*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif; ESifh EkdifiHwumukefoG,fr_

ta=umif;t&m
1? aiGa=u; qkdonfrSm tb,fenf; ´
2? EkdifiHokH;aiGa=u;qkdonfrSm tb,fenf; ´
3? EkdifiHwumukefoG,fr_orkdif;
4? a0g[m&rsm;
5? pD;yGg;a&;pepfrsm;
6? *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;
7? pD;yGg;a&;qkdif&m *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;
8? EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;
9? ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;
10? *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd axmufcHaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
11? a0g[m&rsm;
12? urBmhukefoG,fr_ tzGJ@tpnf; (WTO)
13? urBmhb%f
14? tjynfjynfqkdif&m aiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@ (IMF)
15? *sD 7§ *sD 8 (G7/G8)
16? *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;udk qef@usifaomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
17? World Vision International
18? 77 EkdifiHtkyfpk
19? urBmvkH;qkdif&m rnDr#r_onf tb,fa=umifhenf;´
20? vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_
21? aiGa=u;pepf ESifh wwd,urBm aºuG;+rD jy\em
22? wwd,urBmaºuG;+rD - awmifzufjcrf; ESifh ajrmufzufjcrf;rStjrifrsm;
23? *sD 8 xdyfoD;nDvmcH ESihf tmz&du. aºuG;+rD tqkH;owfjcif;
24? r0a&pmay;Ickdif;onfh pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
25? Nike and Gap
26? w&m;r#waom ukefoG,fa&;
27? ta&;,lydwfqkd@r_rsm;qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;´
28? ta&;,lydwfqkd@r_rsm; ESifh tD&wf
29? ta&;,lydwfqkd@r_rsm; ESifh tmz&du
30? ta&;,lydwfqkd@r_rsm; ESifh jrefrm
31? c&D;oGm;vkyfief;

1
1 ? aiGa=u;qkdonfrSm tb,fenf; ´ (What is money?)
aiGa=u;qdkonfrSm rnfonfh ukefypPnf; (odk@) pwdtrSwftom;ukdrqkd =um;cHvJvS,fr_wcktjzpf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rS
tokH;ðyaom t&mukd ac:onf?

,ae@umv u|Ekfyfwkd@tokH;ðyaeaomaiGa=u;rSm b%faiGpuULrsm;ESifh taºuGrsm;yg0if+yD;/ xkdt&mrsm;jzifh u|Efkyfwkd@ tvkd&Sd

aomt&mrsm;ukd 0,f,lonf? okd@aomf xkdaiGa=u;trsKd;tpm;rSm ,cifuwnf;u wnf&SdcJhonfr[kwfay? twdwfumv
wGif ukefpnftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh 0wˆK ypPnf;trsKd;rsKd;wkd@ukd aiGa=u;tjzpftokH;ðycJh=uonf?

aiGa=u; rwDxG xiG frDr/D bmwm§vJvS,fjcif; (ypPnf;wckukd tjcm;ypPnf;wckESifhvJvS,fjcif;) ESifh vufaqmifay;jcif;

(ypPnf;wckukd vufaqmiftjzpfay;jcif;)wkd@omv#if vlwkd@vkdtyfaomukefypPnf;rsm;ukd &&SdEkdifonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfonf?

bmwmpepfwGif tcuftcJrsm;pGm&Sdonf? tcuftcJwckrSm tcsdeftuef@towfjzpfonf? Oyrm - oiftvkd&Sdonfh *sKH

twGuf 0ufrsm;ESifh ukefypPnf;csif;zvS,fvkdv#if/ 0ufa&m *sKHyg &&SdEkdifaom tcsdef ESifh ae&mwckwnf;wGifom xkdukefpnf
zvS,fr_ukd ðyvkyfEkdifonf?

rnfokd@qkdap/ aiGa=u; wDxGifay:aygufvm+yD;aemuf/ oif. 0ufrsm;ukd taumif;qkH;tcsdefwGifa&mif;csEkdif+yD;/ ykdufqHukd

odrf;xm;Ekdifonf? wzef aumuf&dwfodrf;aomtcsdefwGif xkdaiGa=u;ukd tokH;ðyI *sKHrsm;ukd0,f,lEkdifonf? Tenf;tm;
jzifh aiGa=u;onf ukefoG,fr_ukd vG,fultqifajyaponf?

twdwfumvwGif/ ukefoG,fr_zvS,faomae&mrsm;Y/ tapmykdif;wGif bmwmpepfukd tokH;ðycJh=uonf? okd@aomf xkdpepf

onf aiGa=u;pepfwcktjzpfokd@ tv#iftjref zGH@òzd;wkd;wufvmcJhvdrfhrnf? tapmykdif; aiGa=u;pepfrsm;onf/ ,ae@ umv
u|Ekfyfwkd@tokH;ðyaeonfh aiGpuULrsm; ESifh taºuGrsm;ay:wGif tajcrcHacs? Oyrm - +Adwdo#ukdvdkeDacwftapmykdif;
=opaw;vsEkdifiHwGif &rf (t&uftrsKd;tpm;wck) onf tv#iftjrefyif vJvS,f&m aiGa=u;wckjzpfvmcJhonf?

b%faiGpuULrsm;ukdrokH;aom tjcm;aomaiGa=u;pepf.OyrmwckrSm tusOf;axmifrsm;twGif;Yjzpfonf? xkdae&mrsm;

wGif orm;&kd;usaiGa=u;rsm;ukd okH;&efcGifhrðyay? wcgw&HwGif pD;u&ufrsm;onf aiGa=u;ae&mudk ,lxm;onf? tusOf;
om;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@vkdcsifaom ukefypPnf;rsm;ukd pD;u&ufrsm;jzifh vJvS,f=u&onf?

aiGa=u;tjzpftokH;ðyaecJhonfh tjcm;aom erlem0xˆKypPnf;rsm;rSm/ a&$/ 0uf/ &Sm;yg;onfh yifv,fc&kcGHrsm;/ a0vig;.

oGm;rsm;/ [if;cwftar$;tóudif ESifh i&kyfaumif;rsm; ponfwkd@yg0ifonf? vGefchJaom ESpfrsm;pGmu/ t*FvefwGif tdrfiSg;c
rsm;ukd i&kyfaumif; csdefwG,fI ay;=uonf?

aiGa=u;tjzpfokH;aom rnfonfhypPnf;rqkd &Sm;yg;aom ukefpnfwckjzpf&rnf? qkdvkdonfrSm tv#Hty,f&Sdaeaom t&m

wckrjzpfoifhay? aiGa=u;tjzpfokH;aom ypPnf;onf tvG,fwul &SmazGEdkif/ xkwfvkyfEkdifcJhv#if aiGa=u;pepfwckonf
rvnfywfEkdifawmhay?

aiGa=u;tjzpftokH;ðyEkdif&eftwGuf atmufygvuQ%m 3 ck &Sd&rnfjzpfonf -

wnf+idrfaom wefzkd;wck&Sd&rnf? (wefzkd;onf rajymif;vJ&ay)

twktyðyvkyf&ef cufcJr_&Sd&rnf?

o,f,lykd@aqmif&ef vG,ful&rnf?

aiGa=u;pepfrsm;udk ykHrSeftm;jzifh A[kdtm%mykdifrsm; (okd@) tpkd;&rsm;uom ðyvkyfjcif;r[kwfqkdonfukd odxm;&rnf?

,if;wkd@onf ukefonfrsm;t=um;wGif obm0tav#muf zGH@òzd;vmjcif;jzpfonf?

,ae@umvtokH;ðyaeaom acwfopfaiGa=u;ykHpH onf b%fpuUL ESifh taºuGjym;rsm;jzpfonf? okd@aomf ta&mif;t0,f

ðyvkyf&eftwGuf csufvufrSwfrsm;/ taºuG;0,fu'fjym;rsm;vnf; tokH;ðyEkdifonf?

