ywf0ef;usif

ta=umif;t&m
1? ywf0ef;usifqkdonfrSm bmukdqkdvkdygoenf;´
2? obm0ywf0ef;usif/
3? obm0ywf0ef;usifukd xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&ef tb,fa=umifh ta&;}uD;oenf;´
4? a*[pepf/
5? qifhuJpm;pOfrsm; ESifh tpmuGef&ufrsm;/
6? ZD0rsKd;uGJjym;r_/
7? ZD0rsKd;jym;r_ tqifhokH;rsKd;/
8? ZD0rsKd;jym;r_onf tb,fa=umifh ta&;}uD;oenf;´
9? ZD0rsKd;jym;r_twGuf jy\emrsm;/
10? rsKd;okOf;wdrfaumjcif;/
11? wkd;wufr_avhvmcsuf - 'kd'kdiSufrsKd; aysmufuG,fjcif;/
12? a&/
13? a&t=uyftwnf;/
14? ork'N&mrsm;/
15? wkd;wufr_avhvmcsuf - orkdif;wGif t}uD;rm;qkH;aom tqdyfoifhr_jzpfjcif;/
16? a&umwmrsm;/
17? wkd;wufr_avhvmcsuf - wmqef;a&umwm/ jrefrmjynf/
18? rkwfokHopfawmrsm; ESifh opfawmðyef;wD;r/_
19? jrefrmjynf&Sd opfawmrsm;ukd +cdrf;ajcmufaejcif;/
20? npfnrf;r_/
21? wkd;wufr_avhvmcsuf - jrefrmjynfwGif a&$wGif;wl;jcif;/
22? wkd;wufr_avhvmcsuf - bkdyg;vf xdcdkufysufpD;r_}uD;/
23? urBm}uD; ylaEG;vmr_/
24? pGrf;tiftokH;ðyr_/
25? wkd;wufr_avhvmcsuf - jrefrmjynf&dS obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvdkif;rsm;/
26? vlOD;a&/
2&? a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdifonfh zGH@òzd;r_/
28? obm0ywf0ef;usifqkdif&moabmwlnDcsufrsm;/

0efcHpum;qkdjcif; -
TpmpOfudk ðypk&mwGif/ tcsKd@udk Curriculum Project . Environment Issues pmpOf/
Earthrights' . Materials ESifh PDP . Environment tcef;wkd@rS tokH;ðyxm;jcif; (okd@)
aumufE_wfpkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

1
1 ? ‘ywf0ef;usif’qkdonfrSm bmukdqkdvkdygoenf;´
ywf0ef;usif okH;rsKd;&Sdygonf -

obm0 ywf0ef;usif (Natural Environment)

obm0ywf0ef;usifqkdonfrSm ajr/ av/ a& ESihf ouf&dSt&mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd qkdvkdonf?

wnfaqmufxm;onfh ywf0ef;usif (Built Environment)

wnfaqmufxm;onfh ywf0ef;usifqkdonfrSm vlw@dk ðyvkyfxm;onfh t&mwkdif;ukd qkdvkdonf?

vlr_a&; ESifh ,Ofaus;r_ qkdif&m ywf0ef;usif (Social and cultural environment)

vlr_a&; ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m ywf0ef;usifwGif yg0ifonfw@dk rSm ,kH=unfr_rsm;/ tawG;tac:rsm;/ bmomw&m;/
todynm ESifh bmompum; wkd@jzpfonf?

atmufwGif azmfjyxm;aom pum;vkH;rsm;onf rnfhonfh ywf0ef;usiftrsKd;tpm;wGif yg0ifonfqkdonfudk

qkH;jzwf+yD;/ Z,m;twGif;&Sd oufqkdif&m aumfvHatmufwGif a&;jznfhyg?

usm;waumif/ 0g;/ 0g;jzifhaqmufxm;aomtdrfwvkH;/ ynma&;/ csif;pum;/ a'vD/ ajrurBm/ yef;wyGifh/

ucsifjynfe,f/ {&m0wDjrpf/ cJwHwacsmif;/ qifwaumif/ v#yfppf"gwftm;/ c&pf,mefjzpfjcif;/ EkdifiHa&;cH,lcsuf/
a&$wd*kHbk&m;/ rkd;/ &Gmol}uD;wa,muf/ a&$/ a&'D,dkwvkH;?

obm0ywf0ef;usif wnfaqmufxm;onfh ywf0ef;usif vlr_a&; ESihf ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m

ywf0ef;usif

txufyg ywf0ef;usifrsm;xJrS b,fywf0ef;usifukd ta&;}uD;qkH;[k oifxifygoenf;´ tb,fa=umifhenf;´

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2
2 ? obm0ywf0ef;usif (The Natural Environment)
obm0ywf0ef;usifqkdonfrSm urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif obm0tm;jzifhawG@&aom/ av/ a&/ ajr/ tyifi,frsm; ESihf
opfyif}uD;rsm; uJhokd@aom t&m&mwkdif;ukdqkdvdkonf? obm0ywf0ef;usifonf u|Ekfyfw@dk . touf&Sifoefaexkdif
r_twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;onf?

a& (Water)
tyifrsm;tm;vkH; ESifh owW0grsm;tm;vkH;onf ‚if;wk@d . touf&Sifoef&yfwnfEkdifr_twGuf a&ay:wGif rSDckdae=u&
onf?

a&onf urBmhrsufESmjyif. 4 ykH 3 ykH (75µ)ukd zkH;v$rf;xm;onf? xk@d a=umifh vlrsm;/ tyifrsm;/ wd&p>mefrsm;
tm;vkH;twGuf a&tajrmuftrsm;&Sdae[ef&dSonf? xk@d a=umifh xkd t&if;tjrpfonf b,fawmhrS ukefqkH;oGm;rnf
r[kwf[k ,lq=uayrnf?

odk@aomf/ vufawG@wGifrl/ u|Ekfyfwkd@wGif a&tajrmuftrsm;r&Sday? urBmha&. 75µonf qm;iefa&tjzpf

ork'N&mxJwGif &Sdaeonf? vl ESifh wd&p>mefw@dk onf qm;iefa&ukd raomufokH;Ekdifay? tyiftrsm;pkonf
qm;iefa&xJwGif r&SifoefEkdifay? aemufxyf 2µ aom urBmha&onf cJae+yD;/ a&cJv$mrsm; ESifh
a&cJawmifrsm;tjzpf&Sdaeonf? urBmha&. usefaeonfh 1µukdom u|Ekfyfw@dk tokH;ðyEkdifonf?

u|Ekfyfwkd@ tokH;ðyonfha&ukd uefrsm; ESihf jrpfrsm; (ajray:a&) wGif awG@Ekdifonf/ (okd@) ajratmufwGif okdavSmif
xm;onf (ajratmufa&)?

av (Air)
avxkonf urBmhrsufESmjyifukd ywfv$rf;xm;onfh tv$mjzpfonf? ,if;onf 2 rkdifcef@xlonf? u|Ekfyfwkd@
&Sifoef&eftwGuf avxkonfta&;}uD;onf? ,if;onf tyifrsm;tm;vkH; ESifh wd&p>mefrsm;tm;vkH; vkdtyfonfh
avukd u|Ekfyfwkd@tm; jznfhqnf;ay;onf? u|Ekfyfw@dk touf&SL&eftwGuf avxJ&Sd atmufpD*sifukdvkdtyfonf?
tyifrsm;onf tpmcsufvkyf&eftwGuf tvif;a&mifpGrf;tm;jzifh avxJ&Sd umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'fukd vkdtyf=u
onf? avxJwGif [kdufò'd*sif/ atmufpD*sif/ umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'f/ ESihf tjcm;aom"gwfaiG@tenf;i,fyg0ifonf?

avxkwGif tkdZkef;v$mvnf;yg0ifonf? ,if;onf u|Ekfyfw@dk tm; aerSvmonfh tEW&m,fjzpfaponfh c&rf;vGef

a&mifjcnfukd umuG,fay;onf?

opfyif}uD;rsm; ESifh tyifi,frsm; (Trees and Plants)

opfyif}uD;rsm; ESifh tyifi,frsm;onf urBmajr}uD;. obm0ywf0ef;usiftwGuf tvGefta&;}uD;onf? ‚if;wk@d .
tvkyfrsm;xJrS wckrSm umAGef'kdifatmufqdk'fudk atmufqD*sifokd@ajymif;jcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI tyifrsm; xkd
tvkyfukd rvkyfawmhv#if u|Ekfyfwkd@ touf&Sif&efvdktyfonfh atmufpD*sifukd &&SdEkdifawmhrnf r[kwfay?
tu,fI urBmay:&Sd tvGefrsm;jym;aomopfyifrsm; zsufqD;cHvkduf&v#if/ u|Ekfyfwkd@ touf&SL&eftwGuf
atmufpD*sif vkHavmufpGm r&&SdEkdifawmhb/J u|Ekfyfwkd@ aoqkH;oGm;Ekdifonf?

opfyifrsm;onf ajrqDrsm;ukd xdef;odrf;&eftwGufvnf; ta&;}uD;onf? rkd;a& ESifh avrS ajrqDrsm;tm; ta0;okd@

o,faqmifoGm;jcif;ukd &yfwef@ay;onf? Tenf;tm;jzifh opfyifrsm;onf ajrqDv$m yGef;yJhwkdufpm;jcif;ukd
umuG,fay;onf?

3
ajr (Land)
ajr}uD;onf u|Ekfyfwkd@ &Sifoefaexkdif&eftwGuf tvGefta&;}uD;onf? tpm;tpmtwGuf aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;
pkdufysKd;&ef ajr}uD;ukd u|Ekfyfwkd@ vkdtyfonf? xk@d jyif ajr}uD;wGif aygufaeaom tyifi,frsm;onf/ urBmajrjyif
ay:wGif touf&Sifoefaexkdif=uonfh rsm;pGmaom wd&p>mefrsm;twGufvnf; tpm;tpmrsm;ukd jznfhqnf;
ay;onf? tu,fI ajr}uD;wGif&Sdaeaom ajrqDrsm;onf ajr=oZmaumif;rGefygu rsm;pGmaom tyifi,frsm; ESihf
aumufyJoD;ESHrsm; }uD;xGm;Ekdifonf?

tu,fI ajr}uD;ukd *&kwpkduf tokH;rðycJhv#if/ ok@d r[kwf tvGeftu|HtokH;ðycJhv#if aumufyJoD;ESHrsm; r}uD;xGm;

Ekdifawmhay (ajrqD=oZm raumif;Ekdifawmhay)?

rkwfokHopfawmrsm;&Sd ajrqDrsm;onf tvGefaumif;rGef=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf/ rkwfokHopfawm

twGif;&Sd tyifi,frsm; ESifh opfyifrsm;tm;vkH;onf ajrqD=oZmrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? okd@aomf
rkwfokHopfawmrsm;ukd ckwfvSJvkdufygu ajrqD=oZmrsm;onf tv#iftjrefyif ukefcrf;oGm;ayvdrfhrnf?

4
3 ? obm0ywf0ef;usifukd apmifha&Smuf&ef tb,fa=umifh ta&;}uD;oenf;´
u|Ekfyfwkd@ &SLoGif;aomav/ aomufokH;aom a&/ ESihf pm;aom tpm;tpmrsm;ukd obm0ywf0ef;usifrS jznfhqnf;
ay;onf? u|Ekfyfwkd@vkdtyfonfh tdrfaqmuf&ef/ aq;0g;rsm; azmfpyf&ef/ v#yfppfpGrf;tifxkwfvkyf&ef ponfw@dk ukd
vnf; jznfhqnf;ay;onf? rnfokd@yifqkdaomfvnf; vlw@dk . vkyfaqmifr_rsm;pGmwkd@onf obm0ywf0ef;usiftm;
tysuftpD; tajrmuftrsm;ukd jzpfapjcif;ESifh/ av/ a&/ ajr/ tyifi,frsm; ESihf opfyif}uD;rsm;ukd ab;jzpfaponf?

oifpOf;pm;I &aom vlwkd@. obm0ywf0ef;usifudk ab;jzpfaponfht&mrsm;tm;vkH;udk a&;jyyg?

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urBm}uD;wGif ajr}uD;/ a&/ opfyif}uD;rsm; ESihf tyifi,frsm; trsm;tjym;&SdaeonfhtwGuf ,if;wkd@ukd *&kwpkduf

tokH;ðyp&m rvkd[k tvG,fwul xifp&mjzpfayrnf? ok@d aomf ,ae@tcgwGif xkdt,ltqonf rrSefawmh
a=umif;ukd vlwkd@ vufcHvm=u+yDjzpfonf? urBm}uD;. vlOD;a&wkd;wufvmonfESifhtwl/ xkdvlrsm;tm;vkH;
twGuf obm0&if;jrpfvkdtyfr_rsm;vnf; jrifhwufvmonf? ‚if;tjyif/ urBm}uD;zGH@òzd;jcif; ESifh vlaer_tqifh
twef; jrifhwufvmonfhtwkdif;/ vlw@dk awmif;qkdonfh ukefypPnf;rsm;ukd xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf t&if;tjrpfrsm;
vnf; ykdI ykdI vkdtyfvmcJhonf?

urBm}uD;tm; xdef;nd‡xm;jcif; (The world in balance)

urBmajr}uD;. oufwrf;onf ESpfoef;aygif; 5 axmifcef@&Sdawmhrnf[k cef@rSef;&onf? vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif;
ESpfaxmifavmufuwnf;uaeI urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif ouf&dSrsm; pwifjzpfay:cJhonf[k ,kH=unf&onf? urBm}uD;
ay:wGif yxrqkH;ouf&Sd pwifzGJ@pnf;pOfu/ tvGef&dk;pif;aom ZD0&kyfuvmyfpnf;wckomjzpfonf? ,ae@tcgwGif
urBm}uD;onf tyifrsm; ESifh wd&p>mefrsm;. rwluJGjym; &_wfaxG;aom rsKd;pdwf oef;aygif;rsm;pGmjzihfjynfhaeonf?

xkdtyifrsm; ESifh wd&p>mefrsm;. rsKd;pdwfrsm;tm;vkH;onf urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif twlwuG aexkdifEdkif&eftwGuf

tqifhtqifh wkd;wufjzpfay:ajymif;vJvmcJhonf? ,if;wk@d tm;vkH;onf obm0ywf0ef;usifwGif;Y t&m&mwkdif;
tjyeftvSefrSDwnfae=uonfh &_wfaxG;eufeJaom pepfwcktwGif;&Sd tpdwftykdif;wckjzpfonf? qkdvdkonfrSm
t&m&mwkdif;onf &SifoefaexkdifEkdif&eftwGuf tjcm;aom t&mrsm;tay:wGif rSDwnfae=u&onf?

obm0ywf0ef;usif;wGif&Sdaom t&m&mwkdif;onf [efcsufnDr#aeonf? qkdvkdonfrSm urBmajr}uD;onf

&moDOwk/ avxk/ wd&p>mef ESifh tyifrsm;. yrm%wk@d udk obm0tm;jzifh xdef;odrf;&efvrf;a=umif;rsm;&Sdonf?
,if;onf urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif touf&Sifoefaexkdif&ef aocsmapjcif;jzpfonf? xkdxdef;nd‡xm;r_rsm;onf tvGef
odrfarG@El;nHh+yD;/ vlwkd@. vkyfaqmifr_tðytrlrsm;pGmwk@d onf urBmhajr}uD;. obm0twkdif; xdef;nd‡xm;r_ukd
taESmuft,Sufjzpfaeaponf?

twdwfumvwGif/ vlwkd@onf urBmajr}uD;ay:&Sd ouf&dSw@dk ta=umif;ukd avhvmaomtcg/ olwkd@onf

rsKd;pdwfwckpDukd/ xkdrsKd;pdwf. &Sifoefwnf&dS&m ywf0ef;usifrS z,fxkwfI oD;oef@pDavhvm=uonf? ,cktcg
obm0ywf0ef;usifxd;efodrf;umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;orm;rsm;ESihf a*[aA'ynm&Sif (tyifESifhowW0g/ ,if;wk@d
ESifh qufEG,faeonfh ywf0ef;usifukdavhvmaom ynm&Sif)rsm;onfvnf;/ rsKd;pdwfrsm; ESifh ‚if;wkd@ywf0ef;usif.
tjyeftvSefqufpyfr_ukd avhvm vm=u+yDjzpfonf? ,if;onf a*[aA' ynm&Sifrsm;tm; obm0ywf0ef;usif
twGif;&Sd rsKd;pdwfwckcsif;pD. wpkHvkH;twkdif;twmESihf ta&;}uD;ykHukd rsm;pGmykdrdkodem;vnfr_ ay;cJhonf?

5
vlwkd@onf obm0 ywf0ef;usifta=umif;ukd avhvm+yD;/ tyifrsm; ESifh wd&p>mef rsKd;pdwfrsm;pGmwk@d onf rnfokd@
tjyeftvSef rSDwnfae=uonfukd em;vnfod&Sd&ef tvGefta&;}uD;ayonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh u|Ekfyfwkd@.
vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf obm0ywf0ef;usifudk rnfo@dk tusKd;oufa&mufonfqkdonfukd ykdrkdaumif;rGefpGm em;vnf
Ekdifrnfjzpfonf?

vlom;wkd@onf touf&SifaexkdifEkdif&eftwGuf rSDwnfae=u&onfh oifpOf;pm;I&aom t&mrsm;tm;vkH;udk

a&;csyg?

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4 ? a*[pepfrsm; (Ecosystems)
a*[pepfonf ouf&SdowW0grsm; (iSufrsm;/ opfyif}uD;rsm;/ tyifi,frsm;/ wd&p>mefrsm;) ESifh oufrJht&m0wˆKrsm;
(jrpfrsm;/ awmifrsm;/ ausmufwkH;rsm;/ avrsm;) vkdufavsmnDpGmzG@J wnfaer_pepfwckjzpfonf? ouf&Sdt&m0wˆK
rsm;onf &Sifoef&yfwnfaexkdifEkdif&eftwGuf tjyeftvSef ESihf oufrJht&m0wˆKrsm;ay:wGif rSDwnfae=u&onf?

a*[pepfwckonf ouf&Sdrsm;ukd taxmuftulay;aom ae&mwckjzpfonf? xkdae&monf tvGef}uD;rm;aom

opfawmtkyfwck (okd@) ao;i,faom jrpfwpif; wckjzpfEdkifonf? a*[pepfrsm;onf oD;jcm;ae&mrsm; r[kwfbJ/
wcktay:wck xyfae=uonf?

Oyrm - rkwfoHkopfawmtkyfwckonf a*[pepfwckjzpfonf?

aea&mifjcnf/ a& ESifh "gwfowˆKrsm;onf tyifi,frsm; ESihf opfyif}uD;rsm;ukd &Sifoef}uD;xGm;ay;onf? ao;i,f
aom taumifrsm;onf tyifi,frsm;ukd pm;aomuf=uonf? ykdrkd}uD;rm;aom taumifrsm;onf taumifi,f
rsm;ukdpm;aomuf=uonf? bwfwD;&D;,m; ESihf r_drsm;onf aoqkH;oGm;aom ZD0&kyfrsm;udk ykwfodk;aqG;ajrhap+yD;/
"gwfowˆKrsmukd ajrqD=oZmwGif;okd@a&muf&SdoGm;aponf?

okd@&mwGif/ rkwfokHopfawmtwGif;Yyif/ acsmif;i,f wck (ok@d ) opfyifwyifuJhokd@aom ykdrkdao;i,faom a*[pepf

rsm;&Sd=uonf?
opfyifwyifonf }uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? xkdopfyifay:wGif opfuyfarSmfyifrsm; }uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? &SOfhrsm;onf
opfyif. taphrsm;ukd pm;okH;=uonf? claumifrsm;onf opfyif. t&Gufrsm;ukd pm;okH;=uonf? iSufrsm;onf
xdkopfyifrS claumifrsm;ukd pm;okH;=u+yD;/ opfukdif;rsm;wGif tokdufrsm;zGJ@um aexkdif=uonf?

urBmajr}uD;onf tjyeftvSefrSDwnfae=uonfh a*[pepfrsm;pGmwkd@jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?

1? urBm}uD;ay:wGif awG@&Sd&onfh rwlnDaom a*[pepf trsKd;tpm;rsm;ukd pm&if;ðyyg?

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a*[pepfwckwkdif;wGif obm0tm;jzifh xdef;nd‡xm;r_wck&dS+yD;/ ouf&dSrsKd;pdwfrsm;pGm twlwuG &SifoefaexkdifEkdif

onf? tcsdefumv=umjrifhvmaomtcg/ a*[pepfwcktwGif;&Sd tyifrsm; ESifh wd&p>mefrsm;onf xkda*[pepfwck
. tpdwftykdif;wcktjzpf vkdufavsmnDaxGjzpfum tom;usoGm;awmhonf? a*[pepfwckESihf vkdufavsmnD
axGjzpfoGm;aom wd&p>mefrsm;onf xkda'otwGif;Y aexkdifEkdifatmifðyvkyfonfh xl;jcm;aom vuQ%mrsm;
&Sdonf?

a*[pepfrsm;onf ajymif;vJEkdifonf? ok@d aomf obm0avmuwGif ajymif;vJr_onf ESpf&maygif;/ axmifaygif;

rsm;pGm=um+yD;/ tvGefaES;auG;pGmjzpfay:onf? qkdvkdonfrSm a*[pepfwckwGif &Sifoefaexkdifae=uaom rsKd;pdwf
rsm;onf ajymif;vJ&ef tcsdef,l&onf? (vkdufavsmnDaxGtom;usoGm;jcif;)

2 ? wd&p>mefrsm;onf om;aumifvkduf&ef rnfokd@ vkdufavsmnDaxGpGm ajymif;vJoGm;oenf;´

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3? ig;rsm;a&xJwGif touf&SifaeEkdifatmif rnfo@dk vkdufavsmnDaxGpGm ajymif;vJoGm;oenf;´

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4? at;aom &moDOwkwGif tcsKd@wd&p>mefrsm;onf touf&SifoefaeEkdif&ef rnfokd@ vkdufavsmnDaxGpGm

ajymif;vJoGm;oenf;´
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vlom;rsm;onf ywf0ef;usifukd ajymif;vJatmif vkyfaqmif=uaomtcg/ ajymif;vJr_onf v#ifjrefpGm jzpfay:vm

cJhonfhtwGuf rsKd;pdwfrsm;onf ajymif;vJr_ESihftwl vkdufavsmnDr_&dS&eftwGuf tcsdefr&cJhay? ,if;onf
rsKd;pdwfrsm; touf&Sifoef aexkdifEkdifpGrf; r&Sdawmhjcif;udk qkdvdkonf?

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5 ? qifhuJpm;pOfrsm; ESifh tpmuGef&ufrsm; (Food chains and food webs)
a*[pepfrsm; rnfokd@vkyfaqmifonfESifh rsKd;pdwfrsm;onf rnfo@dk tjyeftvSef rSDwnfaeonfqkdjcif;ukd em;vnf
Ekdif&ef enf;vrf;wckrSm/ ouf&Sdt&mrsm; rnfuJhokd@ pGrf;tif&&Sdaeonfukd =unhfjcif;tm;jzifhodEkdifonf? ouf&Sd
t&mwkdif;onf &SifoefaexkdifEkdif&eftwGuf pGrf;tifvdktyfonf? ouf&Sdt&mwckonf tjcm;aom t&mwckukd
pm;okH;aomtcg pGrf;tiftjzpful;ajymif;oGm;cJhonf? a*[pepfwckwGif ouf&Sdt&mrsm;pGmwk@d onf tjcm;aom
t&mrsm;pGmwkd@ukd pm;okH;=uonf? ,if;onf qifhuJpm;pOf (food chain) wckukd jzpfay:aponf?

tyifi,frsm;onf qifhuJpm;pOfwck. atmufqHk;wGif&dS=uonf? ,if;wkd@ukd xkwfvkyfolrsm; (producers)

[kac:onf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf ‚if;wk@d onf aerS pGrf;tifrsm;ukd &,l+yD;/ tyifpm;wd&p>mefrsm; pm;okH;Ekdifonfh
pGrf;tif tjzpfokd@ ajymif;vJvkdufonf? tyifi,frsm;onf tyifpm;wd&p>mefrsm; (herbivores) . pm;okH;jcif;ukd
cH&+yD;/ wzef ‚if;wkd@onf tom;pm;wd&p>mefrsm; (carnivores) . pm;aomufjcif;udk cH&jyefonf? aemufqkH;
wGif oHaumifrsm;/ bufwD;&D;,m;ykd;rsm;/ r_drsm;uJho@dk ykwfodk;ysufpD;aponfh t&mrsm;&Sdonf/ ‚if;wkd@onf aoqkH;
oGm;aom wd&p>mefrsm;udk pm;aomuf=uonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh pGrf;tifonf qifhuJpm;pOfwav#muf ul;ajymif;
oGm;onf?

Oyrm -
tyifrsm; tyifpm;wd&p>mefrsm; tom;pm;wd&p>mefrsm;
Oyrm - jrufrsm; Oyrm - orif Oyrm - usm;
(xkwfvkyfol)

txufyg qifhuJpm;pOf erlemwckukd =unfhyg?

1? tu,fI a&m*gwckonf oriftukefvHk;avmufudk owfypfvkdufygu bmjzpfEkdifrnfenf;´

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2? tu,fI orifta&twGuf wkd;yGg;vmygu bmawGjzpfvmEkdifrnfenf;´

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3? tu,fI usm;ta&twGuf wkd;yGg;vmygu bmawGjzpfvmEkdifrnfenf;´

ae opfyif claumif iSuf ykwfokd;ysufpD;apaomt&mrsm;

,if;onf qifhuJpm;pOfwck. erlemwckjzpfonf? opfyifrsm;}uD;xGm;vmatmif vkyfaqmifay;onf pGrf;tifudk

aerS jznfhqnf;ay;onf? claumifrsm;onf opfyifrsm;. t&Gufrsm;ukd pm;okH;onf? iSufrsm;onf claumifrsm;ukd
pm;okH;jyefonf? aoqkH;oGm;aomt&mrsm;ukd ykwfokd;ysufpD;apaomt&mrsm;rS acsrGzsufqD;ypfonf?

ouf&Sdpepfrsm;tm;vkH;wGif yxrqkH;aom pGrf;tif&if;jrpfrSm aea&mifjcnfjzpfonf? tyifrsm;onf aea&mifjcnfrS

pGrf;tifrsm;ukd umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'frSwqifh tpmtjzpfo@dk ajymif;vJvdkufonf? xkdajymif;vJr_onf vkH;0
vkHavmufr_r&Sday? aea&mifjcnfxJrS pGrf;tif 1µukdom tpmpGrf;tiftjzpf ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfonf?

tyifpm;wd&p>mefrsm;onf tyifrsm;ukdpm;okH;=u+yD;/ pGrf;tifrsm;ukd ðyvkyf=uonf? xkd@aemuf tjcm;aom

wd&p>mefrsm;onf tyifpm;wd&p>mefrsm;ukd pm;okH;=uonf? wd&p>mefrsm;onf tvGeftrif;v_yf&Sm;=uaoma=umifh

9
pGrf;tiftajrmuftrsm;vkdtyfonf? wd&p>mefrsm;,laqmifvdkufonfhpGrf;tifrS 90µ ukd touf&Sifoef aexkdifEkdif
&eftwGuf tokH;ðy=u+yD;/ usef&Sdonfh 10µukdrl cE<mukd,ftwGif;Y odrf;qnf;xm;onf?

qifhuJpm;pOf wav#mufwGif jzwfoef;oGm;onfrSm aepGrf;tifwckwnf;r[kwfay/ t[m&rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf?

t[m&rsm;ukd ajrqDrsm;rSaeI tyifrsm;u pkyf,l+yD;/ ‚if;wk@d ukd wd&p>mefrsm;u pm;okH;jyefonf? ykwfodk;ysufpD;
apaom t&mrsm;onf t[m&rsm;ukd ajrqDtwGif;ok@d jyefy@dk ay;=uonf?

urBmajr}uD;onf ydwfaeaompepf wckjzpfonf? qkdvdkonfrSm u|Ekfyfw@dk &Sifoef&eftwGuf vkdtyfaom t&m&m

wkdif;onf urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif&Sdonf? urBmajr}uD; ESihf ‚if;. avxkjyifywGif&Sdaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd u|Ekfyfw@dk
r&&SdEkdif? xkd@a=umifh t[m&rsm;onf xyfrHjyefvnftokH;ðy&eftwGuf ajrqDtwGif;ok@d wywfjyefvnfa&muf&Sd&
rnfjzpfonf? ,if;ukd ykwfokd;ysufpD;apaomt&mrsm;u ðyvkyfonf? xkdt&mrsm;rSm bwfwD;&D;,m; ESihf r_d uJhokd@
aom ZD0&kyfrsm;jzpf=uonf? ,if;wkd@onf aoqkH;oGm;aom ZD0&kyfrsm; ESifh pGe@f ypfypPnf;rsm;rSaeI pGrf;tifrsm;udk
&,l+yD;/ &Sifoefaexkdif=uonf?

txufwGifazmfjyxm;onfh qifhuJpm;pOfonf tvGef&dk;pif;onf? trSefwu,fwGifrl a*[pepfwck&dS ZD0&kyfrsm;

. tjyeftvSefrSDwnfaer_lonfrsm;pGm &_wfaxG;avonf? rsm;pGmaom ZD0&kyfw@dk . tjyeftvSefrDSwnfaer_udk
az:jyxm;onfh Z,m;rsm;ukd tpmuGef&ufrsm; (food webs) [k ac:onf?

Oyrm -
ajracG; ZD;uGuf a¹rGygwrsKd;

ykd;awmifrm ºuGuf ,kef

jruf§tyifrsm;
tpmuGef&ufwckwGif/ trsKd;rsKd;aom ZD0&kyfrsm;onf qufEG,fae=uonf? tyifi,frsm;onf qifhuJpm;pOfrS
wd&p>mefrsm;vkdtyfonfh "mwkpGrf;tifrsm;ukd xkwfvkyf=uonf? xkd@a=umifh tyifi,frsm;ukd xkwfvkyfolrsm; [k
ac:=uonf? wd&p>mefrsm;onf tyifrsm; (ok@d ) tjcm;aom wd&p>mefrsm;udk pm;aomuf=uonf? ,if;wk@d ukd
pm;okH;olrsm; [kac:qkdonf? qifhuJpm;pOf. rwlnDaom pm;okH;oltrsKd;rsKd;udk yxrtqifhpm;okH;olrsm;/ (okd@)
'kwd,tqifh pm;okH;olrsm; [lI tkyfpkvdkufcJGjcm;Ekdifayrnf? qifhuJpm;pOfwdkif;wGif ykwfodk;ysufpD;apaom
t&mrsm;yg0ifonf?
* tpmuGef&ufwGifjyxm;aom jr‡m;rsm;onf pGrf;tifrsm; ZD0&kyfwckrS aemufwcko@dk ul;ajymif;ykHudk jyoxm;jcif;
jzpfonfukd owdðyyg?

10
6 ? ZD0rsKd;jym;r_ (Biodiversity)
ZD0rsKd;jym;r_ qkdonfrSm urBmajr}uD;ay:&Sd rwluJGjym;aom ouf&dStrsKd;rsKd;ukd qkdvkdonf? urBmajr}uD; ay:wGif
tuef@towfrJheD;yg; ouf&Sdt&m ajrmufrsm;pGm&Sdonf? trnfay;xm;onfh ZD0&kyf (okd@) rsKd;pdwfta&
twGufpkpkaygif;onf twdtusr&Sday? rwluJGjym;aom rsKd;pdwf cef@rSef;ajc ta&twGufrSm 3 oef;rSonf oef;
100 txd&Sdonf? ‚if;tjyif &SmazGrawG@&dSao;onfh rsKd;pdwfta&twGufonfvnf; rcef@rSef;Ekdifacs?

rsKd;pdwf wckudk “rsKd;ADZatmifaom om;orD;rsm;ukd xkwfvkyf&ef rsKd;pyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh/ trsKd;tpm;wlnDonfh tyif

(okd@) wd&p>mef tkyfpkwck” [k t"dy`g,fzGihfqdkxm;onf?

