "el mo, el de ella, el nuestro, el de Paco, etc.". Hablamos siempre de "mine, hers, ours, Paco's". Segundo punto: "mine - my one"; "yours = your one"; "his - his one"; "Laura's = Laura's one". "Dije que ira." Lo que realmente dije fue "/ willgo", pero al comentarlo como oracin dicha en el pasado hay que modificar will dando un paso hacia atrs en el tiempo. El pasado de w/7/es wouldcuya contraccin es apostrofe + d. Por ejemplo, "l'll play"se relata "/ said l'd play". "l'll helpyou" se convierte en "/ said l'd help you". Los primeros tres ejemplos son incorrectos. Aunque puede que los dos primeros parezcan correctos, no lo son. "Dije 'voy'" (entre comillas) sera "/ said 'l'm going'". Pronombres demostrativos. Cuando queremos sealar un objeto que est al alcance de la mano, empleamos this. Cuando el objeto que queremos indicar se encuentra fuera de nuestro alcance, la palabra es that. Si estamos hablando de ms de un objeto, usamos these para cosas que tenemos al lado y those para objetos ms lejanos. Muy relacionado con esto es la diferencia entre here ("aqu") y over there ("all"). El verbo can es un auxiliar con lo cual siempre exige un infinitivo SIN to. Por otro lado, la expresin sinnima be able s requiere to. La "B" es absurda ya que significa "Puedes poder ayudarme?" (una redundancia total). El verbo stop requiere infinitivo o gerundio en funcin de su significado. Cuando queremos decir "parar para hacer algo" en un momento determinado, empleamos "stop + to + infinitivo". Ahora bien, cuando queremos decir "dejar de hacer algo" refirindonos a un hbito, utilizamos "stop + verbo en gerundio (-ing)". Por ejemplo, "/ stopped to answer my mobile" frente a "I've stopped going to the public library".

2.c

3.c

4.b

5.d

B.d

7.d

8.a

17

TEST 7
He He He He wants that we go to the shop for some bread. want that we go to the shop for some bread. wants us to go to the shop for some bread. . likes us to go to the shop for some bread.

u
D

Do that which s written in the manual! Do which s written in the manual! . . . Do that s written in the manual! Do what is written in the manual! . Did he has a nice time? Had he a nice time? Did he nave a nice time? Did he have got a nice time? I I I I wouldn't have run over the cat would haven't run over the cat hadn't have run over the cat if wouldn't have ran over the cat if I had seen it if I have seen it I wouldn't have seen it. if I had seen it.

n
D D D D D D D

The faster you run, the tireder you become The fastest you run, the tiredest you become. . . . How much faster you run that tireder you become. The faster you run, the more ti red you become. . . Indians Indians Indians Indians I I I I found found found found represent 10 per cent of population of Great Britain represent the 10 per cent of the population of Great Britain. represent 10% of population of Great Britain represent 10 per cent of the population of Great Britain. . . out about it about it out about it the it about out the other day. the other day. other day. . . . the other day. .. .. .. ..

There are three left days only. . There are left three days only. . There are only three days left. . Left, there are only three days.

NOTAS

18

1.c

Nunca decimos "/ want that" seguido de verbo aunque pueda sonar como una perfecta traduccin del castellano, Por qu? Porque no tenemos subjuntivo en ingls con lo cual hay que utilizar un complemento objeto (en muchas ocasiones un pronombre) + to + infinitivo. La "B" tambin es incorrecta porque carece de la s necesaria en la tercera persona singular del presente simple. La "D" simplemente suena rara. "Lo que = what". No hay ms que hablar. Ahora te propongo algunos ejemplos: "/ like what I saw." ("Me gusta lo que vi"); "What you said was interesting." ("Lo que dijiste fue interesante"); "/ don't know what I am going to do." ("No s lo que voy a hacer"). D/c/es un verbo auxiliar que ya expresa la tercera persona con lo cual no puede seguirle has. La "B" no vale. Had he solo se dice con un participio y el significado es "haber" y no "tener". Have got solo sirve para decir "tener" en el contexto del presente. Had got es "haba conseguido". El condicional en el pasado. La "B" es una atrocidad lingstica. La "C" desobedece una de las normas principales para formular un condicional: nunca se coloca ni la palabra would ni tv///en la misma oracin que if. La "D" es gramaticalmente incorrecta, ya que los tiempos compuestos requieren el participio (rur). "The treder" no se dice, tratndose de una excepcin. "Cuanto ms... ms" es siempre "the + comparativo... the + comparativo". "How much" en este contexto es spanglish total. Igual que en castellano, hay que decir "de la poblacin". Cuidado con los porcentajes! Nosotros nunca decimos "the 10%". The sobra. Normalmente con los phrasal verbs se coloca el pronombre (it) entre el verbo y la partcula. Sin embargo, en este caso, el verbo y sus dos preposiciones constituyen una unidad indivisible por lo que hay que colocar it despus. Otro ejemplo sera "/ got away with it". "Solo quedan tres das." Esta expresin necesita el verbo there is/are, y la palaba left al final de la frase.

2.d

3.c

4.a

5.d

6.d

7.a

8.c

19

TEST 8

when It hurts when It hurts when It hurts when

bees bees bees bees

pinch sting pique bite

G G | | D | | G G G G G D G G | | G G G | | G G G G G G | | G | | G | | G G G

1 He assumeds a big risk l He assumes a big risk He took on a big risk 1 He rans a big risk I remember to play with my friends as a child I remember for to play with my friends as a child I remember playing with my friends as a child I have memories to play with my friends as a child I I I I asked asked asked asked her that she help me her for to help me to her that she help me her to help me

l u u

H u >

If it snows tomorrow, we will go to the mountains If tomorrow it snows, we will go to the mountains We go to the mountains if tomorrow it snows If it will snow tomorrow, we will go to the mountains They are two of them in the room They are two in the room There are two of them in the There are two of they in the room I I I I don't don't don't don't know know know know who did do it who did it who did it do it who it was that did do it your route to her house? your path to her house? the path to her house? your way to her house?

room

Do you know Do you know Do you know Do you know

NOTAS

20

ANSWERS

1.b

Cuando una abeja te pica utilizamos el verbo sting. El verbo >/ese utiliza para mosquitos, araas u hormigas. Pinch significa "pellizcar" y piquees francs. Assume significa "dar por hecho" o, a veces, "creer". "Asumir un riesgo" es take on a risk. Podemos decir run a risk ("correr un riesgo") pero el pasado del verbo no puede llevar una s al final como en el ejemplo "D". Cuando hablamos de recuerdos empleamos el verbo remember con el gerundio (verbo acabado en -ing). En cambio, cuando hablamos de cosas que tenemos que recordar o que no hemos recordado utilizamos remember con el infinitivo ("to + verbo"). A continuacin mostramos ejemplos de ambos. Con gerundio: "/ remember going to school for the first time; I remember Ita/y winning the World Cup in 1982; I remember visiting the Lean ing Tower of Pisa", y con infinitivo: "/ mus remember to phone my mother; I didn't remember to go to the dentist's; Remember to tidy up when you finish". El acusativo de nuevo. Igual que ocurre con el verbo want, ask requiere un complemento o pronombre objeto ya que el subjuntivo no existe en ingls. Olvdate de la palabra that despus de verbos como ASK, WANT, NEEDy BEG. Aqu proponemos un ejemplo de cada: "He asked u$ to take part" ("l nos pidi que participramos"); "He wanted us to take part" ("l quiso que participramos"); "He needed us to take part" ("l necesit que participramos"); "He begged us to take part" ("l nos suplic que participramos"). Dos cosas. Primero: NUNCA utilizamos el auxiliar WILL despus de IF en una oracin condicional. Por dicho motivo, la "D" es incorrecta. Segundo: la expresin de tiempo (tomorrow) no puede ir en medio de una oracin condicional. Tiene que colocarse al principio o al final de la oracin. "Son dos - There are two of them". De la misma manera, cuando reservamos en un restaurante, suelen hacer la siguiente pregunta: "How many of you will there be?", a lo que hay que contestar: "There'll be four of us" y NUNCA "We will be four". No olvides que la segunda parte de la frase es una pregunta indirecta. La confusin puede surgir debido a que el verbo en este caso es do, el mismo que utilizamos como auxiliar para hacer preguntas directas. El orden ha de ser who + verbo en pasado. "A path" es "un sendero" o "camino". Sin embargo, el camino a algn sitio es "the way". Route se utiliza ms para un camino o recorrido habitual y no puntual.

2.c

3.c

4.d

5.a

6.c

7.b

8.d

21

TEST 9

Hurry Hurry Hurry Hurry

up! l'm waiting up! l'm waiting up! l'm waiting up! l'm waiting

for you. -l'm going for you. -I come for you. -l'm coming for you. -I go "Take it!" "Hold it!" "Here you are!" "Take!"