2
2 ? Ekdifiif HokH; aiGa=u;qkdonfrSm tb,fenf; ´ (What is currency?)
,ae@urBmw0Srf;vkH;wGif aiGa=u;udk =um;cHvJvS,fr_tjzpf tokH;ðy=uonf? usaemfwkd@ vkdtyfaomt&mrsm;udk a&mif;&ef
ESifh 0,f&eftwGuf aiGa=u;ukd tokH;ðy=uonf? aiGa=u;udk b%fpuUL ESifh taºuGjym;ykHpHrsm;jzifh ðyvkyf=uonf? urBmay:&Sd
EkdifiHwkdif;wGif rwlnDaom b%fpuULrsm; ESifh taºuGrsm;&Sd=uonf? ,if;ukd wkdif;jynfwckwGif tjcm;wkdif;jynfESifh
rwlnDaom EkdifiHokH;aiGa=u; wck&Sdonf[k usaemfwkd@ajym=uonf?

atmufwGifyg&Sdonfh EkdifiHrsm;tokH;ðyonfh aiGa=u;trnfrSm tb,fenf;´

jrefrm ________________ ,kd;',m; _________________

tdENd, ________________ tar&duef _________________

t*Fvef ________________ *syef _________________

rav;&Sm; ________________ =opaw;vs _________________

wkdif;jynfrsm; ukefoG,faomtcg wkdif;jynfwckESifhwck. EkdifiHokH;aiGa=u;wefzkd;ukd E_dif;,SOf&efvkdtyfrnfjzpfonf? xkdokd@

E_dif;,SOf&ef aiGvJE_ef; pepf[lI&Sdonf? xkdaiGvJE_ef;rSwqifh EkdifiHwck. aiGa=u;udk tjcm;EkdifiHwck. aiGa=u;jzifh rnfr#ay;I
0,f&rnfukd u|Ekfyfwkd@odEkdifonf?

atmufwGifyg&Sdaom EkdifiHokH;aiGrsm;onf tar&duefokH;aiG 1 a':vmv#if rnfr#&Ekdifrnfenf;´

jrefrm ________________ ,kd;',m; _________________

tdENd, ________________ =opaw;vs _________________

tu,fI u|Ekfyfwkd@onf aiGvJE_ef;rsm;ukd tcsdefumvtawmf=umaomtcg jyef=unfhygu EkdifiHokH;aiGa=u;. wefzkd;onf

ajymif;vJaeonfukd awG@&rnf? tjcm;aom EkdifiHokH;aiGrsm;. wefzkd;onf teJi,fomajymif;vJonfukd awG@ae&pOfwGif/
wcsKd@EkdifiHokH;aiGrsm;. wefzkd;onf tawmfajymif;vJonfukd awG@&rnfjzpfonf? aiGwefzkd;tvGeftrif;ajymif;vJr_r&Sdaom
(wnf+idrfaom) EkdifiHokH;aiGwckukd aiGrm (hard currency) [kac:I/ wefzkd;tvGeftrif;ajymif;vJaom (rwnf+idrf
aom) EkdifiHokH;aiGwckukd aiGaysmh (soft currency) [kac:onf?

aiGrm Oyrm 2 rsKd; ESifh aiGaysmh Oyrm 2 rsKd;ukd a&;jyyg?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

3
3 ? EkdifiHwumukefoG,fr_orkdif; (History of International trade)
vlwkd@onf wd&p>mefrsm;udk rnfokd@,Ofyg;vmatmifðyvkyf&rnfukd avhvmod&Sd+yD;oGm;aomtcg/ tapmykdif;ukefoG,fr_onf
ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmuyif zGH@òzd;cJhonf? bDpD 7500 wGif/ vlwkd@onf av;vHaom0efrsm;ukdo,faqmif&eftwGuf jrif;rsm;
udktokH;ðycJh=uonf? xkd@a=umifh ukefoG,f&mwGif ykdrkda0;uGmaomc&D;ukdoGm;EkdifcJh=uonf? tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr# xkdvl
rsm;onf tjcm;aom vlrsKd;rsm;ESifh ukefoG,f&ef wkduf}uD;rsm;ukd jzwfausmfc&D;oGm;vmcJh=uonf?

at'D 100 cef@okd@ a&mufaomtcg/ ukefonf}uD;rsm;twGuf t*FvefrSonf w&kwf ESifh *syefwkd@txd urBm}uD;ukd jzwf
ausmf ukefoG,fEkdifcJh=uonf? ukef=urf;rsm;/ tpm;tpm ESifh ZdrfcHypPnf;rsm;ukd xkdvrf;a=umif;rsm;rSwqifh o,f,lykd@aqmif
cJh=uonf? at'D 1600 vGefESpfrsm;okd@a&mufaomtcg/ ay:wl*D ESihf pydefwkd@onf urBmvkH;}uD;ukd &pfywfxm;onfh yifv,f
vrf;a=umif;rsm; &&SdcJhonf?

bDpD 50 rS at'D 500 txd/ &kdreftifyg,monf ajrxJyifv,fa'ow0kdufukd xdef;csKyfxm;EkdifcJhonf? aiGa=u;pepfwck/

rsm;jym;vSaom &kdrefvrf;rsm;/ ESifh 'gZifrsm;pGm&Sdaom a&wyfqdyfurf;rsm;onf/ tifyg,mtwGif;Y o,f,lykd@aqmifr_ ESifh
ukefoG,fr_rsm;ukd rsm;pGmvkyfaqmifay;cJhonf? aumufyJoD;ESH ysufpD;aoma'orsm;ukd oD;ESHrsm; &&SdapcJhonf? 0kdif/ yef;csD/
zef ESifh vufeufrsm;onf tifyg,mtwGif; ae&mtESH@wGif &EkdifcJhonf? &kdrefrsm;onf tD*spf rS tdENd,txd yifv,f
vrf;a=umif;udk zGH@òzd;apcJhonf? [if;cwftar$;tóudif/ u|ef;opf/ okd;ar$; ESifh ykvJrsm;onf tdENd, ESifh w&kwfrSvm=uonf?

16&mpk ESpfwGif/ ay:wl*DoabFmom;rsm;onf Oa&myrSaeI awmiftmz&duwkdufudkywfum tdENd,ork'N&m/ w&kwf ESifh

*syef wkd@okd@ oGm;a&mufEkdifonfh a&vrf;a=umif;wckukd &SmazGawG@&SdcJhonf? twWvefwdwfwGif/ b&mZD;vfEkdifiHokd@/
ay:wl*Dwkd@ onf taemuftmz&durS aus;u|efrsm;ukd ac:aqmifvmI pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd pwifcJhonf? 16 &mpkESpf
ukefaomtcg b&mZD;vfonf o=um;xkwfvkyfay;onfh t"du&if;jrpfwckjzpfcJh+yD;/ ay:wl*Dwkd@onf u|efukeful;r_wGif
t"du tcef; u¾rSaeI yg0ifcJhonf?

1600 vGef tapmykdif;ESpfrsm;wGif/ urBm}uD;. ukefoG,fr_vkyfief;wGif 'wf&Sfrsm;u OD;aqmifcJhonf? 1619 ckESpfwGif/ 'wfcsf
ta&S@tdENd,ukr`%Donf *sumwmukdodrf;ykdufcJh+yD;/ bwmAGD&m tjzpftrnfajymif;I/ urBmht}uD;qkH;ukeful;r_vkyfief;.
tajcpkduf&m ae&mtjzpf tokH;ðycJhonf? 'wfcsfta&S@tdENd,ukr`%D.ukefoG,fa&;onf ta&S@zsm; *syeftxd wkd;csJ@cJhonf?
okd@aomf/ 1600 vGefESpfrsm;. aESmif;ykdif;okd@a&mufaomtcg/ ukr`%D. yifv,fjyifpkd;rkd;r_ ESifh ukefoG,fr_vkyfief;rSm
usqif;vmcJhonf?

ta&S@/ ta&S@awmiftm&S ESifh tdENd,okd@ ukefoG,fr_/ txl;ojzifh [if;cwftar$;tóudifukd vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf t*Fvdyf

ta&S@tdENd,ukr`%Dukd 'DZifbmv 31 &ufae@/ 1600 ckESpfwGif bk&ifr yxrajrmuf t,fvDZbwfu zGJ@pnf;cJhonf? 1612
ckESpf wGif/ ukr`%Donf a=u;pm;ppfom;rsm;ukd iSg;&rf;cJh+yD;/ xkdolrsm;onf tdENd,wGif ay:wl*Drsm;ukd ta&;edrfhapcJhonf?
olwkd@ onf tdENd,rS 0g*Grf;/ okd;ar$; ESifh [if;cwftar$;tóudifrsm;udk taESmuft,Sufr&Sd o,f,lEkdifcJh+yD;/ +AdwdefEkdifiHwGif
t}uD;qkH;aom ukr`%D}uD;jzpfcJhonf? ukr`%Donf tdENd,EkdifiHa&;&mrsm;twGif; euf&_dif;pGmyg0ifcJh+yD;/ 1857 ckESpf/ +Adwdo#
tpkd;&rS tdENd,tm; wkduf&kduf rtkyfcsKyfrDtxd/ tESpfom&tm;jzifh ‚if;wkd@rS tkyfcsKyfcJhonf?