2 rdepftwGif; oifpOf;pm;I&aom tyif ESihf wd&p>mefrsKd;pdwfrsm;ukd a&;csyg?

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ZD0rsKd;jym;r_onf urBmajr}uD;tm; xdef;nd‡xm;&ef ESihf usef;rmoef;pGrf;ap&ef/ ESifh urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif ouf&Sdrsm;

qufvufwnf&Sdaeap&efwkd@ tvkd@iSg vdktyfonf? urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif &m/ axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom rwluJGjym;
onfh trsKd;rsKd;aom rsKd;pdwftyifi,frsm; &Sdae+yD;/ rwluJGjym;onfh trsKd;rsKd;aom wd&p>mefrsKd;pdwfrsm; onf tqkdyg
trsKd;rsKd;aom tyifrsm;udk pm;okH;Ekdif&eftwGuf vkdufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmifjyifqifxm;&onf? xk@d a=umifh
tu,fI rsKd;pdwftyifwckonf zsufqD;cHchJ&ygu/ xkdrsKd;pdwftyifukd pm;okH;aeaom wd&p>mefrsm;tay:wGifvnf;
xdckdufrnfjzpfonf?

tu,fI urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif jrufyif wrsKd;wnf;om aygufaecJhonfqkdygu/ tyifi,frsm;udk pm;aomwd&p>mef

rsm; tm;vkH;onf jrufukdompm;aecJh=uayrnf? tu,fI a&m*gwckonf jrufrsm;tm;vkH;ukd zsufqD;ypfchJygu
bmjzpfvmEkdifcJhrnfenf;´
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ZD0aA'ynm&Sifrsm;onf ZD0rsKd;uGJjym;jcm;em;r_wGif t"du tqifh 3 qifhudk owdðyrdchJonf? t}uD;qkH;aom

tqifhrSm rwluGJjym;aom a*[pepf trsKd;rsKd;wkd@jzpf=uonf? Oyrm - rkwfokHopfawmrsm;/ oJuEWm&rsm;/ ESifh
jrufcif;vGifjyifrsm;wkd@jzpfonf? 'kwd,tqifhrSm a*[pepfrsm;twGif;Y touf&Sifoefaexkdif=uonfh wd&p>mef
rsKd;pdwf rsm; ESifh tyifi,f rsKd;pdwf trsKd;rsKd;wk@d jzpf=uonf? wwd,tqifhrSm rsKd;pdwfwck. wckcsif;§wOD;csif;pDY
awG@&Sd&onfh trsKd;rsKd;aom rsKd;ADZ wkd@jzpf=uonf? Oyrm - rsKd;pdwfwcktwGif;Y&Sdaom wd&p>mefwkdif;onf
rsKd;ADZtm;jzifh uGJjym;jcm;em;=uonf? rwluJGjym;aom rsKd;ADZrsm;onf/ rwluGJjym;aom ykHo¾mefrsm;/ ta&mif
rsm; ESifh t&G,ftpm;rsm;/ ESifh rwluGJjym;aom cGeftm; }uD;rm;jcif; ESifh cGeftm;eJyg;jcif;rsm; ponfw@dk &Sdonfh
tyifrsm; ESifh wd&p>mefrsm;ukd zefwD;=uonf?

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7 ? ZD0rsKd;jym;r_ tqifh okH;rsKd; (The three levels of biodiversity)
• a*[pepf trsKd;rsKd;tjym;jym; jzpfjcif; (Ecosystem Diversity)

a*[pepfwckqkdonfrSm ZD0&kyftzGJ@tpnf;wck/ ‚if;wkd@aexkdifonfh ywf0ef;usif/ ESihf ‚if;wk@d t=um; tjyefjyef

tvSefvSef qufoG,faer_ wkd@jzpfonf? a*[pepfrsm;onf rsm;pGmaom t&G,ftpm;trsKd;rsKd;rSaeI vm=uonf?
awmtkyfwckonf a*[pepfwckjzpfonf? xk@d twl aooGm;aom yifpnfwck/ jrpfwpif;/ uefwuef/
awmifwvkH;/ yifv,fwck ESifh ò*d[f wckvHk;onfyif a*[pepfwckjzpfonf? a*[pepfrsm;onf t+rJwrf;
ajymif;vJae=uonf? a*[pepfwcktwGif;&Sd tyif ESihf wd&p>mefrsm;onf tcsdefumvESifhtwl ajymif;vJ=uonf?

a*[pepfwcktwGif;wGif t"duusonfh rsKd;pdwf&dSonf? ,if;onf tvGefta&;}uD;+yD;/ a*[pepfwck. vkyfief;

vkyfaqmifykH ESifh &SifoefaeEkdifr_tay:wGif t"du=oZmoufa&mufonf? a*[pepfwcktwGif;&Sd t"dursKd;pdwf
wckudk owfypfvkdufjcif;onf a*[pepfwckvHk;ukd ysufpD;apEkdifonf/ (okd@) vkH;vkH;ajymif;vJoGm;apEkdifonf?

• rsKd;pdwftrsKd;rsKd;tjym;jym; jzpfjcif; (Diversity of Species)

ZD0&kyftrsKd;rsKd;tjym;jym;jzpfjcif;[laom pum;vkH;onf ouf&Sd ZD0&kyfrsm; trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;jcm;em;aejcif;ukd

&nf!ïef;onf? ,if;wGif rsm;pGmaom wd&p>mefrsm;/ tyifrsm; ESihf t%kZD0rsm; ponfwkd@yg0ifonf? rsKd;pdwf
trsKd;rsKd;tjym;jym;jzpfjcif;onf/ a'owcktwGif;Y awG@&dS&onfh rwluJGjym;jcm;em;aom rsKd;pdwftrsKd;tpm;
tm;vkH;ukd qkdvkdonf?
urBmajr}uD;. t&if;tjrpfrsm;ta=umif;ukd u|Ekfyfw@dk tawmfrsm;rsm;odxm;=u+yD;jzpfaomfvnf;/ avhvm&ef
rsm;pGm usef&Sdaeao;onf? urBm}uD;ay:&Sd rnfonfhae&mwGifrqkd&Sdaeonfh ouf&dSt&m0wˆKrsm;tm;vkH;
ta=umif;ukd u|Ekfyfwkd@odonfh ae&m[lI rnfonfhae&mr# r&Sday? urBmajr}uD;ay:&Sd ouf&SdrsKd;pdwfrsm;.
ta&twGuftwdtusukd rnfolr# rod&dSay? rkwfoHkopfawmrsm;onf rsKd;pdwfrsm;tm;vkH;. 50µ rSonf 90µ
wkd@. tdrfrsm;jzpf=uonf? [dr0EWm ta&S@ydkif;wGif (jrefrmjynfyg0ifonf) urBmhtyifrsKd;pdwfaygif;. 14µ&Sdonf?

iSufrsKd;pdwfrsm; ESifh }uD;rm;aom wd&p>mefrsm;udk aumif;pGmodxm;=u+yD;jzpfonf? okd@aomf tif;quf/ r_d/

bufwD;&D;,m;/ ESifh Akdif;&yfpf uJhokd@aom ao;i,faomZD0&kyfrsm;rSmrl &SmazG&efcufcJonf? u|Ekfyfw@dk odaom
t%kZD0ykd; yrm%rSm/ u|Ekfyfwkd@odonfh tjcm;aom ZD0ykd;trsKd;tpm;rsm;xuf avsmhenf;onf? rkwfokHopfawm
rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom tylykdif;ZkHa'orsm;wGifrl/ u|Ekfyfw@dk odaom t%kZD0ykd;yrm%onf ykdI eJaeonf?

• rsKd;ADZ trsKd;rsKd;tjym;jym;uGJjym;r_ (Genetic Biodiversity)

,ck u|Ekfyfwkd@ukd,fwkdifyifv#if rsKd;aphADZrsm; rS u|Ekfyfw@dk udk vkyfaqmifay;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ,if;wkd@ukd

ouf&Sd&kyf0wˆKwkdif;wGif&Sdonfh uvmyfpnf;rsm;twGif;Y awG@&dS&onf? ,if;wkd@onf u|Ekfyfwkd@. ykHo¾mef ESihf
zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_ukd xdef;csKyfonf?

rsKd;&kd;ADZtrsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;jcif; qkdonfrSm rsKd;pdwfwckwnf; twGif;wGif rsKd;ADZ rwluJGjym;jcif;udk qkdvkdonf?

ta,mufpDwkdif;wGif ukd,fykdif=ueftifvuQ%mrsm;&Sdonfh rwluJGjym;aom rsKd;ADZrsm;pGm&Sdonf? Oyrm - vlwkdif;
wGif rwlnDaom rsufESmrsm;&Sd=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaom wa,mufpDwkdif;onf tjcm;vlrsm;ESifh
rwlnDonfh/ ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif rsKd;aphADZ rsm;&Sd=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

t"duusonfhrsKd;pdwfwckqkdonfrSmtb,fenf;´ _____________________________________________
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8 ? ZD0rsKd;jym;r_onf tb,fa=umifhta&;}uD;oenf;´ (Why is biodiversity important?)
ZD0rsKd;jym;r_onf urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif usef;rmoefpGrf;I r#watmifxdef;n‡dxm;onfh ywf0ef;usif wckudk
xdef;odrf;&eftwGuf tvGefta&;}uD;onf? ‚if;tjyif ,if;onf vlom;wk@d twGuf rsm;pGmaom pD;yGg;a&;/
aq;ynm ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m tusKd;tjrwfrsm;ukd jzpfxGef;aponf? ZD0&kyftrsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;r_. wwd,tusKd;ðy
r_rSm ‚if;. tvSyifjzpfonf? u|Ekfyfwkd@tm;vkH;onf urBm}uD;. obm0tvSukd tav;xm; wefzdk;xm;=uonf?

pD;yGg;a&; ESifh aq;ynm wefzkd;rsm; (Economic and Medical values)

obm0}uD;rS t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf tpm;tpm/ t0wftxnftwGuf av#mfr#ifrsm;/ taqmufttkH ypPnf;rsm;/

aq;a&mifpkHrsm;/ aq;0g;rsm;/ tp&Sdojzifh trsKd;rsKd;aom ukefypPnf;rsm;ukd u|Ekfyfw@dk tm; jznfhqnf;ay;onf?
urBmhpD;yGg;a&;. }uD;rm;aom tpdwftykdif;wckonf xkdt&if;tjrpfrsm;ay:wGif rlwnfonf?

ZD0rsKd;jym;r_onf vlom;wkd@. usef;rma&;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;onf? &mpkESpfrsm;pGmuwnf;u/ aq;0g;qkdif&m

ukor_tm;vkH;onf tyifi,frsm; ESifh wd&p>mefrSxGufonfh xGufukefrsm;ay:wGif tajccHonf? xkd aq;0g;trsKd;
tpm;rsm;onf ,ae@umvwkdifatmif ta&;}uD;v#uf&dSaeao;onf? urBm}uD;. ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif
wkdif;&if;aq;0g;rsm;udk txl;ojzifh zGH@òzd;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif tajccH usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_twGuf r=umc%
qkdovkd tokH;ðyv#uf&Sdae=uao;onf? acwfopfaq;0g;rsm;onf obm0. t&if;tjrpfrsm;tay:wGif ukor_
topfrsm;ukd &SmazGawG@&Sd&ef[laom ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;jzifh tvGeftrif; pdwftm;xufoefv#uf&Sdaeonf?

tpm;tpm - aumufyJoD;ESH/ tdrfarG;wd&p>mef/ awmwGif;tpm;tpm/ ESihf ig;?

aq;0g; - Oyrm/ uGDeif;aq;onf cinchona opfyifrS &&Sd+yD; iSufzsm;a&m*gudk ukoonf?
armfzdef;onf bdef;yifrS&+yD; temtusifoufomatmif ulnDEdkifonf?
trsKd;om;uifqmokawoetvkdt&/ uifqmukoonfh aq;0g;. 70µausmfonf tylykdif;a'o/ rkwfoHk
opfawmrsm;twGif;&Sd tyifrsm;rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf?

puf&kH - Oyrm/ t0wftxnftwGuf av#mfr#ifrsm;/ aEG;axG;r_ESihf tumtuG,ftwGuf opfyifrsm;/
qDrsm;/ tar$;eH@omrsm;/ qkd;aq;rsm;/ pm&Guf/ ta&mifwifqDrsm;/ a&mfbm/ tqdyfrsm;/ ESihf azmhqkd@
rsm; tm;vkH;onf trsKd;rsKd;aom tyifrsKd;pdwfrsm;rS xkwf,l&&SdEkdifonf?
okd;ar$;/ ykd;ar$;/ om;ar$;/ om;a& ESihf ysm;za,mif;rsm;onf wd&p>mefrsm;rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf?

c&D;oGm;vkyfief; ESifh tyef;ajzjcif; - rsm;pGmaom yef;+cHrsm; ESihf opfawmrsm;uJho@dk aom ZD0&kyftrsKd;rsKd;
uGJjym;r_onf a'orsm;pGmwGif pD;yGg;a&;0ifaiG&vrf;wckjzpfaeonf?

u|Ekfyfwkd@. urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif ouf&Sdb0trsKd;rsKd; ykdrkdI uGJjym;jcm;em;avav/ aq;0g;topfrsm;&SmazGawG@&SdEkdif

r_ ESifh pD;yGg;a&;zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_ukd jr‡ifhwifEdkifonfh tvm;tvm ykdIrsm;jym;avav [k tcsKd@aomolrsm;u vufcH
,kH=unfxm;=uonf? xkd@a=umifh u|Ekfyfw@dk onf ouf&dSrsKd;pdwfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd xdef;odrf;umuG,f apmifha&Smuf&ef
twGuf ta&;}uD;ayonf?

• a*[aA'qkdif&m wefzkd; (ECOLOGICAL Value)

ZD0&kyftrsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;jcif;onf tajccHtm;jzifhta&;}uD;ayonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf ,if;onf a*[pepf

wnf&SdaeEkdif&eftwGuf r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfaoma=umifhjzpfonf? a*[pepfrsm;wGif ,ae@tcg oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom
rsKd;pdwfrsm; &Sifoefaexkdifae=u+yD;/ u|Ekfyfw@dk &SifoefaexkdifEdkif&eftwGuf vdktyfonfh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tajc
taersm;udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufay;onf?

13
 rsKd;pdwfrsm;tm;vkH;onf a*[pepfwcktm; atmufygvkyfief;vkyfaqmifr_wrsKd;rsKd;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;onf

pGrf;tifrsm; &,ljcif; ESifh okdavSmifay;xm;jcif;/

ZD0ypPnf;rsm;ukd xkwfvkyfay;jcif; ESihf ykwfodk;ysufpD;atmif zsufqD;ay;jcif;/

ajrqDrsm;ðyvkyfay;jcif; ESifh ajrqDajr=oZmjzpfxGef;r_ukd wkd;wufaumif;rGefapjcif;/

qkwf,kwfavsmhyg;apr_rsm; (okd@) zsufqD;wwfaom ykd;r$m;wd&p>mefrsm;ukd xdef;csKyfxm;jcif;/

av ESifh a& ukd oef@pifay;jcif;ESifh/ rSefuefaomatmufpD*sifyg0ifr_tqifhudk xdef;odrf;ay;jcif;?

&moDOwkykHrSefatmif ulnDay;jcif; ESihf a&}uD;r_rsm; ESihf rkd;acgifr_rsm;ukd av#mhcsay;jcif;?

• tvS&ojynfh0r_ ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m wefzkd; AESTHETIC and CULTURAL value

urBm}uD;wGif }uD;us,fcef@nm;aom obm0tvS&dSonfqdkonfukd vlwkdif;oabmwl=uayvdrfhrnf? obm0

tvS.wefzkd;udk pD;yGg;a&;pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh rwkdif;wmEdkifay? okd@aomf ,if;onf tvGeftrif;ta&;}uD;aeqJ
jzpfonf? rnfolrqkd urBm}uD;. trsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;jcm;em;aom obm0tvSw&m;rsm;udk cHpm;Ekdifoifh=uonf?

ZD0rsKd;jym;r_udk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;onfvnf;/ todw&m;qkdif&mudpP&yfwckjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh

qkdaomf/ ,if;onf rSefovm;/ rSm;ovm;[laom ar;cGef;wckyifjzpfonf? obm0. tpdwftykdif; wckonf
vlwkd@.vkyfaqmifr_a=umifh aysmufuG,foGm;jcif; (ok@d ) zsufqD;cHvdkuf&aomtcg u|Efkyfwkd@onf pdwfysufjcif; (okd@)
t&Suf&jcif;udk cHpm;&onf? u|Ekfyfwkd@onf ypPKy`efESifh tem*wf rsKd;qufopfrsm;twGuf obm0ywf0ef;usif udk
ykdrkdaumif;rGefvmap&ef ESifh xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef vkyfaqmifoifhonf[k vlrsm;pGmwk@d rS ajymqkd=u
onf?

14
9 ? ZD0rsKd;jym;r_twGuf jy\
jy\emrsm; (Problems for biodiversity)

tyifi,frsm; ESifh wd&p>mef rsKd;pdwfrsm;tm;vkH;eD;yg;avmufonf rsKd;yGg;Ekdifr_wck&Sd=uonf? tu,fI xdk rsKd;yGg;

Ekdifr_ukd rxdef;csKyfygu rsKd;quftenf;i,ftwGif; urBm}uD;ay:wGif ta&twGuf tvGeftrif; xlxyfvm
vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/ tqkdyg }uD;xGm;r_E_ef;ukd tpm;tpm jznfhqnf;Ekdifr_ tuef@towf (odk@)
rsKd;pdwfrsm;twGif; okd@r[kwf tcsif;csif; ,SOfòydiftEkdif,ljcif;/ ponfht&mrsm;jzifh obm0tavsmuf xdef;csKyf
xm;onf?

,if;onf vlwkd@wGifomjzpfaom jy\emr[kwfay? tjcm;aom rsKd;pdwfrsm;uJhokd@ vlw@dk onfvnf; rwluGJjym;

aom ywf0ef;usifrsm;wGif vG,fulpGmtom;us vkdufavsmnDaxG &SifoefEkdifonf? vlom;onf tjcm;aom
rsKd;pdwfrsm; rvkyfaqmifEkdifonfh urBmajr}uD;. t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd xdef;csKyfjcif; ESifh tokH;ðyjcif;ukdvnf;
vkyfaqmifEkdifonf? ,if;. &v'frSm urBmajr}uD;ay:wGif vlom;wkd@. aexkdifr_OD;a& tv#iftjrefwkd;yGg;vmjcif;
yifjzpfonf?

vlom;. ywf0ef;usifay:tokH;csr_onf jy\emrsm;pGmudk jzpfay:ap+yD;/ rsKd;pdwfrsm; ESihf ‚if;wk@d . obm0

tavsmufaexkdif&ma'orsm; aysmufuG,fap&ef ta=umif;jzpfapcJhonf? u|Ekfyfw@dk a=umifh ywf0ef;usiftwGuf
jy\emjzpfap+yD;/ ZD0rsKd;jym;r_rsm;udk qkd;usKd;jzpfaponfh ta=umif;rsm;pGm&Sdonf?

aexkdif&mbkH qkH;&_H;jcif; (Habitat loss)

vlom;wkd@. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf rsKd;pdwfrsm;&Sifoefaexkdifaeonfh obm0ae&mrsm;ukd ysufpD;aponf?
aexkdif&m aysmufqkH;jcif;wGif opfawmðyef;wD;r_onf tvGef}uD;rm;aom ta=umif;&if;wckjzpfonf? vrf;rsm;/
òrd@}uD;rsm;/ qkdifcef;}uD;rsm;/ ESifh vnfywftyef;ajz&mae&mrsm;onf/ ouf&dSrsKd;pdwfrsm;. &Sifoefaexkdif&mbkHrsm;
udk r=um c%qkdovkd ysufpD;aponf? a&umwmrsm;onf jrpfrsm;ESihf pdrfhajra'orsm;udk ysufpD;aponf?
ywf0ef;usifrsm;onf tvGefv#ifjrefpGmzsufqD;cHae&onfhtwGuf/ rsKd;pdwfrsm;onf ajymif;vJr_wGif touf&Sifoef
Ekdif&eftwGuf tom;usonftxd tcsdefvkHavmufpGmr&&Sd=uay?

ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;jcif; (Pollution)
v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;rS "mwkypPnf;rsm; ESihf ykd;owfaq;rsm;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ ESifh tjcm;aom vlwkd@. vkyfief;
vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf ajrqD/ a&/ ESifh av wkd@ukd tqdyfoifhaponf? ykd;owfaq;rsm;ESihf a&eHzdwfpifr_rsm;onf
a&xknpfnrf;aponfh tjcm;aom ta=umif;&if;rsm;jzpf=uonf? armfawmfum;rsm; ESifh v#yfppf"gwftm;
xkwfvkyfa&;puf&kHrsm;onf avxJokd@ umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'frsm;ukd xkwfv$wf=uojzifh &moDOwkajymif;vJr_
rsm;ukd OD;wnfaponf?

tufqpfrkd;rsm;onf rsm;pGmaom a&uefrsm;udk oufrhJjzpfusefae&pfcJhap+yD;/ rsm;pGmaom opfawmrsm;udk ysufpD;

apcJhonf? yifv,fork'N&m npfnrf;r_onf oEWmausmufwef;rsm; ESihf jrpfrsm;ukd qkd;&Gm;aom ysufpD;r_rsm;
jzpfay:ap+yD;/ yifv,fwGif;&Sd rsKd;pdwftcsKd@. rsKd;yGg;r_rsm;ukd xdcdkufapcJhonf?

vlOD;a& wkd;yGg;r_ (Population growth)

,cktcg urBmajray:&Sd vlOD;a&onf oef; 6 axmifausmf+yDjzpfonf? trsm;qkH; wkd;yGg;vmr_rSm +yD;cJhonfh
&mpkESpfxJwGif jzpfyGg;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkduJhokd@ vlOD;a&wkd;jrifhvmr_onf npfnrf;r_/ ouf&dSrsKd;pdwfw@dk aexkdif&m
a'orsm; ysufpD;r_/ ESifh t&if;tjrpf tvGeftu|HoHk;pGJjcif;wk@d udk OD;wnfvmapcJhonf?

okH;pGJr_vGefuJjcif; (Over-use)
tvGefjrifhrm;aom opfawmðzef;wD;r_rsm;/ igzrf;jcif; (ok@d ) trJvdkufjcif;/ tm;vkH;wkd@onf obm0t&if;tjrpf
tvGeftu|HokH;pGJr_rsm;ukd OD;wnfaponf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ *syef ESihf jyifopf uJho@dk aom pufr_zGH@òzd;

15
wkd;wufonfh EkdifiHrsm;&Sd jynfoltm;vkH;pkpkaygif;onf urBmhvlOD;a&. av;ykHwykHom &Sdavonf? ok@d aomf
olwkd@onfh urBmht&if;tjrpf. av;ykH okH;ykHukd okH;pGJ=uonf? u|Ekfyfw@dk onf a&eHrsm;/ opfawmrsm;/ ig;rsm;/
ajrqD=oZmrsm;/ a& ESifh tjcm;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd obm0}uD;rS jyefvnfjznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonfxuf ykdrkd
v#ifjrefpGm okH;pGJae=uonf?

a'ocHr[kwfaom rsKd;pdwfrsm;ukd o,faqmifvmjcif; (Introducing non-native species)

&nf&G,fcsufjzifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ rSm;,Gif;Iaomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aom a'orsm;rS rsKd;pdwfrsm;ukd
o,faqmifvm+yD;aemuf a'owck&Sd rsKd;pdwfrsm;ESihf ,SOfòydifapjcif;onfvnf; a*[pepf. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ukd
ysufpD;aESmuf,Sufaponf?

Oyrm - “[m0kdiftDu|ef;&Sd a=umif ESifh ºuGufrsm;” taemufEdkifiHom;rsm; [m0kdiftDu|ef;ok@d a&muf&dSrvmcifu

xkdu|ef;wGif ukef;ae Ekd@wkdufowW0g[lI r&Sday? rsm;pGmaom iSufrsm;onf ajray:wGifyif tokdufzGJ@aexkdif=u+yD;/
vkHòcHr_ &&Sdae=uonf? pl;prf;&SmazGolrsm; oabFmrsm;jzifh a&muf&dSvmaomtcg ‚if;wk@d ESihftwl oabFmay:wGif
aexkdifonfh a=umifrsm; ESifh ºuGufrsm;yg ygvmcJhavonf? xkd wd&p>mefrsm;onf a'ocHiSufrsm;. Orsm;ukd
pm;aomufEkdif=uavonf?

16
10 ? rsKd;okOf;wdrfaumjcif
umjcif; (Extinction)
,ae@tcg/ rsKd;pdwfrsm;onf tvGefv#ifjrefaom E_ef;jzifh aysmufuG,fae=uonf? wae@v#if rsKd;pdwf 35 rS 70
txd aysmufuG,fae=uonf? trsm;qkH;aom ta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm vlwdk@. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;a=umifhjzpfonf?

rsKd;okOf;wdrfaumjcif; onf rsKd;pdwfwckwGif&dSaom ouf&dSrsm;tm;vkH; aoqkH;ukefjcif;ukd qkdvdkonf? Oyrm -

tu,fI usm;rsm;onf rsKd;okOf;wdrfaumoGm;ygu urBmajrjyifay:&Sd rnfonfhae&mwGifrS usm;ukd awG@&Sdawmh
rnfr[kwfay? rsKd;okOf;wdrfaumjcif;onf urBm}uD;. orkdif;wav#mufvkH;wGif obm0tavsmuf jzpfaecJhonf?
xif&Sm;onfh om"uwckrSm 'kdifEkdaqm owW0grsm; rsKd;okOf;wdrfaumoGm;jcif;jzpfonf? xkd 'kdifEkdaqmowW0g
rsm;onf vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 60 ausmfuwnf;u aysmufuG,foGm;cJh=uonf? tu,fI rsKd;pdwfrsm;onf
‚if;wkd@ ywf0ef;usif. ajymif;vJr_rsm;ay:wGif tom;usatmif rvkyfaqmifEdkifygu aoqkH;&rnfomjzpfonf?

okd@aomf ,cktcg rsKd;pdwfrsm;onf vGefcJhaom ESpfoef;aygif; 60 uxuf ykdrdkv#ifjrefpGm aysmufuG,fae=uonf?

vlwkd@. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf ouf&SdrsKd;pdwfrsm;ukd tvGefjrifhrm;aom E_ef;xm;jzifh owfypfae=uonf? urBmh
iSufrsKd;pdwfrsm;. 11µrSm uG,faysmufoGm;=u+yD;jzpfonf? rkwfokHopfawmrsm;twGif;&Sd rsKd;pdwfrsm;onf/ xkd
opfawmrsm;tm; zsufqD;r_rsm;a=umifh ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; aomif;*%ef;ESifh csDI uG,faysmufae=uonf[k tcsK@d aom
odyH̀ynm&Sifrsm;rS vufcH,kH=unfxm;=uonf?

xkdjy\emrsm;. ta=umif;&if;wckrSm vlOD;a& tvGefrif;wkd;yGg;vmjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? vlOD;a&rsm;jym;vmonf

ESifhtr# vlwkd@.awmif;qkdr_rsm;rSmvnf; jrifhwufvmonf? ,if;onf pufr_vkyfief;rsm;wkd;yGg;vmapjcif; ESifh
obm0ywf0ef;usiftay:ESifh/ wpkHvkH;tm;jzifh ZD0rsKd;jym;r_tay: +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm; wkd;yGg;vmaponf? vlOD;a&
xlxyfr_onf ,if;. tuef@towfukd a&muf&dSae+yDjzpfI/ urBmajr}uD;onf u|Ekfyfw@dk tm; tem*wfwGif
axmufyHhEkdifpGrf;r&Sdawmh+yD[k tcsKd@aom olrsm;onf pkd;&drfa=umuf&@HG ae=uonf?

rsKd;okOf;aysmufuG,fr_rsm;ukd tb,f
tb,fa=umifhpkd;&drf&oenf;´ (Why worry about extinction?)
tu,fI rsKd;okOf;wdrfaumr_onf obm0 tjzpftysufwckjzpfygu/ vlwkd@. tðytrla=umifh aysmufuG,f
ae=uonfh rsKd;pdwfrsm;tay: tb,fa=umifh u|Ekfyfw@dk pkd;&drfae&oenf;´

ta=umif;csufwckrSm/ xdkrsKd;pdwfrsm;pGmwk@d onf u|Ekfyfw@dk twGuf tokH;0ifaumif; 0if=uayrnf? rsm;pGmaom

tyifi,fwkd@onf aq;0g;azmfpyf&eftwGuf tokH;ðyEkdifchJ=uayrnf? tu,fI u|Ekfyfwkd@onf rsKd;pdwftyifi,f
rsm;pGmudk rsKd;okOf;cGifhðyvkdufygu/ aq;0g;topfrsm;ukd &SmazGazmfpyfEkdifonfh tcGihftvrf;rsm;vnf; qkH;&_H;ayrnf?

aemufta=umif;wckrSm t"duusonfh tcsK@d rsKd;pdwfrsm; aysmufuG,fukefjcif;onf a*[pepfwckvkH;udk ysufpD;

apEkdif+yD;/ tjcm;aom rsKd;pdwftajrmuftrsm;ukdvnf; qkH;&_H;apEkdifaomaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

wwd,ta=umif;csufwckrSm/ rsKd;pdwfrsm;tm;vkH;onf yifukd,fyuwdwefzdk; ESihf &SifoefaexkdifcGihf rsm;&Sd=uonf?

vlom;wkd@. tqifjcifrJh tðytrlrsm;a=umifh rvdkvm;tyfbJ z,f&Sm;okwfoifcH&jcif;rsKd;rjzpfoifhay? vlom;wkd@.
obm0ywf0ef;usif ESifh tjcm;aom rsKd;pdwfrsm;tay:wGif xdckdufysufpD;r_ukd rpOf;pm;bJ ðyrlvkyfaqmifaer_
rsm;onf udk,fusifhw&m;t& rSm;,Gif;ayonf?

17
11 ? wkd;wufr_avhvmcsuf - 'kd'kdiSufrsKd; aysmufuG,fjcif; (Case Study: Extinction of the
Dodo bird)

ae&m ? arm&pf&S rsKd;okOf;aysmufuG,fjcif; ? 1681

'kd'kdiSufonf tdENd,ork'N&mtwGif;&Sd arm&pf&S u|ef;wGif aexkdifonf? xkdiSufrsKd;onf taESmuft,Sufr&Sd

=umjrifhpGm aexkdifvmcJhonfhtwGufa=umifh/ vkdtyfcsufjzpfonfh ysHoef;EkdifpGrf; qkH;&_H;oGm;onf? olwkd@onf ajrjyif
ay:wGifyif tokdufzGJ@aexkdif=u+yD;/ opfyifay:rS aºuGusvmonfh opfoD;rsm;udkom pm;okH;=uonf? u|ef;ay:wGif
Ekd@wkdufowW0grsm;r&SdbJ/ opfawmtwGif;Y tvGefrsm;jym;aom iSufrsKd;pdwf tajrmuftrsm; aexkdifae=uonf?