D D I I D I I D D | | D D D D | | D D D D D D D

?} H H ?! 3 H

(Waiter serving you a drink) (Waiter serving you a drink) (Waiter serving you a drink) (Waiter serving you a drink)

Did you manage to cover back the bag you left on the bus? Did you manage to get the bag you left on the bus back? Did you manage to find the bag back you left on the bus? Did you manage to recuprate the bag you left on the bus? Are you married Are you married Are you married Are you married I didn't I didn't I didn't I didn't or solitary? or single? or alone? or lonely?

ETft HPt 3 1 ! l U Sft MI

realize the difficult it was realize difficult it was realize what difficult it was realize how difficult it was

"Poor the you!"

3 s
:

"Little poor!" "Little poor thing!"

"Poor you!" They look so alike. I always get them confused up! They look so alike. I always get mixed up them! They look so alike. I always get them mixed up! They look so alike. I always get confused them up! It's It's It's It's a paper's plae a plae made by paper a plae from paper a paper plae

D D
D D D D | | D | | D D

1& U H H

NOTAS

22

ANSWERS

1.c

En ingls, cuando decimos "voy" con la intencin de acercarnos a otra persona, gritamos "l'm coming!". Por otro lado, cuando decimos "me voy" con la intencin de alejarnos de la otra persona decimos "l'm going". En ambos casos hemos de emplear el presente continuo. "Ah tiene." Curioso. Una frase tan cotidiana y qu poca gente hay que sepa decirlo bien! "Recuperar un objeto personal" es recover somethmg o get something back. Recuprate significa "recuperarse" despus de una enfermedad. Si no ests casado, eres single. So/itary significa "solitario" mientras que alone es para cuando estamos solos y lone/y para cuando nos sentimos solos. La palabra clave aqu es how. Otros ejemplos: "/ didn't know how mportant t was" (No saba lo importante que era); "/ didn't realize how big it was" (No me di cuenta de lo grande que era). "Pobrecito!" Tenemos dos formas para decir esto: "Pooryou!" o "Poor (little) thing!". Cuando no somos capaces de distinguir a una persona de otra, expresamos nuestra confusin de dos formas: "/ always get them mixed up" o "/ always get them confused". "Un avin de papel" que tanto gusta a los nios es "a paper plae". La palabra pape/funciona aqu como adjetivo. En este caso no podemos utilizar el genitivo sajn porque el avin no pertenece al papel. Cuando decimos que un objeto est hecho de algn material solemos usar la preposicin ofo, a veces, from ("The box was made of wood").

2.c 3.b

4.b

5.d

6.d 7.c

8.d

23

 i p H | U ?| U H U

The opera The opera The opera The opera

house s in front of the Royal Palace n Madrid house face the Royal Palace in Madrid house is opposite the Royal Palace n Madrid house s in face of the Royal Palace in Madrid

D D D D D D I I I I D D | | D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D

Some of the people I work wth are English Some of the people with I work are English Some of the people with who I work are English Some people with who I work are English It's embarrassed when you forget somebody's ame It embarrasses when you forget somebody's ame It's embarrassing when you forget somebody's ame It's an embarrassment when you forget somebody's ame I I I I will will will will go to go to go to go to the the the the party party party party in case she is there in case she will be there in case she might be there in case she may be there

l'm tired l'm tired l'm tired l'm tired

so l'd not rather to go so I had rather not go so I rather not to go so l'd rather not go

In the end I gave up waiting At the end I gave up waiting Lately I gave up waiting I gave up waiting endly I I I I heard an interesting story in the radio the other day listened an interesting story on the radio the other day heard an interesting story on the radio the other day listened an interesting story in the radio the other day od od od od lady lady lady lady needs needs needs needs somebody somebody somebody somebody to to to to care for her 24 hours a day care about her 24 hours a day care of her 24 hours a day care her 24 hours a day

The The The The

NOTAS

24

ANSWERS

1.C

"Enfrente de" is opposite en ingls. In front of significa "delante de". In face of suena un poco a francs. Se podra admitir la "B" si el verbo acabara en s. Aunque es correcto decir "Some of the people wth whom I work are...", suena excesivamente formal. Cuando un verbo con una preposicin forma parte de una oracin subordinada, la preposicin suele colocarse tras el verbo. Aqu presentamos algunos ejemplos ms: "The company I work for is based in Madrid" ("La empresa para la que trabajo tiene su sede principal en Madrid"); "The book I asked for was out of stock" ("El libro que ped estaba agotado"). Estas frases no tienen nada que ver con esperar un beb! Cuando nos referimos a una situacin decimos "borING, interestING, embarrassING, etc.", en lugar de "borED, interestED o embarrassED". "It's an embarrassment" no suena natural aqu. In case significa "por si..." y, por tanto, la estructura verbal es exactamente la misma que la de un condicional formal. Nunca JAMS utilizamos will despus de if en una oracin condicional. De la misma forma, nunca decimos will despus de in case. La idea de incertidumbre que transmiten may y might es redundante porque ya est implcita en in case. "l'd rather not go - Preferira no ir". En este caso, l'd = I wouldy no / had. In the end equivale a "al final". Cuando empleamos at the end siempre hay que proporcionar informacin adicional. Por ejemplo: "At the end of the match", "At the end of the day", "At the end of the meeting". Late/y significa "ltimamente" y endly simplemente no existe. Normalmente, "We listen to the radio" pero "We hear something on the radio". De forma similar, "We watch televisin" pero "We see somethingQR televisin". Care for somebody es "cuidar de alguien". Care about somebody significa "preocuparse por alguien". Si has respondido "C", te has confundido con la expresin take care of somebody, que s es sinnima de care for somebody. Care sin preposicin es intransitivo y, por tanto, no va acompaado de un complemento.

2.a

3.c

4.a

5.d 6.a

7.c

8.a

25

l'm l'm l'm 'm I I I I

sorry for getting angry with you the other day sorry o get angry with you the other day sorry to have got angry with you the other day sorry getting angry with you the other day

D D D D D D D D D D D I I D D | | D D D D D D I I D D D D D D D D D D

encouraged him to persevere encouraged that he persevere encouraged him that he persevere encouraged to him to persevere they they they they coming? -I coming? -I coming? -I coming? -I think think think think that yes yes they do so

Are Are Are Are

01 m

The house was built for my grandfather. It took him three years The house was built by my grandfather. It took him three years The house was builded by my grandfather. It took him three years The house was builded for my grandfather. It took him three years I I I I waited waited waited waited two hours the bus the bus two hours for two hours the bus two hours for the bus take take take take longer longer longer longer than than than than half hour half of an hour the half of an hour half an hour

It won't It won't It won't It won't

M i l CEI 0H Q Q[|

As far the company's concerned, it's a big risk As far as the company's concerned, it is a big risk As far that the company is concerned, it is a big risk As far than the company's concerned, it's a big risk When this novel was published? When has this novel been published? When was this novel published? When did this novel be published?

NOTAS

26

ANSWERS

1.a

Muy simple: cuando nos lamentamos de un hecho pasado utilizamos "l'm sorry + for". Como for es una preposicin, si quieres utilizar un verbo despus, tiene que ser en gerundio. Por otro lado, cuando nos disculpamos por algo que estamos a punto de hacer, la estructura es "l'm sorry + to + verb". Un ejemplo sera "l'm sorry to tellyou we've decided not to renew your contract" ("Siento decirte que hemos decidido no renovar tu contrato"). Encourage ("animar") se comporta igual que los verbos want, asky tell. Es decir, despus hay que emplear un objeto o un pronombre objeto (me, you, him, her, us, them) y luego "to + verbo". "Creo que s" es siempre igual en ingls, independientemente del tipo de verbo utilizado en la pregunta: / think so. Lo contrario, "creo que no", es simplemente / don't think so. Primero: el pasado (y participio) del verbo build es builtcon lo cual podemos descartar las dos ltimas posibilidades. Segundo: la diferencia entre la "A" y la "B" se resume en la diferencia entre "para" (que no tiene sentido aqu) y "por" que siempre se traduce con by dentro de un contexto verbal pasivo. El verbo wait cuando lleva complemento siempre requiere la preposicin for. Para complicar las cosas podemos optar por emplear la misma preposicin en cuanto al periodo de tiempo que esperamos. Pero, al contrario de la primera, esta segunda for no es de rigor. "Media hora = halfan hour". Conviene memorizar y practicar esta frmula ya que es la nica forma utilizada en ingls. "En cuanto a...": otra expresin digna de estudio. Es necesario emplear as far as ms el sujeto, la correspondiente persona del verbo be y el adjetivo concerned. A continuacin, unos ejemplos: "As far as l'm concerned, it's a waste of time" ("En lo que a m respecta, es una prdida de tiempo"); "As far as my boss is concerned, t isn't a priority" ("En lo que a mi jefe respecta, no es una prioridad"); "As far as England's hopes are concerned, l'm not optimistic" ("En cuanto a las expectativas de Inglaterra, no soy optimista"). Para expresarse bien en la voz pasiva es simplemente cuestin de seguir las reglas del verbo be. Es decir, cuando formulamos una pregunta, el orden siempre es el mismo/ "verbo + sujeto + participio". Espero que no hayas puesto la "D", ya que se trata de una aberracin. Nunca empleamos el auxiliar do/did con otro verbo auxiliar (be}. La "B" es incorrecta por el tiempo utilizado. Por el contexto es obvio que la novela ya ha sido publicada, por lo que automticamente recurrimos al pasado simple.