18 &mpk ESpfv,fokd@a&mufaomtcg/ t*Fvdyfta&S@tdENd,ukr`%D. tjrwftpGef;trsm;qkH;aom ukefoG,fr_rSm w&kwfjynf

rS vzufajcmufyifjzpfonf? 1800 vGefESpfrsm; tapmykdif;wGif/ tdENd,rS pkdufysKd;aom bdef;pdrf;jzifh vzufajcmufzkd;ukd
ay;acsojzifh/ ukefoG,fr_wGif ykdrkdtjrwftpGef;rsm;cJhjyefonf? xkdod@k vkyfaqmifjcif;ukd w&kwftm%mykdifrsm;rS w&m;r0if
a=umif; wm;jrpfcJhjcif;jzifh 1839-42 ESifh 1856-60 [lI bdef;ppfyGJ 2 }udrfjzpfyGg;cJhonf?

xkdtcsdefu tjcm;aom ukr`%Drsm;onf tjcm;aom ukefoG,fr_trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif OD;pm;ay;cJh=uonf? wESpfv#if

10000 E_ef;jzifh/ tmz&durSaeI tar&duokd@ vlrnf;u|efrsm;ukd wifoGif;vmcJhonfrSm 1620 ckESpfokd@ a&mufaomtcg
cef@rSef;ajc 400000 txd &SdcJhavonf? xkd@aemuf xkdukefoG,fr_onf 18 &mpkESpfwGif }uD;rm;aom yrm%jzifh wifoGif;cJh
onfrSm aus;u|efaygif; 5 h2 oef;txd &SdcJhavnf?

4
4 ? a0g[m&rsm; (Vocabulary)
aºuG;+rD (Debt)
aºuG;+rDwckqkdonfrSm oifrS ay;qyf&ef&Sdaom aiGyrm%ukd qkdvkdonf? xkdykdufqHonf tjcm;vlwa,mufxHokd@aomf‚if;/
b%fwckxHokd@aomf‚if;/ qkdif (odk@) tzGJ@tpnf;wckxHokd@aomf‚if; ay;qyf&efjzpfEkdifonf? wpkHwa,mufonf tjcm;ol
tm; ykdufqHay;&efwm0ef&Sdaomtcg xkdoludk taºuG;ay;p&m&Sdol[k usaemfwkd@ajymqkd=uonf?

+rD&S&iS f (Credit)

+rD&Sifukd t"dy`g,ftrsKd;rsKd;jzifhem;vnfEkdifonf?
1? b%fwckrS aiGacs;jcif;? ? ,if;ukd b%frS acs;aiGxkwfay;onf[kac:onf? b%frS oifhtm; aiGacs;ay;onf?
oifonf b%ftm; xkdaiGukd jyefqyf&eftwGuf aºuG;+rD wck&Sdonf?

2? wpkHwck0,fjcif;/ okd@aomf aemufrSay;qyfjcif;? ? vlrsm;pGmwkd@onf ypPnf;rsm;ukd 0,fvkd=uonf/ okd@aomf

xkdtwGuf ay;acs&ef aiGtvkHtavmufr&Sday? tu,fIoifonf a&S@vmrnfh v/ ESpf rsm;twGif; wefzkd;aiGudk t&pfus
aiGay;acsjcif;pepfjzifh xkdypPnf;rsm;ukd 0,fcJhv#if/ oifhwGif jyefvnfay;qyf&eftwGuf aºuG;+rDwck&Sdaernfjzpfonf?

3? b%fpm&if;wckxJwGif &Sdaeaom ydkufqH? ? oif. b%fpm&if;xJwGif aiGrsm;xnfhxm;ygu oifonf +rD&Sifjzpfonf?

Oyrm - oif.b%fpm&if;wGif xnfh0ifaiG 100 a':vmqkdygu/ oifhxHwGif a':vm 100 &Sdaejcif;jzpfonf? ,if;.
qefusifzufrSm ykdrkdxkwf,laiGjzpfonf? qkdvkdonfrSm oif. ydkufqHtm;vkH;ukd okH;pGJvkduf+yD; b%fokd@ ay;qyf&ef&Sdaom
aiGukdac:onf? Oyrm - oifonf a':vm 50 ukd ykdrkdxkwf,lcJhygu/ b%fokd@ oifhtaejzifh a':vm 50 ay;&rnfjzpfonf?

taºuG;0,fu'fjym; (credit card) wck qkdonfrSm ao;i,faom yvyfpwpfu'fjym;wckjzpf+yD;/ xkdu'fjym;jzifh ypPnf;rsm;

0,f,lEkdif+yD;/ ukefusaiGukd aemufrS ay;acsjcif;jzpfonf? aºuG;0,fu'fjym;ukd tokH;ðyaomtcg oif. b%frS
oif,lcJhaom ukefypPnf; rsm;. wefzkd;ukd ay;acsay;rnfjzpf+yD;/ oifu b%fokd@ jyefvnfay;qyf&rnfjzpfonf?

ukefypPnf; (Goods)
ukefypPnf;qkdonfrSm a&mif;cs&efxkwfvkyfaom t&mrsm;ukd ac:onf?

yk*~vdu u¾ (Private sector)

yk*~vdu u¾onf wkdif;jynfwjynf. pD;yGg;a&;tpdwftykdif;wckjzpfonf? ,if;onf tpkd;&. wkduf&kdufxdef;csKyfr_atmuf
wGif r&Sday? t&if;&SifpD;yGg;a&;wGif pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;pGm ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;pGmwkd@rSm yk*~vdu pufr_t&if;&Sifrsm;
ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS ykdifqkdif+yD;/ yk*~vduu¾wckukd zGJ@pnf;avonf?

tjrwftpGef; (Profit)
yk*~vdu u¾&Sd pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;rSm tjrwftpGef;wcktwGuf vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf? vkyfief;vkyfaqmifr_rS ukefus
p&dwfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd ay;acs z,fE_wf+yD;aemuf usefae&pfcJhonfh aiGa=u;yrm%ukd qkdvkdonf? Oyrm - tu,fI
qkdifwqkdifonf ukefypPnf;rsm;ukd wywftwGif;Y a&mif;cscJh&m a':vm 3000 &&Sd+yD;/ ypPnf;wefzkd; a':vm 2300 udk
ay;acsygu/ tjrwftpGef;rSm a':vm 700 jzpfayrnf?

ukefxkwft&if;tESD; (Means of production)

wkdif;jynftwGif;vkdtyfaomukefypPnf;rsm;ESifh0efaqmifvkyfief;rsm;ukd xkwfvkyfjcif;ESifh jznfhqnf;jcif;jzpfonf?

yk*~vduykdifqkdifr_ (Private property)

t&if;&Sifpepfu ,kH=uonfrSm/ vlxkwGif yk*~vdu ykdifqkdifcGifh&Sd&rnfjzpfonf? qkdvkdonfrSm jynfolwkd@onf ajr,m ESifh
taqmuftOD;rsm;ukd 0,f,lykdifqkdifEkdifcGifhonf/ ,if;rSm ‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdiftcGifhta&;jzpfonf?