1505 ckESpfwGif/ ay:wl*Dwkd@onf arm&pf&Su|ef;ay:wGif yxrqkH; ajccsaom vlom;rsm;jzpfcJh=uonf? tv#iftjref

yif u|ef;onf [if;cwftar$;tóudifukeful;onfh oabFmrsm;twGuf pcef;waxmufem;&m ae&mjzpfvmcJhonf?
waumifv#if aygifcsdef 50 txdav;aom 'kd'dkiSufrsm;onf oabFmom;rsm;twGuf vwfqwfaom tom;
[if;rsm; jzpfvmonf? tpm;tpmtwGuf 'kd'dkiSufta&twGufajrmufrsm;pGm towfcHcJh=u&onf?

aemufykdif;wGif/ 'wfcsfwkd@rS u|ef;ukd ukdvdkeD tusOf;pcef;wcktjzpftokH;ðyvmaomtcg/ tusOf;om;rsm;ESihftwl

0ufrsm; ESifh arsmufrsm;yg o,faqmifvmcJh=uonf? arm&pf&Su|ef;okd@qkdufuyfvmaom oabFmrsm;pGmwk@d wGif
ºuGufrsm;vmygvmcJh=u+yD;/ tcsKd@rSm u|ef;ay:ok@d wufvmcJh=uonf? vlrsm; ESihf tjcm;aom Ekd@wkdufowW0grsm;
u|ef;ay:okd@a&mufrvmrDwGif/ 'kd'kdwkd@onf iSufpGef&J wkd@. tEW&m,ftenf;i,fudkom a=umuf&@HG chJ=u&onf?
ºuGufrsm;/ 0ufrsm; ESifh arsmufrsm;onf ajrjyifay:tokdufwGif&dSaom 'kd'kdiSufOtajrmuftrsm;ukd pm;okH;=uonf?

vlom;wkd@. tjrwfxkwfr_ ESifh rsKd;pdwfrsm;o,faqmifvmr_onf 'kd'dkta&twGufukd ododomomyif avsmhusap

cJhonf? arm&pf&Sokd@ vlom;wkd@a&muf&Sd+yD; ESpf 100 twGif;Yyif/ wcsdefu aygrsm;aom 'kd'kdiSufrsm;onf &SmazGawG@
&SdEkdif&ef tvGefcufcJoGm;avawmhonf? aemufqHk;taumifrSm 1681 ckESpfwGif towfcHchJ&jcif;jzpfonf?

'kd'kdiSufrsm; rnfokd@ rsKd;okOf;aysmufuG,foGm;onfudk u|Ekfyfw@dk odEkdifaomfvnf;/ iSufrsm;. +yD;jynfhpHkaom owif;

tcsuftvufrsm; u|Ekfyfwkd@xHwGif r&Sdao;ay? 'kd'kdonf arm&pf&SwGif aoqkH;oGm;aom iSufrsKd;pdwfwckr#om
jzpfonf? 19 &mpkESpfwGif/ vufzuf ESihf }uH pkdufcif;rsm; pkdufysKd;&eftwGuf opfawmrsm; ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;aom
tcg tjcm;aom rsKd;pdwfrsm;vnf; aysmufuG,foGm;cJhavonf? rlvu arm&pf&SY awG@&SdcJh&aom iSufrsKd;pdwf 45
rsKd;wGif/ 21 rsKd;om touf&Sifusefae&pfchJonf?

'kd'kdrsKd;onf 1681 ckESpfwGif rsKd;okOf;oGm;cJhaomfvnf;/ xkdta=umif;onf +yD;qkH;roGm;cJhay? u|Ekfyfw@dk onf a*[

pepfwGif rsKd;okOf;aysmufuG,f&jcif;. ta=umif;udk odem;vnf&ef pwifjcif;r#omjzpfonf? vwfwavmwGif/
odyH̀ynm&Sifwa,mufrS owdðyrdcJhonfrSm/ arm&pf&SwGif tcsKd@aom opfyifrsKd;pdwfrsm; &Sm;yg;ukefjcif;jzpfonf?
trSefwu,ftm;jzifh/ rsKd;pdwfwckrS usef&Sdaeao;onfh opfyif 13 yifonf oufwrf; 300 cef@&Sdae+yDjzpfonf?
1600 vGef ckESpfrsm;aemufykdif;wGif/ aemufxyfopfyiftopfrsm; tan‡mufaygufvmjcif;rsKd;r&SdcJhay? xkdopfyif
rsKd;. y#rf;r#oufwrf;rSm ESpf 300 cef@omjzpfonfhtwGuf/ xkdopfyifrsKd;pdwf. aemufqHk;tzGJ@0ifonf tvGefyif
tkdrif;ae+yDjzpfonf? xkdopfyifrsm;onf r=umrDaoqkH;oGm;awmhrnfjzpfI/ opfyifrsKd;pdwfonfvnf; rsKd;okOf;
wdrfaumoGm;awmhrnfomjzpfonf?

vGefcJhaom ESpf 300 ausmfuwnf;u rsKd;yGg;r_&yfwef@oGm;cJhaom xkdopfyifonf/ 'kd'dkiSufrsKd; wdrfaumaysmufuG,f

oGm;onfhtcsdefESifh wkdufqkdifaer_wck jzpfoifhygovm;´ wkdufqkdifr_wckr[kwfyg? 'kd'kdonf xdkopfyif. toD;ukd
pm;aomufaomtcg/ opfaphonf tpmtdrfvrf;a=umif;rSwqifh jzwfoef;oGm;+yD;/ rpiftjzpfpGe@f ypfaomtcg
usrSom opfaphrsm;onf jyefvnftyifayguf }uD;xGm;vmEkdifjcif;jzpfonf? rsKd;pdwfwckonf rsKd;okOf;aysmuf

18
uG,fI ESpfaygif; 300 ausmf=um+yD;aomtcg/ wkduf&dkuftusKd;quftaejzifh tjcm;aom rsKd;pdwfwckonfvnf;
aoqkH;&awmhrnfjzpfonf? aemufxyf vdkufygtkH;rnfavm´

uHtm;av#mfpGmyif/ tdrfarG; =uufqifrsm;onf 'kd'dkiSufrsm;. tpmacszsufr_pepftwkdif; twdtusvkyfaqmif

onfukd tcsKd@ynm&Sifrsm;rS awG@&SdcJhonf? ynm&Sifrsm;onf opfyifrsKd;qufopfwcktwGuf =uufqifrsm;ukd
prf;oyftokH;ðycJh=uonf? ,cktcg xkdopfyifrsm;ukd 'kd'dkyif [kac:qkdavonf? tu,fI xkd tyifrStaphrsm;onf
‚if;wkd@.ukd,fykdiftaphrsm;ukd xkwfvkyfEkdifygu/ xkdtyifrsKd;pdwfonf &Sifoefaernfjzpfonf?

ukd;um; - EarthRights International

19
12 ? a& (Water)
a&onf urBm}uD;. ta&;t}uD;qkH;aom t&if;tjrpfrsm;xJrS wckjzpfonf? ouf&dSt&mwkdif;onf touf&Sifoef
&eftwGuf a&udkvkdtyfonf? aumif;uif/ ajr}uD;/ jrpfrsm;/ uefrsm; ESihf yifv,fork'N&mrsm; ponfjzifh u|Ekfyfwkd@.
ywfywfvnfwGif a&&Sdonf? u|Ekfyfwkd@. cE<mukd,fonf a& 75µ jzifhwnfaqmufxm;onf? tu,fI a&ukd
*&kwpkdufokH;pGJygu/ ajr}uD;ay:wGif u|Ekfyfw@dk twGuf a&tvkHtavmuf&Sdayonf? okd@&mwGif ae&mrsm;pGmY a&ukd
*&kwpkduf rokH;pGJ=uay? &v'ftaejzifh urBmw0Srf;&Sd uefrsm;/ jrpfrsm; ESihf ork'N&mrsm;onf npfnrf;vmcJh=uonf?

a&oef@pepfrsm; (Freshwater Systems)

a&oef@qkdonfrSm qm;tenf;i,fomaysmf0ifaoma&jzpfonf? xkda&rsKd;ukdom u|Ekfyfw@dk touf&Sifoef&eftwGuf
vkdtyfonf? a&oef@rsm;tm;vkH;onf avxkwGif;&Sd a&ckd;a&aiG@rsm;wGif;rSaeI rkd;a&/ ESif;puf tjzpfusqif;vmonf?

ajray:okd@usqif;vmonfh rkd;a&/ ESif;pufrsm;onf awmifatmuf&Sd jrpfrsm; ESihf uefrsm;twGif;ok@d pD;qif;oGm;=u

onf? a&rsm;usqif;vmonfh ajrae&mukd a&a0ukef;wef;[kac:onf? omreftm;jzifh a&a0ukef;wef;onf
awmifapmif;rsm;rS pwifvmonf? a&rsm;onf awmifapmif;twkdif;pD;vmaomtcg prf;acsmif;jzpfoGm;+yD;/ prf;acsmif;
rsm; aygif;pkoGm;I jrpfrsm;jzpfvmonf? aemufqHk;wGif jrpfrsm;onf yifv,fwGif; (odk@) tvGef}uD;rm;aom uefrsm;
twGif;okd@ pD;0ifoGm;onf?

ajratmufa& (Groundwater)
urBm.a&oef@ 97µudk ajratmufY okdavSmifxm;onf? rkd;a&tjzpfusvmaom a&rsm;onf ajrqDrsm; ausmufwkH;
rsm;wav#uf pkyf,loGm;+yD; a&atmif;v$m[kac:onfh tvGef}uD;rm;onfh obm0a&atmufodkavSmifpepfrsm;twGif;
okd@ a&muf&SdoGm;onf? urBmay:&Sd rsm;pGmaom jrpfrsm; ESihf uefrsm;udk ajratmufa&rS axmufyhHay;xm;onf?
a&atmif;v$mrsm;rS wajz;ajz;xkwfv$wfonfha&rsm;onf rkd;a&rsm;ESifh a&mpyfoGm;+yD; jrpfrsm; ESihf acsmif;rsm;twGif;
okd@ pD;qif;oGm;onf? ajcmufaoG@aom&moDwGif tcsKd@jrpfrsm;twGuf ajratmufa&onf tvGefta&;}uD;onf?

urBmtESH@wGif a&rsm;ukd ajratmufrS&,l=uolrsm;onf ykdIykdI rsm;vmonf? tm&SwGif *sumwm ESif 'gum uJho@dk
}uD;rm;aomòrd@}uD;rsm;onf ajratmufa&ukd rDScdkae=uonf? tdEdN,&Sd jynfol 80µonf aomufoHk;&eftwGuf
ajratmufa&udk rSDckd=u&onf? ajratmufa&trsm;pkukd v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;twGuf tokH;ðy=uonf?

xkd@a=umifh ajratmufa&rsm;udk *&kwpkduftokH;ðyoifhonf? ,if;onf jyefvnftopfjzpfEkdifaom &if;jrpfwckjzpf

onf? xkd@tjyif ajratmufa&rsm;udk tvGefv#ifjrefpGmokH;pGJygu ukefcrf;oGm;Ekdifonf? tar&du&Sd tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif
ajratmufa&rsm;ukd obm0rS jyefvnftpm;xkd;jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonfxuf ykdrkdv#ifjrefpGm okH;pGJae=uonf?

ajratmufa&ESifhywfoufonfh aemufjy\emwckrSm "mwkypPnf;rsm;a=umifh roef@&Sif;jcif;jzpfonf? pkdufysKd;a&;wGif

ykd;owfaq;rsm; ESifh "gwfajr=oZmrsm; ukd tokH;ðyaomtcg/ xkd"mwkypPnf;rsm;udk ajrqDrsm;rSwqifh ajratmufa&xJ
okd@ pkyf,loGm;onf? xkd"mwkypPnf;rsm;onf a&xJwGif&dSae+yD; aomufokH;aomolrsm;tm; emrusef;jzpfapEkdifonf?

atmufygpum;vkH;rsm;. t"dy`g,frsm;udk a&;jyyg?

a&a0ukef;wef; - _______________________________________________________________

a&atmif;v$m - _______________________________________________________________

jyefvnftopfjzpfEkdifaom - _______________________________________________________________
ykd;owfaq; - _______________________________________________________________

"gwfajr=oZm - _______________________________________________________________
13 ? a& t=uyftwnf; (Water crisis)
tu,fI a&ukd *&kwpkdufokH;pGJygu/ vuf&dSurBmhvlOD;a&xuf 3 qukd a&vkHavmufpGm ay;Ekdifavonf? okd@aomf
urBmtESH@wGif vlwkd@onf a&udk vkHavmufpGm rokH;pGJ=u&ay? jy\emrSm a&ukd rnfo@dk tokH;ðyonf ESihf rnfolrsm;
xdef;csKyfonfqkdjcif;yifjzpfonf? a&tokH;ðyr_enf;vrf;rsm;onf nDr#r_ vkH;0r&Sday? vlwa,mufv#if wae@ a&vDwm
30 rS 50 txdvkdtyfonf? teJqkH; csufðywf&efESihf aomufoHk;&ef 5 vDwm/ ESifh a&csKd;&ef ESifh av#mfzGwf&eftwGuf
25 vDwmvkdtyfonf? okd@aomf vlrsm;pGmwk@d onf xkdyrm%ukd r&&Sd=uay? urfabm'D;,m;wGif omref
vlwa,mufonf wae@v#if y#rf;r# a& 9 vDwmcGJomv#if tokH;ðyEkdifonf? okd@aomf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif
omrefvlwa,mufonf wae@v#if y#rf;r# a& vDwm 500 okH;pGJaeonf?

tu,fI u|Ekfyfwkd@onf ,ckrSpwifI a&udk ykdrdkI*&kwpkdufrokH;pGJcJhv#if/ 2025 ckESpfwGif oef; 2700 aomjynfolrsm;
onf qkd;&Gm;aom a&rvkHavmufr_ESifh &ifqdkif&vdrfhrnf[k 2002 ckESpf/ ukvor*~tpD&ifcHpmwckrS az:jyxm; onf?
qufvufIaz:jyxm;onfrSm/ aemufxyf oef; 2500 aomjynfolrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@tokH;ðy&efvkdtyfonfh
oef@pifaoma&udk tvkHtavmufrawG@&Sd&awmhonfha'orsm;wGif aexkdif&vdrhfrnf[lIjzpfonf?

tEW&m,ftrsm;qkH;aoma'orsm;rSm w0ufwysufrdk;acgifaom a'orsm;jzpfonfh tmz&duwkduf&dS qm[m&

vufatmufcH wkdif;jynfrsm; ESifh tm&Swdkufw@dk jzpf=uonf? a&rvkHavmufr_onf xkda'orsm;wGifaexkdifaom
jynfolrsm; touf&Sifoefaexkdif&eftwGuf vkdtyfonfh aumufyJoD;ESHrsm; pkdufysKd;&ef tvGeftrif; cufcJvmvdrhf
rnfjzpfonf? jy\emrsm;. xkH;pHtwkdif;yif a&rvkHavmufr_a=umifh tqkd;&Gm;qkH;xdcdkufrnfholrsm;rSm tqif;&JqkH;
aom jynfolrsm;yifjzpf=uavonf?

urBmay:&Sd a&trsm;pkukd v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;wGif tokH;ðy=uonf? v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;wGif tokH;ðyaeonfh a&

tm;vkH;eD;yg;avmufonf qnfajrmif;pepfrsm;rSjzpfonf? tcsKd@oD;ESHrsm;onf a&tajrmuftrsm;ukd tokH;ðy=uonf?
tcsKd@tpm;tpmrsm;ukd pkdufysKd;§arG;jrL&eftwGuf a&rnfr#vdktyfonfudk atmufwGifaz:jyxm;onf?

tpm wuDvdk*&rf
*&rftwG
twGuf vkdtyfonfha&
tmvl; 1000 vDwm
qef 3450 vDwm
=uuf 4600 vDwm
trJom; 42500 vDwm

a&ESifhywfoufonfh aemufjy\emwckrSm yk*~vduykdifðyjcif; yifjzpfonf? a&vkyfief;rsm;ukd yk*~vdydkifvkyfief;tjzpf

cGifhay;vkdufaomtcg/ tpkd;&onf ,if;. a&vkyfief;rsm;udk }uD;rm;aom pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;xHokd@ a&mif;csvdkuf
avonf? pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf a&rSaeI tjrwftpGef; wckudk &,lvdk=uonfhtwGuf/ olw@dk onf a&rsm;ukd
ykdrkdaps;}uD;atmif vkyfaqmif=uawmhonf? tusKd;quftaejzifh jynfolrsm;onf ‚if;wk@d .a&twGuf ykdufqHukd ykdrkdI
ay;=u&avonf? qif;&Jaomjynfolrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@vkdtyfonfha&twGuf ykdufqHray;Ekdif=uacs?

1? tu,fI u|Ekfyfwkd@onf a&udk ac|wmvkdygu rnfonfhtpmtrsKd;tpm;ukd pkdufysKd;oifhoenf;´

____________________________________________________________________________________

2? oif. &yf&Gmtokdif;t0kdif;wGif wpkHwa,mufonf a&ukd xdef;csKyfxm;ygovm;´

____________________________________________________________________________________

3? oif. vl@tokdif;t0kdif;wGif rwlnDaomvltm;vkH;onf a&ukd nDr#pGmokH;pGJaeygovm;´

____________________________________________________________________________________
4? urBmay:wGif a&tokH;ðyaer_rsm;onf tb,fa=umifh wlnDr_r&Sd=uonfrSm tb,fa=umifhenf;´
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

5? vl@tokdif;t0kdif;rsm; ESifh wkdif;jynfrsm;onf a&ukd rnfokd@ac|wmEkdifrnfenf;´

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
14 ? ork'N&mrsm; (Oceans)
ork'N&mrsm;onf urBmhrsufESmjyif. 70µukd zkH;tkyfxm;onf? urBmhajr}uD;ay:wGif&dSaom toufonf ork'N&m
rsm;xJrS pwifjcif;jzpfa=umif;,kH=unf&onf? ,ae@tcgwGif ork'N&mwGif;Y tHh=ozG,f&m rsKd;pdwfuJGjym;jcm;em;r_rsm;
&Sdaeonfukd awG@&onf?

ork'N&mrsm;onf urBmajr. &moDOwk ESihf rkd;av0owkd@ukd xdef;odrf;&mtwGif tvGefta&;}uD;onf? ork'N&mrsm;

twGif;&Sda&rsm;.v_yf&Sm;r_onf urBmajrjyif. tylcsdefukd xdef;odrf;&mwGif tultnDay;onf? ork'N&mrsm;twGif;Y
a*[pepfrsm;pGmyg&Sd+yD;/ ,if;wkd@onf urBmajrjyifay:&Sd ouf&Sdrsm;ukd taxmuftulðy&mwGif ta&;}uD;onf?
ork'N&mtwGif;Yaygufaomtyifrsm;onf urBm}uD;twGuft"duusaom atmufpD*sift&if;tjrpfwckjzpfonf?

rkd;tjzpf &Gmcsaom a&trsm;pkrSm ork'N&mrsm;twGif;rS vmjcif;jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh ork'N&mrsm;onf a&oef@pepf

rsm;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;onf? ork'N&mrsm;onf vlw@dk tm; tpmjznfhqnf;&eftwGufvnf; tvGefta&;}uD;+yD;
vlwkd@tm; ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u tpm;tpmrsm;ay;aecJhonf?

urBm}uD;. a*[pepftawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ork'N&mrsm;twGif;Y &Sd=uonf? rwluGJjym;aom rsKd;pdwfaygif; 250˜000

txd ork'N&mrsm;twGif;Y awG@&Sd&onf? ork'N&m. ZD0rsKd;jym;jcm;em;r_onf oEWmausmufwef;rsm; w0kdufwGif
trsm;qkH;awG@&Sd&onf? oEWmausmufwef;rsm;onf tvGefta&;}uD;onf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf/ tpm;tpmESihf
aq;0g;rsm;jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;/ ESifh tvGefvnf; vSyaoma=umifhjzpfonf? a*[pepfrsm;tm;vkH;uJhokd@yif/ ork'N&mrsm;
twGif; ESifh oEWmausmufwef;rsm;w0kduf&dS a*[pepfrsm;onf txl;*&kpkdufpGm xdef;n‡dxm;=u&+yD;/ tajymif;tvJ
ay:wGif tvGefyif xdckdufvG,fonf? ork'N&mrsm;onf tvGefyif }uD;rm;aomfvnf;bJ/ ‚if;wkd@onf tvG,fwulyif
ysufpD;Ekdifavonf?

u|Ekfyfwkd@. touf&SifoefaexkdifEkdifr_twGuf ork'N&mrsm;onf ta&;}uD;aomfvnf;/ ,ae@umv vlw@dk .

vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf ork'N&mrsm;tm; tvGefyif ab;Oyg'fjzpfaponf?

tvGeftu|Hig;zrf;jcif; (Over-fishing)
ig;rsm;onf ork'N&mrsm;. jyefvnf topfjzpfEdkifaom t&if;tjrpfrsm; jzpf=uonf? ig;rsm;onf vl oef;aygif;
waxmifausmfwkd@. t"du tpm;tpmrsm;jzpf=uonf? orkdif;wav#mufvHk;wGif ig;zrf;jcif;onf vl@tokdif;t0kdif;
rsm;twGuf tvGet f a&;}uD;ayonf? okd@aomf urBmajray:&Sd tjcm;aomjyefvnftopfjzpfEdkifonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;
uJhokd@yif ork'N&mtwGif;rS ig;rsm;onfvnf; tvGefv#ifjrefpGm xkwf,ltokH;ðyjcif;cHae&onf?

a'owGif;&Sd vl@tokdif;t0kdif;. vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;&eftwGuf/ ig;zrf;jcif;udk ao;i,faom yrm%jzifh

vkyfaqmifoifhayonf? ,cktcgwGif rsm;pGmaom pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;}uD;rsm;onf ig;zrf;jcif;jzifh aiG&Smae=uavonf?
ig;rsm;ukd ork'N&mtwGif;rS xkwf,lpm;okH;r_yrm%onf ork'N&mrS jyefvnfxkwfvkyfay;Ekdifonfxuf 2 qcGJ ykdI
rsm;aeonf? tusKd;quftaejzifh ork'N&mrsm;twGif;&Sd rsm;pGmaom ig;trsKd;tpm; ta&twGufonf ESpfpOfESpfwkdif;
ukefqkH;ae=u&avonf?

rsm;pGmaom ig;zrf;ukr`%Drsm;onf ig;zrf;&eftwGuf qGJykdufcsoabFmrsm; ukd tokH;ðyae=uonf? xkdoabFmrsm;onf

}uD;rm;aom qGJykdufrsm;jzifh ork'N&mtwGif; qGJ,loGm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ xkda'otwGif;&Sd ig;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd zrf;qD;oGm;
avonf? xkdqGJykdufcs oabFmrsm;onf ig;ukr`%DrS a&mif;csI r&aom ig;rsm;tjyif/ yifv,f=urf;jyifay:wGif&Sdaom
tcGHrma&owW0grsm;/ tyifrsm;/ ESifh oEWmaumifrsm;ukdyg qGJ,loGm;onf? xkdtcg a&mif;Ir&aom ig;rsm;/ tcGHrm
a&owW0grsm;/ tyifrsm; ESifh oEWmaumifrsm;onf aoqkH;=u&+yD;/ a*[pepfvnf; ysufpD;vmcJh&onf?
npfnrf;jcif; (Pollution)
ork'N&mrsm;onf npfnrf;r_rsm;jzifh xdckdufepfemae=uonf? xkdnpfnrf;r_trsm;pkrSm ukef;ajrrsm;rS vmjcif;jzpf+yD;/
jrpfrsm;rS wqifh ork'N&mwGif;okd@ o,faqmifvmjcif;jzpfonf? wzef xkd npfnrf;r_trsm;pkrSm puf&kHrsm; ESifh
v,fpkdufysKd;a&;/ (okd@) a&Ekwfajrmif;rsm;rS vmjcif;jzpfonf? puf&Hkrsm;ESihf v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;rS pGe@f ypfypPnf;rsm;wGif
obm0r[kwfonfh "mwkypPnf;rsm; yg0ifonf? yifv,fork'N&mrsm;onf xkd pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;udk acsrGzsufqD;
EkdifpGrf;r&Sdojzifh npfnrf;vmjcif;jzpfonf?

npfnrf;r_rsm;onf yifv,fork'N&mrsm;twGif;&Sd a*[pepfrsm;udk zsufqD;ypf+yD;/ tyifrsm; ESihf wd&p>mefrsm;ukd

aoa=uaponf? ,cktcg urBm}uD;. tcsK@d ae&mrsm;onf rnfonfht&mr# &SifoefaexkdifEdkifpGrf;r&Sdonfh ork'N&m
a'orsm;jzpfae+yD? tqdyf&Sdaom "mwkypPnf;rsm;onf tjcm;aom yifv,fa&owW0grsm;ukd rsKd;ryGg;Ekdifatmif
vkyfaqmifypfvkdufonf? umv=umjrifhvmaomtcg xkdrsKd;pdwfrsm;onf tEW&m,fjzpfvmawmhonf? xkd
tqdyfoifhaeonfh ig;rsm;ukd pm;aomufrdaom iSufrsm;onfvnf; tqdyfoifhvmawmhonf?

yifv,fork'N&mwGif;Y npfnrf;jcif;onf vlrsm;tm;vnf; xdcdkufvmawmhonf? rsm;pGmaom vlrsm;onf tpm

twGuf ig;rsm;ay:wGif rDSckdae=u&onf? npfnrf;onfha&wGif;Y aexkdifaom ig;rsm;onf a&xJY&Sdaom "mwktqdyf
rsm;ukd pkyf,lcJhavonf? xkdig;rsm;ukdpm;okH;rdaom vlrsm;onfvnf; tqdyf&dSaom "mwkypPnf;rsm;udk pm;okH;rdjcif;
jzpfvm&awmhonf?
15 ? wkd;wufr_avhvmcsuf ? orkdif;wGif t}uD;rm;qkH;aom tqdyfoifhjcif; (Case Study: The
largest poisoning in history)

t"dupum;vkH;rsm;

UNICEF (n) – United National Children's Fund (ukvor*~ uav;oli,frsm;apmifha&Smufa&; &HykHaiG)

arsenic (n) – a type of poisonous chemical found underground (ajratmufwGifawG@&dS&onfh "mwk
tqdyfwrsKd;)
sore (n) – a place on the body with an infection (cE<mukd,fay:&Sdae&mwckwGif a&m*gykd;&&Sdaoma=umifh
a&mif&rf;aejcif;)

1970 vGefESpfrsm;wGif/ EkdifiHwumrSm tultnDay;a&;tzG@J tpnf;tcsKd@onf/ b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiH&dS aomufokH;a&

xJwGif awG@&Sd&onfh a&m*gESifh ywfoufI pkd;&drfaecJh=uonf? vltrsm;pkonf ‚if;wk@d . a&rsm;ukd jrpfrsm; ESifh
acsmif;rsm;rS &&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? xkd aomufoHk;a&rsm;xJwGif bwfwD;&D;,m;ykd;rsm;yg&Sdae+yD;/ uav;i,frsm;wGif
emrusef;jzpfr_rsm; jzpfay:vm+yD;/ tawmfrsm;rsm; aoqkH;ukef=uonf? ,leDqufzf (UNICEF)/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sftpkd;&
ESifh tjcm;aom EkdifiHwumrS tultnDay;a&;tzG@J tpnf;tcsKd@onf a&wGif;rsm;wl;&efqkH;jzwfcJh=uonf? okd@rSom
jynfolrsm;onf jrpfa&rsm;tpm;/ ajratmufa&rsm;ukd tokH;ðyEkdifrnfjzpfonf?

ajratmufa&rsm;onf jrpfa&rsm;xuf oef@&Sif;+yD;/ usef;rma&;ESihf ykdrkdnD!GwfEdkifonf[k olwkd@ xif=uonf?

a'owGif;&Sd a&atmif;v$mw0kduf&Sd ajrqDrsm; ESihf ausmufv$mrsm;onf yifukd,fobm0tm;jzifh tmqif;epf"gwf
(arsenic) rsm;jzifh jynfhaeonfukd olwkd@ rod=uay? olwkd@onf a&wGif;aygif; woef;ausmfudk wl;cJh=uonf? okd@aomf
ajrqDv$m (okd@) a&xJwGif tmqif;epftqdyfrsm;yg§rygudk odEdkif&eftwGuf w}udrfwcgr# rprf;oyfcJh=uay?
a&wGif;aygif; ajrmufrsm;pGmukd wl;cJh=ujcif;jzifh tmqif;epftqdyfrsm;ukd a&atmif;v$mtwGif;okd@ wGef;yk@d apcJhovkdjzpf
um a&rsm;ukd tqdyfoifhapcJhonf? xkd@aemuf jynfolrsm;onf xkda&rsm;ukd pwifaomufokH;=uawmhonf?

1990 vGef tapmykdif;ESpfrsm;wGif/ tdEdN,EkdifiH/ taemufb*Fvm;jynfe,frS aus;&Gmom;tcsKd@onf aq;&kHokd@

wufa&mufcJh=u&onf? ‚if;wkd@. wukd,fvHk;&Sd ta&jym;ay:wGif }uD;rm;aom a&mif&rf;r_rsm;jzpfay:vmonf?
xkd&Gmom;rsm;wGif tmqif;epftqdyfrsm;oifhaeonfudk umvuwWm; wuUokdvfrS okawoe ynm&SifwOD;rS
awG@&SdcJhonf? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf&Sd vlrsm;pGmwk@d onfvnf; tvm;wl tjzpfrsKd;ESihf q&m0efrsm; ESifh aq;&kHrsm;okd@
oGm;a&mufjyocJh=u&onf? tmqif;epftqdyfoifhjcif;onf ta&jym;rsm;ukd }uD;rm;pGm a&mif&rf;apjcif;/ ta&jym;
uifqmjzpfapjcif;/ OD;aESmufwGif jy\emjzpfay:apjcif;/ touf&SLcufcJonfh jy\emrsm;/ qD;tdwf/ ausmufuyf ESifh
tqkyfuifqmrsm;ukd jzpfaponf?

,cktcg vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@onf aoqkH;cJh=u&onf? b*Fvm;a'h&fSawmifykdif;wGif/ aoqkH;ol 10 a,muf

wkdif;wGif wa,mufrSm tmqif;epf tqdyfoifhjcif;a=umifh[k/ urBmhusef;rma&;tzG@J tpnf;}uD;rS vufcHxm;cJhonf?
jy\emukd odjrifem;vnfEkdif&eftwGuf tcsdefrsm;pGm =umjrifhchJonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf/ tmqif;epftqdyfonf
a&m*gvuQ%mrsm;ukd jyo&eftwGuf 15 ESpf tcsdef,laoma=umifhjzpfonf? tmqif;epftqdyfoifh&jcif;.
ta=umif;&if;udk vlwkd@ &SmazGawG@&SdaomtcsdefwGif tawmfav; aemufusaecJh+yDjzpfonf?

2000 ckESpfwGif/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf. vlOD;a&onf 125 oef;&Sdavonf? xkd vlOD;a&xJwGif vlOD;a& 77 oef;onf
tmqif;epf&Sdaom tcsKd@a&wGif;rsm; ae&mwGif aexkdifae=uonf? xkdolrsm;tm;vkH;onf tmqif;epf tqdyfoifh&ef
twGuf tEW&m,fusa&mufaeavonf? ,if;onf urBmay:wGif t}uD;rm;qkH;aom obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
tysuftpD;}uD;wckjzpfonf? ,if;onf orkdif;wGif t}uD;rm;qkH;aom tqdyfoifhjcif;jzpfonf?
1? vlwkd@. usef;rma&; ESifh ywf0ef;usift=um; qufpyfaer_ta=umif;ukd tqkdyg tjzpftysufrS bmukd ajymjy
oenf;´
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2? ajratmufa&wGif&Sdaom tmqif;epfonf a*[pepfrsm; ESihf ZD0&kyftrsKd;rsKd;uGJjym;r_rsm;ukd rnfo@dk xdckdufap

oenf;´
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3? xkd }uD;rm;aom ab;Oyg'f}uD;ukd rnfuJhokd@ umuG,fwm;qD;cJhoenf;´ umuG,fwmqD;r_wGif a'ocHjynfolrsm;rS

rnfonfhtcef;u¾rS yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhoenf;´
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16 ? a&umwmrsm; (Dams)
a&umwmrsm;rSm a&rsm;okdavSmif&eftwGuf wnfaqmufxm;aom qnfrsm;jzpfonf? om"ursm;t& a&umwm
rsm;onf ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm a&okdavSmif&ef ESihf qnfajrmif;oG,f,l&eftwGuf ta&;}uD;aompepfwckjzpfonf?