2.a

3.d

4.b

5.d

6.d

7.b

8.c

27

T E S T 12

I I I I

didn't didn't didn't didn't

want want want want

any problems any problems any problems any problems

so I refused to get involved so I denied to get involved so I negated to get involved so I rejected getting involved

D I I D I I | | D D D D D | | D | | * D D I I D | | D

To fool To fool To fool To fool That That That That

the the the the

Plice, Plice, Plice, Plice,

he refused involvement he negated involvement he denied involvement he rejected involvement

book belongs to her book belongs of her books belong to her book belong to her

All of we were studying at the same school All we were studying at the same school We were studying at the same school all We were all studying at the same school He He He He got nine got nine got nine got nine out of ten in the exam of ten in the exam from ten in the exam over ten in the exam

V:H p

These two wines are extremely similar... There's slightly any difference between them There's hardly some difference between them There's slightly some difference between them There's hardly any difference between them Helen's Helen's Helen's Helen's so elegant. so elegant. so elegant. so elegant. She gets dressed really well She wears really well She dresses herself really well She dresses really well

D D D D D D I I D D I I D D

31 H U

Lisa wasn't used to the speed of life n the city Lisa wasn't get used to the speed of life in the city Lisa wasn't accustomed herself to the speed of life in the city Lisa didn't be used to the speed of life in the city

NOTAS

28

ANSWERS

1.a

Aqu estamos ante cuatro verbos que suelen provocar confusin. Solo el primero es correcto, ya que refuse significa "negarse". Deny es "negar", mientras que reject significa "rechazar". Negate ("invalidar una teora") se emplea muy poco. Esta vez, por el contexto, el verbo es deny ("negar"). La frase significa lo siguiente: "Para engaar a la polica, neg haber estado involucrado". El equivalente preposicin to. simple hay que demostrativo a en ingls al verbo "pertenecer" es belong. Normalmente requiere la Como el sujeto del verbo est en tercera persona del singular del presente aadir la s. Para que la "C" fuera correcta, habra que cambiar el pronombre those.

2.C

3.a

4.d

Para indicar "todos" como sujeto del verbo, hay que colocar all despus del sujeto y del verbo si se trata de un verbo auxiliar y entre el sujeto y el verbo para cualquier verbo no auxiliar. Propongo un ejemplo de cada: "We all went to the concert" ("Fuimos todos al concierto"); "We are all excitad about the news" ("Estamos todos ilusionados con la noticia"). Una alternativa es "all of us" que en ambos casos preceden al verbo: "All of us went to the concert" ("Fuimos todos al concierto"); "All of us are excited about the riews" ("Estamos todos ilusionados con la noticia"). En este caso es simplemente cuestin de aprender esta frmula hecha. Practiquemos: 7/10 ("seven out of ten"); 4/5 ("four out of five")-, 3/4 ("three out of four"). Slightly significa "ligeramente" en el sentido de "poco". Nuestra forma de decir "apenas" es hardly. Hace falta emplear any cuando la utilizamos junto con un sustantivo (contable o no): "There are hardly any books left" ("Apenas quedan libros"); "There was hardly any sugar left" ("Apenas quedaba azcar"). Dresses "vestir" o "ir vestido". El verbo wear requiere que se cite la prenda en cuestin ya que significa "llevar" o "llevar puesto". "Lisa no estaba acostumbrada al ritmo de vida en la ciudad". Be used to significa "estar acostumbrado a" y no debe confundirse con get used to ("acostumbrarse a"). La ltima respuesta supone una barbaridad lingstica!

5.a

B.ti

7.d

8.a

29

T E S T 13
There's There's There's There's l'd l'd l'd l'd a a a a man at the door man on the door man in the door man over the door sit sit sit sit at the shade in the shadow at the shadow in the shade

D | | D D I I D D I I D D D D D D D I I D I I D D D D D D D D D D D D D

rather rather rather rather

I had rather have an ice cream I I did rather have an ice cream I would rather have an ice cream i I should rather have an ice cream He He He He hurt hurt hurt hurt himself the nose himself his nose his nose him the nose

l'm really bored; this class is really boring l'm really boring; this class is really bored I really bore; this class really bores me I really boring; this class is really bored He is doing this every day He do this every day He's doin' this every day He does this every day Is Is Is Is it it it t possible possible possible possible her to come with us? that she come with us? that she comes with us? for her to come with us?

Ten sheep perished in the snow Ten sheepes perished in the snow Ten sheepies perished in the snow Ten sheeps perished in the snow

NOTAS

30

ANSWERS

1.a

Preposiciones! Cuando alguien est en la puerta hace falta la preposicin at. El uso de on implica que la puerta ha sido derribada, in da la idea de un hombre incrustado en la misma puerta, mientras que over describira a un hombre con alas! Una aclaracin: en ingls existen dos palabras para referirse a "sombra". Shade es "sombra" en general y shadow la de una persona u objeto en particular. Por cierto, la preposicin adecuada es in. l'd ratheres nuestra forma de decir "preferira". La apostrofe + drepresenta el verbo auxiliar would. Utilizamos esta expresin mucho ms que / would prefer. El verbo preferse usa para hablar de nuestras preferencias en general, pero para describir una preferencia en un momento dado o ante un par de opciones, l'd ratheres, mucho ms comn. No olvides que las partes del cuerpo requieren un adjetivo posesivo. No es suficiente con emplear el artculo. Suena rarsimo. "Me duele la cabeza", por ejemplo, sera "My head hurts". Adems, el verbo hurt no es reflexivo en ingls. La eterna duda para miles de espaoles. Aclarmosla de una vez por todas, "l'm bored" significa "Estoy aburrido." Por otro lado, "l'm boring" quiere decir "Soy aburrido", o sea que es una frase que no se suele decir hablando de uno mismo! "/ bore" tampoco se oye ya que el verbo significa "aburro a los dems". Muy fcil. Cuando hacemos algo todos los das usamos el presente simple. No hay otra alternativa. Como en este caso estamos hablando de la tercera persona singular con un verbo que acaba en o (do), es imprescindible emplear la es al final. Olvida "Is it possible that?". Es una traduccin literal del espaol y no se dice en ingls. Hay que aprender la estructura. Practica con otros ejemplos para ganar agilidad: "Is it possible for them to help us?" "Es posible que nos ayuden?" "Is it possible for us to be invited?" "Es posible que nos inviten?" "Is it possible for me to take part?" "Es posible que participe?" Nuestro plural para "ovejas" es irregular. Hay que aprenderlo. "One sheep. Two sheep." No cambia.

2.d

3.c

4.c

5.a

B.d

7.d

8.a

31

T E S T 14
John's the only here John's the unique one here John's the only one here G D | |

John's sol here

This coffee's quite sour; you might want some sugar This coffee's quite bitter; you might want some sugar I This coffee's quite tart; you might want some sugar l This coffee's quite acrid; you might want some sugar H Seldom do I eat fish I I eat fish seldom Seldom I eat fish i i I eat seldom fish I didn't I didn't I didn't I didn't know if to go up the street or down it know if go up the street or down it know whether go up the street or down it know whether to go up the street or down it me? -Yes, l'd love it me? -Yes, l'd love me? -Yes, l'd love to me? -Yes, l'd love going :?

O
G O O | | G G G G G G -G | | G G G G G G G G I I O O O

H jjl fl SJll SH flEl fl SH 3BI

Would you like to go to the cinema with Would you like to go to the cinema with Would you like to go to the cinema with Would you like to go to the cinema with

He got fined for parking on a double yellow line He got found for parking on a double yellow line He got founded for parking on a double yellow line He got multed for parking on a double yellow line All All All All she wants she wants she wants she wants is someone with who talk is someone with to talk is someone talk with is someone to talk to

Do you intend to go to Albacete?... If so> you should give my cousin a cali If you intend, you should give my cousin a cali If yes, you should give my cousin a cali If you are, you should give my cousin a cali