5
0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; (Intervention)
tajctaew&yfukd aumif;rGefvm&ef (okd@) ulnD&eftwGuf 0ifa&mufyg0ifjcif;ukd qkdvkdonf? Oyrm - yk*~vduu¾&Sd
pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;wckonf aumif;pGm rvnfywfEkdifygu/ tpkd;&onf xkdvkyfief; jyefvnfaumif;rGefvm&eftwGuf
0ifa&mufpGufzufoifhygovm;´ rwluGJjym;aom wkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd t&if;&SifpepfpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif rwluGJjym;aom
ykHpHjzifh tpkd;&rS 0ifa&mufpGufzufcGifh&Sdonf?

vGwfvyfaom aps;uGuf (Free market)

,if;onf pD;yGg;a&;pepfwrsKd;jzpf+yD;/ ukefpnf ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;. aps;E_H; wefzkd;ukd/ 0,fvkdtm; ESifh a&mif;vkdtm;rSaeI
qkH;jzwf+yD;/ tpkd;&rS rxdef;csKyfay? a&mif;vkdtm;rSm xkwfvkyfEkdifaom ukefypPnf; ESifh 0efaqmifr_ yrm% jzpf+yD;/
0,fvkdtm;rSm jynfolvlxkrS vkdcsif§vkdtyfaom ukefypPnf; ESifh 0efaqmifr_ yrm%jzpfonf? vGwfvyfao aps;uGufwGif
0,fvkdtm;onf ukefpnfxkwfvkyfEkdifr_ a&mif;vkdtm;xuf jrifhaeygu/ aps;E_H; wefzkd;onfvnf; jrifhwufvmrnfjzpfonf?

a&&Snfxd
xed f;xm;Ekdifaom (Sustainable)
t&if;&Sifpepfonf xdef;xm;Ekdifr_ &Sd§r&Sd qkdonfESihfywfoufI tacstwifaqG;aEG;r_rsm; rsm;pGm&Sdaeonf? xdef;xm;Ekdifr_
qkdonfrSm wpkHw&mudk umv&Snf=umpGm qufvuf&Sdaeapjcif;ukdqkdvkdonf? ,ae@t&if;&Sifpepfonf &Snf=umpGmwnf&Sd
aeEkdifrnfr[kwf[k vlrsm;pGmrS ,kH=unfae=uonf? t"duta=umif;t&if;rSm acwfopfpufr_vkyfief;onf obm0ywf
0ef;usifukd ysufqD;apaoma=umifhjzpfonf? acwfopfpufr_vkyfief;onf urBm}uD;. obm0&if;jrpfrsm;udk tv#iftjref
okH;pGJypfaoma=umifh/ umvwckwGif xkdobm0&if;jrpfrsm;onf ukefcrf;oGm;vdrfhrnf[k vlrsm;pGmrS ,kH=unfae=uonf?

atmufygpum;vkH;rsm;. t"dy`g,fudk oif. bmompum;jzifh a&;jyyg?

+rD&Sif ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

yk*~vdu u¾ ___________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

tjrwftpGef; ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

ukefxkwfvkyfr_ykHpH ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

vGwfvyfaomaps;uGuf_________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

a&&Snfxdef;xm;Ekdifaom_________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

6
5 ? pD;yGg;a&;pepfrsm; (Economic Systems)
pD;yGg;a&;pepfwckqkdonfrSm tb,fenf;´

pD;yGg;a&;pepfwckqkdonfrSm rnfonfh ukefypPnf;rsm; ESifh vkyfief;rsm;ukd xkwfvkyfoifhonf/ rnfokd@xkwfvkyfoifhonf ESifh

rnfolrsm;u pm;okH;rnfqkdonfukd vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS qkH;jzwf&ef owfrSwfxm;aom vrf;a=umif;jzpfonf?

t&if;&Sifpepf
epf (Capitalism)
t&if;&Sifpepfonf pD;yGg;a&;pepfwckjzpf+yD;/ ukefxkwft&if;tESD;tm;vkH; (okd@) trsm;pkrSm yk*~vduykdifjzpf+yD; tjrwftpGef;
wcktwGuf vnfywfjcif;jzpfonf? ukefypPnf;rsm;. aps;E_H;/ xkwfvkyfjcif; ESifh jzef@jzL;jcif;wkd@ukd t"dutm;jzifh
vGwfvyfaom aps;uGufwckrS qkH;jzwfonf?

t&if;&Sifpepfukd usifhokH;aom wkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd tpkd;&rsm;onf pD;yGg;a&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_rsm;&Sdaomfvnf;/ qkH;jzwf

csuftrsm;pkrSm yk*~vduu¾&Sd woD;yk*~vrsm;ESifh pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;jzpf=uonf?

t&if;&SifpD;yGg;a&;pepfwGifyg0ifonfh tjcm;aom vuQ%mrsm;rSm - yk*~vduypPnf;ykdifqkdifr_/ pD;yGg;a&;wkd;wufr_/ pD;yGg;a&;

vkyfief;rsm;t=um;òydifqkdifr_/ ESifh OpP"eykdifqkdifr_ rnDr#jcif;wkd@yif jzpfonf?

t&if;&SifpepfESifhywfoufI tacstwifaqG;aEG;r_rsm; rsm;pGm&Sdonf?

1? t&if;&Sifpepfonf pD;yGg;a&;pepfoufoufr#omjzpfonf/ (okd@) EkdifiHa&;/ vlr_a&; ESifh ,Ofaus;r_pepfrsm;vnf;jzpfonf?
2? t&if;&Sifpepfonf obm0ywf0ef;usifukd =um&Snfxdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifonf (okd@) rxdef;odrf;Ekdif?
3? t&if;&Sifpepfonf csrf;omºuG,f0aomol ykdIykdIrsm;jym;aponf (okd@) qif;&JrGJawr_wGif;okd@ wGef;ykd@onfh vlta&
twGuf ykdI ykdI rsm;jym;aponf?

aygif;pyfxm;aom pD;yGg;a&;pepf
;a&;pepf (Mixed economy)
tcsKd@aomwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif pD;yGg;a&;udk tpkd;&onf 0ifa&mufpGufzuf+yD;/ EkdifiHawmfonf ukefxkwft&if;tESD;rsm; ykdrkdI
ykdifqkdifonf? okd@aomf ,if;wGif yk*~vdu u¾ ESifh t&if;&Sifpepf. vuQ%mrsm;vnf; a&mpyfonf? xkd pD;yGg;a&;trsKd;
tpm;ukd t&if;&Sifpepfwckxuf/ aygif;pyfxm;aom pD;yGg;a&;pepfwcktjzpf r=umc% &nf!ïef;ac:qkd=uonf?

zGH@òzd;wkd;wufonfhurBmwGif pD;yGg;a&;pepfrsm; tm;vkH;rSm omreftm;jzifh t&if;&Sifpepf (okd@) t&if;&SifpepfwGif

tajccHxm;onfh aygif;pyfxm;aom pD;yGg;a&;pepfjzpfonf ,lqxm;=uonf?

