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Pressure Regulator controls the amount of pressure that enters the injector and any extra fuel is returned to the fuel tank.
Fuel Injector is simply a coil or solenoid operated valve. Spring pressure holds the injector closed. When engaged, the injector sprays fuel into the engine. Injector Pulse Width indicates the time each Injector is energized (Kept Open).
Throttle valve
Sensors
Connecting ducts
Sensor System
Monitors engine operating condition and reports this information to ECM (computer). Sensors are electrical devices that change resistance or voltage with change in condition such as temperature, pressure and position.
Engine Sensors
Oxygen Sensor measures the oxygen content in engine exhaust. Mounted on the exhaust system before the catalytic converter. Voltage out-put of O2 sensor changes with the change in oxygen content of exhaust. Lean mixture decreases the voltage. Rich mixture increases the voltage. Signal is sent to ECM and the ECM changes the time that an injector is open or close.
Engine Sensors
Open Loop When the electronic injection system doesnt use the input from the engine exhaust. System operates on information stored in the computer (PROM). Computer ignores the sensors when the engine is cold.
Closed Loop Ones engine reaches the operating temperature, computer uses information from oxygen sensor and the other sensors.
Engine Sensors
Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (MAP) Measures the pressure, or vacuum inside the engine intake manifold. Manifold pressure = Engine load
Engine Sensors
Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) Variable resister connected to the throttle plate.
Change in throttle angle = change in resistance. Based on the resistance, ECM richens or leans the mixture.
Engine Sensors
Engine Temperature Sensor
Engine Sensors
Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAF)
Engine Sensors
Inlet Air Temperature Sensor
Measures the temperature of air entering the engine. Cold air (more dense) = More fuel for proper AF ratio.
Engine Sensors
Crankshaft Position Sensor
Engine Sensors
Thermo wax plunger expands and shrinks as the engine warms up or cools down. The thermo valve opens when cold to allow air to by-pass the throttle valve. This extra air increases engine idle speed to prevent cold engine stalling.
Computer opens the valve when temperature sensor signals a cold engine.
Open = More Air = Increased Idle Speed.
Injectors (pulse) spray fuel into the top of throttle body air horn.
Atomized fuel mixes with air and drawn into the engine. Fuel pressure regulator is spring loaded and is part of the housing. Fuel is being injected whenever the engine is running, also called CIS: Continuous Injection System.
EFI
EFI Multi port Injection System Injector is pressed into the runner(Port) in the intake manifold. Injector sprays towards an engine intake valve. Each cylinder has its own injector EFI Direct fuel Injection System
Injectors are pressed into the combustion chamber and spray fuel directly into the combustion chamber.
Diagnosis
OBD (On Board Diagnostics) & OBD II Most EFI systems have on-board diagnostic abilities. ECM can detect and record possible faults. MIL (Malfunction Indicator Light) in the dash-board glows when any abnormality is sensed.
Always scan for trouble codes before attempting other diagnostic procedures or disconnecting the battery (will clear codes).
Diagnosis
Pressure Regulator Testing ***Caution Relieve fuel pressure (up to 60psi)before disconnecting line. Bleed Relief Valve or Fuse Check fuel pressure with fuel pressure gauge and match readings against the specs. Fuel Pressure Too Low Check clogged fuel filter or bad electric pump. Fuel Pressure Too High Usually bad pressure regulator. Maximum Fuel Pressure Test Pinch the return line with engine running (line with smaller diameter) Check the gauge, if pressure too low, Fuel Pump, not the pressure regulator is at fault.
Diagnosis
Injector Testing Bad injector can cause Rough Idle Hard Starting Poor Fuel Economy Engine Miss Leaky Injectors will richen the fuel mixture. Dirty Injectors restricts the airflow, causing a lean mixture. Inoperative EFI Injectors no action (Miss Fire)
1. FAIR - but weak 2. BAD - split spray pattern 3. BAD - split spray pattern 4. BAD - jetting on left side
5. GOOD
6. BAD - feathering at top of spray
TBI Diagnosis
Check Pressure. Fuel spray pattern can be seen into the horn. If current and fuel pressure present, injector may be bad.
Using an ohm meter check for resistance across coil and short to ground. Infinite Resistance = Open coil Zero resistance to ground = shorted.
Diagnosis
Injector noid light
Special test lights to check EFI feed circuit. Injector cleaning kit can clean partially clogged injectors. ***caution Some manufacturers do not recommend cleaning injectors (Pintel Type)
O2 voltage cycles from about 0.2 0.8 Volts. 0.2 volts = lean AFR 0.8 volts = Rich AFR
Simulate LEAN condition by pulling off a large vacuum hose. (0.2 0.3 volts)
Simulate RICH condition by injecting propane into the air intake. (0.7 0.8 volts)
Temperature Sensors