G O Q G

NOTAS

32

l.c

"El nico aqu" se traduce por "the only one here". En este contexto onlyes un adjetivo y requiere un sustantivo o pronombre. Unique significa "nico en su genero". Cuatro palabras que significan ms o menos lo mismo, pero con diferentes matices. Sour es "agrio" y se utiliza mucho para describir fluidos como vino, leche o crema. Tari significa "cido" y se suele usar para ctricos y manzanas. Acrid se asocia con un sabor a "azufre", mientras que bitter, que significa "amargo", se emplea para hablar del caf o del chocolate (o de personas!). Seldom ("rara vez") se comporta como la mayora de los adverbios de frecuencia. Es decir que se coloca justo antes de los verbos no auxiliares y justo despus de los verbos auxiliares. Por tanto, la "B" y la "D" se pueden descartar. Sera correcto decir "/ seldom eat fish" ("Rara vez como pescado"). Sin embargo, cuando empezamos una oracin con seldom hay que emplear un verbo auxiliar antes del sujeto. Para los verbos no auxiliares el auxiliar es do (igual que para formar el interrogativo y el negativo) mientras que para los verbos auxiliares, incluido el verbo be, es suficiente invertir el mismo verbo con el sujeto. Por ejemplo, "Seldom am I late" ("Rara vez llego tarde"). Con los verbos remembery knowen negativo y seguidos por dos posibles acciones se suele utilizar la palabra whethery no if, sobre todo cuando utilizamos un infinitivo. Otro ejemplo: "/ couldn't remember whether to cali or to go in person" ("No me acordaba si haba que llamar o ir en persona"). Con los verbos like, love y want, si queremos referirnos a otro verbo ya mencionado sin repetirlo, hay que utilizar to. "Do you want to have some ice cream? I want to but I can't" ("Quieres tomar helado? Quiero pero no puedo"). Cuando te multan decimos "you get fined". Found es el participio del verbo find ("encontrar"); founded es el participio del verbo found (fundar) y multed es spanglishl "Alguien con quien hablar" ("Someone to talk to"}. Los dems son incorrectos. En este caso, if so es una forma de no repetir "ifyou intend to go". Esta frmula se emplea con cualquier tipo de verbo. "Are you willing to he/p? If so (if you are willing to help], give me a ring" ("Ests dispuesto a ayudar? Si es as, dame un toque").

2.b

3.a

4.d

5.c

6.a

7.d 8.a

33

I I I I

wish wish wish wish

it would stop raining! it stopped raining! that it stops raining! it is stopping raining! you'll you'll you'll you'll have to work have to work have to work have to work at Christmas? -I at Christmas? -I at Christmas? -I at Christmas? -I hope no hope that no don't hope so hope not

Q \^\ | | D O D O O O Q D O | | | | O O O Q Q

Do you think Do you think Do you think Do you think

She wishs she didn't have said that She wishs she hadn't said that She wishes she didn't have said that She wishes she hadn't said that I won't I won't I won't I won't come with you; come with you; come with you; come with you I don't I don't I don't I don't feel feel feel feel on to it up to it over to it down to it

H U H U u

It's time that we leave It's time for we to leave It's time for to leave

H . ?I
:;

It's time we left

You should You should You should You should I I I I ran out ran out ran out ran out of of of of be ashamed of hit him be ashamed for to have hit him be ashamed of hitting him be ashamed in hitting him money money money money and and and and must ask Tom to lend me some had to ask Tom to lend me some must have asked Tom to lend me some musted ask Tom to lend me some

D
Q G O Q Q O O O O O O Q

My My My My

boss agreed that I take Monday off boss agreed to my taking Monday off boss was agree that I take Monday off boss agreed with me taking Monday off

NOTAS

34

1.a

Veamos las expresiones "ojal!" o "me encantara que". Cuando alguien quisiera que otra persona o cosa hiciera algo en el momento, o algo imposible, utilizamos "/ wish + segundo sujeto + would + verbo". Es una frmula que expresa bastante exasperacin o desesperacin. Para ilustrarlo mejor, proponemos ms ejemplos: "/ wish you would hurry up!" ("Me encantara que te dieras prisa!"); "/ wish he would stop talking!"(" Ojal se callara!"); "/ wish England would win the World Cup" ("Ojal Inglaterra ganara el Mundial!"). "Espero que no!" A diferencia de la expresin "creo que no" ("/ don't think so"), decimos "/ hope not!". Lo primero es que estamos ante un verbo que acaba en sh, con lo cual en tercera persona del singular del presente simple tiene que acabar en es. Cuando nos lamentamos de haber hecho algo y nos gustara no haberlo hecho se suele utilizar el verbo wish. Como nos referimos a un pasado irreal, no hay que emplear el pasado del siguiente verbo sino "el pasado del pasado", es decir, el pasado compuesto ("had+ participio"). Ojo! "didn't have" corresponde al pasado del verbo have cuando significa "tener". En cambio hadn't es el pasado del verbo have cuando significa "haber". Una frase hecha que significa "No me siento con fuerzas/ganas". Hay que aprenderlo y punto. "Ya es hora de que nos vayamos." La estructura es sencilla: "It's time + sujeto + verbo en pasado". Para darle ms nfasis a la frase podemos decir "it's high time". Dos ejemplos: "It's time I stopped smoking" ("Ya es hora de que deje de fumar"); "It's high time I phoned my brother" ("Ya es hora de que llame a mi hermano"). "Estar avergonzado de algo" es "to be ashamed of something". Cuando va con un verbo, se emplea la forma -ing. De hecho casi siempre despus de una preposicin hay que utilizar un gerundio. Musfes un verbo "modal" que no tiene pasado. Cuando queremos expresar obligacin en el pasado mustse convierte en had to. La "C" contiene un ejemplo de la forma de expresar must en el pasado, pero cuando dicho verbo se usa para transmitir una suposicin ("debe de...") y no una obligacin. Agree to somebody doing something significa "dar permiso a alguien para que haga algo". Muchas veces, en vez de emplear un pronombre objeto, expresamos el segundo "sujeto" utilizando un adjetivo posesivo personal (my, your, his, etc.). "She agreed to his going" ("Ella le dio permiso para que fuera"). Nunca decimos "My boss was agree" (la "C"). Un pecado lingstico mortal! Agree with someone es "estar de acuerdo con alguien" (la "D") que por el contexto no tiene sentido aqu.

2.d

3.d

4.b

5.d

6.c

7.b

8.b

35

T E S T 16
We met though a mutual friend We met thorough a mutual friend We met thought a mutual friend We met through a mutual friend Daniel arrived early, who surprised his English teacher Daniel arrived early, which surprised his English teacher Daniel arrived early, that surprised his English teacher Daniel arrived early, what surprised his English teacher The sheets The sheets The sheets The sheets When When When When What What What What It's It's It's It's you you you you on your on your on your on your bed need changing bed need change bed need to change bed are needing to change opponent, opponent, opponent, opponent, the the the the lesser you say, the better less you say, the better less you say, the best lesser you say, the best wearing you saw yesterday? wearing yesterday you saw? you saw yesterday wearing? you saw wearing yesterday? O Q O O O I I D Q G O O Q | | O CJ O O I I O Q CU O Q Q Q O O D he has little friends he has few friends he has a few friends he has a little friends O CU O Q

H jf H II 4 H 1>

meet meet meet meet

your your your your

colour colour colour colour

suit suit suit suit

was the was the was the was the and and and and

candidate candidate candidate candidate

been been been been

two two two two

weeks weeks weeks weeks

I still haven't received an answer. It's a disgrace! I have still received an answer. It's a disgrace! I haven't still received an answer, It's a disgrace! I still have received an answer. It's a disgrace!

I work I work I work I work Not Not Not Not

at the night for the night during the night by the night people people people people like like like like him; him; him; him;

Hl SI 3J

many many many many

NOTAS

36

ANSWERS

1.d

La preposicin "a travs" se escribe through y se pronuncia "zru". Por cierto, en la "A" though significa "aunque" y se pronuncia "zou". En la "B", thorough significa "concienzudo" y se pronuncia "zara", Y en la "C", thought significa "pensado" y se pronuncia "zot". Unas palabras preciosas. No las confundas! Una subordinada relativa que significa.- "Daniel lleg temprano, lo que sorprendi a su profesor de ingls". En dichos casos cuando "lo que" se refiere a una accin verbal, lo traducimos con wh/ch. La estructura "need + -ng" es una forma pasiva de decir "x necesita hacerse". Es muy comn. "Cuanto menos (o ms)... mejor". Estamos ante una comparacin, por lo cual se requiere el comparativo better. Best es el superlativo e incorrecto en esta frase. Lesser no suele usarse salvo en unas frases hechas como: "the lesser of two evils" ("el mal menor"); "to a lesser degree" ("en menor grado"). Estars pensando que siempre decimos que hay que colocar las referencias temporales al final de la oracin. Y es cierto. Lo que pasa en este caso es que las palabras "you saw yesterday" constituyen una oracin subordinada relativa en s. Describen la palabra candidate y toda esta informacin tiene que ir antes del verbo principal wearing. Otro ejemplo: "Where was the watch you bought last week made?". La palabra s/7/ no suele usarse en frases negativas. Sin embargo, cuando quieres ser un poco ms enftico, s que se puede. "It's a d/sgrace!" significa "Es una vergenza!", por tanto, s/7/ en este contexto vale. La "A" sera correcta si no fuera por el artculo the. La "B" y la "D" son totalmente incorrectas. La nica opcin es during. Ten en cuenta que la regla es siempre "during + sustantivo" y nunca "during + perodo de tiempo". Decir "during two hours" est completamente prohibido! La nica que es gramaticalmente incorrecta es la "D". La "A" puede significar que tiene amigos pequeos y la "C" que tiene unos pocos amigos (una frase con un matiz positivo que no cuadra con la primera sin conjuncin). La traduccin de la respuesta correcta es: "No le cae bien a mucha gente. Tiene pocos amigos."