A[kdOD;pD;csKyfukdifonfh pD;yGg;a&; (Centralized Economy)

ukefxkwfvkyfr_rsm;ukd qkH;jzwfjcif; ESifh aps;E_H;owfrSwfjcif;rsm; tygt0if/ tpkd;&rS pDrHudef;rsm;csrSwfI pD;yGg;a&;ukd xdef;csKyf
xm;aompepfwckjzpfonf? A[kdOD;pD;csKyfukdifonfh pD;yGg;a&;rsm;onf &Hzef&Hcg uGefjrLepftpkd;&rsm;ESifh wGJzufaeonf?

uGefjrLepfpepf (Communism)
uGefjrLepfpD;yGg;a&;pepfonf ukefxkwft&if;tESD;rsm;ukd yk*~vdurS ykdifqkdif&efroifh[laom ,kH=unfr_ay:wGif tajccHxm;
onf? xkdtpm; ukefxkwft&if;tESD;tm;vkH;ukd vl@tokdif;t0kdif; wckvkH;uom ykdifqkdif&rnf? ‚if;pepf tvkdt&
EkdifiHawmf. OpPm"ersm;onf jynfolrsm;tm;vkH;t=um;wGif nDr#pGmcGJa0r_&Sdoifhonf?

xkdpepfwGif jynfolrsm;vkdtyfonfhtwkdif; ukefypPnf;rsm; ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;udk jzef@jzL;&rnf? wcgw&H ,if;udk

tcrJhvufaqmifay;onfhpD;yGg;a&;pepfwck[kac:onf? qkdvkdonfrSm ukefpnfESifh0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;ukd ,laqmifa&mif;
csjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ/ tcrJhjzef@jzL;jcif;jzpfonf? oabmw&m;t& ,if;onf vlwef;pm;tv$mrsm;r&Sdjcif; ESifh aiGa=u;
vkdtyfr_ r&Sdjcif;okd@ OD;wnfoGm;rnfjzpfonf?

7
qkd&S,fvpfpepf (Socialism)
ukefxkwft&if;tESD; ESifh jzef@jzL;r_ tm;vkH; (odk@) trsm;pkukd yk*~vdu˜uykdifqkdifjcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ/ tpkd;&u ykdifqkdifonfh
rnfonfh pD;yGg;a&;pepfrsKd;ukdrqkd qkd&S,fvpfpepftjzpf &nf!ïef;onf?

qkd&S,fvpfpepf ESifh uGefjrLepfpepfonf t&if;&Sif;pepf. qef@usifzufjzpfonf? ukefxkwfvkyfief; ESifh

xGufukefypPnf;rsm;ukd yk*~vdur[kwfbJ/ tpkd;& (odk@) vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rS pkaygif;ykdifqkdifjcif;a=umifhjzpfonf?

jynfwGif;zlvkHr_r_ (Self-sufficient)
urBmay:&SdEkdifiHtrsm;pkonf ‚if;wkd@vkdtyfonfht&mrsm;tm;vkH;ukd rxkwfvkyfEkdifay? xkd@a=umifh/ ‚if;wkd@rxkwfvkyfEkdifaom
ukefypPnf;rsm; &&Sd&eftwGuf tjcm;aom EkdifiHrsm;ESifh ukefoG,fr_ðyvkyf&avonf?

jynfwGif;zlvkHr_pepfonf pD;yGg;a&;pepfwckjzpf+yD;/ ukefypPnf;ESifh 0efaqmifvkyfief;twGuf urBmay:&Sdtjcm;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh

ukefoG,f&efrvkdtyfbJ rdrdzmomrdrdvkHavmufatmifaxmufyHhEkdifonf? xkdpD;yGg;a&;pepfrsKd;rSm ao;i,f+yD;/ ,ae@urBmwGif
r&Sdawmhoavmufyifjzpfonf?

&SifoefEkdifjcif; (Subsistence)
vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckonf ‚if;wkd@twGif;axmufyHhEkdif&eftwGuf vkHavmufaom tpm;tpmudk xkwfvkyfEkdifaomfvnf;/
tjrwftpGef;&&Sd&eftwGuf ykdv#Hatmif rxkwfvkyfEkdifaom pepfwckjzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh/ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd
vlwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@ touf&Sif&yfwnfEkdif&kHtwGufom xkwfvkyfEkdifonf?

rnfonfhwkdif;jynfrS xkdpepfrsKd;ukd t"dupepfwcktjzpf tokH;rðyaomfvnf;/ wkdif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;&Sd vl@tokdif;t0kdif;

tawmfrsm;rsm;onf xkduJhokd@aom b0aexkdifr_ykHpHrsKd;wGif aexkdifv#uf&Sdaeao;onf?

xkduJhokd@vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;wGif OpPm"eukd aiGa=u;jzifh rwkdif;wmay? obm0&if;jrpfrsm;jzifh wkdif;wm=uonf? xkd@a=umifh

xkduJhokd@aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;r_/ umuG,fapmifha&Smufr_rsm; tay:wGif aumif;pGm
rSDwnfaeojzifh/ touf&Sif&yfwnf&eftwGuf =um&Snfxdef;xm;Ekdifaom pepfrsm;ukd zefwD;=uonf?

oif. ukd,fykdiftawG;tac:rsm;jzifh atmufyg ar;cGef;rsm;ukd ajzqkdyg ´

1? t&if;&SifpD;yGg;a&; pepfESifh A[kdOD;pD;csKyfukdifonfh pD;yGg;a&;pepf t=um;&Sd uGJjym;jcm;em;r_rsm;rSm tb,fenf;´

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2? &SifoefEkdifjcif;pepfESifh aexkdifaomolrsm;wGif rnfokd@aom tcuftcJrsm; &SdaeEkdifoenf;´

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3? rnfonfhpepfonf taumif;qkH;jzpfonf[k oifxifoenf;´ tb,fa=umifhenf;´

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8
6 ? *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif; (Globalisation)
*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;´

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;qkdonfrSm t&if;&SifpD;yGg;a&;pepfatmufwGif wkdif;jynfrsm;t=um; pD;yGg;a&;/ vlr_a&;

ESifh enf;ynmzvS,fr_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjzifh tv#iftjref wkd;wufvmjcif;jzpfonf?

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;qkdonfrSm EkdifiHwumukefoG,fr_jrifhwufvmjcif;/ wkdif;jynftcsif;csif;t=um; qufoG,fjcif;/ enf;

ynm qkdif&m tawG;tac:rsm; zvS,fjcif;/ ESifh wkdif;jynftcsif;csif;t=um; vlr_a&;pHwefzkd;rsm; jyef@ESH@jcif;udk qdkvkdonf?

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf wkdif;jynf.wkd;wufr_ukd ,laqmifvmonf/ jynfolrsm;. vlaer_tqifhtwef;ukd jrifhwufvm

aponf? vl@tcGifhta&; ESifh 'Drkdua&pDukd jr‡ifhwifay;onfh vlr_wefzkd;rsm;ukd o,faqmifvmonf[k ,kH=unfaoma=umifh
tcsKd@vlrsm;onf *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;udk tðyoabmwcktjzpf &_jrif=uonf?

tjcm;aomolrsm;rS ,kH=uonfrSm *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf csrf;omolrsm; ESifh qif;&Jolrsm;t=um;&Sd uGm[csufudk

ykdrkd}uD;rm;aponf/ obm0ywf0ef;usifukd ysufqD;aponf/ ESifh taemufEkdifiHrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_ ESifh pHwefzkd;rsm;ukd
tjcm;aom wkdif;jynfrsm;okd@wifykd@onf ponfjzifh tE_wfvuQ%mtjrifjzifh &_jrif=uonf?

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif; rnfonfhtcsdefwGif pwifcJhoenf;´

vlom;wkd@onf ESpfaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;uyif urBmwv$m; a&$@ajymif;aexkdifcJh=uonf? xkdvltrsm;pkrSm ukefonf
rsm;/ omoemðyrsm;/ ppfwyfrsm; ESifh tjcm;EkdifiHwckrS tajcpkduf&ef ajymif;a&$@vmolrsm;yifjzpf=uonf? vlwkd@onf
c&D;oGm;aomtcg ‚if;wkd@ESifhtwl tawG;tac:opfrsm; ESifh ,kH=unfr_rsm; wygwnf; o,faqmifoGm;+yD;/ rwluGJjym;aom
wkdif;jynfrsm;t=um;wGif tcsdwftqufrsm;tjzpf zGJ@pnf;wnf&SdcJhavonf?

1519-1521 ckESpfwGif a&a=umif;jzifh urBmukd ywfEkdifcJh+yD;aemuf/ Oa&my t&if;&Sifpepfonf 16 &mpkESpfwGif urBmokd@

yxrqkH; pwifysH@ESH@cJhavonf?