,ae@tcgwGif/ urBmay:&Sd ae&mtESH@tjym;wGif&dSonfh vlOD;a&rsm;pGmtwGuf vdktyfaeonfha&ukd jznfhqnf;ay;

&mwGif a&umwmrsm;onf ta&;}uD;aom tcef;u¾rS yg0ifaeonf? 20 &mpkESpfukefaomtcgwGif/ wkdif;jynfaygif;
150 wGif a&umwmaygif; 45˜000 ausmf&dSae+yDjzpfonf? rnfokd@yifqdkapumrl/ 1950 vGefESpfrsm;wGif tcsKd@aom
vlrsm; ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd@onf a&umwmrsm;tay: qef@usifuef@uGufr_rsm; pwifðyvkyfvm=uonf? a&umwm
rsm;onf rsm;pGmtusKd;jzpfxGef;apaomfvnf;/ ,if;wkd@onf txl;ojzifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m jy\emrsm;pGmudkvnf;
jzpfay:vmapa=umif;udk xif&Sm;vmcJh+yDjzpfonf? 1950 vGefESpfrsm;rSpwifI/ a&umwmwnfaqmufr_rsm;tay:
qef@usifr_rsm; wajz;ajz;ESifh jrifhwufvmcJhavonf? a&umwmrsm;a=umihfjzpfay:onfh jy\emrsm;rSm &&Sdonhf
tusKd;aus;Zl;xuf ykdI}uD;rm;aeonf[k vlrsm;pGmrS ajymqkdvm=uonf?

a& (Water)
urBm}uD;. vlOD;a&wkd;wufvmonfESifhtr#/ oef@&Sif;aoma&twGuf awmif;qkdr_rsm;vnf; jrifhwufvmonf?

ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; a& ukAuDvkdrDwm 3800 ukd uefrsm;/ jrpfrsm; ESifh a&atmif;v$mrsm;rSaeI ,laqmifokH;pGJae=uonf?
xkdyrm%monf vGefcJhaom ESpf 50 u xkwf,loHk;pGJr_xuf 2 qrsm;aeonf? 67µukd v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&;rS
ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; okH;pGJae+yD;/ pufr_vkyfief;rsm;rS 19µ ESifh/ tdrfoHk;yrm%rSm 9µom&Sdavonf?

1990 ckESpfwGif/ vlOD;a& oef; waxmifausmfonf a&udk vkHavmufpGm rokH;pGJEkdif=uacs?

urBmay:&Sdwkdif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;onf a&twGuf aomua&mufaecJh=uonf? qkdvkdonfrSm jynfolvlxktwGuf

vkdtyfonfh a&ukd vkHavmufpGmay;&eftwGuf wkdif;jynfwGif;Y a&r&Sdjcif;jzpfonf? xdkwdkif;jynftrsm;pkonf
tem*wfwGif vlOD;a&wkd;wufvmonfESifhtr#/ qkd;qkd;0g;0g; a&jywfvyfr_ESihf &ifqdkif&awmhrnfjzpfonf?

tusKd;aus
;aus;Zl;rsm; (Benefits)
a&umwmrsm;onf vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmtm; qnfajrmif;oG,f,ljcif;/ v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwf,ljcif;/ ESifh a&}uD;r_
umuG,fjcif; uJhokd@aom rsm;pGmaom tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonf? urBmay:&Sd a&umwmrsm;rS
w0ufcef@onf qnfa&ay;oGif;r_twGuf t"duwnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ qnfa&ay;oGif;onfh ajr[ufwm oef;
100 ausmfonf a&umwmrsm;ay:wGif rSDcdkae=u&onf? a&umwmrsm;onf urBmhtpm;tpmxkwfvkyfr_ pkpkaygif;.
12µrS 16µ cef@udk a&ay;a0aeonf?

òrd@jy ESifh qif;&Jaom aus;vufa'o&Sd vlOD;a& oef;aygif; 2000 cef@onf v#yfppfrD;vkH;0 r&&Sd=uay? a&umwm
tawmfrsm;rsm;onf a&tm;v#yfppfxkwfvkyf&eftwGuf tokH;ðy=uonf? a&tm;v#yfppfonf urBmhv#yfppf
"gwftm;. 19µudk jznfhqnf;ay;+yD;/ wkdif;jynf 150 wk@d wGif tokH;ðyae=uonf? EkdifiH 24 EkdifiHonf EkdifiHtwGif;&Sd
v#yfppftokH;ðyr_. 90µukd a&tm;v#yfppfay:wGif rSDcdkae=uonf? a&tm;v#yfppfxkwf,lr_. tm;omcsufwckrSm
tvGefoef@&Sif;+yD;/ v#yfppf"gwfxkwfvkyfr_onf ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;r_udk rjzpfapjcif;jzpfonf?

}uD;rm;aom a&umwmrsm;. 12µrSm a&ay;a0r_twGuf wnfaqmufxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ aomufokH;a& ESihf

tdrfokH;a&rsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;aeonf?
1972 ckESpfrS 1996 ckESpft=um;wGif/ a&v$rf;rkd;r_a=umifh vlOD;a& 65 oef;wkd@. touftdk;tdrfrsm;udk xdcdkufysufpD;ap
cJhonf? xkdta&twGufonf tjcm;aom ppfyJG/ rkd;acgifr_ ESihf iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_rsm;a=umifh jzpfaom tysuftpD;}uD;
rsm;xuf ykdavonf? rsm;pGmaom a&umwmrsm;onf a&v$rf;rkd;r_udk xdef;csKyf&ef ok@d r[kwf av#mhcs&ef
wnfaqmufxm;=ujcif;jzpfonf?

ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m xdckdufr_rsm;
sm; (Environmental Impact)

a&umwmrsm;onf urBmhjrpfrsm;. 60µ ukd ysufpD;apcJhonf?

a&umwmrsm;onf a&owW0grsKd;pdwfrsm; jrpftwGif; vl;vmacgufw@Hk oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;jcif;ukd twm;tqD; jzpfap

onf? xkd@a=umifh a*[pepfrsm;ukd ysufpD;aponf? jrpfwckwGif a&umwmwnfaqmufr_ ykdI }uD;rm;ygu/ ysufpD;
r_vnf; vkdufI}uD;rm;+yD;/ obm0&if;jrpfqHk;&_H;r_rsm; jrifhrm;vmum a*[pepfudkvnf; ysufpD;aponf?

r=umc%qkdovkd a&umwma=umifh jzpfay:onfh jy\emrsm;onf rcef@rSef;Ekdifacs? ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_wckrS awG@&Sd&

onfrSm/ a&umwma=umifh ysufpD;qkH;&_H;r_rsm;wGif 60µaom xdckdufr_rsm;onf óudwifcef@rSef;r_xJwGif rygonfukd
awG@&Sd&onf? ykdrkdao;i,faom a&umwmrsm;udk wnfaqmufjcif;/ a&umwmtaqmufttkHyHkpHrsm;udk ykdrkd
aumif;rGefatmif vkyfaqmifjcif;/ a&umwmwnfaqmuf&ef ae&mrsm;udk txl;*&kpkdufI a&G;cs,fjcif;rsm; tm;jzifh
xdckdufqkH;&_H;r_rsm;ukd av#mhcsEkdifrnf[k ,kH=unf&onf?

ae&mjyefvnfcsxm;jcif; (Relocation)
a&umwmrsm;onf xkda'owGif;Y aexkdifaom olrsm;tay:wGif }uD;rm;aom xdckdufqkH;&_H;r_rsm;udk jzpfay:aponf?
urBmw0Srf;&Sd vlOD;a& 40-80 oef;cef@wk@d onf a&umwmpDrHudef;rsm;a=umifh tdrf,mrsm; ajymif;a&$@cHcJh=u&onf?
xkdta&twGufxJrS &mckdifE_ef;trsm;qkH;rSm tdEdN, ESihf w&kwfjynfwGif jzpfonf?

xkd a&$@ajymif;cH&aomolrsm;onf a&umwmpDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJ&m ESihf taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif 0ifa&mufvkyf

aqmif&ef/ (odk@r[kwf) ‚if;wkd@twGuf ae&mjyefvnfcsxm;a&; ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif teJi,f
okd@r[kwf vkH;0 tcGifhtvrf; r&&SdcJh=uacs? ppfwrf;aumuf,lr_wckrS awG@&dS&onfrSm/ xkd a&$@ajymif;cH&olrsm;xJrS
7µom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mwGif yg0ifEdkifchJ=uonf?

avhvmr_rS awG@&Sd&onfrSm/ a&umwm wnfaqmufr_. qef@usifzuftusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;onf t"dutm;jzifh

aus;&GmwGif aexkdifolrsm;/ wEkdifwykdifv,form;rsm;/ ESihf wkdif;&if;om; vleJpkrsm;tay:wGif usa&mufcJh=uonf?

tem*wf (Future)
,ae@umvwGif a&umwmrsm;a=umifh aumif;usKd;/ qkd;usKd; 2 rsKd;pvkH;ESifh ywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;
rsm;pGm&&SdEkdifavonf? xkdowif;tcsuftvufrsm;ukd ,cifu rod&SdEkdifcJhay? a&umwmESihf ywfoufonfh
tacstwif aqG;aEG;jiif;ckHr_rsm;onf zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_udk odem;vnf&eftwGuf ar;cGef;rsm;pGmudk ay:xGufapcJhonf?
taemufEkdifiHrsm;rS ar#mfvifhxm;onfh zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_onf/ obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: ysufpD;qkH;&_H;r_ tusKd;quf
rsm;pGmudk ,laqmifvmonf?

zGH@òzd;wkd;wuf+yD;EkdifiHrsm;twGuf zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_wGif yg0ifonfwk@d rSm/ wkd;ygG;vmonfh vlOD;a&. vkdtyfcsufudk

jznfhqnf;rnfh a& ESifh pGrf;tifyifjzpfonf? ,if;onf tpkd;&rsm;tm; a&G;cs,f&eftwGuf ab;usyfeHusyfjzpfaponf?
tpkd;&rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@ vlOD;a&. vkdtyfcsuf ESihf vlr_a&; ESihf ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;ESifhtwl
‚if;wkd@jynfolrsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;t=um;wGif xdef;nd‡xm;&ef vdktyfonf?
atmufwGifaz:jyxm;aom Z,m;wGif;Y a&umwmrsm;. tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm; ESihf jy\emrsm;udk a&;jznfhyg?

Benefits of dams Problems caused by dams

17 ? wkd;wufr_avhvmcsuf ? wmqef;a&umwm/ jrefrmjynf (Case study: The Tasang Dam,
Burma)

avmavmq,fwGif/ jrefrmjynfta&S@ykdif;&Sd/ oHvGifjrpfay:wGif/ }uD;rm;aoma&umwmrsm;ukd wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf

pDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJvkyfaqmifv#uf&Sdae=uonf? xkda&umwmrsm;xJrS wckrSm/ &Srf;jynfe,fwGif wnfaqmuf&ef
pDrHvsmxm;onfh wmqef;a&umwmyifjzpfonf?

wmqef;a&umwmonf a&tm;v#yfppfxkwf,l&efjzpf+yD;/ rD*g0yf 3300 ukd xkwfvkyfay;rnfjzpfonf?

wnfaqmufr_twGuf ukefusaiGrSm tar&duefa':vm oef; 3000 [k cef@rSef;xm;onf?
a&umwmrSm 188 rDwmjrifh+yD;/ ta&S@awmiftm&SwGif tjrifhqkH;aoma&umwm wckjzpfvmrnfjzpfonf?
a&umwmwnfaqmufr_a=umifh a&v$rf;rkd;cH&rnfh e,fajrtus,ft0ef;rSm/ teJqkH; pwk&ef;uDvkdrDwm 640
us,f0ef;rnfjzpfonf?

jrefrmjynfolvlxkonf v#yfppf"gwftm; rvkHavmufr_ESihf tqufrysuf &ifqkdifae&aomfvnf;/ a&umwmrS

xkwf,l&&Sdrnfh a&tm;v#yfppfudk xkdif;EkdifiHtm; a&mif;cs&efjzpfa=umif; pDrHa&;qGJxm;+yD;jzpfonf? a&umwmonf
pDrHudef;wGifyg0ifonfh v#yfppf"gwftm; ukr`%DESihf jrefrmjynfppftpkd;&wkd@twGuf }uD;rm;aom aiGa=u;tjrwftpGef;
ukd o,faqmifvmrnfjzpfonf?

tzGJ@tpnf;aygif;rsm;pGmwkd@onf wmqef;a&umwmwnfaqmufr_vkyfief;udk &yfwef@&eftwGuf óud;yrf;ae=uonf?

óud;yrf;&onfhta=umif;&if;rSm/ tu,fI a&umwm wnfaqmufjzpfygu/ jrefrmjynf jynfolvlxk ESifh ywf0ef;usif
ESpfckpvkH;twGuf epfemqkH;&_H;r_rsm; ajrmufrsm;pGmjzpfay:vmEkdifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

twif;t"rR vkyftm;ay;ckdif;apjcif; (Forced labour)

jrefrmppftpkd;&onf zGH@òzd;wkd;wufa&;pDrHudef;rsm;wGif twif;t"rRvkyftm;ay;ckdif;apr_rsm;/ ESifh t=urf;zufr_rsm;wGif
xif&Sm;oljzpfonf? jrefrmjynf&Sd &wem ESihf &JwHcGef "gwfaiG@ydkufvkdif;wnfaqmufr_rsm;wGif twif;t"rR vkyftm;
ay;apckdif;r_rsm;/ t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ rk'def;r_rsm;/ twif;t"rR tdrf,ma&$@ajymif;r_rsm;/ ESifh w&m;r0ifowfjzwfr_rsm;ukd
jzpfay:apcJhonf?
wmqef;a&umwmYvnf;/ ppfwyfrsm;udk wkd;jr‡ifhcsxm;+yD;jzpfonf? xkdtwGuf &Gmom;rsm;tm; ay:wmqGJr_rsm; ESifh
t"rRvkyftm;ay;ckdif;apr_rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifae+yDjzpfonf?

ywf0ef;usifzsufqD;r_rsm; (Environmental destruction)

oHvGifjrpfonf xkda'otwGif;&Sd v,f,mpkdufysKd;a&; ESihf ig;zrf;vkyfief;uJho@dk / ZD0rsKd;jym;r_rsm;ay:wGifvnf;
taxmuftulðyxm;onf? wmqef;a&umwmonf oHvGifjrpfudk tykdif;ykdif;jzpfaprnfjzpf+yD;/ a'owGif;&Sd ZD0rsKd;
uGJjym;r_rsm;ukd ab;Oyg'fjzpfaprnfjzpfonf? a&umwmonf jrpfa&ESifhtwl ajrqD=oZmjyefvnfjznfhqnf; ay;r_rsm;
udkvnf; avsmhusaprnfjzpf+yD;/ a&atmuf=urf;jyif wkdufpm;r_rsm;ukdvnf; jzpfay:aprnfjzpfonf?

a&v$rf;rkd;cH&onfh a'orsm;wGif iSufzsm;a&m*gjzpfygG ;r_E_ef; jrifhwufvmrnf[kcef@rSef;xm;=uonf? a&v$rf;rkd;cH&onfh

a'o ywfywfvnf&Sd ajrae&mrsm;wGifvnf;/ a&v$rf;a'orS twif;t"rRa&$@ajymif;cH&onf jynfolvlxk.
ae&mxkdifcif;topfrsm;twGuf opfckwfvJSr_ tEW&m,frsm;ESihf &ifqdkif&rnfjzpfonf? a&umwmrS a&okdavSmifxm;r_
tav;csdefonf/ a'owGif;Y }uD;rm;aom iv#ifv_yfr_ tEW&m,frsm;ESifh &ifqkdif&Ekdifonf?
yg0ifqkH;jzwfaqmif&Gufr_ r&Sdjcif; (Lack of participatory decision making)
a&umwmESifhywfoufonfh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif jynfolvlxk. yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_rsm;onf ppftpkd;&vufatmuf
wGif rjzpfEkdifonfhtjyif/ pDrHudef;rsm;ukd qef@usifjcif;onf tEW&m,fjzpfapEkdifaomt&mjzpfonf? xdckdufepfemonfh
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh wkdifyifaqG;aEG;r_rsm; vkH;0r&Sday?

ppftpkd;&tm; b¾maiGjznfhqnf;ay;jcif; (Financing the regime)

jrefrmjynfwGif EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;onf/ ppftpkd;&tm; tm%mqufvufwnf+rJatmif ulnDay;jcif;jzpfonf?
okd@aomf jynfolvlxktwGufrl tusKd;aus;Zl;rjzpfxGef;ay? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf/ ppftpkd;&tay:
tjynfjynfqkdif&mrS ta&;,lwm;jrpfydwfq@dk r_rsm; ðyvkyf&efawmif;qkdxm;onf?
xkdif;tpkd;&onf/ pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief; tusKd;tjrwfrsm;twGuf/ vl@tcGihfta&; ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_rsm;ukd vpfvsL&_xm;+yD;/ a&umwmwnfaqmufr_tm; axmufulay;xm;onf?

trSefwu,f rvkdtyfonfh pGrf;tif (Unnecessary energy)

wmqef;a&umwm.&nf&G,fcsufrSm xkdif;EkdifiHtm; pGrf;tifjznfhqnf;ay;&eftwGufjzpfonf? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/
xkdif;EkdifiHonf ‚if;tokH;ðyEkdifonfxuf v#yfppfpGrf;tifrsm; ykdrdk&dSae+yD;jzpfonf? xk@d a=umifh wmqef;a&umwmrS
xkwfvkyfonfh v#yfppfpGrf;tifrsm;onf r&Sdrjzpf trSefwu,fvdktyfonfh pGrf;tifrsm;r[kwfacs?
18 ? rkwfoHkopfawmrsm; ESifh opfawmðyef;wD;r_ (Rainforests and deforestation)
rkwfokHopfawmrsm;ukd wESpfv#if rkd;a&csdef 2 rDwm 0ef;usif&&Sdaom a'orsm;wGif awG@&dS&onf? rkwfoHkopfawmrsm;
wGif opfyifrsm;onf jrifhrm; ajzmifhwef;pGm xdpyfv#uf aygufa&mufae=uonf? ajrqD=oZmrsm;ºuG,f0jcif;a=umifh
rkwfokHopfawmrsm; }uD;xGm;&jcif;jzpfonf[k vlrsm;pGmrS ,kH=unfxm;=uonf? ,if;onf rrSefuefay? trSefwGifrl
rkwfokHopfawmrsm;a=umifh ajrqD=oZmrsm; ºuG,f0&jcif;jzpfonf? rkwfokHopfawmrsm;. opfyifrsm;/ wd&p>mefrsm;/
ESifh ykwfokd;a=urGysufpD;apaomt&mrsm; ponfh a*[pepfrsm;onf/ ajrqD=oZmaumif;rGefap&ef jznfhqnf;ay;
=uonf? rkwfokHopfawmrsm;zsufqD;cH&aomtcg/ ajrqD=oZmaumif;apr_rsm;vnf; ysufpD;oGm; awmhonf?

urBmajray:&Sd tyifrsm; ESifh wd&p>mefrsKd;pdwfrsm;tm;vkH;. 3 ykH 2 ykHaom rsKd;pdwfrsm;onf rkwfokHopfawmrsm;wGif

&Sifoefaexkdif=uonf? &SmazGrawG@&Sdao;onf oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom rsKd;pdwfrsm;onf rkwfoHkopfawmrsm;wGif
&Sifoefaexkdifv#uf&Sd=uonf[k ,kH=u&onf? tylykdif;rkwfoHkopfawmrsm;ukd/ ‚if;wkd@rS xkwfv$wfay;onfh
atmufpD*sif ESifh ‚if;wkd@Y&Sdonfh obm0aq;zuf0iftyifrsm;a=umifh/ “urBmajr}uD;. tqkyf” ESifh “urBm}uD; .
t}uD;rm;qkH;aom aq;pyf&mtcef;” [kac:qkd=uonf?
rkwfokHopfawmrsm;onf rsm;pGmaus;Zl;ðyonf? ‚if;wkd@onf &moDOwktwGufta&;}uD;onf? ‚if;wk@d onf opfawm
twGif;Y umAGeftajrmuftrsm;ukd odrf;qnf;xm;onf? rkwfoHkopfawmfrsm; zsufqD;cH&aomtcg/ umAGefrsm;onf
avxkxJokd@ ysH@ESH@oGm;onf? ,if;onf urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_ta=umif;wnf;? rkwfoHkopfawmrsm;onf ajrqD=oZm
qkwf,kwfavsmhyg;r_rsm;ukd tumtuG,fay;onf? tu,fI rkwfoHkopfawmrsm;ukd ckwfypfvdkufygu ajrqDrsm;
onf ta0;okd@ arsmygoGm;+yD;/ ajròydr_rsm;/ awmifòydr_rsm;ukd jzpfay:aponf?

rkwfokHopfawmrsm;onf rkd;a&tajrmuftrsm;ukd xdef;csKyfxm;onf? xkdrdk;a&rsm;ukd wajz;ajz;ESifh jrpfrsm;/ uefrsm;

twGif;okd@ pdrfh0ifaponf? tu,fI rkwfoHkopfawmrsm;ukd ckwfypfvkdufygu/ xkda&rsm;ukd opfawmtwGif;Y
xdef;csKyf xm;EkdifpGrf;r&Sdawmhacs? ,if;onf a&v$rf;rkd;r_rsm;ukd jzpfay:aponf? rkwfoHkopfawmrsm;onf vlrsm;ukd
wkduf&kdufvnf; aus;Zl;ðyonf? olwkd@onf tpmrsm;/ ckdvH_p&mrsm;/ aq;0g;rsm;/ avmifpmxif;rsm;/ ESihf
tdrfaqmuf&eftwGuf opfrmrsm;udk jznfhqnf;ay;onf? rkwfokHopfawmrsm; r&Sdygu vl@tokdif;t0kdif;rsm;pGmwkd@.
aexkdifr_ b0rsm;pGmonf qkH;&_H;oGm;rnfjzpfonf?

opfawmðyef;wD;r_ (Deforestation)
opfawmðyef;wD;r_qkdonfrSm opfyifrsm; ckwfvJSjcif;/ opfawmrsm;rD;&_@d jcif; ESihf zsufqD;jcif;wk@d jzpfonf? opfawm
ðyef;wD;r_onf &mpkESpfrsm;pGmuwnf;u jzpfay:aecJhonf? opfawmðyef;wD;r_. t"duta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm v,f,m
pkdufysKd;a&; ESifh xif;ckwfjcif;rsm;jzpfonf? opfawm{&d,mtajrmuftrsm;ukd aumufyJoD;ESHrsm; pkdufysKd;&ef
&Sif;vif;jcif; (okd@) wd&p>mefrsm;twGuf pm;usufajrrsm; ðyvkyf=uonf? opfckwfvJSjcif;/ owˆKwGif;rsm; wl;azmfjcif;/
}uD;rm;aom a&umwmrsm; aqmufvkyfjcif;/ pufr_qdkif&mzG@H òzd;wkd;wufr_ ESihf c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rsm;a=umifhvnf; rkwfoHk
opfawmrsm; ysufpD;=u&onf?

opfawmðyef;wD;r_onf urBmw0Srf;vkH;wGif tv#iftjref jzpfay:aeonf? tu,fI ,ckE_ef;twkdif; qufvufðyef;

wD;aeygu urBm}uD;. rkwfokHopfawmrsm;onf ESpf 100 twGif; aysmufuG,foGm;vdrhfrnfjzpfonf? xkdtcg
urBm}uD;. &moDOwkay:wGif rodEkdifaom tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; jzpfay:apjcif; ESihf urBmay:&Sd tyifi,frsm; ESihf
wd&p>mefrsKd;pdwftrsm;pkwkd@ aoqkH;ukefrnfjzpfonf?

opfawmðyef;wD;&jcif;twGuf ta=umif
ta=umif;tcsufrsm; (Reasons for deforestation)

urBmvkH;qkdif&mpD;yGg;a&;onf ykdrkdqif;&Jaom wkdif;jynfrsm;tm; EkdifiHwumaºuG;+rDrsm; jyefqyf&ef (ok@d ) zG@H òzd;wkd;wuf
a&;vkyfief;rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef aiGa=u;&&Sdatmifvkyfaqmifay;onf? qif;&Jaomtpkd;&rsm;onf vkdtyfonfhaiGa=u;
twGuf opfckwfvSJ&ef opfawm{&d,mrsm;ukd a&mif;cs=uonf?

qif;&Jaomv,form;rsm;onf v,f,mpkdufysKd;&eftwGuf ajrrsm;ukd ykdrkd&Sif;vif;&efvkdtyfonf? olwkd@onf
&SifoefaexkdifEkdif&ef tpm;tpm xkwfvkyf&onf? xkdtwGuf awmif,mckwfjcif; ESihf rD;&_@d jcif;rsm; ðyvkyf=uonf?
opfyifrsm;ukd ckwfvSJI usefaomt&mrsm;ukd rD;&_@d umjymrsm;ukd ajr=oZmtjzpftokH;ðy=uonf? okd@aomf ajrqDonf
tv#iftjrefyif crf;ajcmufoGm;onfhtwGuf/ aemufxyfopfawm{&d,mtopfrsm;udk ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;=u&jyefonf?

urBmhvlOD;a&wkd;yGg;vmonfESifhtr#/ v,f,mpkdufysKd;&ef ajrae&mykdrdkvkdtyfvmjcif; ESifh xif;rsm;ykdrdkvdktyfjcif;?

urBmay:&Sd vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmwkd@onf v#yfppfrD;rokH;pGJEdkif=uao;onfhtwGuf/ vlwkd@onf csufðywf&ef ESihf taEG;

"gwf&&eftwGuf xif;rsm;ykdrkdvkdtyfvmjyefonf?

jrefrmEkdifiHonf 1990 rS 2000 ckESpftwGif;wGif/ ,if;. opfawm 14µ ukdqHk;&_H;cJhonf/ tdENd,onf 32µqkH;&_H;um/
xkdif;EkdifiHonf 26µ qkH;&_H;cJhonf? jrefrmjynf. opfawmrsm;onf y&dabm* ESifh puUL uJhokd@ opfrSxGufaom
ypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf opfckwfvSJjcif;jzpfonf?

tqkdyg 3 EkdifiHwGif opfawmðyef;wD;&jcif;. t"duta=umif;&if;rSm tvGefwefzdk;&Sdaom u|ef;opfyifjzpfonf?

u|ef;opfonf tvGefckdifrm+yD;/ urBmw0Srf;&Sd jynfolrsm;onf u|ef;opfrSxGufaom ypPnf;rsm;ukd 0,f,lvdk=uonf?
obm0 u|ef;opfawmrsm;rSm ta&S@awmiftm&SESihf tdEdN,wGifom awG@&Sd&onf? jrefrmEkdifiHonf urBmay:wGif
u|ef;opfawm{&d,mtrsm;qkH;aom EkdifiHjzpfonf? u|ef;opfyifrsm;onf }uD;xGm;&eftwGuf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=um+yD;/
tvG,fwul jyefvnfaygufEkdifaom trsKd;tpm;r[kwfay? xk@d a=umifh vlrsm;pGmwkd@onf u|ef;opfyifckwfvJSjcif; ESihf
u|ef;opfawm zsufqD;jcif;rsm;ukd av#mhcsvkd=uonf?

1? opfawmðyef;wD;r_. tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;rSm tb,fenf;´

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2? opfawmrsm;ukd vlwkd@ tb,fa=umihf ckwfvJS=uoenf;´

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3? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif u|ef;opfawmrsm;ukd ckwfvJSjcif;onf jynfolrsm;tay: rnfokd@ aumif;usKd;jzpfxGef;aprnfenf;´

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4? u|ef;opfawmrsm;ukd ckwfvSJjcif;onf jrefrmEkdifiHtm; rnfo@dk qkd;usKd;jzpfapoenf;´

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5? u|ef;opfawmrsm;ukd ckwfvSJoifhonf[k oifxifygovm;´ tb,fa=umifh xif§rxif oenf;´ &Sif;jyyg?