2.b

3.a

4.b

5.C

6.a

7.c

8.b

37

T E S T 17
Fancy to meet you here! Fancy meet you here! Fancy meeting you here! Fancy meets you here! All the Information was lost - as it sometimes happens in such cases All the information was lost - as sometimes it happens n such cases All the information was lost - as sometimes happens in such cases All the information was lost - as sometimes happens it in such cases He put the He put the He put the He put the keys keys keys keys into into into into a small wooden black a wooden small black a black small wooden a small black wooden box box box box D D D D D D D I I D D D D D D D D D D D D D D | D D D D D I I I I D D

u P T| H H U H H H II U U i ! I

How long does it last to get there? How long do you last to get there? How long does t take to get there? How long do you take to get there? I don't think I don't think I don't think I don't think This soup This soup This soup This soup you should do that; it's dangerous you may do that; it's dangerous you could do that; it's dangerous you must do that; it's dangerous me the receipt? me the recipe? me the formula? me the instructions?

':<$ :'M '"Qt

is delicious; could you give is delicious; could you give is delicious; could you give is delicious; could you give

They're over there looking at their They're over their looking at there There over their looking at they're Their over they're looking at there We We We We

chair chair chair chair

had no difficulties finding the office hadn't difficulties finding the office had none difficulties finding the office hadn't any difficulties finding the office

NOTAS

38

ANSWERS

1.c

Esta frase significa "Qu casualidad encontrarme contigo aqu!". De hecho, la palabra fancy, cuando se usa como una interjeccin, no tiene una traduccin directa en espaol. Casi siempre expresa sorpresa o incredulidad, y va seguida del gerundio. Aqu hay ms ejemplos: "Fancy that!" ("Mira t!"); "Fancy do/ng a thing like that!" ("Cmo se le ocurre hacer una cosa as!"); "Fancy hlm being e/ected Presldent!" ("Quin iba a decir que le elegiran como Presidente!"). "Qu? La segunda oracin va sin sujeto?". Pues s. En este caso, la primera oracin en su totalidad constituye el sujeto de la segunda. Normalmente los adjetivos de opinin vienen antes que los adjetivos de hecho. Pero cuando tenemos varios adjetivos de hecho juntos, como en el ejemplo, deberan seguir un orden especfico: 1) Tamao, 2) Edad, 3) Forma, 4) Color, 5) Nacionalidad, 6) Material, y Sustantivo. Por ejemplo: "She wore a huge red woo/len jumper"; "We bought a big od Engsh house"; "They sat at a large rectangular wooden table". El verbo take significa "tardar" mientras que el verbo /as se traduce por "durar". Aunque oirs la "D" en pases angloparlantes, no se considera buen ingls personalizar este verbo. El sujeto debe ser it. Como se trata de una recomendacin subjetiva (como indica el verbo think), el verbo modal correcto es should (debera). La traduccin de recipe es "receta". Ten cuidado con la pronunciacin: "re sapi". En la "A" receipt significa "recibo" o "ticket" y se pronuncia "resit". La contraccin they're (they are), el adjetivo posesivo theiry el adverbio there. No es tan difcil distinguirlos por escrito. Sin embargo, los tres se pronuncian "zer". Podemos descartar la "B" y la "D" porque la contraccin hadn't solo se dice cuando estamos hablando del verbo auxiliar equivalente a "haber" y no del verbo equivalente a "tener". La "C" tambin es incorrecta porque la palabra none nunca va delante de un sustantivo.

2.c

3.d

4.c

5.a

6.b

7.a

8.a

39

T E S T 18
My mother-in-law will be staying for two weeks with us My mother-in-law will be for two weeks staying with us My mother-in-law will be staying with us for two weeks My mother-in-law for two weeks will be staying with us I couldn't I couldn't I couldn't I couldn't l'm l'm l'm l'm smart smart smart smart avoid to laugh when I saw her hat help laughing when I saw her hat avert to laugh when I saw her hat annul laughing when I saw her hat enough enough enough enough to get in the to get in the to get in the to get in the restaurant, am not I? restaurant, amn't I? restaurant, isn't I? restaurant, aren't I? D D 'D D D D D D D D D D D D D D | | D D D D

OH 03EI $301 QH E! jtf?l B fcwtl Q CTl CT OS 3E1 dH 3RI fSH OEI I2JJ; Ql dH

He remembers being told how to count to ten He remembers that being told how to count to ten He remembers that to be told how to count to ten He remembers that they told how to count to ten Is it a possibility that I might can use your phone, please? Would you be so kind as to let me use your phone, please? Would t be possible that I could to use your phone, please? Do you think you would allow me use your phone, please? London London London London is the biggest city of the UK is the bigger city in the UK is the most big city the UK is the biggest city the UK happen happen happen happen if if if if someone finds someone finds someone finds someone finds out? over? in? under?

*<

What will What will What will What will

He suggested He suggested He suggested He suggested

me that went to the doctor's me go to the doctor's that I go to the doctor's me to go to the doctor's

NOTAS

40

ANSWERS

1.c

Las referencias temporales suelen ir al final de la frase, aunque a veces pueden colocarse al principio de la misma, pero casi nunca en medio. Por ejemplo, "Last year I went to Berln" o "/ went to Berln lastyear". La traduccin directa del espaol avoid ("evitar") en el ejemplo "A" suena muy forzada. No sera un error demasiado grande si no fuera por el infinitivo que viene despus. Siempre decimos "avoid + verbo acabado en -ing". Huelga decir que los verbos de la "C" y la "D" son completamente errneos, primero porque avert significa "apartar" (los ojos, por ejemplo), mientras que annul significa "anular", y segundo porque ninguno de estos verbos puede funcionar junto a otro verbo. Para decir "no lo puedo evitar" tenemos una expresin hecha: / can't help it. Esta frase significa "Voy suficientemente bien vestido para entrar en el restaurante no?". Curiosamente, amn'tno existe al resultar imposible de pronunciar. Una alternativa a "aren't /"sera "..., am I not?", aunque suena muy formal. El gerundio tellingse convierte en being told en la voz pasiva. "He remembers being told" expresa lo mismo que "He remembers someone tel/ing him". Otro ejemplo: "/ don't lke being callea at home without a good reason" ("No me gusta que la gente me llame a casa sin una buena razn"). La "A" no vale porque hay dos verbos modales juntos mighty can. En la "C", el verbo modal couldebe ir con el infinitivo sin to. En cambio, en la "D", el verbo allowva con el infinitivo con to. Parece mentira, pero la "B" es correcta, aunque muy educada y particular. Algo ms informal sera, "Can I use your phone, please?". Despus de los superlativos usamos in con lugares (pueblos, ciudades, edificios) y of con referencias de tiempo. Por ejemplo, "the hottest month of the year"; "the happiest day of my IIfe"; "the most expensive house in the village"; "the rnost important bank in the city". No confundas los superlativos con los comparativos (la B)! Un phrasal verb muy til que significa "enterarse" o "averiguar". Los otros tres ejemplos (find over, find in y find under) no existen como verbos compuestos. Nunca colocamos un pronombre personal (objeto) directamente despus del verbo suggest.

2.b

3.d

4.a

5.b

6.d

7.a

8.c

41

T E S T 19

We We We We l'd l'd l'd l'd We We We We

need need need need rather rather rather rather

to to to to

order order order order

some some some some

news office furniture new office furnitures new office furniture news office furnitures

I I I I I I

listen to music than do my homework listen to music that do my homework to listen to music than to do my homework listen music than do my homework our work our work our work our work to to to to a good a good a good a good friend friend friend friend of us of we of ours of our

d D d

showed showed showed showed

There's There's There's There's I I I I went went went went

no pont in buying a piano if you're never going to play it no purpose in buying a piano if you're never going to play it no meaning n buying a piano if you're never going to play it no reason in buying a piano if you're never going to play it to England to England to England to England for learn English for to learn English for learning English to learn English

Q D d I I I I I I

She She She She My My My My

cutted her finger with the knife cutted herself the finger with the knife cut her finger with the knife cut herself the finger with the knife has been has been has been has been staying staying staying staying with with with with us for the last week us since a week us for a week ago us since the last week

d d d d d d d d d

mother-in-law mother-in-law mother-in-law mother-in-law

The smoking is bad for your health To smoke is bad for your health Smoking is bad for your health The smoke is bad for your health