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;tm; =oZmoufa&mufapcJhonfh ta&;t}uD;qkH;aom tapmykdif; zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_wckrSm Oa&myrS

pufr_awmfvSefa&;yifjzpfonf? pufr_awmfvSefa&;onf }uD;rm;aomukefypPnf;ta&twGufudk xkwfvkyfEkdifcJhonf? xkdukef
ypPnf;rsm;ukd tjcm;aomwkdif;jynfrsm;okd@ o,fykd@a&mif;csEkdif&ef vkdtyfvmonf? uHraumif;pGmyif/ Oa&mywGif ukefxkwf
vkyfr_ tvGeftrif; jrifhwufvmjcif;onf ukef=urf;rsm;ukdvnf; vkdtyfvmapcJhonf? ,if;onf tm&S ESifh tmz&du&Sd
EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;ukd obm0&if;jrpfrsm; &&SdEkdif&eftwGuf vufatmufcH EkdifiHtjzpfoGwfoGif;jcif;ukd OD;wnfapcJhonf?

19 &mpk aESmif;ykdif; ESifh 20 &mpktapmykdif;wGif/ urBmhukefoG,fr_ESifh &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_onf }uD;rm;pGmjrifhwufvmcJhonf? okd@&m

wGif ,if;onf yxrurBmppfwGif &yfwef@oGm;cJh+yD;/ 1930 urBmhpD;yGg;ysufuyfwGif ukefoG,fr_usqif;oGm;cJhonf?

okd@&mwGif t&if;&Sifpepfonf 'kwd,urBmppf+yD;aomtcg EkdifiHpkHukr`%D}uD;rsm; zGH@òzd;vmr_a=umifh wzef csJ@xGifvmjyefonf?

xkdukr`%D}uD;rsm;onf ukefypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfI urBmw0Srf;&Sd EkdifiHrsm;okd@ ukefypPnf;rsm; a&mif;csjcif;ukd pdwf0ifpm;
cJhonf? ava=umif;c&D;oGm;vmr_ESifh EkdifiHwumqufoG,fr_ wkd;wufzHG@òzd;vmjcif;a=umifh EkdifiHwumpD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;.
wkd;wufr_ukd jr‡ifhwifay;cJhonf?

aemufykdif;wGif ta&S@ ESifh taemuf*smr%Dukd ykdif;jcm;xm;onfh bmvifwHwkdif;òydus+yD;aemuf/ qkdAD,ufjynfaxmifpk

òyduGJ+yD;aemuf/ t&if;&Sifpepf atmifyGJcHjcif;ESifhtwl t&if;&Sifpepf ESifh uGefjrLepfpepf tiftm;pkrsm;twGif;&Sd ppfat;wkdufyGJ
}uD;vnf; +yD;qkH;cJhavonf?

,ckaemufqkH;wGif tifwmeufzGH@òzd;wkd;wufvmr_onf pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd ,cifuxufykdI

wurBmvkH;twkdif;twmjzifh ykdrkdvG,fulapcJhonf?

9
& ? pD;yGg;a&;qk
;a&;qkdif&m *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif; (Economic globalisation)
pD;yGg;a&;*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;qkdonfrSm urBmtESH@okd@ukefoG,fr_jyef@ESH@jcif;jzpfonf? ,ae@tcgwGif urBmay:&Sdwkdif;jynfrsm;
onf uDvkdrDwmaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmtuGma0;&Sd wkdif;jynfrsm;ESifh ukefoG,fEkdif+yDjzpfonf? ukefoG,fr_a=umifh EkdifiHrsm;onf
‚if;wkd@ukd,fwkdif rxkwfvkyfEkdifonfh ukefpnfrsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf tjyeftvSefrSDckdvmcJh=u&onf?

EkdifiHwumukefoG,fr_onf EkdifiHpkHaumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;rsm; multinational corporations (MNC) zGH@òzd;vmap&efvnf;

OD;wnfcJhonf? MNC wckonf EkdifiHwckwGif &kH;csKyfxm;&SdI pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief; (okd@) puf&kHrsm; wEkdifiHxufykdI &Sdaejcif;ukd
qkdvdkonf? Oyrm Nestle onf aumfykda&;&Sif;wckjzpf+yD; wkdif;jynftrsm;tjym;wGif ukr`%Drsm;ykdifqkdifonf?
urBmtESH@wGif MNCs 5300 &Sdonf? MNCs onf urBmhxGufukef. 20µ ESifh urBmhukefoG,fa&;. 70µukdxdef;xm;
onf? urBmay:&Sd xdyfwef;pD;yGg;a&;. xuf0ufausmfonf aumfykda&;&Sif;rsm;jzpf+yD; tpkd;&rsm;r[kwfay? xkd@a=umifh
,ae@urBmwGif MNC rsm;onf tvGefyif =oZmtm%m}uD;=uonf?
*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf urBm}uD;okd@ aemufxyfajymif;vJr_wckudkvnf; o,faqmifvmcJhonf? twdwfumvwGif
ukr`%Drsm;onf ‚if;wkd@ tajcpkduf&mwkdif;jynfwGifyif ukefypPnf;rsm;ukd xkwfvkyfEkdifcJh=uonf? ,cktcg tvGef}uD;rm;
aom ukr`%D}uD;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@.xGufukefrsm;ukd zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif xkwfvkyfvm=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf
yifv,f&yfjcm;wGif ‚if;wkd@.ukefpnfrsm;ukdxkwfvkyfjcif;onf ukefusr_ ykdrkdeJyg;aoma=umifhjzpfonf?

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukefoG,fr_tay:
tay: axmufcHr_rsrsm;

ukefoG,fr_ukd *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ðyjcif; qkdonfrSm ukefxkwfvkyfjcif;ukd zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif ykdrkdI ðyvkyfjcif;ukd

ac:onf? ,if;onf qif;&JaomEkdifiHrsm;okd@ pD;ygG;a&;vkyfief;rsm; ESifh tvkyfrsm;ukd o,faqmifvm+yD;/ xkdwkdif;jynfrsm;
. pD;yGg;a&; wkd;wufaumif;rGefapcJhonf?

urBmhpD;yGg;a&;twGif;odk@ 0ifa&mufcJh=uaom zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;onf ,cktcg 0ifaiGjrifhwufvmjcif;/ vlaer_tqifh
twef; jrifhwufvmjcif;/ ynma&;tqifhjrifhwufvmjcif; ESifh qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_ avsmheJvmjcif;wkd@jzpfvmcJhonf?

tm%m&Siftpkd;&rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. trltusifhrsm;ukd ajymif;vJr_rðyvkyfygu urBmhpD;yGg;a&;. tusKd;tjrwfrsm;ukd
rcHpm;&Ekdifqkdonfudk em;vnfoabmaygufvm=uvdrfhrnf? xkd@a=umifh jcpm;jcif; ESifh zdESdyfaomtpkd;&rsm;ukd
ajymif;vJr_ðyvkyf&ef v_H@aqmfay;vdrfhrnfjzpfonf?

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukefoG,fr_tay:
tay: uef@uGufr_rsrsm;

urBmhae&mtrsm;pkonf zGH@òzd;r_atmufwGif&Sdae=uqJjzpf+yD;/ urBmhpD;yGm;a&;twGif;okd@ wef;wl&nfwl 0ifa&muf,SOf

òydif&ef rpGrf;aqmifEkdif=uao;ay?

MNCs onf zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif tvkyfrsm;pGmukd jznfhqnf;ay;onf/ okd@aomf w&m;r#waomvkyftm;cukd olwkd@
ay;ygovm;´ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;. usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ESifh ynma&; wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmatmif olwkd@ ulnDyg
ovm;´ MNCs rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ukefpnfrsm;ukd zGH@òzd;qJwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif tukeftusoufomap&ef ESifh
tjrwftpGef;wdk;yGm;ap&eftwGufom xkwfvkyf=u+yD;/ qif;&Jom;rsm;. b0rsm;rSm wkd;wufaumif;rGefr_&Sdrvmay?