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19 ? jrefrmjynfopfawmrsm;ukd +cdrf;ajcmufaejcif; (Threat to Burma’s forests)
ta&S@awmiftm&S. yifre,fajrwGif usef&dSaeao;onfh opfawmrsm;. xuf0ufonf jrefrmjynfxJwGif &Sdaeonf?
jrefrmjynf. tdrfeD;csif;rsm;jzpfonfh w&kwf/ tdEdN,/ ESihf xkdif; EkdifiHwkd@onf ‚if;wk@d . ukd,fydkifopfawmrsm;ukd
tokH;ðycJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh xkdEkdifiHrsm;onf vkdtyfonfh opfrmtwGuf jrefrmjynftay: ykdI rSDckdvm=u
onf? xkda'orsm;&Sd opfvkyfief;trsm;pkonf w&m;0ifvkyfaqmifr_rsm; r[kwf=uacs? rnfokd@yifqkdap jrefrmjynfwGif
opfawmðyef;wD;r_E_ef;onf 1988 ckESpf EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;aumifpD wufvmuwnf;u pI
ESpfqwkd;vmcJhonf?

jrefrmjynf&Sd taESmuft,Sufr&Sdonfh opfawmtrsm;pkonf awmifay:a'orsm;wGif wnf&dS=u+yD;/ wkdif;jynfukd

0kdif;ywfxm;onf? ajredrfhykdif;jzpfonfh jrefrmjynftv,fydkif; ESihf awmifydkif;a'orsm;onf &mpkESpfuwnf;uyif
}uD;rm;pGm opfawmðyef;wD;cJhonf?

opfawmðyef;wD;r_jrifhwufvmjcif;onf t"dutm;jzifh jrefrmjynfe,fpyfa'orsm;wGif opfckwfvJSr_rsm; tv#iftjref

jrifhwufvmjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? EkdifiHjcm;ok@d opfwifykd@r_onf ppftpkd;&. vufeuf0,f,l&ef vkdtyfonfhaiGukd
jznfhqnf;ay;+yD;/ ppfwyftiftm;udk ESpfq }uD;xGm;vmapcJhonf? opfckwfvSJr_twGuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;wGif ppftpkd;&/
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktcsKd@/ ESifh EkdifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm; yg0ifonf? w&kwf ESihf xkdif; EdkifiH e,fpyfwav#mufwGif&Sdonfh
ðzef;wD;/ zsufqD;pGm opfckwfvSJr_rsm;onf/ us,fjyef@aom opfawmðyef;wD;r_ukd jzpfay:ap+yD;/ }uD;rm;aom ajrqDv$m
qkwf,kwfavsmhyg;r_rsm;/ jrpfacsmif;rsm; Ekef;wifjcif;/ a&}uD;r_ r=umc%jzpfjcif;/ ESihf tcsKd@a'orsm;Y ajcmufaoG@
&moDwGif &kwfw&uf a&&Sm;yg;r_ ponfwkd@ukd jzpfay:vmaponf?

e,fpyfa'o&Sd awmifwef;a'orsm;wGif opfckwfvSJr_onf opfawmðyef;wD;r_. t"duta=umif;t&if;jzpfaomfvnf;/

ajredrfhykdif;a'orsm;wGifrl pkdufysKd;a&;/ xif;/ ESihf rD;aoG;zkwfjcif; wk@d onf t"duta=umif;t&if;rsm;jzpfonf?

ucsifjynfe,fwGif opfawm&Sif;vif;jcif;onf 1978 ESifh 1996 ckESpft=um; 3 q ausmfjrifhwufvmcJhonf?

ucsifjynfe,fonfa'otwGif;&Sd aESmuf,Sufjcif;rcH&onfh t}uD;rm;qkH;aom aemufqkH; opfawm{&d,mjzpfonf?

xkdopfawmrsm;udk tv#iftjref zsufqD;ypfaejcif;ukd umuG,f&ef ESihf/ opfawmtwGif;&Sd ZD0&kyftrsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;
jcm;em;r_tay: umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&efrSm a'owGif; ESihf EkdifiHwumqkdif&m udpPw&yfjzpfonf?

u|ef;opf (Teak)
jrefrmEkdifiHonf usefaeao;onfh urBmhu|ef;opfawmrsm;. 70 &mE_ef;ukd ykdifqkdifxm;onf? u|ef;opfonf
wefzkd;t&SdqkH;aom opfrmtrsKd;tpm;wrsKd;jzpf+yD;/ obm0tm;jzifh tdENd,/ jrefrm/ xkdif;EkdifiHajrmufykdif;/ ESifh vmtkd
taemufajrmufa'orsm;wGif aygufa&mufonf? u|ef;opfukd oabFmwnfaqmufjcif;/ y&dabm*/ yef;ykxkjcif;/ ESihf
tjcm;aom ta=umif;udpPrsm;pGmwkd@wGif tokH;ðyonf?

tpOftvmtm;jzifh/ jrefrmjynfwGif vufawG@tokH;0ifr_ ESihf tukeftusoufomr_ ESpfckpvkH;twGuf qifrsm;jzifh

ckwfvSJ+yD;aom opfwkH;rsm;ukd qGJ,lonf? awmifapmif;rsm;wGif qifrsm;ukd tokH;ðyjcif;onf ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
ysufpD;r_udkvnf; avsmhyg;aponf? okd@aomf 1980 vGefESpfrsm;rSpI/ }uD;rm;aom puf}uD;rsm;jzifh opfckwfvJSr_rsm;ukd
tvGeftu|Hðyvkyfvm=uonfhtwGuf/ tusKd;quftm;jzifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m ysufpD;r_rsm; jrifhwufvmcJh&onf?

a&&SnfwGif/ rxdef;odrf;Ekdifaom opfckwfvJSr_rsm;onf jrefrmhu|ef;opfawmrsm; ukefqkH;r_wckqDokd@ OD;wnfvdrhfrnf

jzpfonf? avmavmq,fwGif/ u|ef;opfaygrsm;onfh opfawmrsm;ukd xdef;csKyf&efvkdtyfr_onf xkdif;-jrefrme,fpyf
wGif aexkdifae=uonfh u&if ESifh tjcm;aom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;tay: ppftpkd;&. usL;ausmf&efvkdonfhrl0g'udk
jznfhqnf;ay;cJhonf?

umuG,fapmifha&Smufxm;onfh e,fajr (Protected Areas)

jrefrmEkdifiHonf/ &SmazGawG@&Sdxm;onfh Ek@d wkdufowW0grsKd;pdwf 251 rsKd;/ om;aygufonfh iSufrsKd;pdwf 867 rsKd;/
wGm;oGm;owW0grsKd;pdwf 203 rsKd;/ ukef;ae a&ae owW0g 75 rsKd;/ ESifh trsKd;tpm;rwlaom tyGifh yGifhonfh tyifi,frsKd;
7˜000 rsKd;pdwf wkd@yg0ifonfh ZD0aA'qkdif&m trsKd;tpm;aygrsm;aom EkdifiHjzpfonf? urBmhom;&kdif;wd&p>mef
umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;&HykHaiG (World Wildlife Fund) ESifh om;&kdif;wd&p>mef xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;tzGJ@
(Wildlife Conservation Society) rS vwfwavm avhvmcsufwckt&/ ta&S@awmiftm&S. usm;rsm;aexkdif&m
a'o 40 &mE_ef;onf jrefrmjynfxJwGifjzpfae+yD;/ ,if;wk@d tm;vkH;rSm e,fjcm;a'orsm;wGifjzpf=uonf?

ta&S@awmiftm&S&Sd xda&mufpGmxdef;odrf;umuG,fonfhpepfr&Sdaome,fajrrsm;&Sdonfh EkdifiHteJpkxJwGif jrefrmEkdifiH

onf qufvuf&Sdaeao;onf? xdef;odrf;apmihfa&Smufxm;onfh e,fajrtrsm;pkonf nHhzsif;pGm pDrHcef@cGJxm;+yD;/
e,fajrtrsm;pkrSm pkdufysKd;a&; ESifh tajccsaexkdifr_ ponfh csOf;eif;usL;ausmfr_rsm;ukd ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm cHpm;aecJh=u&
onf? om;&kdif;wd&p>mefrsm;. tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd w&kwfjynfo@dk a&mif;cs&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh awmvkdufjcif;rsm;onf
omrefudpPwckvkdjzpfaeonf? Oyrmjy&aomf/ jrefrmjynf. t}uD;rm;qkH;aom trsKd;om;yef;+cHjzpfonfh xrHoDa'o&Sd
}uHhta&twGufonf 1974 ckESpfrSpI vkH;0okwfoif&Sif;vif;jcif;cHvkduf&onf? usm;ckd;zrf;r_rsm;onf tvGeftu|H
jzpfv#uf&Sdaeonf? udef;*%ef;rsm;tm;vkH;rS !ïefjyaeonfrSm usm;aumifta&twGufrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. aexkdif&m
Zmwdrsm;wGif tvGeftrif;eJyg;aeonfqkdjcif;yifjzpfonf?

tjynfjynfqkdif&m oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (International agreements)

jrefrmtpkd;&onf ZD0aA'qkdif&m rsKd;jym;r_xdef;odrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsuf/ ESifh tjynfjynfqdkif&m tylykdif;opfawm
xdef;odrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsuf tygt0if/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyftajrmuftrsm;ukd oabmwl
vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;cJhonf? xkd@a=umifh ‚if;wkd@taejzifh ZD0aA'qkdif&mrsKd;jym;jcif;ukd a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdifatmif
tokH;ðyjcif; ESifh xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;ukd oabmwlnDxm;onfhtwkdif; vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonf?

ppftpkd;&onf tqkdyg oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;aomfvnf;/ xdef;odrf;vkdufemr_taxmuftxm;

teJi,fomawG@&onf? ppftpkd;&onf jrifhrdk&fvuQwf obm0opfawmóud;0kdif;udk vkyfaqmifpOfu vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm;ukd usL;vGefcJhjcif;onf/ ZD0aA'qkdif&mrsKd;jym;r_xdef;odrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsufpmcsKyfwGifyg&Sdonfh/
jynfolvlxktm; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ay;jcif;/ nd‡Ed_if;wkdifyifaqG;aEG;jcif; ponfh pmcsKyfygtcsufrsm;ukd rvkdufem
jcif;yifjzpfonf? ppftpkd;&onf tjynfjynfqdkif&m tylydkif;a'o opfawmxdef;odrf;a&; oabmwlnDcsuf pmcsKyfwGif
yg&Sdonfh/ opfwifykd@r_ESifhywfoufonfh tcsuftvuftwdtusudk rSefuefpGmay;ykd@&rnf qkdonfukdvnf; rvdkufem
cJhacs? tjynfjynfqkdif&m tokdif;t0kdif;taejzifh/ ppftpkd;&rS ,if;. opfawm&if;jrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcef@cGJr_ESihfywfoufI
tajccHrSaeI ajymif;vJr_rsm;twGuf zdtm;ay;&ef tqkdygpmcsKyfrsm;udk ukdifaqmiftokH;ðyoifhonf?

axmufcHt}uHðycsufrsm; (Recommendations)
opfckwfvSJjcif;ESifh a&$@ajymif;pkdufysKd;r_rsm; ðyvkyfjcif;onf/ jrefrmEkdifiHe,fpyfa'orsm;wav#muf&Sd yuwd }uD;rm;aom
opfawm{&d,mrsm;udk zsufqD;jcif;jzpfonfudk taxmuftxm;rsm;t& od&dS&onf? ,if;onf ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m
tusKd;qufrsm;jzpfonfh tpkvkduftòyH ajrqDv$m wkdufpm;jcif;/ ajrqD=oZm ESihf aumufyJoD;ESH jzpfxGef;r_ qkwf,kwf
avsmhyg;jcif;/ jrpfacsmif; wl;ajrmif;rsm; wdrfaumEkH;wifjcif;/ a&umwmrsm;wGif EkH;ajrrsm;jzifh ydwfq@dk jcif;/ a&}uD;ysufpD;
r_rsm; jzpfay:jcif;/ ESifh ajcmufaoG@&moDwGif;Y &kwfw&uf a&&Sm;yg;jywfawmufr_rsm; awG@óuH&jcif; ponfw@dk jzpfay:
&ef tvm;tvmrsm; &Sdvmrnfjzpfonf?

jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHa&; ESifh ppfa&; yËdyuQrsm; tqkH;rowfao;or#/ ppftpkd;& ESihf tcsK@d aom twkduftcH
vlrsKd;pktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. xdef;odrf;r_r&Sd opfckwfvJSjcif;rsm;udk ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnfr[kwfacs? tu,fI +idrf;csrf;aecJhv#if
awmif ykdrkdaumif;rGefonfh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;qDokd@ OD;wnfvdrhfrnfqdkonfh tmrcHr_ ray;Ekdifay?
trSeftm;jzifh/ EkdifiHjcm;opfxkwfvkyfa&; ukr`%Drsm;a&muf&Sdvmjcif; ESifh tm;eJaom tpkd;&wk@d aygif;pyfoGm;jcif;.
tusKd;&v'frSm opfawmðyef;wD;r_ jrifhwufvmjcif;yifjzpfonf? okd@yifqkdaomfjim;/ avhvmoltrsm;pkrS ,kH=unf=u
onfrSm/ ykdrkd'Drkdua&pDusonfh toGifajymif;vJjcif;ESihf/ wm0ef,lr_&Sdaom tpkd;&w&yfay:aygufvma&;onf/ jrefrm
jynf&Sd opfawm&if;jrpfrsm;ukd umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef r&Sdrjzpfvkdtyfonfh yxrtqifhjzpfonf? tpkd;&w&yf
ajymif;vJjcif;jzifh/ EkdifiHwumrS aiGa=u;taxmuftyHhrsm;0ifvm&eftwGuf wHcg;rsm;yGifhoGm;rnfjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEkdifiH
onf wkdif;jynf jyefvnfaumif;rGefatmif vkyfaqmif&ef ESihf ,if;. us,fjyef@aom opfawmrsm;udk aumif;pGm
pDrHcef@cGJvkyfaqmif&ef vdktyfrnfjzpfonf?

ppftpkd;&tm; rnfokd@rnfykH csKyfukdif&ef ESifh jrefrmjynfwGif jzpfysufaeaom tjzpftysufrsm;ukd EkdifiHwum aqG;aEG;yGJ

rsm;Y aqG;aEG;&mwGif jrefrmjynf. opfawm ESihf tjcm;aom ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m jy\emrsm;vnf; yg0ifoifhonf?
jrefrmjynf. EkdifiHa&;tajctae ESifh txdef;todrf;rJh opfckwfvJSr_rsm;t=um;/ txl;ojzifh e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif/
&Sif;vif;jywfom;aom qufEG,fr_&Sdaeonf? ykdrkdI tqufrysuf apmifh=unfhavhvmr_rsm;onf EkdifiHa&; ESifh
opfckwfvSJr_ rnfokd@qufEG,faeonfukd ykdrdkem;vnfEdkifrnfjzpfonf? ykdrkdyGifhvif;I wm0ef,lr_&dSaom EkdifiHa&;pepf
w&yfqDokd@a&G@vsm;&eftwGuf/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m tokdif;t0kdif;onf/ ppftpkd;&ay:wGif EkdifiHwumzdtm;rsm; jrifhwuf
vm&ef xkduJhokd@aom teD;uyfapmifh=unhfppfaq;r_. &v'frsm;ukd tokH;ðyoifhonf?
20 ? npfnrf;jcif; (Pollution)
avxknpfnrf;jcif; (Air Pollution)
avxknpfnrf;r_a=umifh ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; jynfol 3 oef;wk@d onf aoqkH;ae=u&onf[k cef@rSef;cJh=uonf? xkdaoqkH;r_
rsm;tm;vkH;eD;yg;avmufonf tdrfwGif; avxknpfnrf;r_rsm;a=umifhjzpfonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf roef@&Sif;aom
avrsm;onf av0ifavxGufnHhzsif;aom tdrfrsm;twGif;Y avSmifydwfrdoGm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf?

,ae@tcgwGif/ ruUqDukd pD;wD;/ yDuif;/ ESihf e,l;a'vD òrd@}uD;rsm;onf urBmay:wGif avxktnpfnrf;qkH;aom òrd@}uD;
rsm;jzpf=uonf? urBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@}uD;onf usef;rma&;udk xdckdufysufpD;apEkdifonfh tjrifhqHk; avxk npfnrf;r_
E_ef;tqifhrsm;ukd az:jyxm;cJhonf? 1998 ckESpfwGif/ e,l;a'vDòrd@onf urBmhusef;rma&;tzG@J }uD;rS owfrSwfxm;onfh
avxknpfnrf;r_tqifhxuf 5 q ausmfaecJhonf? rnfokd@yifqdkap/ 2003 ckESpfwGif/ e,l;a'vD&dS avxk. t&nf
taoG;ukd aumif;rGef&efóud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_wckukd vkyfaqmifchJ&m/ avxkxJwGif rD;ckd;jrLrsm;/ umAGefrkdaemufqdk'f ESihf
qmvzm'kdifatmufqkd'f yg0ifr_E_ef;rsm; }uD;rm;pGm usqif;cJhonf?

rD;ckd; (Smoke) - rD;ckd;onf umAGef ESifh uwW&m. ao;i,faom tpdwftykdif;av;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;

avmifu|rf;jcif;rS xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? uwW&mwGif uifqma&m*gukd jzpfapEkdifonfh "mwkypPnf;rsm;yg0ifonf?
rD;ckd;onf opf&Gufrsm;udk ysufpD;ap+yD;/ urBmajray:ok@d aea&mifjcnfusa&mufr_yrm%udk avsmheJaponf?
um;rsm;ESifh tjcm;aom armfawmf,Of tdwfaZmykdufrsm;rS xkwfv$wfvdkufaom rD;ckd;aiG@rsm;wGif ao;i,fonfh
tqdyftawmufjzpfapaom t&mrsm;yg0ifonf? xkdtdwfaZmaiG@rsm;onf wESpfv#if tqkyfa&m*grsm;jzifh vl
10˜000 cef@ukd aoqkH;aponf[k ,lq&onf?

qmvfzm'kdifatmufqkd'f (Sulphur dioxide) - ausmufrD;aoG; ESifh a&eHwGif qmvfzmyg0ifonf? xkdavmifpmrsm;

avmifu|rf;aomtcg qmvfzm'kdifatmufqdk'frsm;udk avxkxJokd@ xkwfv$wfvdkufonf? qmvfzm'kdifatmufqkd'f
onf rkd;a&xJwGif aysmf0ifEkdif+yD;/ tufqpfrdk;rsm;udk jzpfapEkdifonf? tufqpfrkd;rsm;onf tyifrsm; ESihf taqmuftOD;
rsm;ukd ysufpD;aponf?

rD;ckd;jrL (Smog) - rD;ckd;jrLrsm;onf ESif;jrLuJho@dk yif avxknpfnrf;r_rsm;aom òrd@}uD;rsm;wGif awG@&wwfonf?

rD;ckd;jrLrsm;onf vlwkd@. rsufvkH;rsm; ESifh tqkyfrsm; tjyif tyifrsm;udkyg ysufpD;aponf?

umAGefrkdaemufqkd'f (Carbon monoxide) - um;rsm; ESihf armfawmf,Ofrsm;rSvnf; umAGefrdkaemufqdk'fukd xkwf

v$wfonf? tu,fI umAGefrkdaemufqkd'fudk &SLoGif;rdygu u|Ekfyfwkd@. cE<mukd,frS atmufpD*sifpkyf,lEkdifr_pGrf;tm;ukd
avsmheJaponf? ,if;onf tEW&m,fjzpfapEkdif+yD;/ txl;ojzifh ESvkH;a&m*g&Sdaomolrsm;wGif jy\emjzpfEkdifonf?

uvkd&kdzvl&kdumAGefrsm; (Chlorofluorocarbons - CFCs) - CFCs rsm;ukd a&cJaowWmrsm; ESifh r_wfaq;Al;rsm;

wGif tokH;ðyonf? CFC onf tkdZkef;tv$mrsm;udk ysufpD;apa=umif; &SmazGawG@&dSchJonf? tkdZkef;v$monf urBmajr
}uD;. avxkxJwGif&Sdaomtv$mwckjzpf+yD;/ xkdtv$monf u|Ekfyfw@dk tm; tEW&m,fjzpfapEkdifonfh aea&mifjcnfrSvm
onhf c&rf;vGefa&mifjcnf"gwfukd umuG,fay;onf? tkdZkef;tv$mysufpD;aomae&mrsm;wGif c&rf;vGefa&mifjcnfrsm;
urBmajrjyifay:okd@ usa&mufvm+yD;/ ta&jym;uifqmukd jzpfapEkdifonf/ aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;ukd ysufpD;apEkdifonf/
yifv,fowW0gtcsKd@ukd aoa=uysufpD;apEkdifonf/ &moDOwkudk ajymif;vJapEkdifonf? ,ae@tcgwGif wkdif;jynfrsm;pGm
wkd@onf CFCs tokH;ðyr_udk t}uD;tus,fav#mhcsae=uonf?

cJ (Lead) - cJonf armfawmf,Ofrsm;wGif tokH;ðyonfh "gwfqDxJwGif yg0ifonf? xk@d a=umifh tdwfaZmykdufrsm;rS

xGufvmaom tckd;taiG@rsm;wGif cJyg0ifonf/ ,OftoGm;tvmxlxyfaom ae&mrsm;wGif avxkxJwGif
cJyg0ifr_E_ef;onf jrifhrm;ae+yD;/ ,if;onf oifhcav;. OD;aESmufudk ysufpD;apEkdifonf?
wkdif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif "gwfqDxJwGif cJyg0ifr_E_ef;ukd av#mhcs&eftwGuf Oya'rsm;ukd ðyvkyfxm;onf?

tufqpfrkd; (Acid Rain) - qmvfzm ESihf Ekdufx&kd*sif'dkifatmufqdk'fw@dk onf avxkxJ&dS rkd;;a&ESifh aygif;pyfrdoGm;+yD;
tufqpfrsm;xkwfvkyfum rdk;a&tjzpf&Gmcsonf? tufqpfrdk;a=umifh ysufpD;&aom tysuftpD;tcsKd@ &Sdaomfvnf;
,if;onf obm0ta=umif;a=umifh jzpf&jcif;jzpfonf? a&eH / ausmufrD;aoG; avmifu|rf;r_rsm;/ ESihf armfawmf,Of
tif*sifrsm;rSxGufvmaom "gwfaiG@rsm; pkaygif;+yD; jzpfvmaom tufqpfrdk;onf rsm;pGmqkd;&Gm;onf? avwkduf
aomtcg npfnrf;aomt&mrsm;ukd rlvae&mrSaeI uDvdkrDwm axmifaygif;rsm;pGmtxd o,faqmifoGm; Ekdifonf?
tufqpfrkd;onf a&uefrsm;twGif;&Sd ouf&dSowW0grsm;ukd aoausapEkdif+yD;/ tkdrif;aom taqmuftOD;rsm;ukd
ysufpD;aponf? opfawmrsm;ukd ysufpD;aponf?
ajrqD
ajrqDvïmnpfnrf;jcif; - pGef@ypfypP
ypPnf; (Land pollution – Waste)
u|Ekfyfwkd@ rvkdcsifI v$ifhypfvkdufonfh rnfonfht&mudkrqkd pGe@f ypfypPnf;ac:onf? acgufqGJxkyftcGHwck/ iSufaysmoD;
wvkH;/ zefcGuftuGJwvkH;/ ESifh xkdifckHa[mif;wvkH;/ ,if;wk@d tm;vkH;rSm pGef@ypfypPnf; erlemrsm; jzpf=uonf?
ESpfpOfESpfwkdif;wGif urBmtESHtjym;Y pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;ukd ydkIykdI v$ihfypfae=uonfhtwGuf }uD;rm;aom pGef@ypfypPnf;
awmifwef;rsm;jzpfay:aponf? xkd pGef@ypfypPnf; awmifwef;rsm;onf ESpfpOfESpfwkdif;wGif wkd;yGg;vmI zsufqD;ypf&ef
tvGeftrif;cufcJaeonf?
• pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;wkd;yGg;vm&jcif;
ta=umif;&if;wckrSm vlOD;a&wkd;yGg;vmjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? vlOD;a& wkd;yGg;vmonf
ESifhtr#/ pGef@ypfypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_vnf; jrifhwufvmonf?
• 'kwd,ta=umif;wckrSm vlwkd@onf ykdrdkpm;okH;=ujcif;a=umifhjzpfonf? u|Ekfyfwkd@onf &Sifoefaexkdif&eftwGuf
avmufom pm;okH;oihf=uonf? okd@aomf vkdtyfr_ ESihf vkdcsifr_ ESpfckt=um;wGif }uD;rm;aom uGmjcm;csuf&dSonf?
u|Ekfyfwkd@onf qef ESifh [if;oD;[if;&Gufrsm;vkdtyfonf/ t0wftxnftcsKd@ ESifh aexkdif&ef ajcmufaoG@aom
ae&mwckvkdtyfonf? okd@aomf vltrsm;pkonf udwfrke@f / pD;u&uf/ wefzkd;}uD;aom t0wftpm;rsm;/ &kyfjrif
oH=um; ESifh tvGefjrefaomum;rsm;udk vkdcsif=uonf? wkdif;jynf zGH@òzd;wkd;wufvmonfESifhtr# vlwkd@onf ykdI ykdI
vkdcsifvm=uonf? ,if;wkd@onf pGef@ypfypPnf;trsm;tjym;udk jzpfaponf?
• pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;jym;jcif;onf
ywf0ef;usiftwGuf acsrGzsufqD;&ef tvGefcufcJonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf/ ypPnf;
trsm;pkonf obm0tm;jzifhr[kwfay? yvyfpwpf ESihf tpm;taomufxnfhonfh azmhhjzLrsm;uJho@dk ypPnf;rsm;
onf odyH̀ ESifh enf;ynmwkd@jzifh ðyvkyfxm;onfh "mwkqkdif&mypPnf;rsm;jzpf=uonf? xkdypPnf; rsm;ukd acsrGzsufqD;
&eftwGuf tcsdefrsm;pGm,lonf? xkdumvtwGif;Y ,if;wk@d onf ajrqD/ av ESifh a&wkd@ukd npfnrf;aponf?
pGef@ypfypPnf;trsKd;tpm;rsm; (Types of waste)
tdrfokH;pGef@ypfypPnf; onf oif. vl@tokdif;t0ef; (ok@d ) aetdrfrsm;rSvmjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;onf oifwkd@ ae@pOf
pm;okH;aom t&mrsm;rSvmjcif;jzpfonf? urBmay:wGif tdrfoHk;pGef@ypfypPnf; tajrmuftrsm;&Sdonf? csrf;omaom
wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif/ vlwkd@onf tajccHvkdtyfcsufxufydkI pm;okH;=u+yD;/ tpm;tpmtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm yvyfpwpf
rsm;jzifhxkyfxm;jcif;/ Al;rsm;jzifh xnfhxm;jcif;jzpfonf? ,if;wk@d tm;vkH;onf pGe@f ypfypPnf;rsm;jzpfonf? e,l;a,muf&dS
vlwa,mufonf &efukef&Sdvlwa,mufxuf tdrfoHk;pGe@f ypfypPnf; av;q ykdrsm;onf? +Adwdefonf pGef@ypfypPnf;
wefcsdef 434 oef;&Sdonf?

pufr_vkyfief;okH; pGef@ypfypPnf; onf tvkyf&Hkrsm; ESifh puf&kHrsm;rSvmjcif;jzpf+yD;/ vlw@dk vdkcsif=uonfh ypPnf;rsm;tm;vkH;

ukd xkwfvkyfonf? rsm;rsm;xkwf/ rsm;rsm;okH;0g' jrifhwufvmonfESifhtr# tvkyf&kHrsm;vnf; jrifhwufvmonf?
pufr_vkyfief;rSxGufonfh pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;onf tvGeftEW&m,f}uD;rm;onf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf pufr_vkyfief;
rsm;onf tqdyftawmuf jzpfaponfh "mwkaA'ypPnf;rsm;ukd tokH;ðy=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf? ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;wGif
puf&kH/ tvkyf&kHrsm;rS pGef@ypf ypPnf;wefcsdef 300 rS 500 txd jrpfacsmif;rsm;/ uefrsm;/ ESihf yifv,frsm;twGif;ok@d
pD;0ifae=uonf?
yvyfpwpf
pwpf (Plastics)
2 rdepftwGif;Y oifpOf;pm;I&or# yvyfpwpfjzifhðyvkyfxm;onfhypPnf;rsm;ukd a&;csyg?
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,cifu u|Ekfyfwkd@tokH;ðyaom ypPnf;rsm;onf opfom;/ *kHav#mf/ 0g*Grf;/ puUL uJhokd@aom obm0xGufukefypPnf;rsm;

jzifh ðyvkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? ,ae@tcgwGif/ xkdypPnfrsm;ae&mwGif yvyfpwpfrsm;jzifh tpm;xkd;vmcJhonf?

yvyfpwpfonf wm&SnfcHonf? ,if;onf vlóudufrsm;&onfh ta=umif;wckjzpfouJho@dk / ywf0ef;usiftwGuf

tvGefqkd;0g;onfh ta=umif;wckvnf;jzpfonf?

yvyfpwpfukd obm0wGifrawG@&SdEkdifay? ,if;onf "gwfqD (okd@) obm0"gwfaiG@rSwqifh vlwkd@ðyvkyfxm;jcif;jzpf

onf? ,if;ukd puf&kHrsm;wGif xkwfvkyf+yD;/ xkwfvkyf&mwGif tqdyftawmufjzpfaponfh "mwkypPnf;rsm;ukd tokH;ðy
ojzifh npfnrf;r_rsm;ukd jzpfay:aponf?

yvyfpwpfukd ywf0ef;usiftwGif;Y obm0tm;jzifh tvG,fwulacsrGrzsufqD;Ekdifay? qkdvkdonfrSm obm0ypPnf;

rsm; ykwfokd;ausrGysufpD;ouJhokd@ ,if;wk@d onf rysufpD;Ekdif? yvyfpwpfonf ywf0ef;usifY umv=umjrifhpGm
&SdaeEkdif+yD;/ ,if;ukd vkyfaqmifxm;onfh "mwkypPnf;rsm;ukd tvGefaES;auG;pGm xkwfv$wfonf? xkd"mwkypPnf;rsm;xJrS
tcsKd@rSm POPs rsm;jzpf+yD;/ ,if;wkd@onf qifhuJpm;aomufr_jzpfpOfxJo@dk 0ifa&mufEkdifonf?

Oyrm ? ajr}uD;xJwGif jr‡Kyfxm;onfh yvyfpwpfydkuf "mwkypPnf;rsm; ajrqDv$mxJo@dk a&muf&SdoGm;jcif;

tyifrsm; }uD;xGm;vmjcif; ESihf "mwkypPnf;rsm;ukd pkyf,ljcif; =uufrsm;rS tyifrsm;ukd
pm;aomufjcif; (ESifh "mwkypPnf;rsm;) vlrsm;rS =uufrsm;ukdpm;aomufjcif; (ESifh "mwkypPnf;rsm;)

vlwa,mufonf POPs yg&Sdonfh =uufom;ukd pm;aomufvdkufygu/ xkdvlonf POPs ukdvnf; pm;aomuf+yD;

om;jzpfoGm;rnf? xkd"mwkypPnf;rsm;onf uifqma&m*g ESihf tjcm;aom usef;rma&;jy\emrsm;ukd jzpfaponf?
wkdif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;wGif POPs rsm;onf w&m;r0ifacs? okd@aomf ,if;wk@d ukd tdEdN, ESihf tjcm;aom tm&S
wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif vkyfaqmifaeqJjzpfonf?

yvyfpwpfonf ywf0ef;usifxJwGif umv=umjrifhpGmaeEkdifaoma=umifh/ urBmay:&Sd yvyfpwpfpGe@f ypfypPnf; yrm%

vnf;wkd;yGg;vmonf? ,ae@tcgwGif urBmay:Y yvyfpwpfrsm;awmifvkdykHae+yD;/ ,if;wk@d udk u|Ekfyfw@dk rzsufqD;Ekdifay?

tm&S&Sdjynfoltawmfrsm;rsm;onf yvyfpwpfrsm;ukd rD;&_@d ypf=uonf? ,if;onf ajrwGif jr‡Kyfypfjcif;xuf ykdI

tEW&m,frsm;onf? yvyfpwpfukd rD;&_d@ygu POPs tygt0if tvGeftEW&m,frsm;aom "mwkaiG@rsm;udk avxJokd@
xkwfv$wfonf? wd&p>mefrsm; ESifh vlwkd@onf xkd"mwkaiG@rsm;ukd &SLrd=uonf? xkd"mwkypPnf;rsm;onf tyifrsm; ESihf
ajrqDrsm;wGif;okd@vnf;a&muf&SdoGm;onf? tcsKd@yvyfpwpfrsm;udk rD;&_@d ygu 'kdifatmufpif (dioxin) [kac:onfh
"mwkypPnf;wrsKd; xGufvmonf? ,if;onf urBmay:wGif tEW&m,ftrsm;qkH;aom "mwkypPnf;wrsKd;jzpf+yD;/ vlrsm;ukd
aoapEkdifonf? ,if;onf uifqma&m*gudk jzpfaponf/ vlw@dk . ckcHEkdifr_pepfrsm;ukd ysufpD;apum/ rsKd;yGg;pnf;r_ukdyg
ysufpD;aponf?
pufr_vkyfief;qkdif&m npfnrf;r_ (Industrial pollution – POPs)
tDEsLtpfrsm;onf uae'gEkdifiH taemufajrmufa'owGif aexkdif=uonfh Xmaewkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; jzpf=uonf?
‚if;wkd@aexkdifonfh a'oonf tvGeftpGeftzsm;usonfh a'orsm;jzpf+yD;/ wESpfywfvkH;eD;yg; a&cJ ESifh ESif;rsm;
zkH;v$rf;aeonf? xkd@a=umifh tDEsLtpfvlrsKd;rsm;onf &kd;&mt& ‚if;wk@d trJvdkufI&&Sdonfh yifv,fzsHrsm; ESifh
u,f&Dbkd;[kac:onfh '&,faumifrsm;ukdom pm;aomuf+yD; touf&Sifae=u&onf?

