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Transverse Shear: Shear in Straight Members Shear Formula Shear Stresses in Beams
Transverse Shear: Shear in Straight Members Shear Formula Shear Stresses in Beams
\
|
= = =
} }
2
1
2 2
1
2 2
y
h b
ybdy ydA Q
h
y
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
1
2
4 2
y
h
I
V
t
Distribution of Shear Stresses
in a Rectangular Beam
The shear stresses in
a rectangular beam
vary quadratically with
the distance from the
neutral axis.
Note that the shear
stress is zero when y
1
=
h/2
When plotted along
the height of the
beam, they would look
like:
Distribution of Shear Stresses
in a Rectangular Beam
The maximum value of shear stress
occurs at the neutral axis (y
1
=0) the
first moment Q has a maximum value.
Substituting y
1
=0 into the previous
equation we get:
A
V
A
V
I
Vh
5 . 1
2
3
8
2
max
= = = t
Distribution of Shear Stresses
in a Rectangular Beam
Limitations
Same restrictions as the flexure formula.
Valid only for beams of linearly elastic
materials with small deflections.
In rectangular beams, the accuracy depends on
the width to height ratio of the cross section.
Exact for very narrow beams (h much larger than b)
When b=h, the true maximum shear stress is about
13% larger than the value given by the formula.
Distribution of Shear Stresses
in a Rectangular Beam
A common error is to apply the shear
formula to cross sectional shapes for which
it is not applicable.
It is not applicable to triangular or semicircular
shapes.
Applies only to prismatic beams (constant cross
section)
Edges of the cross section must be parallel to
the y axis
Shear stresses must be uniform across the
width of the cross section.
Stresses in thin-walled sections
Thin-walled section beams are beams with
sections for which the wall thickness is
significantly smaller than the overall
dimensions of the cross section of a
tubular beam, or the depth of a wide-
flange beam.
When dealing with thin walled beams, we
can consider the following:
Shear stress distribution is uniform across the
thickness of the wall.
Shear stresses can be approximated as being
parallel to the wall axis.
Shear stress in web-flange
beams
Sections (web and flanges) are much more
efficient than compact sections such as
rectangular sections in their resistance to
bending (for the same area)
Basically efficiency refers to strength to
weight.
We will now examine the shear stress
distribution in the section, i.e. in the
flanges and the web by making appropriate
cuts and exposing the internal forces.
Shear stress in web-flange
beams
As shown in the FBD, a
shear force dF acting on
the cutting plane is
required to balance the
flexural stresses acting on
each side of the section of
elemental length dx.
The shear flow is defined
as
and is dictated by the
direction of dF in the
longitudinal plane of cut.
dx
dF
q =
Shear stress in web-flange
beams
Thus:
It is noted that only
shear flow parallel to
the wall is considered,
and the one across the
width t is zero.
The term Q refers to
the first moment area
of shaded area about
neutral axis.
I
QV
t
dx
tdx
dx
dF
q = = = = t
t
Shear stress in web-flange
beams
The variation of shear
flow across the section
depends only on the
variation of the first
moment
For a box beam, q grows
smoothly from zero at A
to a maximum at C and C
and then decreases back
to zero at E.
Shear stress in web-flange
beams
For a wide-flange
beam, the shear
flow increases
symmetrically from
zero at A and A',
reaches a maximum
at C and the
decreases to zero
at E and E
See Figure 7-7c