MNCs onf rsm;rsm;xkwf rsm;rsm;okH;,Ofaus;r_ (consumerist culture) udk jr‡ifhwifonf? jynfolrsm;tm; ykdI
ykdIvkdcsifvmatmif qGJaqmifonf? a=umfjimrsm;onf xkwfukefrsm;ukd vkdcsifvmap+yD;/ xkdukefypPnf;u|Ekfyfwkd@Y
r&Sdv#if aysmf&$ifr_&&Sdvdrhfrnfr[kwf[k ,kH=unfvmatmif ðyvkyfonf?

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_udk rav#mhcsbJ/ wkd;yGg;aponf?

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf tm%m&Sifrsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@. tðytrlrsm;ukd ajymif;vJ&ef pGrf;aqmifcJhygovm;´ zGH@òzd;
wkd;wufaom EkdifiHrsm;onf ukefoG,fa&;jypf'%fcwfr_rsm;jzifh jrefrmppftpkd;&tm; ‚if;. tðytrlrsm;ajymif;vJ&ef
twGuf óud;yrf;cJh=uonf? okd@aomf w&kwf/ tdENd, ESifh ,kd;',m;uJhokd@aom wkdif;jynfrsm;onf jrefrm ESifh qufvuf
ukefoG,faeqJjzpfonf? jrefrmppftpkd;&onf ajymif;vJrnfh vuQ%m vkH;0rjyacs?

10
8 ? EkdifiHa&;qk
&;qkdif&m *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif; (Political globalisation)
acwfopfEkdifiHa&;wGif zGH@òzd;r_ 2 ck&Sdonf? yxrwckrSm ykdife,fe,fajray:tajccHI todtrSwfðycH&onfh EkdifiHrsm; ESifh
tpkd;&opfrsm; ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf? 'kwd,wckrSm a'oqkdif&mESifh wurBmvkH;qkdif&m oabmwlnDr_rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;
}uD;rsm; zGH@òzd;wkd;wufjcif;wkd@jzpfonf?

ukvor*~/ aewdk;/ tmqD,HuJhokd@aom tzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;onf &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifrsm;atmifjrif&eftwGuf twlwuG

yl;aygif;aqmif&Guf&ef oabmwlzGJ@pnf;xm;aom tzGJ@}uD;rsm;jzpfonf? urBmhb%f/ EkdifiHwumaiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@/ ESifh
urBmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@uJhokd@aom EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;}uD;rsm;vnf; zGH@òzd;vmcJhonf? xkdtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ukd urBmw0Srf;&Sd
wkdif;jynfrsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? okd@aomf ,if;wkd@udk zGH@òzd;wkd;wuf+yD;EkdifiHrsm;rS xdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf?

EkdifiHa&;qk
&;qkdif&m *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;tay: axmufcHr_rsm;

urBmvkH;qkdif&m EkdifiHa&;onf 'Drkdua&pD/ vl@tcGifhta&; ESifh w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&; pHwefzkd;rsm;ukd wkdif;jynftrsm;

tjym;okd@ ykdI ykdI o,faqmif jyef@ESH@aponf?

EkdifiHwumOya' [laom pdwful;onf wajz;ajz;ESifh urBmtESH@wGif vufcHvmavonf? EkdifiHwumOya' wpkHonf/

wkdif;jynf wjynfxufykdI tiftm;ykd&SdEkdifrnfqkdaom pdwful;ukd OD;wnfcJhonf? xkdtcg zdESdyfaom tpkd;&rsm;udk =oZm
oufa&mufEkdifrnfjzpfonf?

urBmvkH;qkdif&m EkdifiHa&;onf ukvor*~uJhokd@aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGuf vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufaom tpkd;&

rsm;tm; zdtm;ay;&ef jzpfEkdifacs &Sdvmrnfjzpfonf?

EkdifiHa&;qk
&;qkdif&m *vkdb,fvk
vduk faZ;&Sif;tay: a0zefr_rsm;

avmavmq,fwGif EkdifiHwumOya'onf tvGefao;i,faom tm%mom&Sdavonf? tm%m&Sifrsm;tm;

‚if;wkd@.tðytrlrsm;udk ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf wGef;tm;ray;Ekdifacs?

urBm}uD;onf rwluGJjym;aom ,kH=unfr_rsm;/ pHwefzkd;rsm; ESifh qef@usifzuf,Ofaus;r_aygif; rsm;pGmjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;

jcif;jzpfonf? 'Drkdua&pDESifh vl@tcGifhta&; wefzkd;rsm;onf wkdif;jynfwjynf. &kd;&mxkH;wrf;pOfvm ,Ofaus;r_rsm;ESifh
yËdyuQjzpfaeonf[k tcsKd@aom wkdif;jynfrsm;rS ,kH=unf=uonf? taemufEkdifiHrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. pHwefzkd;rsm;ukd
urBm. usefaomae&mrsm;okd@oGwfoGif;aeonf[k ‚if;wkd@rS cHpm;ae=u&onf?

urBmhb%f/ IMF ESifh WTO uJhokd@aomtzGJ@}uD;rsm;ukdvnf; a0zefr_rsm;&Sdaeonf? qif;&JaomEkdifiHtrsm;pkonf

b¾ma&;pDrHr_rsm;xJokd@ oGwfoGif;jcif;cHae&onf/ ,if;onf ‚if;wkd@tm; tultnDtpm;/ emusifaponf[k
cHpm;ae&onf?

'Drkdua&pDpepfwGif wkdif;jynfwjynf. tpkd;&onf ‚if;. jynfolrsm;tay:wGif wm0ef,lajz&Sif;ay;Ekdifr_&Sd&rnf

jzpfonf? jynfolvlxkonf ‚if;wkd@tpkd;&rsm;ESifh q,foG,fEkdifr_ &Sd&rnfjzpfonf? okd@&mwGif zGH@òzd;wkd;wuf+yD; ESifh
rzGH@òzd;rwkd;wufaom urBm ESpfckpvkH;&Sd EkdifiHom;rsm;pGmwkd@onf urBmhb%f/ IMF ESifh WTO uJhokd@aomtzGJ@}uD;
rsm;onf urBmhjynfolrsm;. tcuftcJrsm;/ ar;cGef;rsm;ukd ajz&Sif;ray;Ekdif[k cHpm;ae=u&onf? xkdtzGJ@}uD;rsm;wGif
yGifhvif; jrifomr_ ESifh wm0ef,lr_rsm;r&Sday?

2005 ckESpfwGif/ ukdzDtmeefonf urBmw0Srf;vkH;wGif 'Drkdua&pDjr‡ifhwif&ef &SmazGvkyfaqmifaeonfh ukvor*~tzGJ}uD;

twGif;Yyif 'Drkdua&pDusifhokH;r_ csKd@wJhaeonf[k rSwfcsufay;cJhzl;avonf?

11
9 ? ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif; (Cultural globalisation)
,Ofaus;r_qkdonfrSm "avhxkH;pHrsm;/ ukd;uG,f,kH=unfr_rsm;/ vlaer_ykHo¾efrsm;/ ESifh vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&; (odk@)
vlr_a&;tkyfpkrsm;. &kyf0wˆKt&nftaoG;rsm;ukd &nf!ïef;onf?

,Ofaus;r_qkdonfrSm vltkyfpkwck. aexkdifr_ykHpHjzpfonf? ,if;wGif bmompum;/ ukd;uG,fonfhbmom/ "avhxkH;pHrsm;/

tpm;tpm/ t0wftxnf/ ESifh rdom;pk ESifh vlr_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yg0ifonf?

urBmwv$m;wGif uGJjym;aom,Ofaus;r_rsm; rsm;pGm&Sdonf? xkdrwluGJjym;jcm;em;aom ,Ofaus;r_rsm; jzpfay:vmjcif;onf/

a&S;,cifu rwluGJjym;aom &Gmrsm;/ a'orsm;ESifh wkdif;jynfrsm;onf yx0Dtaetxm;jzifh ykdif;xm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf?

tcsdefumv=umjrifhvmaomtcg/ ,Ofaus;r_onf obm0tm;jzifhajymif;vJvmcJhonf? okd@aomf tcsufwcsufrSm ajymif;

vJr_onf tjcm;aom vl@tokdif;t0kdif;rS =oZmoufa&mufr_a=umifhjzpfonf? ,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;
qkdonfrSm rwluGJjym;aom ,Ofaus;r_rsm;t=um; aygif;ul;r_onf urBmESifht0Srf; wkd;yGm;vmjcif;ukd qkdvkdonf? xkd
wkd;yGm;vmaom aygif;ul;r_qkdonfrSm urBm}uD;. ,Ofaus;r_rsm;onf ykdrkdeD;pyf wlnDvm=uvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?