,ae@tcgwGif/ tDEsLtpfwkd@pm;aomufaeonfh tpmESihfywfoufI jy\emjzpfvm+yD? yifv,fzsH ESihf '&,faumif

rsm;wGif tEW&m,f&Sdaom DDT ykd;owfaq; ESifh PBCs [kac:onfh puf&Hkrsm;rS pGe@f ypfonfh "mwkypPnf;rsm;yg0if
aeonf? xkd ESpfrsKd;pvkH;onf POPs (persistent organic pollutants) . erlemrsm;jzpf=uonf?

omreftm;jzifh urBmtESH@tjym;&Sd tvkyf&Hkrsm; ESihf puf&Hkrsm;rSaeI POPs uJhokd@aom npfnrf;onfhypPnf; rsm;ukd

avxkxJokd@ xkwfv$wfae=uonf? xkd"mwkypPnfrsm;avxJo@dk a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg ,if;wkd@onf urBmhajrmufydkif;
okd@ a&muf&SdoGm;onf? ,if;wkd@onf ajrmuf0if&dk;pGef;&Sd at;aom a'orsm;odk@a&muf&Sdaom tcg xkd npfnrf;"mwk
rsm;onf avxkxJrS xGufvm+yD; qifhuJhtpmjzpfpOfwGif;ok@d a&muf&dSoGm;onf?

xkdnpfnrf;onfhypPnf;rsm;ukd wd&p>mefrsm;rS pm;aomufrd+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@cE<mukd,ftwGif;&Sd tqDjyifxJwGif okdavSmifxm;

vkdufonf? zsHwkd@onf tqDjyifxlxyfaom wd&p>mefrsKd;onfhtwGuf/ ‚if;wkd@. tqDjyifxJwGif npfnrf;onfh
"mwkypPnf;rsm; jrifhrm;pGmyg0ifaeonf? tDEsLtpfw@dk xkdyifv,fzsHrsm;ukd pm;aomuf=uaom tcg/ xkdnpfnrf;onfh
"mwkypPnf;rsm;ukdvnf; pm;aomufrdoGm;awmhonf?

odyH̀ynm&Sifrsm;onf xkd npfnrf;onhf "mwkypPnf;rsm;ta=umif;ukd =umjrifhpGmuwnf;u od&Sdxm;=u+yD;jzpfonf?

xkdynm&Sifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. uav;i,frsm;wGif xkdqdk;usKd;rsm; a&muf&dSvmrnfukd pkd;&drfaecJh=uonf? ok@d aomf
‚if;wkd@onf tDEsLtpfvlrsKd;rsm;ukdrl pm;aomufr_yHkpH ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf rajymqkdcJh=uacs?

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

POPs qdkonfrSm tb,fenf;´

POPs onf tqdyftawmufjzpfonfh "mwkypPnf;rsm;jzpfonf? ,if;wk@d onf puf&kHvkyfief;rsm;rS xGufay:vmjcif;
jzpf+yD;/ u|Ekfyfwkd@. urBmtwGuf topftqef;jzpfonf? ,if;wkd@txJwGif pkdufysKd;a&;Y tokH;ðyonfh ykd;owfaq;rsm;
yg0ifonf? urBmhajrjyifay: ESifh ajratmufwGif&dSaom a&rsm;onf xkd"mwkypPnf;rsm;jzifh npfnrf;aecJhonf?

vuf&Sd &mpkESpftapmykdif;txd POP rsm;udk u|Ekfyfw@dk . ywf0ef;usif (od@k ) tpm;tpmrsm;Y rawG@&Sdao;ay? ,cktcg
urBmay:&Sd tpm;tpmrsm;tm;vkH;/ txl;ojzifh tom;/ ig; ESifh Ekd@xGufypPnf;rsm;wGif POP rsm;jzifh roef@&Sif;
jzpfaeonf? urBmay:&Sd vlrsm;/ wd&p>mefrsm; ESihf tyifrsm;tm;vkH;wGif POP rsm;&Sdae=uonf? ,if;wk@d onf vlwkd@.
usef;rma&;udk xdckdufapEkdif+yD;/ tyifrsm; ESihf wd&p>mefrsm;udkyg xdcdkufaponf?

POPs ESifh tjcm;aom npfnrf;aponfh ypPnf;rsm;t=um; rwlnDr_rSm/ POPs onf ‚if; pwifonfhae&mrSaeI
tvGefa0;uGmaom ae&mtxd a&muf&dSoGm;Ekdifonf? xkd@a=umifh puf&Hk/ tvkyf&Hk/ pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm; ESifh
tvGefa0;uGmaomae&mrsm;ukdvnf; xdcdkufapEkdifonf? ,if;wk@d udk pm;aomufrdaomtcg/ cE<mukd,ftwGif;Y
aexkdifae=u+yD;/ umv=umjrifhaomtcg tyifrsm; ESihf wd&p>mefrsm;wGif&dSaom POPs yrm%onf ab;tEW&m,f
jzpfapEkdifonfh tqifhokd@ wkd;yGg;vmawmhonf?

POPs rsm;ukd wd&p>mefrsm;. tqDtwGif;Y okdavSmifxm;onf? wd&p>mefrsm; POPs ykdrkdpm;aomufrdonfESifhtr#/

POPs yrm%vnf; pkykHvmcJhonf? qifhuJpm;pOfwGif jrifhrm;aom
wd&p>mefrsm; (taumif}uD;rm;aom wd&p>mef rsm;
ESifh tjcm;aom taumifrsm;ukd pm;aomufaom wd&p>mefrsm;) onf POP rsm;ukdykdrkdI pm;aomufrd=uonf?
POPs onf vlrsm;/ wd&p>mefrsm; ESifh tyifrsm;udk rnfo@dk tEW&m,fay;oenf;´
POPs . erlem qkd;usKd;rsKd;rSm - cE<mukd,fwGif;&Sd tpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif uifqma&m*gjzpfapjcif;/ rsKd;yGg;jcif;vkyfief;wGif
jy\emjzpfjcif;/ trsKd;om;rsm;wGif okufydk;xkwfvkyfr_ eJyg;jcif;/ rarG;zGm;rDY zGH@òzd;}uD;xGm;r_ jy\em&Sdjcif;/
^m%f&nfzGH@òzd;r_avsmheJjcif;/ ESifh wkef@jyefr_umvaemufusjcif;/ ausmufuyf ESihf toJwGif xdcdkufapjcif;/ ESvkH;a&m*g/
pdwfusjcif; ESifh p&kdufvuQ%majymif;vJjcif;uJho@dk aom tðytrlqkdif&m jy\emrsm;/ rdcifrsm; Ek@d wdkufau|;EkdifpGrf;
eJyg;jcif;/ om;tdrftwGif;qkH;v$m ykHrSefr[kwfbJ}uD;xGm;I aoG;qif;jcif;/ oaE<om;ysufus&ef tvm;tvmrsm;jcif;/
ponfwkd@jzpfusonf?

uav;i,frsm;. cE<mukd,fwGif PCBs yrm%rsm;jym;ygu/ ausmuf/ ydkvD,kd/ ESihf 0ufouf uJho@dk aom a&m*grsm;
twGuf umuG,faq;rsm;xkd;I rwkd;Ekdifay?
a&xknpfnrf;jcif; (Water pollution)
a&xknpfnrf;&onf
&onfhta=umif;t&if;rsm;
vlom;rsm;a=umifhjzpfjcif;
rdv†majrmif; onf a&xknpfnrf;&jcif;. }uD;rm;aomta=umif;&if;wckjzpfonf? urBmhvlOD;a&wkd;yGg;vm
onfESifhtr#/ vlom;wkd@. tnpfta=u;pGe@f xkwfonf yrm%vnf; rsm;jym;vmonf? tu,fI aumif;pGm ðyjyif
pDrHxm;jcif;r&Sdaom rdv†mykdufrsm;onf/ a&ay;a0r_pepftwGif;ok@d a&muf&dSoGm;ygu/ bwfwD;&D;,m;ykd;rsm; yGg;rsm;
vm+yD;/ usef;rma&;jy\emrsm; rsm;pGmjzpfvmapEdkifonf?
pufr_vkyfief; ESifh tvkyf&kHrsm;onf/ "mwkypPnf;rsm; (ok@d ) "mwkypPnf;rsm;yg0ifonfh a&qkd;rsm;udk
ywf0ef;usifwGif;okd@ oGefxkwfypfjcif;twGuf wm0ef&dSayonf? ,if;tjyif/ puf&Hkrsm;rSaeI jrpfacsmif;rsm;twGif;ok@d
xkwfypfvkdufaom a&qkd;rsm;onf/ jrpfa&.tylcsdefESifh 'D*&Djcif;rwlnDay? jrpfa&tylcsdefajymif;vJoGm;jcif;onf
a&aeowW0grsm;ukd aoausysufpD;apEkdifonf?
pkdufysKd;a&;wGif tokH;ðyonfh ykd;owfaq;rsm; ESihf "gwfajr=oZmrsm;onf/ ajrqDv$mtwGif;&Sd a&rsm;ukd
npfnrf;aponf? xkda&rsm;onf jrpfacsmif;rsm;twGif;ok@d pD;0ifoGm;aomtcg/ jrpfa&rsm;vnf; npfnrf;oGm;onf?
pkdufysKd;arG;jrLa&;+cHrsm; ESifh aqmufvkyfa&; ajrae&mrsm; onf/ jrpfrsm; ESifh uefrsm;&Sd Ekef;ajrrsm;udk
wkd;yGg;aponf? a&rsm;twGif;Y Ekef;ESpfrsm; aysmf0ifr_jrifhwufaeygu a&xJo@dk aea&mifjcnf &&Sdr_udk avsmheJap+yD;/
tyifrsm;}uD;xGm;&eftwGuf tcuftcJjzpfaponf?
tufqpfrkd; onf puf&kHrsm;rS qmvfzm'kdifatmufqdk'frsm; xkwfv$wfjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf?
a&eHzdwfpifr_rsm; onf ork'N&mrsm;ukd npfnrf;aponf? zdwfpifaoma&eHrsm;onf a&rsufESmjyifay:wGif
tv$mtjzpfzGJ@wnfoGm;onf/ xkdtcg iSufrsm; ESihf ig;rsm;ukd a&eHrsm; vdrf;usHapjcif;jzifh ab;Oyg'fjzpfaponf?

obm0ta=umif;rsm;/
a&}uD;jcif; onf jrpfrsm; ESifh uefrsm;ukd Ekef;wifydwfq@kd jcif;rsm;jzpfay:aponf?
rD;awmifrsm; rS qmvfzm'kdifatmufqdk'frsm; xkwfv$wfr_a=umifh tufqpfrdk;rsm;ukd jzpfay:aponf?
obm0tm;jzifh tufqpf"gwfrsm;onfh ajrqDv$m rsm;onf ajrqDtwGif;&Sd a&wGifvnf; tufqpf"gwf
aysmf0ifaponf? xkd tufqpf"gwfaysmf0ifonfh a&rsm;onf jrpfacsmif;rsm;twGif;okd@ pD;0if=uonf?

rsufESmjyifa& npfnrf;r_ qkdonfrSm jrpfa&rsm;/ acsmif;a&rsm;/ uefa&rsm;/ ork'N&ma&rsm; npfnrf;jcif;udk qkdvdkonf?

ajratmufa&npfnrf;r_ qkdonfrSm urBmajr}uD;atmufwGif&dSaom a&atmif;v$mrsm; npfnrf;jcif;ukdac:onf? xkd
a&npfnrf;ygu oef@pifatmifðyvkyf&ef rsm;pGmykdrdkI cufcJ+yD;/ rjrif&onfh rkdif&maygif;rsm;pGmtxd ysH@ESH@aeEkdifonf?

a&xknpfnrf;jcif;. tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;
a&xJ&Sd "mwkypPnf;rsm;onf/ qifhuJpm;pOftwGif;ok@d a&xJwGifaygufaomtyifi,frsm;rSwqifh a&muf&Sd
oGm;onf? ,if;wkd@udk ykdrkd }uD;rm;aom a&owW0grsm;rSpm;okH;onf/ wzef vlrsm;rS pm;okH;jyefonf? u|Ekfyfwkd@
pm;okH;aomig;rsm;wGif tEW&m,fjzpfapEkdifaom "mwkypPnf;rsm; yg0ifaeonfhtwGuf xkdudpPonf pkd;&drfp&mjzpfonf?
a&xJ&Sd "mwkypPnf;rsm;onf a&aeowW0grsm; ESihf tyifrsm;udkvnf; owfjzwfonf? ,if;onf qifhuJ
pm;pOfukd ysufpD;aponf? tu,fI tcsK@d rsKd;pdwfrsm; aoqkH;oGm;ygu/ tjcm;aomrsKd;pdwfrsm;wGif pm;p&m tpm
r&Sdawmhojzifh/ ‚if;wkd@vnf; aoqkH;&jyefonf?
jrpfrsm; ESifh uefrsm;twGif;&Sd/ ykd;owfaq;rsm; ESif "gwfajr=oZmrsm;onf tyifi,frsm;. }uD;xGm;r_ukdvnf;
vkyfaqmifay;Ekdifonf? tyifrsm; xlxyfygu tvif;a&mifukd umuG,fwm;qD;Ekdif+yD;/ a&xJrS atmufpD*sifudk
okH;pGJypfojzifh a&aeowW0grsm; touf&Sif&eftwGuf tcuftcJ&dSjyefonf? ,if;udk eutrophication [kac:onf?
aomufokH;a&rsm; roef@&Sif;ygu wkdufzdGKuf/ 0rf;udkufjcif;/ ESihf ta&jym;a&m*grsm;jzpfapEkdifonf? zGH@òzd;qJ
wkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd aus;vufa'orsm;wGif/ aus;&Gmtrsm;pkudk jrpfa=umif;wav#mufwGif awG@&Sd&wwfonf? jrpfwpif;xJ
wGif tokH;ðyaeaom vlrsm;onf/ rdrdwkd@jrpfatmufzufwGif tokH;ðyaeaom tjcm;aomolrsm;. ta&;ukdvnf;
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&efta&;}uD;ayonf? jrpftwGif;Y av#mfzGwfjcif;/ tr_kdufo&kdufrsm; pGef@ypfjcif;/ ESifh tnpfta=u;
pGef@jcif;wkd@onf jrpfa&ukd npfnrf;ap+yD;/ xkdjrpfa&ukd tokH;ðyaeonfh jrpfatmufzuf&Sdtjcm;aom &Gmom;rsm;
twGuf usef;rma&; vkHòcHr_r&SdEkdifay?
21 ? wkd;wufr_ avhvmcsuf - jrefrmjynfwGif a&$wG
wiG f;wl;jcif; (Case study: Gold mining in
Burma)

ucsifjynfenfonf obm0o,HZmw ESihf ZD0rsKd;jym;r_ csrf;omaom e,fajrwckjzpfonf? urBmay:wGif ywf0ef;usif

t& rsKd;jym;r_tjrifhqkH;a'ojzpfonfhtwGuf EkdifiHwumrS 0kdif;0ef;apmifha&Smuf&rnfhe,fajrtjzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;
oifhonf? ucsifjynfe,f. 84µonf opfawmrsm;jzifh zkH;v$rf;aeonf?

ucsifjynfe,fwGif tjcm;aom obm0o,HZmwrsm;ESihftwl/ a&$rsm;ukd v#ifjrefpGm tajrmuftrsm; xkwf,lae=u

onfhtwGuf/ npfnrf;jcif;rsm;/ ywf0ef;usifqkwf,kwfysufpD;jcif;/ ajrae&mtajrmuftrsm; ysufpD;jcif; ESihf/ qif;&J
csrf;om tvGeftrif;uGm[ukefjcif;wkd@jzpfvm=uonf?

“jrpfwckonf tr_kdufpGef@ypf&mae&mwckuJhokd@jzpfae+yD;/ tif*sifqDrsm; trsm;tjym; yg0ifaeonf? ,cifurl/

jrpfonf tvGefoef@&Sif;jcif;/ at;jrjcif;/ ESihf ouf&dSt&mrsm;jzifh jynfhaecJhonf? ,cktcg oifwkd@ awG@jrif
=uonfhtwkdif;/ &GH@rsm;/ qDrsm;jzifhjynfhaeojzifh a&aeouf&Sdt&mrsm;vnf; aysmufukefawmhonf? u|Ekfyfw@dk
jynfolrsm;onf roef@&Sif;aom avrsm;ukd &SL&SLdufae&jcif;/ roef@&Sif;aom a&rsm;ukd okH;pGJae&jcif;/ &moDOwk
rsm;ajymif;vJaejcif; ESifh rwnfr+idrfjzpfvmjcif;/ a'owGif;&Sdjynfolrsm; emrusef;jzpfvmjcif; wk@d óuHawG@
ae&onf?” Gold Mine in Kachin State “At What Price?” rS aumufE_wfxm;onf?

etz onf a&$&SmazG&eftwGuf ajrae&mtajrmuftrsm;ukd odrf;ykdufxm;jcif; ESifh xyfqifh iSg;&rf;jcif;wkd@ukd xdef;csKyf

vkyfukdifaeonf? tcsKd@ uefx&kdufwmrsm;rSm ucsifvlrsKd;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf;/ trsm;pkrSm w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm; jzpf=uonf?
a&$wGif;wl;jcif;vkyfief;Y/ EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfEHSonfh ukr`%Dtrsm;pkrSm w&kwfjynfrS ukr`%Drsm;jzpf=uonf? a&$wGif;wl;
jcif;jzifh/ jrefrmppftpkd;& ESifh w&kwfpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;twGuf }uD;rm;aom tjrwftpGef;rsm;ukd &&Sdae=uonf?

EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHolrsm;rSm/ obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;udk xkwf,l&eftwGuf/ ppftpkd;&. jcpm;aer_ ESihf ,if;.

jynfolvlxk ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usiftay:wGif vpfvsL&_xm;jcif;wk@d tay: tcGihfaumif;,lae=uonf?

ucsifjynfe,fwGif a&$wGif;wljcif; (Mining in Kachin State)

urBmtESH@tjym;wGif a&$wGif;wl;vkyfief;rsm;onf obm0ywf0ef;usiftay:wGif xdckdufysufpD;aeonf? a&$yrm%
teJi,f &&Sd&eftwGuf oJ/ ajrqD ESifh ausmufwHk; tajrmuftrsm;wk@d onf taESmuft,Sufrsm;jzpfae=uonf?
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a&$&SmazGr_ESifh ywfoufonfh Oya'rsm; jyÏmef;xm;jcif;r&SdonfhtwGuf tysuftpD;rsm;onf ykdrdkI
}uD;rm;aeonf?

ucsifjynfe,fwGif/ a&$wGif;tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm t"dujrpf}uD;rsm;wav#muf ESifh [l;aumif; om;&Jwd&p>mef umuG,f

apmifha&Smufa&; uJhokd@aom obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;xm;onfh a'orsm;wGif vkyfukdifae=ujcif;jzpfonf?

a&$trsm;pkrSm }uD;rm;aoma&$wGif;rsm;rS xkwf,lae=ujcif;jzpfonf? xkda&$wGif;rsm;ok@d a&muf&dS&eftwGuf vrf;azmuf

vkyf&ef opfawm a'orsm;ukd ckwfvSJypf=uonf/ a&$rsm;xkwf,l&eftwGuf jrpfrsm;udkvnf; aomifwl;pufrsm;jzifh
wl;azmf=uonf/ tvGef}uD;rm;aom puf}uD;rsm;ESihf/ rmusL&D ESihf qdkif,mEkd'f uJhokd@aom "mwkypPnf;rsm;ukd tokH;ðy
=uonf?

a&$rsm; xkwf,l&&Sdonfhtcgwkdif;/ wGif;wl;orm;rsm;onf a&$rsm;ukd ykdrkdI xkwf,l&&Sd&eftwGuf/ ajr}uD;xJokd@ ykdrkdI

euf&_dif;pGm wl;azmf=uavonf?
t+rJwrf;vkdvkdyif/ a&$wGif;rsm;rS xGufvmonfh pGe@f ypfypPnf;rsm;ukd pepfwusvkyfaqmifjcif;r&SdbJ/ pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;
twGif;&Sd "mwkypPnf;rsm;onf ywf0ef;usifwGif pkyHkvmawmhonf? tokH;rðyawmhonfh a&$wGif;ywfvnf&dS ajrrsm;
ukdvnf; &Sif;vif;cJhjcif; r&SdbJ/ okH;+yD;om; ypPnf;u&d,mrsm;ukd 'Dtwkdif;ypfxm;cJh=uonf?

a&$wGif;.rsm;. tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; (Effects of mining)

a&$wGif;wl;aomae&mrsm;wGifom qkd;usKd;rsm; oufa&mufjcif;r[kwfay? jrpfa&npfnrf;r_onf a&$wGif;rsm;.
jrpfacsmif; atmufzufykdif;rsm;wGifyg vkdufygxdcdkufjcif;jzpfonf? a&$wGif;rsm;okd@ vrf;azmufvkyfjcif; ESifh vkdtyfonfh
tajccHtaqmuftOD;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;wk@d a=umifh opfawmðyef;wD;r_rsm; tv#iftjrefjzpfay:vmonf? vrf;
azmufvkyf&mwGif ckwfvSJvkdufonfh opfyifrsm;onf tavtvGifhrsm;jzpfoGm;=uonf? tcsKd@ukd ae&mxkdifcif;rsm;
aqmufvkyf&mwGiftokH;ðyI/ usefaom tyifrsm;udk tvG,fwulyif rD;&_@d ypfvdkuf=uonf?

ucsifjynfe,fwGif/ a&$xkwfvkyf&mY rmusL&D ESifh qkdif,mEkd'ftufqpfrsm;ukd tvG,fwulyifoHk;pGJae=uonf? ESpfck

pvkH;onf tqdyfrsm;jzpf=uonf? rmusL&D ESihf qkdif,mEkd'frsm;onf rvdc jrpfa&ukd npfnrf;aponf? xkdnpfnrf;r_
onf jrpftwGif; ESifh opfawmywf0ef;usif&dS ZD0rsKd;jym;r_rsm;ukd qkH;&_H;aponf?

jrefrmjynf&Sd jrpfrsm; npfnrf;r_rsm;onf }uD;rm;aom ysufpD;qkH;&_H;r_rsm;ukd jzpfay:apEkdifonf? jrefrmjynf. touf

aoG;a=um[k ,lqxm;onfh {&m0wDjrpfa& npfnrf;r_onf/ ra&rwGufEkdifaom a*[pepfrsm;pGm ESifh jynfol oef;
20 ausmfwkd@. aexkdifr_b0rsm;ukdvnf; ab;Oyg'f jzpfapEkdifonf?

tcsKd@olrsm;onf jrpfrsm;twGif;Y rmusL&D"gwfrsm; yg0ifaer_a=umifh jrpftwGif;&Sd ig;rsm;ukd pm;okH;&eftwGuf

a=umuf&GH@vm=uonf? okd@aomf jynfoltrsm;pkrSm rmusL&D"gwf. tEW&m,fukd rod&Sd=uojzifh/ jrpftwGif;&Sd ig;rsm;
udk qufvufpm;aomufae=ujcif; ESifh a& rsm;ukd qufvufoHk;pGJae=uonf?

a&$wGif;wl;jcif;rsm;onf obm0ywf0ef;usiftay:xdcdkufapouJhokd@/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vm

jcif;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ ykdrkd euf&_dif;vmjcif;/ ESihf vlr_a&;jy\emrsm; jrifhwufvmjcif; wk@d yg jzpfay:vmonf? rl;,pf
aq;0g; ESifh t&ufaopmokH;pGJr_rsm;/ vdifqufqHr_vkyfief;rsm;tjyif/ i,f&G,faom rdef;rysKdav;rsm;tm; twif;t"rR/
aoG;aqmifzsm;a,mif;r_rsm;/ ESifh vlrsKd;pk yËdyuQrsm;/ ponfjzifh jy\emrsm;tm;vkH;onf a&$wGif;wl;jcif;vkyfief;.
tusKd;quftjzpf wkd;yGg;vmcJhonf? a'owGif;okd@ ajymif;a&$@aexkdifr_jrifhwufvmjcif;/ vdifqufqHr_vkyfief; ESifh rl;,pf
aq;0g;vkyfief;rsm;onfvnf; HIV/AIDS ysH@ESH@r_udk jrifhwufvmapcJhonf? a&$wGif;a'orsm;Y aexkdifaomoltrsm;pk
onf tdwfcsftkdifADGta=umif; wcgr# r=um;zl;olrsm;/ tdwfcsftkdifAGDykd; rnfokd@ul;pufyHk ESihf rnfo@dk umuG,fEkdifykH
ponfwkd@ESifh ywfoufonfh A[kokwrsm;vnf; r&Sd=uay? tvm;wlyif/ a&$wGif;wl;jcif;vkyfief;onf obm0
ywf0ef;usif ESifh ‚if;wkd@. usef;rma&;udk rnfo@dk xdcdkufaponfukdvnf; wGif;wl;orm;rsm; ESihf a'owGif;&Sdvlxkonf
rod&Sd=uay?

rmusL&D (Mercury)
rmusL&Donf owˆKtrsKd;tpm;wckjzpfonf? ,if;onf tqdyftawmufwckjzpfonf? ,if;ukd tjcm;aom
"mwkypPnf;rsm;ESifh "gwfðyvkdufaomtcg/ rmusL&Donf ykdrdktqdyfjyif;vmonf?

tu,fI rmusL&Drsm; jrpfa&twGif;okd@ pdrhf0ifoGm;ygu/ qifhuJpm;pOftwGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufoGm;rnfjzpfonf? qkdvkd

onfrSm vlrsm;onf rmusL&Djzifh npfnrf;aeonfh jrpfrsm;twGif;rS ig;rsm;ukd pm;rdaomtcg/ ‚if;wkd@onfvnf;
rmusL&Dyrm%teJi,fukd pm;aomufjcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI xkdnpfnrf;aeonfha&ukd qnfajrmif;oGif;I pkdufysKd;
rdygu/ rmusL&Drsm;onf aumufyJoD;ESHrsm;twGif;od@k 0ifa&mufoGm;rnfjzpfonf? npfnrf;onfha&rsm;ukd aomuf
okH;&ef ESifh av#mfzGwfaq;a=um&mwGifvnf; wkduf&kduf okH;rdayvdrhfrnf?
tu,fI u|Ekfyfwkd@onf rmusL&Dyg0ifonfh tpm;tpmrsm;udk pm;aomufrdygu/ u|Ekfyfw@dk . cE<mudk,ftwGif;Y
rmusL&Drsm;pkaqmif;xm;+yD;/ wajz;ajz; ESihf jrifhrm;vmrnf? rmusL&Dyrm% teJi,fonf usef;rma&;udk xdcdkuf
apEkdifonf?

tcsKd@ a&$wGif;wl;onfh ukr`%Drsm;onf a&$rsm;udk zkHrsm;/ ausmufwkH;rsm;rS cGJjcm;oef@pif&eftwGuf rmusL&Dudk tokH;ðy

=uonf? ucsifjynfe,f&Sd ukr`%Dtawmfrsm;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@tokH;ðyonfh rmusL&DESihfywfoufI *&kwpkduf&Sd=u
onf? okH;+yD;om; rmusL&Drsm;ukd topfwzefjyefvnftokH;ðy=uonf? rmusL&Drsm;ukd a&mpyf&eftwGuf pufrsm;ukd
tokH;ðy=uonf? okd@aomf tcsKd@ukr`%Drsm;rSm ‚if;wk@d oHk;aeonfh rmusL&Day:wGif *&kwpkdufr&Sd=uacs? tcsK@d rmusL&D
rsm;onf jrpfa&rsm; ESifh ajrqDrsm;twGif;ok@d pdrhf0ifoGm;=uonf? rmusL&Drsm;ukd a&mpyf&eftwGuf tvkyform;rsm;
rSm ‚if;wkd@. vufrsm;udk tokH;ðy=u&onf? tvkyform;rsm;onf rmusL&D. tEW&m,fukd rod&Sd=uacs?

a&$xkwfvkyfr_vkyfief;pOf&Sd rwlnDaom tqifhrsm;wGifvnf; rmusL&D "gwfaiG@rsm; ESifh rmusL&Drsm; yg0ifonfh zkHr_H@rsm;

ukd xkwfv$wfEkdifonf? xkdab;xGufqkd;usKd;rsm;udk avsmheJap&eftwGuf urBmESihft0Srf; enf;ynmrsm; zGH@òzd; wkd;wuf
aeaomfvnf;/ jrefrmppftpkd;&. yifukd,fobm0t&/ ucsifjynfe,f&Sd a&$wGif;wl;ukr`%Drsm;udk xkdenf;ynmrsm;
oif=um;ay;&eftwGuf tvGeftrif;cufcJv#uf&dSaeonf?

rmusL&Dyg0ifr_. tusKd;qufrsm;rSm - OD;aESmufysufpD;jcif;a=umifh/ rSwf^m%fudkxdcdkufapjcif;/ tðytrl ESifh pdwfcHpm;r_

ykHrrSefjcif;/ tjrifv$mukd xdckdufapjcif;/ tm&kHa=umpepf ESihf t=um;tm&kH?
rmusL&DtaiG@rsm;tcsdefwkdxdawG@&SL&_duf rdygu rl;a0/ ysK@d tHjcif;/ tqkyfysufpD;jcif;/ ta&jym;rsm; eD&Jjcif;/ ESifh
rsufvkH;rsm; usdef;pyfjcif;/
rmusL&Donf rsKd;yGg;r_pepfukd xdckdufysufpD;apEkdifonf? OD;aESmufudk ysufpD;apEkdifonf? rsufvHk;uef;jcif;/ avjzwfjcif;/
ESifh/ rdcifrsm;wGif rmusL&D tqdyfoifhaeygu arG;zGm;vmonfhuav;i,fwGif pum;rajymEkdifjcif; ponfw@dk
jzpfaponf?
,if;. qkd;usKd;rsm;onf txl;ojzifh/ arG;uif;puav;rsm; ESihf uav;i,frsm;wGif csKd@,Gif;tm;eJcsufrsm;ukd
jzpfay:aponf?

Adapted from – At What Price – Gold mining in Kachin State. A report by Images Asia and the
Pan Kachin Development Society
22 ? wkd;wufr_avhvmcsuf - bkdyg;vf xdckdufysufpD;r_}uD; (Case study: Bhopal disaster)
urBmhorkdif;wGif/ tqkd;0g;qkH;aom pufr_vkyfief;xdcdkufysufpD;r_}uD;onf/ tdEdN,EkdifiH/ r'&m y&ma'h&fSjynfe,f/ bkdyg;vf
òrd@Y/ 1984 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv Y jzpfyGg;cJhonf? ,if;rSm "mwkaA'tqdyfwrsKd;jzpfonfh/ wefcsdef 40 &Sdonfh rDokdif;vf
tkdifqkdqkdif,mEkduf (methyl isocyanate – MIC) "gwfaiG@tqdyfrsm; avxkxJo@dk ,dkpdrhfxGufvmjcif;jzpfonf?

xkdtjzpftysufonf/ ,leD,Humbkduf (Union Carbide) [kac:onfh EkdifiHwum ukr`%DwckrS ykdifqkdifonfh

puf&kHwckwGifjzpfyGg;cJhjcif; jzpfonf? ,leD,Humbkduf. puf&Hkudk ykd;oufaq;rsm; xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf 1969 ckESpfwGif
bkdyg;vfòrdY wnfaqmufcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

tqdyf"gwfaiG@ ,kdpdrfhr_jzpfvmonfESifhwòydifeuf vl 3˜000 yGJcsif;+yD; aoqkH;oGm;cJhonf? vl 500˜000 txd xdcdkuf

'%f&m &&SdcJh=uonf? aemufykdif;wGif tqdyf"gwfaiG@a=umifh aemufxyf vl 12˜000 aoqkH;cJh&onf[k cef@rSef;&onf?

rnfokd@jzpfcJhoenf;´ (What happened?)