NOTAS

42

ANSWERS

1.c

En primer lugar, la palabra fumture no existe en plural. Es incontable. Por eso podemos descartar la "B" y la "D". Los adjetivos tampoco tienen forma plural, as que la "A" tampoco vale. La estructura "preferira + verbo + que" se traduce por would rather + verbo bsico sin to + than, lo cual descarta la "B" y la "C". La "D" es incorrecta porque falta la palabra to despus del verbo listen. Para decir "un buen amigo nuestro" decimos "a good friend of ours", empleando el pronombre posesivo personal. De la misma manera decimos "a good friend of mine; a good friend of yours; a good friend of his; a good friend of hers; a good friend of theirs". "No sirve de nada." La frmula que usamos en ingls es: "there's no point in + verbo en gerundio (-ing)". Podemos igualmente decir "it's no use + verbo en gerundio (-ing)". Por cierto, la palabra parpse significa "propsito". Normalmente en ingls "para + verbo" es "to + verbo". Cuando digo normalmente me refiero al 99,99% de los casos, as que conviene memorizarlo. Solo decimos "for + verbo" cuando hablamos de la funcin de algo. Un ejemplo sera: "A corkscrew is for opening bottles" ("Un sacacorchos sirve para abrir botellas"). La B se oye mucho en la Pennsula Ibrica pero solo entre los espaoles! No se dice nunca for to. Hay que tener en cuenta dos cosas para dar aqu con la respuesta correcta. La primera es que el pasado del verbo cut es cut (y el participio tambin). La segunda es que el verbo "cortarse" deja de ser reflexivo en ingls cuando mencionamos la parte del cuerpo que cortamos. Nosotros desplazamos el aspecto reflexivo empleando el adjetivo posesivo con la parte del cuerpo. Propongo ms ejemplos: "/ cut my face" ("Me cort en la cara"); "She cut her leg" ("Ella se cort en la pierna"). Cuando una accin se realiza durante un periodo de tiempo determinado empleamos la palabra for justo antes de la referencia a dicho periodo. Since se utiliza cuando la accin se realiza desde un momento puntual. Podramos decir "My mother-in-law has been staying with us since last Monday". "A week ago" hace referencia a un tiempo pasado, con lo que el verbo tendra que ir en pasado. Verbos sustantivados: en ingls se usa el gerundio, pero sin el artculo.

2.a

3.c

4.a

5.d

6.c

7.a

8.c

43

T E S T 20
Some Some Some Some Last Last Last Last of people watched the event from the roadside of the people watched the event from the roadside the people watched the event from the roadside people watched the event of the roadside I spent I spent I spent I spent much money many money a lot of money lots money I | D D D D | | | | D D D I I D D | | D D D D D D D D D I I D D | | D D D D D

QH SH BI MPi MB ^ HJf H

weekend weekend weekend weekend

The bar was plenty with people The bar was plenty of people The bar was full of people The bar was crowded of people Nobody doesn't tell him nothing Nobody doesn't tell him anything Anybody tells him nothing Nobody tells him anything What What What What The The The The time time time time shall shall shall shall I I I I we meet? we meet us? we meet ourselves? we meet each others? holiday were such nice people holiday were so nice people holiday was such nice people holiday was so nice people just just just just around around around around the crner; the crner; the crner; the crner; it's it's it's it's very comfortable very opportune very fortnate very convenient

tff fu

(@QI w<;S OH

couple couple couple couple

met on met on met on met on

I I U | | * fu I I

There's a supermarket There's a supermarket There's a supermarket There's a supermarket

Ahhhh! There's a huge black spider in the ceiling! Ahhhh! There's a huge black spider at the ceiling! Ahhhh! There's a huge black spider on the ceiling! Ahhhh! There's a huge black spider under the ceiling!

NOTAS

44

ANSWERS

1.b

Si no tenemos en cuenta la ltima parte de las frases, nos quedan como correctas la "B" y la "D", pero con una clara diferencia en cuanto al significado de cada una de ellas. "Some of the people" significa "algunas de las personas" y "Some people", "algunas personas". Lo mismo vale para otras palabras, como most, many, few-. "Most people", "Most of the people". Finalmente, el error al usarse la preposicin of descarta la "D". El dinero es incontable. Por muy raro que parezca, gramaticalmente hablando, contamos euros, libras, dlares, o lo que sea, pero no el dinero en s! Decir "many money" (la "B") es un error tremendo. En la "D" falta la preposicin of, y tampoco solemos usar la palabra much como aparece en la "A", en frases afirmativas, lo cual nos deja la "C" como nica opcin correcta. El nico adjetivo que vale aqu es full ("lleno"). La palabra plenty significa "ms que suficiente"; por tanto, "El bar fue con ms que suficiente gente" no tiene mucho sentido. En cambio, en la "D", crowded ("abarrotado") estara bien si no fuera por la preposicin of: en ingls siempre utilizamos with con este adjetivo. En la "A" tenemos un triple negativo y en la "B" un doble negativo. En ingls solo podemos utilizar un negativo por oracin. Para nosotros es algo lgico, igual que en matemticas: dos negativos es igual a un positivo. La "C" carece de todo sentido. En ingls, el verbo meet ("encontrarse con/quedar") no es reflexivo: la reciprocidad se sobreentiende. S se puede decir meet each other(sm la sque aparece en la "D"), pero es ms normal omitirlo o incluso usar el phrasal verb meet up\ "What time shall we meet up?" ("A qu hora quedamos?"). Recuerda las siguentes estructuras: "so + adjetivo" o "such + adjetivo + sustantivo en plural". Por tanto, podemos decir: "The people were so nice" o "They were such nice people". Huelga decir que people es plural. Reptelo mil veces: "people are", "people were", "people are", "people were", "people are", "people were"... Empleamos el adjetivo comfortable cuando hablamos de comodidad fsica (un silln grande, cojines, etc.) o psquica ("tener confianza con alguien"). No solemos utilizar la palabra opportune salvo en el ejemplo "an opportune moment", pero realmente suena un poco pretencioso hoy en da. Convenient indica que algo nos viene bien o que nos facilita la vida. Aunque la araa est under ("bajo el techo"), usamos la preposicin on para expresar que est en contacto con la superficie.

2.c

3.c

4.d

5.a

6.a

7.d

8.c

45

TEST 21
s*:: The safety features on this car will protect you in an accident The features safety on this car will protect you in an accident The security features on this car will protect you in an accident The features security on this car will protect you n an accident My My My My He He He He husband husband husband husband bought bought bought bought runs a lot in his car courses a lot in his car drives fast in his car runs fast in his car a little roundabout for her birthday a little runabout for her birthday a little runaway for her birthday a little running for her birthday [~| | | | | G G G G | | G G G G G G G G | | G G G G O G G G O G G G G G G

his wife his wife his wife his wife

C1PI CJ5 Cffif jjfffl fell J5IP UI

Get out! l'm sure we can squeeze another person in Get in! l'm sure we can squeeze another person in Get off! l'm sure we can squeeze another person in Get up! l'm sure we can squeeze another person in I think I think I think I think He He He He my brakes my breaks my brakes my brakes have breaked have spent have wrong have gone

.-

broke really hard but still hit the car in front breaked hard but still hit the car in front bruck really hard but still hit the car in front braked really hard but still hit the car in front swerved swerved swerved swerved and just and just and just and just lost the od lady mist the od lady missed the od lady evited the od lady

She She She She

301 :ffl 3EI

My car is a bit rusty My car is a bit oxidated My car is a bit corroded My car is a little bit oxidated

NOTAS

46

ANSWERS

1.a

Cuando hablamos de seguridad en trminos de proteccin en caso de accidente, la palabra adecuada es safety. El vocablo security significa "seguridad" en contra de personas malvadas (ladrones, asesinos, etc.). Ahora veamos el orden de las palabras: cuando dos sustantivos van juntos y se complementan, el primero siempre describe al segundo. En este caso estamos hablando de prestaciones, as que safety debe preceder a features. En ingls no se dice run a lot para correr mucho en coche. Se dice drive fast. Run es correr fsicamente y a una mente angloparlante le suena absurdo asociarlo a un coche. El verbo course es un verbo en peligro de extincin. Se utiliza hablando de sangre: "Your blood courses through your veins" ("La sangre corre por tus venas"). Cuestin de vocabulario. No vas a comprar un roundaboutpara una persona querida ya que significa "rotonda". Espero que tampoco se te ocurra regalar un runawayya que son difciles de localizar tratndose de "fugitivos". Podemos decir "/ did a little runningyesterday" que significara "hice un poco de footing ayer" pero running no es un objeto que se compre. Todo esto nos deja con la opcin runabout, un trmino carioso que significa "cochecito", o sea un coche pequeo para uso en la ciudad. Cuando subimos a un coche utilizamos el verbo get in ya que un coche es un espacio reducido y hay que agacharse para entrar. El antnimo sera get out. Obviamente, por el contexto donde estamos invitando a otra persona a entrar en un coche la "A" no tiene sentido. Get off ("bajar") es lo contrario de get on ("subir"), pero solo se utiliza cuando nos referimos a medios de transporte grandes como autobuses, trenes, aviones o barcos. "Creo que me he quedado sin frenos." En ingls decimos en este momento de pnico absoluto, que "se nos han ido los frenos". Ahora viene lo ms importante: existen dos verbos homnimos (que se pronuncian igual) break ("romper") y brake ("frenar"). El primero es irregular. Su pasado simple es bmkeas que la "A" es incorrecta. Es ms, estamos hablando de frenos brakes, por lo que descartamos la "B". La "C" es totalmente incorrecta desde el punto de vista gramatical. Seguimos hablando de los mismos dos verbos. En este caso estamos hablando de frenar, un verbo regular cuyo pasado es brakedy cuyo participio perfecto tambin es braked. La "C" es un invento, fruto de nuestra creatividad! "Ella dio un volantazo y por poco no atropello a la anciana." Cuando no golpearnos a una cosa o persona por poco, utilizamos el verbo miss, cuyo pasado es missed y no mist que significa "neblina". Lose no tiene sentido en este caso. Aunque sera muy cmodo para los espaoles, evite no existe en ingls, lo siento! Otra vez estamos ante una cuestin de vocabulario. "Oxidado" es rusty, que se pronuncia "rasti". Corrode existe en ingls pero se usa muy poco, y en este contexto nunca. Por cierto, si estabas dudando entre la "B" y la "D" (ambas incorrectas), no hay ninguna diferencia entre a little bit y a bit.

2.c

3.b

4.b

5.d

6.d

7.c

8.a

47

TEST 22
You were quite right to mention it You were very right to mention it You were much right to mention t You were super right to mention t I know her not much I hardly know her I know her very little I don't know her very good Don't disturb Tom; Don't disturb Tom; Don't disturb Tom; Don't disturb Tom; Everybody Everybody Everybody Everybody Thank Thank Thank Thank enjoyed enjoyed enjoyed enjoyed That's That's That's That's you, you, you, you, he's really concentrated he's very concentrating he's very concentrated he's really concentrating the concert a lot very much the concert a lot the concert really much the concert very kind on your part awfully kind of you very amiable on you very pleasant of your part D D D D D D D D D D I I D D D D D D D D D D D D D D I I D D D D D | |

U U U u J| 31 H

Mil HH I 3J 3 HU

you. you. you. you.

I agree with I agree with I agree with I agree with

until a certain point reaching a certain point getting to a certain point up to a certain point

If l'd know it was you, I would've answered the cali Had I known it was you, I would've answered the cali If l'd known it was you, l'd answered the cali If l'd have known it was you, I would've answered the cali Did you remember Did you remember Did you remember Did you remember to lock the front door? locking the front door? lock the front door? locking of the front door?

NOTAS

48

ANSWERS

1.a

Antes de ciertos adjetivos, la palabra quite (normalmente "bastante") significa "completamente"; por ejemplo, sure, true, wrong, different, certain: "Are you quite sure?" ("Ests completamente seguro?") "My idea is quite different" ("Mi idea es completamente distinta"). El adverbio very no suele ser empleado con be right. Otros adverbios que s se utilizan con rightsori: absolutely, total/y, utterly, complete/y. Much nunca puede acompaar a un adjetivo mientras que super suena a spang/ish total. La traduccin de "la conozco rnuy bien" es "/ know her very well". Sin embargo, la frase "no la conozco muy bien" o "la conozco muy poco", solo tiene una posibilidad en ingls: "/ don't know her very well". Puesto que esto no aparece, solamente la "B" ("Apenas la conozco") vale. En ingls el adjetivo equivalente a "concentrado" (concentrated) no suele usarse para referirse a personas, sino para sustancias qumicas o lquidos. Si queremos expresar la idea de una persona "muy concentrada", normalmente utilizamos el verbo concntrate. La "B" es incorrecta debido a que la palabra very nunca puede modificar un verbo en gerundio. El adverbio correcto es really. Una regla general que te vendr bien recordar ya que omos errores de este tipo tan a menudo es que, en ingls, el verbo y el complemento directo casi nunca vienen separados por otras palabras. Por lo tanto, en este ejemplo, el verbo enjoyy el objeto "the concert" deben ir juntos. La "A" y la "D" son traducciones literales del espaol que no valen. La traduccin correcta de "Muy amable por su parte" es "That's very kind of you". Desafortunadamente, eso no aparece como opcin. La palabra amiable (la "C") no se usa mucho y adems nunca con la preposicin on, lo cual nos deja solo la "B". Algunos adverbios que parecen algo negativos pueden tener una funcin enftica y positiva (terribly, awfully, desperately, frightfully), aunque debes tener en cuenta que suenan un poco pos/7. La palabra "hasta" en la expresin "hasta cierto punto" no se traduce en ingls con until (la "A"); en general, utilizamos esta palabra con referencias a momentos puntuales en el tiempo. Para hablar de periodos de tiempo o cosas fsicas (o en este caso metafricas) empleamos la expresin up to. En la "A" falta la "n" al final de know para formar el participio perfecto. En la "C" falta la palabra have en la segunda oracin antes de answered. Y finalmente, en la "D" sobra la palabra have en la primera oracin. La "B" es una variante vlida del tercer condicional. Expresada de la manera ms comn sera: "If l'd known it was you, I would've answered the cali". Recuerda que hay dos usos del verbo remember. El primero tiene que ver con recordar algo por necesidad ("acordarse") y el segundo tiene que ver con conservar algo en la memoria. La estructura gramatical del verbo remember cambia segn cul de los dos usos pretendamos emplear. En el primer caso sera "remember + to do something" y en el segundo "remember + doing". La "B" es tcnicamente correcta pero, por el contexto, suena algo absurda. Es ms, casi nunca hacemos la pregunta con remember doing en el pasado. Se suele preguntar "Doyou remember doing...?".

2.b

3.d

4.a

5.b

6.d

7.b

8.a

49

TEST 23

CT mi ME1 dH CJ d5l tJEI QH ca

She s the most beautiful woman in the world She s the woman most beautiful n the world She is the beautifulest woman n the world She s the more beautiful woman in the world I was said very clearly I was told very clearly I was signaled very clearly I was spoken very clearly I would I would I would I would had have to work as a slave have must work like a slave have must to work as a slave have had to work like a slave

D D D D D D I I D D D D I I D D I I D | | D D D I I | | | | D D D D D D | | D D

;i

The cocktail pianist was playing a lovely music The cocktail pianist was playing any lovely music The cocktail pianist was playing a lovely piece of music The cocktail pianist was playing a lovely music piece Suddenly, Suddenly, Suddenly, Suddenly, the the the the piano's lid slammed on his fingers piano lid slammed on his fingers lid of the piano it slammed on his fingers piano's lid it slammed on his fingers

P! I I SU

The woman The woman The woman The woman

sitting next to me passed out who was sat next to me she passed out who was sat next to me passed down sat next to me passed down

H u 'Qi J

Unfortunately, there wasn't any doctor in the bar Unfortunately, there weren't doctors in the bar Unfortunately, there were no doctors n the bar Unfortunately, there weren't no doctors in the bar Luckily, an ambulance arrived shortly after Luckily, an ambulance arrived after nothing Luckily, an ambulance arrived with little time Luckily, an ambulance arrived in timely moment

NOTAS

50

ANSWERS

1.a

Dos cosas. Primero, los adjetivos, sean normales o superlativos, preceden a los sustantivos que describen. Y segundo, para convertir un adjetivo de tres slabas o ms (y la mayora de los de dos slabas) en superlativo, simplemente le anteponemos las palabras "the most". El verbo $ay no se usa en pasiva de forma personal. S podemos decir "it was said" (fue dicho). La misma regla nos sirve para el verbo speak, aunque este se emplea an menos en la voz pasiva. Un ejemplo sera "The words were spoken soft/y"("Las palabras fueron dichas suavemente"). Tampoco usamos el verbo signa! en voz pasiva con un sujeto personal sino con uno impersonal. Por ejemplo, "The roadworks were badly signalled" ("Las obras estaban mal sealizadas"). "Habra tenido que trabajar como un esclavo." Hay una clara diferencia entre "work lke a slave" ("trabajar como un esclavo") y "work as a slave" ("trabajar como esclavo"). Afortunadamente, hoy en da en Espaa nadie puede decir "/ work as a slave". Had nunca puede ir despus de would ya que este ltimo es un verbo auxiliar que, como todos los verbos auxiliares, siempre requiere el infinitivo sin to. Have must tampoco es una combinacin correcta. "Msica" es un sustantivo incontable, por lo que en ingls solemos decir music a secas o "some music". Si quieres hablar de una pieza de msica, decimos "a p/ece of music" y no "a music p/ece". Cuando hablamos de partes de una totalidad y esta totalidad es un objeto inanimado, no usamos el genitivo sajn (apostrofe + s). Colocamos la parte (en este caso lid) justo detrs de la totalidad (piano). Otro ejemplo: "piano keys" ("las teclas del piano"). No caigas en el error de emplear dos sujetos para el mismo verbo: it sobra ya que hemos puesto "piano lid". Primero, el phrasal verb pass down (la "C" y la "D") significa "dejar en herencia": "This watch was passed down to me by my grandfather" ("Este reloj lo hered de mi abuelo"). Sin embargo, pass out significa desmayarse, lo cual tiene mucho ms sentido en este contexto. Segundo, y como ya hemos visto en el nmero 5, no se puede repetir el sujeto para el mismo verbo (la "B"). Doble negacin (la "D")? Ni en broma! En la "B" solo falta la palabra importantsima any antes del sustantivo en plural. Y para arreglar la "A", tendramos que sustituir la palabra any por el artculo "a". Shortly after y shortly before ("poco despus" y "un poco antes") se usan mucho en ingls: "Shortly after we arrived" ("Poco despus de que llegramos"), "Shortly before midday" ("Poco antes del medioda"). Sin embargo, los otros tres son productos de la imaginacin de una persona sobreexpuesta a estudiantes de ingls!