MIC yg0ifonfh uefwckxJokd@ a&rsm;0ifa&mufoGm;+yD;aemuf tqkdygrawmfwqr_jzpfyGg;cJhjcif;jzpfonf? a&rsm;a&mpyf
oGm;ojzifh "gwfðyr_jzpfoGm;+yD;/ tqdyf"gwfaiG@rsm; xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf? puf&kHonf tqkdygtqdyf"gwfaiG@rsm;
avxkxJokd@ a&muf&Sdrvmatmif umuG,fonfh vkHðcHr_pDrHcsufrsm; rsm;pGmxm;&Sdoifhonf? xkd@tjyif vufawG@wGif
tqkdyg tEW&m,fuif;pDrHr_rsm;onf jyefvnfjyifqifxm;jcif; (ok@d ) cvkwfrsm; ydwfxm;jcif;a=umifh rumuG,fEdkifchJacs?

pGyfpGJcsufrsm;t&/ "gwfaiG@,kdpdrfhr_ukd jynfolrsm;tm;today;onfh tcsufay; O=oqGJoH ydwfaecJhonf? puf&kHrS tqdyf

"gwfaiG@rsm;onf aumif;uif,HwGif pwk&ef; uDvdkrDwm 20 txd zkH;v$rf;aecJhonf? tdrfajc axmifaygif; rsm;pGmonf
xkdtqdyf"gwfaiG@ zkH;v$rf;xm;onfh wdrfxkatmufrS vGwfajrmufatmif xGufajy;&ef tcsdefr&cJh=uacs?

tqdyf"gwfaiG@rsm;. qkd;usKd;rsm; (Effects of poisoning)

xdcdkufysufpD;r_}uD; jzpfyGg;+yD;aemuf/ puf&Hkonf "gwfaiG@. tpGrf;owWdrsm;ukd a'owGif;&Sd q&m0efrsm;tm;
todray;cJhacs? ,if;onf jynfolvlxktm; ukoa&;wGif ykdrkdcufcJapcJhonf?

tqdyf"gwfaiG@rdolrsm;. vuQ%mrsm;rSm - touf&SL=uyfjcif;/ cHwGif;ysufjcif;/ xyfwvJvJ ukd,fylcsdefwwfjcif;/

tqufrysuf acsmif;qkd;jcif;/ tm&kHa=umrsm; ykHrSef tvkyfrvkyfjcif;/ EkH;csd jcif; ESifh pdwf"gwfusjcif; wkd@jzpfonf?

tqdyfrsm;onf tqkyf/ OD;aESmuf/ ausmufuyf/ ºuGufom;/ rsKd;yGg;r_qkdif&m ESihf ckcHpGrf;tm;qkdif&m pepfrsm;udk

ysufpD;apcJhonf? tqdyfrdxm;ygu xkdtqdyfrsm;onf ‚if;wk@d . om;orD;rsm;xHokd@yg qufvufxdckdufaponf?

xdckdufysufpD;r_jzpfyGg;+yD;aemuf/ csufjcif; touf&SLusyfjcif;/ rsufpdjy\em ESifh/ tpmtdrf ESifh tlvrf;a=umif;jy\em

rsm; jzpfyGg;onfh vlemrsm;pGmukd ukocJh&onf? tpD&ifcHpmwckwGif touf&Sif usefae&pfolrsm;wGif tqkdyg a&m*g
vuQ%mrsm;ukd jzpfyGg;+yD; 8 ESpf=umonftxd awG@&dSae&onf [k az:jyxm;onf? tvkdtavsmuf om;ysufusr_
rsm;/ rsm;jym;vmjcif;ESifh ,cifu usef;rmoefpGrf;aeolrsm;wGif wlnDaom a&m*gvuQ%mrsm; ESifh rusef;rrm
jzpfvm=uonfhta&twGufonfvnf; jrifhwufvmonf[k tpD&ifcHpmrS qufvufaz:jyxm;onf?

rnfol@wGif wm0ef&Sdoenf;´ (Who is responsible?)

MIC ueftwGif;okd@ a&rsm;rnfokd@a&muf&dSvmonfudk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; rodEkdifchJay? tcsK@d rS ,if;onf u&d,m
ypPnf;rsm; rSm;,Gif;jcif;a=umifh[k ajymqkdae=u+yD;/ tvkyform;wa,mufa,mufrSaeI &nf&G,fcsufjzifh wrifwum
xnfhvkdufjcif;omjzpfonf/ ueftwGif;okd@ Tr# rsm;jym;aom a&yrm% tvkdtavsmuf r0ifa&mufEkdif[k/ ,leD,H
umbkdufrS pGyfpGJavonf?
,leD,Humbkduf ESifh tdENd,tpkd;& ESpfckpvkH;onf rnfo@l wGif wm0ef&Sdonf qkdonfESifhywfoufI oabm
wlnDr_w&yf r&&SdcJhojzifh/ rnfonfhzufurS xkd"mwkypPnf;rsm;ukd oef@&Sif;a&;vkyf&eftwGuf wm0ef,l&ef vufcHjcif;
r&SdcJhay? xkd@a=umifh ywf0ef;usiftwGif;&Sd tqdyftawmufrsm;onf ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;rnfhol r&SdbJ jzpfaeonf?

,if;onf vltrsm;ukd qufvuftqdyfrdaeatmif OD;wnfapcJh+yD;/ uifqmjzpfyGg;r_E_ef; jrifhwufcJhavonf?

vuf&Sd tajctae (The situation now)

2004 ckESpf pkHprf;ppfaq;r_t&/ a'otwGif;Y tqdyf"gwfaiG@jzihfnpfnrf;aer_onf qufvuf&dSaeqJjzpfa=umif;
awG@&Sd&onf?

puf&kHrsm;rS "mwktqdyfrsm;ukd pGef@ypfxm;=uonf? tusKd;quftaejzifh/ a'otwGif;&Sd vltrsm;onf "mwk

tqdyfrsm;jzifh npfnrf;aeonfh a&rsm;ukd aomufoHk;=uonf? a&wGif; 200 cef@onf aomufokH;&ef roifhavsmf[lI
a=unmcJh&onf?

aemufqufwGJ vlr_a&;qkdif&m jy\ jy\emrsm; (Social implications)

vlr_a&;jy\emrsm;ukd rSwfwrf;wifonfh w&m;0ifrSwfwrf;rsm; r&Sdaomfvnf;/ bkdyg;vf xdckdufysufpD;r_}uD;onf
rdbrJhuav;aygif;rsm;pGm ESifh rdom;pkukd &SmazGau|;arG;aeolrsm; qkH;&_H;oGm;cJh=uonf?

xdckdufcH&olrsm;. 70µ rSm qif;&Jom;rsm; jzpf=u+yD;/ touf&Sifoef&kHvpmxJwGif aexkdifae=u&olrsm;jzpfonf?

xdckdufysufpD;r_}uD; rjzpfay:rDu/ tvkyf&dSaomolrsm;pGmwk@d onf vkdtyfaeonfh um,vkyfom;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/
xkdolrsm;onf roefrpGrf;jzpfoGm;=u+yD; ‚if;wkd@. tvkyfrsm;ukd qufvufvkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;r&Sd=uawmhacs? ,cktcg
rdom;pk axmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@onf tiwfab;usvkeD;yg; tvGeftrif; qif;&JpGm aexkdifae=u&onf?

tqdyf"gwfaiG@oifhr_a=umifh uav;r&Ekdifawmhonf rdef;rrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@ a,mufsm;rsm;. pGef@ypfjcif;ukd cH=u&+yD;/

vlr_a&; cGJjcm;ESdrfhcs qufqHr_rsm;ukd &ifqkdifae=u&onf?
23 ? urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_ (Global warming)
u|Ekfyfwkd@. aep}uFm0VmtwGif;&Sd urBmajr}uD;onf tjcm;aom ò*d[frsm;ESifh rsm;pGmuGmjcm;avonf? urBmajr}uD;
ukd avxkjzifh zkH;v$rf;xm;+yD;/ xkdavxkrSaeI tyifrsm; ESihf wd&p>mefrsm;tm;vkH;udk &SifoefcGifhðyxm;jcif;jzpfonf?
avxk onf u|Ekfyfwkd@ touf&SL&efavukd jznfhqnf;ay;onfhtjyif/ urBmajr}uD;. tylcsdefukdvnf; xdef;odrf;ay;
onf? xkd@twGufa=umifh u|Ekfyfwkd@tm; &SifoefEdkif&eftwGuf tvGeftrif; yljcif;/ at;jcif; r&SdapcJhay?

urBm}uD;onf aetif pGrf;tifa=umifh ylaEG;&jcif;jzpfonf? xkdpGrf;tifrS 70µ cef@ukd urBmajr}uD; (odk@) avxkrS pkyf,l
ypfvkdufonf? usefaom aepGrf;tifrsm;onf tjyifo@dk a&mifjyef[yfvmonf? awmif0if&dk;pGef; ESihf ajrmuf0if&kd;pGef;
wGif&Sdonfh a&cJzkH;v$rf;onfh a'orsm;onf aerS pGrf;tifrsm; a&mifjyef[yf&eftwGuf ta&;}uD;ayonf? xkda&cJjyif
rsm;rS ae. pGrf;tifrsm;ukd a&mifjyef[yfjcif;r&Sdygu/ urBmajr}uD;onf ykdrkdI ylaEG;vmrnfjzpfonf?

xkd@a=umifh/ ae/ avxk/ ESifh a&cJjyif wkd@onf urBmajr}uD;. tylcsdefudk twlwuG xdef;nd‡ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?

urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;´ (What is global warming?)

urBm}uD;. &moDOwkonf t+rJwrf;ajymif;vJaeonf? a&cJacwfrsm; ESihf ylaEG;aomumvrsm;[lI &SdchJonf? xkd
ajymif;vJr_rsm;onf ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm =umjrifh+yD;aemuf wajz;ajz;ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;jzpfonf?

,cktcg urBm}uD;onf ylaEG;vmae+yD[k ,kH=unfaecJh=uonf? urBmhtylcsdefjrifhwufr_onf ykHrSefxuf v#ifjrefaecJh

onf? okd@aomf xkdajymif;vJr_onf obm0tm;jzihfr[kwfbJ/ vlwkd@. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;a=umifh jzpfonf[k odyH̀ynm
&Sifrsm;rS ,kH=unfae=uonf?

urBm}uD; ylaEG;vmonfrSm 99µ aocsmonf[k odyH̀ynm&Sifrsm;rS tckdiftrmajymqkdae=unf? +yD;cJhonfh &mpkESpfwGif

urBm}uD;. y#rf;r#tylcsdefonf 0²5 'D*&D qJvfpD,yfjrifhwufcJh+yD;/ tylcsdefonf qufvufjrifhwufaernf[k
odyH̀ynm&Sifrsm;rS ,kH=unfxm;=uonf?

xkd jrifhwufr_onf tvGefao;i,faomfvnf;/ &moDOwk ESihf urBm}uD;. ZD0rsKd;jym;r_rsm;tay:wGif tusKd;ouf

a&mufr_rsm;pGm jzpfay:apEkdifonf?

urBmhavxktylcsdef wjznf;jznf;jrifhwufvmjcif; (The greenhouse effect)

avxkxJwGif ‘greenhouse gases’ [kac:onfh ‚if;. tylcsdefudkjrifhwufapaom "gwfaiG@rsm;&Sdonf? xkd"gwfaiG@rsm;
rSm umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'f/ rDodef;/ ESifh Ekdufx&yfpf atmufqdk'f rsm;jzpfonf? xkd"gwfaiG@rsm;onf avxk. jyifyok@d
aerS pGrf;tifrsm; a&mifjyef[yfr_udk &yfwef@aponf?

xkd"gwfaiG@rsm;ukd avxkxJwGif obm0tm;jzifh awG@&Ekdif+yD;/ urBm}uD;. tylcsdefukd xdef;odrf;&ef ulnDay;onf?

okd@aomf xkd"gwfaiG@yrm%jrifhwufaejcif;onf avxkxJwGif aea&mifjcnfrS pGrf;tifrsm; ykdrkd&Sdaeonf[k t"dyg` ,f
oufa&muf+yD;/ urBm}uD;. tylcsdefukdjrifhwufaponf? ,if;ukd urBmhavxktylcsdef wjznf;jznf;jrifhwufvmjcif;
greenhouse effect [kac:onf?

urBm}uD;ylaEG;vm&jcif;ta=umif;rsm; (Causes of global warming)

avmifpmrs
mrsm;avmifu|rf;apjcif; (Burning fossil fuels)
avxkxJwGif tylcsdefukdjrifhwufaponfh "gwfaiG@rsm;. yrm%jrifhwufaejcif;onf urBm}uD;ylaEG;vm&jcif;.
ta=umif; jzpfonf[k ,kH=unf&onf? +yD;cJhonfh &mpkESpfwGif/ vlwkd@. vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf avxkwGif;&Sd tylcsdefudk
jrifhwufaponfh "gwfaiG@rsm;/ txl;ojzifh umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'f"gwfaiG@. yrm%udk tv#iftjref jrifhwufapcJhonf?
u|Ekfyfwkd@onf avmifpmrsm;ukd avmifu|rf;apaomtcgwGif umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'f"gwfaiG@xGufvmonf? puf&kHrsm;
tv#iftjrefwkd;yGg;vmjcif;/ v#yfppf"gwfxkwfvkyfjcif;/ armfawmfum;rsm; tokH;ðyjcif; ponfwkd@onf avmifpm
tajrmuftrsm;ukd avmifu|rf;ap&onf?

wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmonfh vlaer_tqifhtwef; ESihftwl/ vlOD;a& tv#iftjref wkd;yGg;vmjcif;onfvnf;/ avmifpm

rsm; avmifu|rf;apr_udk jrifhwufaponf? vlOD;a&qufvufjrifhwufaeonfESifhtr#/ zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_onf vltrsm;
twGuf vlaer_tqifhtwef; aumif;rGef&ef jr‡ihfwifay;wkdif;/ avmifpmavmifu|rf;r_rsm;onfvnf; vkH;0 ukefqkH;
roGm;rDtxd qufvufjrifhwufaernfjzpfonf?

opfawmðyef;wD;jcif; (Deforestation)
urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_wGif opfawmðyef;wD;jcif;vnf; yg0ifonf? opfyifrsm;onf umAGefudk okdavSmifxm;Ekdifjcif;ESifh/
avxkxJ&Sd umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'ftajrmuftrsm;ukd pkyf,lxm;Ekdifonf? opfyifrsm; avmifu|rf;oGm;aomtcg
‚if;wkd@ odrf;qnf;xm;onfh umAGefrsm;udk avxkxJo@dk umAGef'dkifatmufqkd'frsm;tjzpf xkwfv$wfvdkufonf?

opfawmðyef;wD;r_onf urBm}uD;ay:&Sd opfyifrsm;.ta&twGufukd av#mhcsvkdufjcif;jzpfojzifh/ umAGef'dkifatmufqkd'f

rsm; pkyf,lxm;r_udkvnf; av#mhcsvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? ae@pOfae@wdkif; rkwfokHopfawm {u 5500 wkd@onf zsufqD;cHae
=u&onf? ,if;rSm wESpfv#if {u oef; 50 jzpfonf?

tkdZkef;tv$m zsufqD;jcif; (Destruction of the ozone layer)

tkdZkef;tv$monf urBmhavxk. tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfonf? ,if;onf aerSvmonfh tEW&m,fjzpfapEkdifonfh
c&rf;vGefa&mifjcnfukd umuG,fxm;onfhtwGuf tvGefta&;}uD;onf? xkd c&rf;vGefa&mifjcnfonf ta&jym;
uifqm ESifh ta&jym; avmifu|rf;r_rsm;udk jzpfapEkdifonf?
1980 vGefESpfrsm;wGif/ vlwkd@ðyvkyfonfh "mwkypPnf;rsm;onf tkdZkef;tv$mudk xdcdkufaponfukd awG@&SdcJh&onf? xkd
"mwkypPnf;rsm;ukd uvkd&kdzvl&kdumAGefrsm; chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) [kac:+yD;/ a&cJaowWm ESihf r_wfaq;Al; rsm;
wGif tokH;ðyonf? r_wfaq;Al;rsm;wGif CFCs tokH;ðyjcif;udk ynmay;v_@H aqmfpnf;&kH;r_rsm; t}uD;tus,fðyvkyf&m
CFC tokH;ðyr_ukd atmifjrifpGm av#mhcsEkdifchJonf? CFC rsm;a=umifh tdkZkef;tv$monf yg;vsao;i,fvmcJh+yD;/
,cktcgwGif ajrmuf0if&kd;pGef; ESifh awmif0if&dk;pGef;rsm;ay:&Sd tkdZkef;v$mwGif tayguf}uD;rsm; jzpfaecJhonf? ,cktcgwGif
awmif0if&kd;pGef;ay:&Sd tkdZkef;v$mtaygufonf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk. tus,ft0ef;xuf 3 q }uD;rm;aeonf?
urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_onf tkdZkef;v$mudk ykdrkd ysufpD;apEkdifonfhtwGuf pkd;&drfp&mjzpfvmaeonf?

urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_. tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; (Effects of global warming)

+yD;cJhonfh &mpkESpfwGif urBm}uD;. tylcsdefonf 0²5 'D*&D qJvfpD,yf jrifhwufchJonf? xkdao;i,faom

ajymif;vJr_onf urBm}uD;. tpdwftykdif;rsm;wGif xdcdkufr_wckjzpfcJhonf[k ,lq&onf? taxmuftxm;rsm;t&/
ajrmuf0if&kd;pGef;&Sd a&cJjyifonf pwift&nfaysmfvmonfudk jyoaeonf? a&cJjyif. t&G,fyrm%onf 10
ESpf=umwkdif;wGif 9µ avsmhusvmaeonf[k odyH̀ynm&Sifrsm;rS ajymqkdaeonf?

tu,fI xkdE_ef;twkdif;qufvufavsmhusaeygu/ a&cJjyifonf T&mpkESpftukefwGif tukefvkH; t&nfaysmf+yD;

jzpfrnf? a&cJjyifrsm;onf urBmhavxk. jyifyrS ae. pGrf;tifudk a&mifjyef[yf&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾wGif
&Sdaeaoma=umifh/ ‚if;wkd@. aysmufuG,fr_onf urBm}uD;. tylcsdefudk ykdrkdjrifhwufvmaprnfjzpfonf?

urBmtESH@tjym;wGif a&cJawmifrsm; t&nfaysmfaeonfudk awG@&Sdae&onf? omreftm;jzifh ESif;yGifhtopfrsm;ESifh

a&cJopfrsm;onf tay:okd@ pkykHjrifhwufvmpOfwGif tedrhfydkif; tv$mrsm;onf wjznf;jznf;aysmfusjcif;jzpfonf? xkd
aysmfusaom a&rsm;onf jrpfrsm;twGif;ok@d pD;0ifvm+yD;/ vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwkd@ukd okH;pGJ&eftwGuf jznfhqnf;ay;
onf? a&cJawmifrsm;qkH;&_H;jcif;onf wkdif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;&Sd a&ay;a0r_pepfrsm;udk t}uD;tus,fxdckduf ysufpD;ap
rnfjzpfonf?

urBm}uD;tylcsdefjrifhwufvmr_onf yifv,fjyifukdvnf; ylaEG;vmaponf? yifv,ftylcsdefajymif;vJjcif;onf

yifv,ftwGif;&Sd a*[pepfrsm;pGmudk xdckdufysufpD;aprnfjzpfonf? xkdrSwqifh yifv,fowW0grsKd;pdwfrsm;pGmwkd@ qkH;&_H;
apjcif; ESifh oEWmausmufwef;rsm;ukdyg zsufqD;aprnfjzpfonf?

urBm}uD; ylaEG;vmr_. t"duta&;t}uD;qkH; jy\emrSm yifv,fa&rsufESmjyif jrifhwufvmapjcif; jzpfonf?

ta=umif;rSm a&cJjyif ESifh a&cJawmifrsm; aysmfusjcif;wkd@a=umifhESihf yifv,fjyifylaEG;vmonfhtwGuf yifv,fa&
us,fjyef@vmjcif;/ 2 rsKd;pvkH;a=umifhjzpfonf? ,if;ukd yifv,fa&onf 10-20 pifwDrDwmtxd jrifhwufvmonfudk
awG@&Sd&jcif;jzifh od&SdEkdifonf?

a&cJjyifrsm;vkH;0t&nfaysmfusI/ yifv,fa&rsufESmjyif jrifhwufvmygu/ ajredrhfydkif;a'orsm;tm;vkH; a&v$rf;rkd;oGm;

vdrfhrnfjzpfonf? xkd ajredrfhykdif; a'otrsm;pkonf v,f,mpkdufysKd;&eftwGuf tokH;ðyusjcif;jzpfonf?

urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_onf &moDOwkajymif;vJjcif;rsm;ukdvnf; jzpfapEkdifonf? tcsKd@a'orsm;wGif rkd;acgifjcif;/

a&}uD;jcif;/ ESifh tjcm;aom a'orsm;wGif =urf;wrf;aom rkefwkdif;rsm;jzpfay:jcif; ponfh &moDOwk tpGef;a&muf
jcif;rsm; jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf[k ,kH=unf&onf? &moDOwkajymif;vJr_onf wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif pkdufysKd;Ekdifonfh aumufyJ
oD;ESHrsm;tay:wGifvnf; tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm; jzpfay:vmvdrhfrnfjzpfonf?

tem*wfukd a[mudef;xkwfjcif; (Future Predictions)

urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_ESifh ywfoufI tajctwifaqG;aEG;jiif;ckHr_rsm; rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf? tar&duef 'kwd, orRwa[mif;
tJbwf *kd; (Albert Gore) rS “urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_onf 21 &mpkESpf. t}uD;rm;qkH;aom ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m
pdefac:r_wckjzpfvmvdrfhrnf” [kajymqkdcJhavonf?

vlrsm;pGmwkd@rS urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_onf vlw@dk . vkyfaqmifr_rsm;a=umifh jzpfay:vmonfh qkd;&Gm;aom jy\emwck

tjzpf vufcH,kH=unfae=upOfwGif/ tjcm;aomolrsm;rSmrl urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_onf urBmajr}uD;tylcsdef obm0t&
ajymif;vJr_wckomjzpfonf[k ,kH=unfae=uonf? tcsKd@rS ,kH=unfonfrSm ,if;onf aerSvmonf pGrf;tifyrm%
ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;a=umif;jzpf+yD;/ tcsKd@rSmrl tylcsdefjrifhwufvmr_onf ,m,Domjzpfonf[k trsKd;rsKd;ajymqkd,Hk=unf
ae=uavonf?

urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_ESifh ywfoufonfh odyH̀ynm&Sifrsm;url/ tu,fI tylcsdefonf qufvufjrifhwufaeygu

aemuf&mpkESpfwGif jzpfay:vmrnfh rsm;pGmaom tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk óudwifa[mudef;xkwfxm;cJh=uonf -

yifv,fa&jrifhwufvmjcif;onf e,fomvefEdkifiH&dS a'otcsK@d / Ekdif;jrpf0Srf;/ ESifh b*Fvm;a'h&fS uJhokd@aom

a'orsm;wGif a&v$rf;rkd;r_rsm; jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf/

jyif;xefaom avrkefwkdif;wkdufckdufr_rsm; ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmrnf/

txl;ojzifh zGH@òzd;qJEdkifiHrsm;wGif tpm;taomuf pkdufysKd;xkwfvkyf&ef tcuftcJrsm; jrifhwufvmcJhrnf/

trsKd;rsKd;aom ZD0rsKd;pdwfrsm;pGmwdk@ESifh oEWmausmufwef;rsm; aysmufuG,fukefrnf/

awmrD;avmifjcif;rsm;rSwqifh rkwfokHopfawmrsm; ukefqHk;ukefrnf/

iSufzsm;a&m*g jzpfyGg;r_rsm; tv#iftjref jrifhwufvmrnf/

tem*wfwGif bmawGjzpfvmrnfqkdonfudk rnfolr# aocsmayguf rodEkdifaomfvnf;/ ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tzGJ@

tpnf;rsm; ESifh wkdif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;&Sd tpkd;&rsm;onf/ urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_udk wefjyef&eftwGuf/ ta&;w,l
aqmif&Gufr_rsm; vkyfaqmif&ef vkdtyfae+yD[k ,kH=unfae=uonf?
usKdwkd oabmwlnDcsuf rSwfwrf; (Kyoto Protocol)

usKdwkdrSwfwrf;onf w&m;0ifcsnfaESmifxm;onfh aqG;aEG;yGJoabmwlnDcsuf rSwfwrf;wckjzpf+yD;/ xkdoabmwlnDr_

wGif pufr_zGH@òzd;+yD;EkdifiHrsm;onf/ umAGef'kdifatmufqdk'f ESihf tjcm;aom avxk. tylcsdefukd jrifhwufaprnfh "gwfaiG@
rsm;xkwfvkyfr_udk/ 1990 ckESpfwGif xkwfvkyfonfh yrm%tqifhxufavsmheJonfh 5²2µ tqifhtxd xkwfvkyfr_ukd
av#mhcs&efjzpfonf?

tqkdyg rSwfwrf;udk 1997 ckESpfwGif pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? oabmwlnDcsuf touf0ifvmap&eftwGuf wkdif;jynf

55 EkdifiHukd wGef;tm;ay;cJhonf? urBmhumAGef'dkifatmufqdk'fxkwfv$wfr_. pkpkaygif; 55µ &SdonfhtwGuf oabmwl
vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJh=uonf? usKdwkdoabmwlnDcsuftwGif;ok@d &k&SrS 2005 ckESpfwGif yg0ifvufrSwfxkd;cJhonfhtwGuf/
umAGefxkwfv$wfonfh EkdifiHonf oabmwlnDcsuft& 55µ ausmfoGm;cJhonf?

avmavmq,fwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;onfh EkdifiH 153 EkdifiH&dSonfhtwGuf urBmhumAGefxkwfv$wfr_. 64µukd

ukd,fpm; ðyaeonf?

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk/ =opaw;vs ESifh w&kwfEkdifiHwkd@onf oabmwlnDr_wGif vufrSwfrxkd;cJh=uacs? tar&duef

jynfaxmifpkonf avmavmq,fwGif urBmhumAGef'dkifatmufqdk'fxkwfv$wfr_. 25µ wm0ef&dSae+yD;/ usKdwkd
oabmwlnDcsufrS owfrSwfxm;onfh xkwfv$wfr_yrm%tqifho@dk a&mufatmif av#mhcsvkdufygu tar&duefw@dk .
pD;yGg;a&;udk xdckdufapcJhvdrfhrnf[k ajymqkdaecJhonf? w&kwfjynf. xkwfv$wfr_yrm%onf r=umaomumvwGif
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkudk ausmfvGefoGm;vdrhfrnf[k cef@rSef;&onf?
24 ? pGrf;tiftokH;ðyr_ (Energy use)
ausmufrD;aoG;/ a&eH ESifh obm0"gwfaiG@rsm;onf a&S;&kyfºuGif;avmifpmrsm;jzpf=uonf? ,if;wk@d ukd a&S;&kyfºuGif;
avmifpmrsm;[kac:=uonf/ tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ,if;wk@d onf orkdifrwkdifrDacwfrS wd&p>mefrsm; ESifh tyifrsm;rS
ºuGif;usef&pfonfh &kyfºuGif;rsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? a&S;&kyfºuGif;avmifpmrsm;onf urBmhv#yfppfpGrf;tm;.
66µ ESifh urBmhpkpkaygif; pGrf;tifokH;pGJr_ (tylay;jcif;/ o,f,ly@dk aqmifa&;/ v#yfppf"gwfxkwfvkyfr_/ tp&Sdonfw@dk ) .
95µukd jznfhqnf;ay;aeonf?

a&S;&kyfºuGif;avmifpmrsm;rS pGrf;tifxkwfvkyfr_onf tvGeftpGrf;xuf+yD;/ ukefusp&dwfvnf; eJyg;avonf? v#yfppf

"gwftm;xkwfvkyfonfhpuf&kHwckonf v#yfppfpGrf;tiftajrmuftrsm;ukd xkwfvkyfEkdifonf? tqifrajyr_ wckrSm
a&S;&kyfºuGif;avmifpmrsm; avmifu|rf;jcif;onf urBm}uD;ukd ylaEG;vmapjcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;tjyif a&S;&kyfºuGif;avmifpm
rsm;okH;pGJjcif;onf urBmhnpfnrf;r_ukd jzpfapaomta=umif;rsm;xJwGif t}uD;rm;qkH;aomt&mwckjzpfonf?
xkda&S;&kyfºuGif;avmifpmrsm;xJrS ausmufrD;aoG;onf pGrf;tif 28µudk xkwfvkyf+yD;/ a&eHonf 40µukdxkwf vkyfonf?
a&eHonf urBmhpD;yGg;a&;wGif tvGefta&;ygonf? obm0"gwfaiG@onf 20µukd jznfhqnf;ay;onf? a&S;&kyfºuGif;
avmifpmrsm;onf topfjyefvnftokH;csEkdifaomt&mrsm;r[kwfay? qkdvkdonfrSm ,if;wkd@onf aemufqHk;wGif
okH;pGJI ukefqkH;oGm;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf?
urBmw0Srf;wGif pGrf;tiftokH;ðyr_onf nDr#r_r&Sd=uay? csrf;omaomwkdif;jynfrsm;onf urBmhvlOD;a&. 20µom&Sd+yD;/
olwkd@onf urBmhpGrf;. 80µ cef@ukd tokH;ðyae=uonf? jrefrmEkdifiHuJhokd@ qif;&Jaom wkdif;jynfrsm;onf ‚if;wk@d .
jynfolrsm;twGuf pGrf;tifvkHavmufr_r&Sd=uacs? ok@d &mwGif olwkd@onf pGrf;tiftajrmuftrsm;ukd csrf;omaom
wkdif;jynfrsm;okd@ a&mif;csv#uf&SdaeqJjzpfonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf urBmha&eH. 25µukd tokH;ðyaeonf?
xkda&eHtrsm;pkrSm jyifywkdif;jynfrsm;rS wifoGif;jcif;jzpfonf?
atmufyg Z,m;ykHonf jrefrm/ xkdif; ESihf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkw@dk . pGrf;tiftokH;ðyr_yrm%ukd jyoxm;jcif;
jzpfonf?

90%
80%
70%
60% Transport
50%
Industry
40%
Home use
30%
20% Other
10%
0%
Burma Thailand USA

jrefrmEkdifiHonf wESpfv#if a&eH rufx&pfwefcsdef 11˜435˜000 ukd tokH;ðyonf?

xkdif;EkdifiHonf wESpfv#if a&eH rufx&pfwefcsdef 49˜904˜000 udk tokH;ðyonf?
tar&duefonf wESpfv#if a&eH rufx&pfwefcsdef 1˜475˜404˜000 ukd tokH;ðyonf?
vlOD;a& (1980) jrefrmEkdifiHvlOD;a& 42˜510˜537
xkdif;EkdifiHvlOD;a& 64˜265˜276
tar&duefEdkifiHvlOD;a& 290˜342˜554
1 ? jrefrmjynfwGif pGrf;tiftrsm;pkukd bmtwGuf tokH;ðyoenf;´

____________________________________________________________________________________

2 ? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif pGrf;tiftrsm;pkudk bmtwGuf tokH;ðyoenf;´

____________________________________________________________________________________

3 ? wkdif;jynfwckpD&Sd vlwa,mufonf a&eHrnfr#ukd tokH;ðyoenf;´

jrefrmEkdifiH __________________
xkdif;EkdifiH __________________
tar&duefEkdifiH __________________
4 ? wkdif;jynfwckrS vlwa,mufv#if a&eHyrm% rnfr#oHk;pGJonfudk Z,m;ykHa&;qGJjyyg?
25 ? wkd;wufr_avhvmcsuf - jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd "gwfaiG@ykdufvkdif;rsm; (Case Study: Gas pipelines in
Burma)

a&ïydkufvkdif; pDrHudef; (Proposed Shwe Pipeline)

,ckktcgwGif jrefrm ESifh tdENd,wkd@onf "gwfaiG@ykdufvdkif;wckwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf aphpyfaqG;aEG;r_rsm; ðyvkyfae
=uonf? ,if;wGif jrefrmonf ‚if;. "gwfaiG@wGif;rsm;rS "gwfaiG@rsm;udk tdENd,tm; a&mif;cs&ef cGihfðyjcif;jzpfonf?