2.b

3.d

4.c

5.b

6.a

7.C

8.a

51

; | B H H 31 u H 3

What What What What

did you be doing when he arrived? you was doing when he arrived? were you doing when he arrived? was you doing when he arrived?

D D I I D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D I I D D I I D D D D

I wash wasing the car when he arrived I was washed the car when he arrived I was washing the car when he arrived I was washed to the car when he arrived Was he wearing a tie when he arrived? Was he wearing tie when he arrived? Was he dressing tie when he arrived? Was he woring a tie when he arrived? Was he saluting when he arrived? Was he greeting when he arrived? Was he saying helio when he arrived? Did he say "helio" when he arrived? Was he talking to himself when he arrived? Was he talking with himself when he arrived? Was he talking him when he arrived? Did he talk with himself when he arrived? I I I I couldn't couldn't couldn't couldn't tell whether he was talking or not know whether he was talking or not know whether or not he was talking tell whether was he talking or not

H H H

I didn't I didn't I didn't I didn't

realise how important was he realize how important he was realise the important he was realize the importance was he

He didn't introduce to him He didn't present him He didn't present himself He didn't introduce himself

NOTAS

ANSWERS

1.c

En primer lugar, nunca empleamos el verbo auxiliar do/does/did con el verbo be. Segundo, estamos buscando la pregunta correctamente formulada en pasado continuo. Hay que invertir sujeto y verbo. Adems hay que emplear el verbo be en segunda persona: were. Est claro, no? La misma estructura. La "A" es una trampa ptica para pillarte. El uso del verbo en pasiva en la "B" y la "D" no tiene sentido alguno. Por cierto, es raro usar el verbo wash en voz pasiva hablando de personas, a no ser que sea en el contexto de personas enfermas, incapaces de lavarse ellos mismos. Llevar puesta una corbata es simplemente weary nunca dress, que significa "vestir a otra persona". El gerundio (obviamente) es wearing. La "D" es una mezcla extraa del gerundio y el pasado simple del verbo (wore). Cuando hablamos de llevar una prenda singular, es necesario emplear el artculo a. Por ejemplo: "l'm wearing a tie" ("Llevo corbata"). El verbo que solemos utilizar para saludar a una persona es say helio. Como se trata de una accin que no se prolonga en el tiempo, no lo expresamos en un tiempo verbal continuo. Se saluda y ya est. No se puede estar saludando durante un rato. Aparte de esto, el verbo greet apenas se usa hoy en da. Por otro lado, el verbo salute significa "saludar" pero en un contexto militar. Al contrario que en el ejemplo anterior, la opcin correcta tiene que estar en pasado continuo. Hablar con uno mismo no es una accin momentnea, sino una que se prolonga en el tiempo. Adems, aunque se puede decir tanto talk to someone como talk with someone, cuando empleamos el verbo de forma reflexiva solo vale talk to yourself. Cuando llegamos a una conclusin (o no) de forma intuitiva, es muy comn emplear el verbo tell. Por ejemplo "/ can't tell" ("No sabra decirte"). Casi nunca se usa el verbo know en conjuncin con el verbo can. La "D" est mal por el orden incorrecto del sujeto y el verbo be-, "was he talking" es una pregunta directa. Se puede decir "whether or not he was talking" o "whether he was talking or not". La palabra whether es sinnima de if, pero es preferible emplearla cuando aadimos "or not". Existen dos posibilidades de escribir "darse cuenta", ortogrficamente hablando: realise (ortografa britnica) y realize (ortografa norteamericana). Cuando no sabemos / no nos damos cuenta de lo importante o lo grande que es algo, traducimos "lo + adjetivo" por "how + adjetivo". Propongo ms ejemplos: "/ didn't know how late it was" ("No saba lo tarde que era") "/ didn't realise how far it was" ("No me di cuenta de lo lejos que estaba"). La "A" es incorrecta ya que el orden empleado es el de una pregunta directa. El verbo que empleamos para "presentarse a otra persona" es introduce oneself (to someone). "I introduce myself-, you introduce yourself; he introduces himself; she introduces herself; we introduce ourselves; they introduce themselves". Presentse usa para "presentar algo". Por ejemplo, "She presented the company figures last night" ("Present las cifras de la empresa anoche").

2.c

3.a

4.d

5.a

6.a

7.b

8.d

53

T E S T 25
.;* OH tflTI The company s such big that l'll need a map to find his office It's such a big company that l ' l l need a map to find his office It's so big the company that l'll need a map to find his office So big is the company that l'll need a map to find his office Yesterday, I almost lost myself Yesterday, I almost was lost Yesterday, I almost became lost Yesterday, I almost got lost My boss told me he was wanting a new secretary My boss told me he is wanting a new secretary My boss told me he wanted a new secretary My boss told me he want a new secretary He wants He wants He wants He wants that I hire a secretary as soon as possible me to contract a secretary as soon as possible that I contract a secretary as soon as possible me to hire a secretary as soon as possible I I O CU O D D O D CU O CU CU CU CJ 'CU O

SU SU & fu H ! & Su

frjl

The report will be ready by Friday

The report will be ready for the Friday The report will be ready on the Friday The report will be ready to Friday PIP @G| Iini How How How How many many many many are you in the company? of you are there in the company? of there are you in the company? you are in the company?

Cu
CU CU CU CU CJ | | CU O I I CU D D O O I I

i i fli

My collegue's desks are always tidy My collegues' desk is always tidy My collegues' desks are always tidy My collegues's desk is always tidy The The The The company company company company is to the edge of bankruptcy is to the border of bankruptcy is on the boundary of bankruptcy s on the brink of bankruptcy

NOTAS

54

ANSWERS

1.b

Aqu se trata de dos estructuras muy fciles de confundir. El problema radica en que en ingls tenemos dos palabras (soy such), y en espaol solo hay una ("tan"). Con la palabra so la estructura es "sujeto + be + so + adjetivo". Y con la palabra such la estructura es "sujeto + be + such (a /an) + adjetivo + sustantivo". La nica que usa correctamente esta estructura es la "B". El verbo "perderse", como muchos verbos reflexivos en espaol, se traduce como "get + participio". Te proponemos ms ejemplos: get dressed ("vestirse"), get married("casarse"), get tired (cansarse). Hay varios verbos (normalmente se llaman "non-action verbs") que no suelen expresarse en los tiempos continuos. En ingls hablado, la "D" sonara bien si no fuera por la falta de la s al final del verbo want. Sin embargo, cuando estamos relatando lo que alguien ha dicho es mejor emplear el pasado. "Quiere que contrate..." Como no tenemos subjuntivo en ingls, en esta estructura (el acusativo) expresamos la misma idea con el pronombre complemento seguido del infinitivo. Solemos usar el verbo contract para contratar los servicios de una persona u organizacin, por ejemplo un abogado o fontanero. Cuando contratamos a un empleado decimos ire.
'

2.d

3.c

4.d

5.a

Podemos descartar la "B" y la "C" porque no se puede usar el artculo definido con los das de la semana sin aadir ms informacin. O sea, es posible decir "the Friday after Easter" o "the Friday before my holidays" pero no "the Friday" a secas. Las preposiciones fory on estn bien, pero la palabra toen la "D", por supuesto, no tiene ningn sentido. "Cuntos sois?" Se traduce en ingls literalmente como "Cuntos de vosotros hay?" Cuando contestamos a este tipo de pregunta decimos "hay x de nosotros / ellos". Por ejemplo: "There will be 15 of them" (Sern 15). Dnde se pone el maldito apostrofe? La "A" es gramaticalmente correcta pero un poco improbable puesto que dice que tu compaero de trabajo tiene ms de una mesa de trabajo. En cambio, la "B" implica que tienes varios compaeros que comparten una sola mesa de trabajo. La "D" es la nica que es gramaticalmente incorrecta. Tambin se puede decir "on the border of bankruptcy" o "on the edge of bankruptcy" o incluso "on the verge of bankruptcy". Ms ejemplos del uso de la palabra brink: "I was on the brink of te/ling him" ("Estaba a punto de decrselo"); "The country is on the brink of war" ("El pas est al borde de la guerra"); "He pulled the firm back from the brink" ("l salv a la empresa del desastre").

6.b

7.c

8.d

55