"gwfaiG@wGif;rsm;onf/ jrefrmEkdifiHtaemufzuf/ &ckdifjynfe,f urf;vGefa'owGifwnf&dS+yD;/ 2003 ckESpfwGif &SmazGawG@&Sd

cJhjcif;jzpfonf? xkd"gwfaiG@wGif;rsm;onf ta&S@awmiftm&S&dS "gwfaiG@wGif;rsm;wGif t}uD;rm;qkH;aom "gwfaiG@xkwf
vkyfEkdifonfh wGif;rsm;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmppftpkd;&. wckwnf;aom t}uD;rm;qkH; EkdifiHjcm;0ifaiG&vrf;jzpfonf?

xkd"gwfaiG@rsm;onf jrefrmjynfolrsm; rsm;pGmvkdtyfaeonfh pGrf;tifukd jznfhqnf;ay;&eftwGuf tokH;ðyEkdifonf?

jrefrmjynfwGif xif;udk avmifpmtjzpfoHk;pGJr_onf 90µ&Sdae+yD;/ v#yfppfrSm 1µatmufom&&SdaeonfhtwGuf/
wkdif;jynftwGif;&Sd opfawmðyef;wD;r_ukd v#ifjrefaeaponf? rnfokd@yifqkdap/ "gwfaiG@ukd jynfwGif;vlxk. vkdtyfcsuf
rsm;ukd ajz&Sif;&ef tokH;rðybJ/ ppftpkd;&onf xdkwefzdk;&Sdonfh &if;jrpfrsm;ukd jynfyokd@ wify@dk a&mif;cs&ef pDrHaeonf?

ppftpkd;&onf &ckdifjynfe,f. obm0&if;jrpftajrmuftrsm;ukd a&mif;cs+yD;jzpfonf? a&$"gwfaiG@pDrHudef;. tajccH

taqmufttkHrsm;a=umifh/ &ckdifurf;&kd;wef;wav#muf&dS a*[pepfrsm;pGm ESifh rsKd;pdwfrsm;pGmwk@d onf +cdrf;ajcmufcHae
=u&onf? touf tEW&m,f&Sdaeonfh rsKd;pdwfrsm;wGif &ckdifopfawmrsm;twGif;rS vdyfrsm; ESihf {&m0wDjrpfrS vif;ydkif
ig;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaeonf?

"gwfaiG@wl;azmfjcif; ESifh &SmazGjcif;wkd@onf yifv,fa& npfnrf;r_ukd jzpfapEkdifonf? a&eH ESihf obm0"gwfaiG@&SmazG

azmfxkwfr_ ESifh ywfoufI jrefrmjynf&Sd wnfqJOya'rsm;wGif ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;umuG,fa&;twGuf rnfonfh
Oya'r# jyÏmef;xm;jcif;rsKd;r&Sday?

ywf0ef;usifxdckdufysufpD;r_tjyif/ ykdufvkdif;wnfaqmufr_wGif twif;t"rR tdrf,ma&$@ajymif;jcif;/ twif;t"rR

vkyftm;ay;ckdif;apjcif;/ rk'def;ðyusifhjcif;/ ESihf Oya'rJh owfjzwfjcif;rsm; uJhokd@aom us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ vl@tcGihfta&;
csKd;azmufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmonf?

ukd;um; – http://www.shwe.org
&wem ESifh &JwHcGef ykdufvkdif;rsm; (Yadana and Yetagun Pipelines)
a&$*ufpfykdufvkdif;wnfaqmufr_onf ywf0ef;usifxdckdufysufpD;apjcif; ESifh vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm; jzpfay:vm
rnfukd vlrsm;pGmwkd@onf a=umuf&GH@ae=uonf? xkda=umuf&@HG r_rsm;onf jrefrmjynfawmifydkif;wGif "gwfaiG@ykdufvkdif; 2
ck wnfaqmufr_rSaeI aumif;pGm&&Sdvmjcif;jzpfonf?

jrefrmppftpkd;&onf taemufEkdifiHa&eHukr`%D}uD; 3 ckESifhtwl jrefrmEkdifiHawmifydkif;wGif obm0"gwfaiG@ydkufvkdif; 2

ckudk wnfaqmufcJhonf? xkdukr`%D 3 ckrSm - Unocal (US), Premier Oil (UK), and TotalFinaElf
(France/Belgium) wkd@jzpf=uonf?

xkd ukr`%D 3 ckonf &ufpuf=urf;ñuwfaom Armppfwyfudk ‚if;wkd@.ykdufvkdif;pDrHudef; vkHòcHa&;twGuf/ ppfom;rsm;.

vkHòcHa&;wm0ef,laecsdeftwGif; qkd;&Gm;aom vl@tcGihfta&;csKd;azmufr_ taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd vpfvsL&_v#uf
tokH;ðycJh=uonf? Armppfom;rsm;onf ykdufvkdif;tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuf twif;t"rRvkyftm;ay;apckdif;r_rsm;ðyvkyf&ef
t&yfom;jynfolaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmudk twif;tusyf ay:wmqGJjcif;rsm;/ uif;apmifhckdif;jcif;rsm;ukd ðyvkyfcJhjcif;/
owfjzwfcJhjcif;/ rk'def;usifhcJhjcif;/ n‡if;yrf; ESdyfpufjcif; ESifh ykdufvdkif; vrf;a=umif;wav#muf&dS teD;tem;w0kdufwGif
aexkdifae=uaom tjypfrJh&Gmom;rsm;ukd twif;t"rR tdrf,majymif;a&$@ckdif;jcif;rsm;ukd usL;vGefcJh=uonf?
xkdykdufvkdif; 2 ck. trnfrSm &wem ESifh &JwHcGefydkufvdkif;rsm;[lI xif&Sm;cJhonf? &wemykdufvkdif;ukd TotalFinaElf /
Unocal / Armppfwyfykdif a&eHukr`%Djzpfonfh MOGE ESifh xkdif;tpkd;&ykdif a&eHukr`%Djzpfonfh PTTEP
wkd@vkyfaqmifcJh+yD;/ &JwHcGefykdufvkdif;ukd Premier Oil / Petronas (Malaysia) / MOGE ESifh PTTEP wkd@rS
vkyfaqmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

ykdufvkdif;rsm;onf tuf'refyifv,fwGif;&Sd a&eHwGif;rsm;rS obm0"gwfaiG@rsm;ukd/ jrefrmEkdifiHatmufykdif; weoFm&D

wkdif;ukdjzwfI xkdif;EkdifiHokd@ o,faqmifay;jcif;jzpfonf? ta&S@awmiftm&SwGif rysufpD;ao;onfh t}uD;rm;qkH;aom
rkwfokHopfawmrsm;xJrS wckonf weoFm&Da'oY &Sdaeonf?

ykdufvkdif;rsm;onf xkdif;EkdifiH&Sd v#yfppf"gwftm;puf&Hkwcko@dk "gwfaiG@rsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;onf? rnfonfh"gwfaiG@r#

jrefrmjynfwGif;tokH;ðy&eftwGuf a&muf&dSrvmcJhacs? xkdif;EkdifiHonf pGrf;tifykdv#HaeaomEkdifiHjzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHwGif;ok@d
wifoGif;vmonfh pGrf;tifrsm;tm;vkH;ukd ukefatmifrokH;Ekdifacs?

xkdykdufvkdif;pDrHudef;rsm;onf jrefrmppfwyftwGuf t}uD;rm;qkH;aom 0ifaiG&vrf;wckyifjzpf+yD;/ ppftpkd;&twGuf

a':vm oef; okH;axmifausmf &SmazGay;onf? ykdufvkdif;vrf;a=umif;rsm;onf ta&S@awmiftm&S. rysufrpD;ao;bJ
yuwdtwkdif; aemufqkH;usefaeonfh t}uD;rm;qkH;aom rkwfoHkopfawmrsm;teufrS wckjzpfonfh weoFm&Da'oukd
jzwfoef;oGm;cJhonfhtwGuf rsKd;pdwf 'gZifaygif;rsm;pGmukd ab;tEW&m,fjzpfapcJhonf? ykdufvkdif;rsm;onf urBmay:wGif
zsufqD;r_t}uD;rm;qkH;aom &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm;xJwGif yg0ifonf?

twif;t"rRvkyftm;ay;jcif; (Forced Labour)

,cktcg ykdufvkdif;rsm;onf +yD;qkH;oGm;+yDjzpfaomfvnf;/ ykdufvkdif;vkHòcHa&;wyfz@JG rsm;. ykdufvdkif;vkHòcHa&;twGuf
t&yfom;rsm;tm; uif;apmifh&ef tcrJhvHkòcHa&;,lcdkif;jcif;/ twif;t"rR ckdif;apjcif;rsm; cHae&qJjzpfonf? ykdufvkdif;
vkHòcHa&;,lxm;aom ppfwyfrsm;onf t&yfom;rsm;tm; ay:wmqGJjcif;rsm; usL;vGefaeqJjzpf+yD;/ r=umc%qkdovkd
aus;&Gmom;rsm;rSm toufaoonftxd &kdufESufn‡if;yrf; cHcJh=u&onf? okd@aomf a&eHukr`%Drsm;onf xkd
rw&m;n‡if;yrf;/ ESdyfpuf/ owfjzwf/ ckdif;apjcif;rsm;ukd qufvuf jiif;qkdaeqJjzpf+yD;/ ,if;wkd@ukd wm0ef,l&ef
jiif;qkdaeonf?

ukr`%Drsm;. wm0ef&Sdr_ukd ukdifaqmifjcif; (Holding the Companies Accountable)

jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd vl@tcGifha&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;wGif yg0ifcJhonfh rnfonfh a&eHukr`%Dr#/ xdckdufepfem&onfh aus;&Gmom;
rsm;tm; avsmfa=u;rsm;ay;aqmif&ef (odk@) wm0ef,ljcif; r&SdchJay? rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/ ykdufvkdif;a'o&Sd 'kuQonf
rsm;onf tjynfjynfqkdif&m ajrurBm tzG@J tpnf;. tultnDjzifh ,lEkdu,f ukr`%Dtm; tar&duef&Sd w&m;&kH;
rsm;wGif w&m;pGJqkdcJhavonf?

ykdufvkdif;wav#muf&Sd vkHòcHa&;udk jznfhqnf;ay;cJhonfh ppfom;rsm;. twif;t"rRckdif;apr_rsm;/ rk'def;ðyusifhr_rsm;/

vlowfr_rsm;tay: wm0ef&Sdonfh ukr`%Dtm; w&m;pGJqdkchJonfh jrefrmaus;&Gmom;rsm;tm; avsmfa=u;rsm;ay;
aqmif&ef/ ,lEkdu,fukr`%Donf/ 2005 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif/ oabmwlnDchJonf?
26 ? vlOD;a& (Population)
urBmhvlOD;a&onf oef; 6000 okd@a&muf&SdchJ+yD;jzpfonf? xkdvlOD;a&onf +yD;cJhonfh ESpf 100 twGif; trsm;qkH; wkd;yGg;cJh
jcif;jzpfonf? ouU&mZf 2050 ckESpfokd@a&mufaomtcg/ urBmhvlOD;a&onf 7²9 bDvD,H ESihf 10²9 bDvD,Ht=um;okd@
a&muf&Sdvmrnf[k cef@rSef;xm;=uonf?

urBmajray:wGif&Sdonfh vlOD;a&wkd;yGg;r_ESifhywfoufI tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk aqG;aEG;jiif;ckHajymqkdr_rsm; trsm;

tjym;&Sdaeonf? urBm}uD;onf ,if;. tuef@towfudk a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpfI aemufxyfvlOD;a&twGuf qufvuf
jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifawmhrnfr[kwf[k tcsKd@olrsm;u ajymqkdae=u+yD;/ tjcm;aomolrsm;rSmrl tu,fI u|Ekfyfwkd@onf
obm0&if;jrpfrsm;ukd a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh tokH;ðycJhv#if/ urBm}uD;onf aemufxyfvlrsm;pGm
twGuf jznfhqnf;ay;EkdifvdrfhtkH;rnf[k ajymqkdae=uonf?

vuf&SdzGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_onf a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifonfh enf;vrf;r[kwfay? obm0&if;jrpfrsm;onf v#ifjrefpGm okH;pGJjcif;

cHae=u&onf? obm0&if;jrpfrsm;ukd tvGJoHk;pm;ðyjcif;. ta=umif;wckrSm tvGeftu|H okH;pGJjcif;jzpfonf? vlOD;a&
wkd;wufvmonfESifhtr#/ wkdif;jynfrsm; zG@H òzd;wkd;wufvmonfESifhtr#/ vlwkd@onf ykdrkdjrifhrm;onfh vlaer_ pepfukd
ar#mfvifh=ujcif;/ ykdrkd0,f,lokH;pGJjcif;/ ESifh ykdrdkI pGe@f ypfypPnf;rsm; rsm;jym;vmjcif;wkd@jzpfvmonf?

urBmajr}uD;. 3 ykH 1 ykHausmfaom ajrrsm;ukd vlw@dk onf ajymif;vJchJ=uonf? ,if;onf urBmhiSufrsKd;pdwfrsm;. 4 ykH
1 ykHukd qkH;&_H;ap+yD;/ urBmhig;zrf;{&d,m. 3 ykH 2 ykHudkvnf;/ tvGeftu|H zrf;,lchJ=uonf? urBmh ork'N&mrsm;. ig;zrf;
{&d,m trsm;tjym;wGif ,cktcg ig;rsm;r&Sdawmhay?

t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk trsm;qkH; okH;pGJjcif; ESihf pGe@f ypfypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_trsm;qkH;rSm urBmhvlOD;a&. tcsrf;omqkH;aom

20µ wkd@jzpf=u+yD;/ qif;&Jaomvltrsm;pkrSmrl tvGefeJyg;pGm okH;pGJcJh=ujcif;jzpfonf?

urBmhtcsrf;omqkH;. 5 ykH 1 ykHrS umAGef'dkifatmufqdk'f pkpkaygif;. 53µudk xkwfv$wf=uonf? tar&duefrS 25µudk

xkwfv$wfcJhonf? tqif;&JqkH;aom 5 ykH 1 ykH. umAGef'dkifatmufqkd'f xkwfv$wfr_rSm 3µom &Sdonf?

zGH@òzd;+yD; EkdifiHrsm;. pGef@ypfypPnf;xkwfvkyfr_yrm%rSm/ zG@H òzd;qJEdkifiHrsm;. pGef@ypfypPnf; xkwfvkyfr_yrm%xuf 2 q rS

5 q ydkrsm;onf?

tar&duefwkd@. y#rf;r# ywf0ef;usifay:xdcdkufr_rSm/ zG@H òzd;qJEdkifiHrsm;rS EkdifiHom;rsm;. y#rf;r# xdckdufr_xuf 30 rS 50

q txd ykdrkd}uD;rm;onf?

‚if;tjyif xkdtpGef; 2zuf=um;&Sd EkdifiHom;rsm;. aexkdifr_tqifhtwef; ykdrkduGm[vmonfESihftr# ‚if;wkd@a=umifh

ywf0ef;usif xdckdufr_onfvnf; ykdrkduGm[vmonf?

vlOD;a&wkd;yGg;vmr_onf tem*wfwGif vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmtwGuf qkd;0g;aom a&&Sm;yg;jywfawmufr_ jzpfay:vm

Ekdifonf? ‚if;tjyif tnpfta=u;pGef@ydkufvdkufrsm; wkd;yGg;vmjcif;/ pdrhfajrt&yfrsm;zGH@òzd;r_ xdckdufapjcif;/ ESifh
ig;rsm;.pm;usufrsm;ysufpD;jcif;ukdvnf;jzpfay:vmaprnfjzpfonf?

urBmh opfawmrsm;onf v#ifjrefpGm qkwf,kwfusqif;aejcif; ESihf/ ukefqHk;r_rsm;onf t"dutm;jzifh zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiH

rsm;wGifjzpfonf? vGefcJhonfh ESpf 50 twGif;/ urBmh ajrqDv$m. 12µ onf qkd;&Gm;pGm xdcdkufysufpD;cJhonf?

om;&kdif;rsKd;pdwfrsm;rSm obm0tavsmuf aysmufuG,fjcif;xuf tq 50 rS 100 txd ykdrdkv#ifjrefaeonf? teJqkH;
ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; rsKd;pdwf 27˜000 qkH;&_H;aysmufuG,fae=uonf?

1950 ckESpfrSpI ywf0ef;usifavxktylcsdefudk jrifhwufaponfh "gwfaiG@rsm;xkwfvkyfr_onf 4 q wkd;vmcJhonf?

xkd xkwfvkyfr_. trsm;pkrSm zGH@òzd;+yD;EkdifiHrsm;rSjzpfonf? ,if;tjyif aemuf 10 ESpftwGif; urBmhzGH@òzd;qJEdkifiHrsm;Y
vnf; xdkuJhokd@aom "gwfaiG@xkwfvkyfr_rsm;onf tv#iftjref jrifhwufvmzG,f&dSonf?
27 ? a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdifonfh zGH@òzd;r_ (Sustainable development.)
a&&SnfwnfhwHhEkdifaom zGH@òzd;r_qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;´ (What is sustainable development?)
a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdifonfh zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_qkdonfrSm “urBmw0Srf;vkH;&Sd jynfolrsm;tm;vkH;tm;/ tem*wfrsKd;qufopf
rsm;. vkdtyfcsufrsm;twGuf txl;pkd;&drfp&mrvkdbJ ,ckvuf&dS ‚if;wkd@. tajccHvdktyfcsufrsm; auseyfjynfh0ap&ef/
ESifh ykdrkdaumif;rGefonfh vlr_b0tqifhtwef;wckudk &&SdEkdifaom” zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_rsKd;udkqkdvkdonf?

urBm}uD;. obm0&if;jrpfrsm;tm; tvGefv#ifjrefpGm okH;pGJypfcJh=uonfqdkonfudk ,cktcgwGif jynfolrsm;onf

oabmayguf em;vnfvmcJh=u+yD;jzpfonf? tu,fI obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ,ckE_ef;xm;twkdif; qufvuf
okH;pGJaeygu/ tem*wfrsKd;qufopfrsm;onf obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk cHpm;cGihfr&&SdbJ ydwfyifcH&rnfjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@.
touf&Sif&yfwnfEkdifr_twGuf usef;rmoefpGrf;aom ywf0ef;usifvdktyfcJhvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?

urBmajr}uD;onf ,if;. obm0 t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd jyefvnfjznfhqnf;ay;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf? odk@aomf vlom;wk@d

okH;pGJaeonfh E_ef;udk vdkufrDatmif jznfhqnf;ay;EkdifpGrf;r&Sday? a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdifonfh zG@H òzd;wkd;wufr_onf t&if;
tjrpfrsm;udk obm0avmu}uD;rS jyefvnfjznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonfh E_ef;xm;ESihf nDr#pGm (ok@d ) ‚if;xufavsmheJpGm
okH;pGJjcif;omjzpfonf?

u|Ekfyfwkd@okH;pGJaer_rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpfonfh opfyifrsm;/ a&rsm;/ ausmufjzpf&kyfºuGif;avmifpm

rsm;/ ajrqDrsm;/ ESifh pGef@ypfypPnf;/ npfnrf;r_/ ESihf ywf0ef;usifavxktylcsdefudk jrifhwufapaom"gwfaiG@rsm; ponfh
xkwfvkyfr_rsm;udkvnf; urBm}uD;rS tvsifrDatmifjznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonftxd av#mhcs&efjzpfonf? urBm}uD;ylaEG;vm
r_onf/ a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdifaom zGH@òzd;r_udk axmufcHaomolrsm;twGuf txl;oD;oef@udpPw&yfjzpfonf?

ywf0ef;usif ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;qkdif&m urBmh aumfrpf&Sifudk 1987 ckESpfwGif usif;ycJhonf? xdktpnf;ta0;rS/ a&&Snf
wnfhwHhEkdifonfh zGH@òzd;r_onf ta=umif;tcsuf 2 ckay:wGif tm&kHpkdufoifhonf [kajymqkdchJonf? xkd 2 csufrSm/
urBmajray:wGif aexkdifonfh vlom;tm;vkH;. tajccHvdktyfcsufukd &&Sd&ef/ ESifh ypPKy`ef ESihf tem*wf vkdtyfcsuf
rsm;twGuf obm0. jznfhqnf;ay;EkdifpGrf;twkdif;/ enf;ynm ESihf vlr_a&; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; uef@owf&ef
wkd@jzpfonf?

a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdifonfh pGrf;tif (Sustainable energy)

,ae@urBm}uD;&ifqkdifae&onfh }uD;rm;onfh jy\emwckrSm a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifonfh pGrf;tifxkwfvkyfa&;yifjzpfonf?
pGrf;tifvkdtyfr_ jrifhwufvmonfESifhtr#/ obm0a&S;&kyfºuGif;avmifpmokH;pGJr_rsm;vnf; vkdufygjrifhwufvmonf?
a&S;&kyfºuGif;avmifpmrsm;rS pGrf;tifxkwfvkyfr_onf ukefusp&dwfr}uD;rm;ay? rnfokd@qkdap/ ,cktcg u|Ekfyfwkd@ onf
urBmajr}uD;. a&S;&kyfºuGif;avmifpmrsm;ukd/ obm0avmu}uD;rS jyefvnfz@JG pnf;ay;Ekdifonfxuf tq 100˜000
v#ifjrefpGm tokH;ðyae=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? tem*wfwGif a&S;&kyfºuGif;avmifpmrsm;onf okH;pGJI ukefcrf;oGm;
awmhrnfjzpfonf? urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_twGuf pGyfpJGcHae&onfh/ ywf0ef;usifavxkukdnpfnrf;ap+yD;/ avxktylcsdefukd
jrifhwufapaom "gwfaiG@rsm; xkwfv$wfr_wGifvnf;/ a&S;&kyfºuGif;avmifpmrsm;tm; avmifu|rf;apjcif;wGif wm0ef&Sd
avonf?

a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdifaom pGrf;tifrsm;xkwfvkyfonfh enf;vrf;rsm;pGm&Sdavonf? okd@aomf xkdenf;vrf;rsm;onf a&S;&kyf

ºuGif;avmifpmrsm;tm; tokH;ðy&ef xkwfvkyfjcif;rsKd;uJhokd@ aps;E_ef;csKdom+yD;/ xda&mufr_vnf;r&Sday? v#yfppfpGrf;tifukd
xkwfvkyf&ef ESifh jzef@a0&eftwGuf ykdrdkxda&mufonfhpepfrsm; awG@&SdvmEkdifonf[k/ tcsKd@ pGrf;tifqkdif&m
u|rf;usiflrsm;rS acsyajymqkdae=uonf?
a&&SnfwnfwhHEkdifonfh pGrf;tif erlemrsm;rSm -
avpGrf;tif (Wind power) - avwkdufcwfr_rSaeI v#yfppf"gwfukd xkwfvkyfjcif;jzpfonf? xkdenf;vrf;onf
jyefvnftopfjzpfEkdifjcif; ESifh npfnrf;r_udkvnf; rjzpfay:apEkdifay? odk@aomf avwkdufr_rS v#yfppf"gwfyrm% teJi,f
ukdom xkwf,lEkdifonf? vkHavmufaompGrf;tifyrm%ukdxkwf,l&eftwGuf ajrae&mtrsm;tjym;udk av&[wfrsm;
aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf ajymif;vJ,l&rnfjzpfonfhtjyif/ v#yfppf"gwfxkwfvkyfr_yrm%udk twdtus rcef@rSef;Ekdifjcif;
ESifh xda&mufpGm rokdavSmifEkdifjcif; ponfhtm;eJcsufrsm;&Sdaeonf?
aepG
aepGrf;tif (Solar power) - aerSpGrf;tifrsm;ukd v#yfppf"gwftjzpfo@dk ajymif;vJjcif;jzpfonf? xkdenf;vrf;onf
jyefvnftopfjzpfEkdif+yD;/ npfnrf;r_ukdvnf; rjzpfay:apEkdifay? ,if;udk tpGeftzsm;a'orsm;wGifvnf; tokH;ðy&ef
vG,fulonf? okd@aomf ,if;onf ntcsdefrsm; ESihf wdrfxlxyfaom a'orsm;wGif xda&mufr_r&Sday? ,if;tjyif
aepGrf;tif"gwftm;ay;&kHrsm;rSm wnfaqmuf&ef aps;}uD;+yD;/ ukefusp&dwfroufomay?
a&tm;v#yfppf (Hydroelectricity) - a&.v_yf&Sm;r_ukd tokH;ðyI v#yfppf"gwfxkwf,ljcif;jzpfonf?
a&umwmrsm;wnfaqmufI xkwf,ltokH;ðy=uonf? Tenf;vrf;onf pGe@f ypfypPnf;rsm; ESihf npfnrf;r_rsm;
rjzpfay:ay? okd@aomf a&umwmrsm;onf qkd;&Gm;aom ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m xdcdkufr_rsm; ESihf wnfaqmuf&ef aps;}uD;
jcif;jzpfonf? rnfokd@qkdap/ ‚if;a=umifh ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m ysufpD;r_ukd/ a&S;&kyfºuGif;avmifpm pGrf;tif&Hkrsm;a=umifh
jzpfay:onfh ywf0ef;usif ab;jzpfr_rsm;ESifh E_dif;,SOfI csihfcsdefwGufq&efvdkonf?
EsLuvD;,m;pGrf;tif (Nuclear power) - ,la&eD,rf ukdtokH;ðyI pGrf;tifxkwfvkyfjcif;jzpfonf?
Tenf;vrf;onf avmifpmteJi,frSaeI pGrf;tiftajrmuftrsm;ukd xkwfvkyfEkdif+yD;/ aps;vnf;r}uD;ay? ,if;wGif
avxknpfnrf;r_r&Sdaomfvnf;/ pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;onf tqdyftawmufjzpfap+yD;/ a&'D,dkowWdºuGr_&dSojzifh/ pGef@ypf&ef
tcuftcJ&Sdonf? vltrsm;onf EsLuvD;,m;pGrf;tiftay:wGif pkd;&drfa=umuf&@HG ae=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf/
,dkpdrfhr_rsm; ESifh rawmfwq xdckdufysufpD;r_rsm;onf vltajrmuftrsm; ESihf ajr{ursm;pGmukd ab;tEW&m,f
jzpfapEkdifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
28?
28? ywf0ef;usifqkdif&mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh oabmwlnDcsufrsm; (Environmental organisations
and agreements)

EkdifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

ywf0ef;usifukd xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&eftwGuf wnfaxmifxm;onf EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;pGm

&Sdonf? erlemwckrSm urBmh ukvor*~ ywf0ef;usif pDrHudef; (United Nations Environment Programme -
UNEP) jzpfonf?

UNEP ukd 1972 ckESpfwGif pwifwnfaxmifchJonf? UNEP onf urBmvkH;qkdif&m ywf0ef;usif. a&&SnfwnfwHh
Ekdifrnfh zGH@òzd;r_twGuf axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;/ v_H@aqmfynmay;jcif; ESihf jr‡ihfwifjcif; rsm;ukd ðyvkyfonf? olwkd@onf
EkdifiHrsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. tem*wfrsKd;qufopfrsm;twGuf pkd;&drfp&mrvkdonfh vuf&dS b0aexkdifr_
t&nftaoG;rsm; jrifhwufvm&ef &nf&G,fonf? xkd&nf&G,fcsufukd atmifjrifaqmif&GufEkdif&eftwGuf UNEP onf
urBmhukvor*~/ EkdifiHwum tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ trsKd;om;tpkd;&rsm;/ tpkd;&r[kwfaomtzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ yk*~vdu u¾
ESifh vlxk vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ponfjzifh us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ ylaygif;vkyfaqmifcJhonf?

trsKd;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

zGH@òzd;+yD; EkdifiHrsm;tm;vkH;rS tpkd;&rsm;onf ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;umuG,f&ef ESifh }uD;=uyfuGyfuJ&eftwGuf

tpkd;&Xmersm;zGifhI vkyfukdifae=uonf?

yk*~vdu tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;

ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m tif*sDtkdrsm;onf v_H@aqmfpnf;&kH;jcif;/ axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;/ ESifh xdef;odrf;umuG,fapmifha&Smuf

jcif;rsm;ukd ðyvkyfonf? EkdifiHwum tif*sDtdktzG@J tpnf;rsm;wGif/ pdrf;vef;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@ (Greenpeace)/ urBmh
om;&kdif;apmifha&Smufa&; &HykHaiG tzGJ@ (World Wildlife Fund)/ ESifh a&&SnfwnfwHhz@HG òzd;a&;twGuf urBmh
pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;aumifpD (World Business Council for Sustainable Development) wkd@yg0if=uonf?

obm0ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m oabmwlnDr_rsm;

ywf0ef;usifqkdif&mudpPrsm;ESifhywfoufonfh umuG,fr_rsm;udkðyvkyf&eftwGuf/ rsm;jym;vSaom tjynfjynfqkdif&m

oabmwlnDcsufrsm;&&Sda&;tay: aqG;aEG;nd‡E_dif;r_rsm; ESihf oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xkd;r_rsm; ðyvkyfchJ=u+yD;jzpfonf?
xkdoabmwlnDcsufrsm;xJrS tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm w&m;0ifcsnfaESmifxm;r_rsm;jzpfonf?

jrefrmEkdifiHonf atmufygwkd@yg0ifonfh EkdifiHwumqkdif&m oabmwlnDr_tawmfrsm;rsm;udk vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;

cJhonf -

ZD0qkdif&mrsKd;jym;r_tay: nDvmcH - ,if;onf EkdifiHwumESihfqdkifaom pmcsKyfjzpf+yD;/ ZD0rsKd;jym;r_rsm;tm; xdef;odrf;

umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef ESifh a&&SnfwnfwhHEdkifaom okH;pGJr_jzpfap&ef 1993 ckESpfwGif touf0ifvmjcif;jzpfonf?

tEW&m,fusa&mufaeonfh awm&kdif; wd&p>mefrsKd;pdwfrsm; ESihf tyifrsKd;pdwfrsm;tm; EkdifiHwum ukefoG,fr_ðyjcif;tay:

nDvmcH - tqkdyg nDvmcHonf 1975 ckESpfwGif touf0ifvmjcif;jzpf+yD;/ awm&kdif;wd&p>mefrsm; ESifh
awm&kdif;tyifrsm;udk EkdifiHwumukefoG,fr_ðyjcif;rsm;wGif tqkdyg rsKd;pdwfrsm;. &Sifoefaexkdifr_tay: rxdckdufap&ef
&nf&G,fI a&;om;xm;cJhonf?
tjynfjynfqkdif&m opfvkyfief;oabmwlnDcsuf - xkdoabmwlnDcsufonf 1997 ckESpfwGif touf0ifvmjcif;jzpf
+yD;/ tylykdif;opf jynfywifykd@r_rsm;udk a&&SnfwnfwhHEdkifrnfh pDrHr_rsm;aocsmpGmðyvkyf+yD;rSom wifykd@&ef &nf&G,fonf?

yifv,fjyifqkdif&mOya'twGuf urBmhukvor*~ nDvmcH - xkdnDvmcHonf 1994 ckESpfwGif touf0ifvm+yD;/

yifv,fjyifqkdif&m obm0&if;jrpfrsm; ESifh npfnrf;r_rsm;ukd xdef;csKyf&ef vkdtyfonfh pDrHcef@cGJr_rsm;twGuf w&m;0if
Oya'rsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;cJhonf?

usKdwkd oabmwlnDr_rSwfwrf; - urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_ukd av#mhcs&ef oabmwlxm;onfh aqG;aEG;yGJrSwfwrf;jzpfonf?