Oyrm wckrSm urBmtESH qufoG,fr_enf;ynmysH@ESH@vmjcif;jzpfonf? qufoG,fr_trsm;qkH;rSm t*Fvdyfjzpfonf? xkd@a=umifh

t*Fvdyfbmompum;onf tv#iftjrefyif urBmokH;bmompum;wckjzpfvmonf? oufqkdifywfoufr_wckrSm t*Fvdyf
pum;ysH@ESH@vmjcif;onf/ a'owGif; bmompum;rsm;udk zsufqD;vmvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?

,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m *vkdb,f
,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd qef@usifajymqkdr_rsm;

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf tvGefwxyfwnf;us+yD;/ tvGefvnf; taemufwkdif;qefonfh urBmwckukd zefwD;vdrfh

rnfjzpfonf?

,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;a=umifh urBmwv$m;&Sd rwluGJjym;aom ,Ofaus;r_trsm;tjym; aysmufuG,f

ukefvdrfhrnfjzpfonf?

urBm}uD;. obm0ywf0ef;usifonf urBmhvlOD;a&. trsm;pkukd taemufwkdif;vlaer_ykHpH ryHhykd;ay;Ekdifay? urBmh

vlOD;a&. 4µom&Sdaom tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf/ urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_udk jzpfaponfh urBmhavxkxJokd@ umAGef'kdif
atmufqkd'fxkwfv$wfr_. 25µ wm0ef&Sdaeavonf? TurBmò*dvfay:wGif&Sdaom vlOD;a& oef; 6 axmifukd avat;
pufwyfqifxm;onfh ukd,fykdiftdrf/ ukd,fykdifum;rsm;jzifh aexkdifEdkif&eftwGuf obm0ywf0ef;usifrS axmufyHhr_
ay;Ekdifatmif ,ae@acwfumvenf;ynmrsm;rS rpGrf;aqmifEkdifay?

rsm;pGmaom ,Ofaus;r_wkd@onf 'Drkdua&pD. wefzkd;rsm;ukd axmufcHavonf? okd@aomf taemufwkdif;wefzkd;rsm;

tm;vkH;udkrl raxmufcHay? Oyrm - tm&Swefzkd;jzpfonfh vl}uD;olr rsm;ESifh rdom;pktay:wGif wefzkd;xm; av;pm;
jcif;onf/ taemufwkdif;,Ofaus;r_ jyef@ESH@jcif;ESifhtwl uG,faysmufoGm;rnfukd a=umuf&GH@ae=uonf?

,Ofaus;r_qkdif&m *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;twGuf axmufcHajymqkdr_rsm;

,Ofaus;r_ajymif;vJjcif;onf taemufwkdif;wefzkd;rsm; jyef@ESH@jcif;a=umifhr[kwfay? zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_/ pufr_vkyfief;

wnfaxmifjcif;/ ESifh òrd@jytoGifajymif;vJjcif;wkd@onf wkdif;jynfwkdif;&Sd wkdif;jynftwGif;wGif jzpfay:vmaejcif;jzpfonf?

wkdif;jynfrsm;onf taemufwkdif; ,Ofaus;r_rsm;ukd r,laqmifbJ/ taemufwkdif;enf;ynmrsm;ESifh zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_rsm;

om ,laqmifEkdfifonf? Oyrm - tdENd,onf zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHjzpfaomfvnf; tdENd,,Ofaus;r_udk xdef;odrf;xm;qJjzpfonf?

obm0ywf0ef;usifta=umif;jycsufjzifh wkdif;jynftcsKd@. zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_rsm;udk jiif;y,fjcif;onf rw&m;ay?

xkdtpm; urBmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdifrnhf enf;ynmrsm; zGH@òzd;wkd;wuf&efvkdtyfonf?

12
10 ? *vdkb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd vkdvm;aomtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (Pro-globalisation Organisations)
urBmhukefoG,fa&; tzGJ@tpnf; The World Trade Organisation (WTO)
tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHrsm;.oabmwlnDr_jzifh EkdifiHwumukefoG,fr_ pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ukd pDrHcef@cGJ&eftwGuf/ 1995 ckESpfwGif
WTO udkwnfaxmifcJhonf? WTO u ajymqkdonfrSm wkdif;jynfrsm;t=um; ukefoG,fr_}uD;xGm;vmjcif;onf vlwkdif;.
OpPm"emudk wkd;yGm;apjcif;jzpfonf?

tjynfjynfqkdif&m aiGa=u;&efykHaiGtzGJ@ The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

aiGa=u;pDrHcef@cGJr_ay:wGif EkdifiHwumyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ukd jr‡ifhwif&eftwGuf 1946 ckESpfwGif IMF ukdwnfaxmifcJhonf?
wkdif;jynfrsm; aºuG;+rDjyefvnfay;qyf&efóud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_wGif ,m,DtultnDrsm;ukdvnf; IMFrS jznfhqnf;ay;onf?

urBm}uD;.ºuG,f0r_onf EkdifiHrsm;t=um;wGifykdrkd}uD;rm;aom zvS,fjcif;jzifh ykdaumif;rGefapEkdifonf[k IMF rS ,kH=uonf?

,if;onf vlwkdif;Oya'ukdvkdufem&ef oabmwlnDjcif;jzifhomv#if jzpfEkdifrnf? IMFwGif tzGJ@0ifwkdif;jynf 182 ck&Sdonf?

urBmhb%f The World Bank

zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf qif;&JaomEkdifiHrsm;ukd urBmhb%frS acs;aiGrsm;xkwfay;onf? aomufa& ESifh ywf0ef;usif
oef@&Sif;a&;/ obm0&if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcef@cGJa&;/ ynma&; ESifh usef;rma&;uJhokd@aom &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_ pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf b%frS
acs;aiGrsm;xkwfacs;ay;onf?

ukvor*~ The United Nations

ukvor*~onf *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;udk jr‡ifhwifay;oljzpfvmaomtcg/ EkdifiHwckcsif;pDwkdif;onf ‚if;wkd@. jynfolrsm; ESifh
urBmhvl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckvkH;twGufyg wm0efrsm;&Sdonf[k ckcHajymqkdvmonf?

pD;yGg;a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; ESifh zGH@òzd;wkd;wufa&; tzG@J tpnf; The Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD)
ajrmuftar&du/ *syef/ ukd&D;,m;/ =opaw;vs/ e,l;ZDvef/ ESifh tcsKd@ Oa&mywkdif;jynfrsm;yg0ifonfh tzGJ@0if 29 EkdifiH&Sd
onf? pD;yGg;a&;zGH@òzd;&ef EkdifiHpkHaumfykda&;&Sif;rsm;rS tðyoabmvkyfaqmifay;onfh taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd jyojcif;uJho@kd /
*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m tacstwifaqG;aEG;ajymqkdr_rsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;onf?

ukefoG,fr_ESifh zGH@òzd;r_ ukvor*~nDvmcH United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

(UNCTAD)
ukvor*~wGif t+rJwrf;tzGJ@tpnf;jzpf+yD;/ zGH@òzd;qJwkdif;jynfrsm;. ukefoG,fr_/ &if;ESD;jr‡yfESHr_ESifh zGH@òzd;r_tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd
jr‡ifhwifay;&efESifh urBmhpD;yGg;a&;twGif;okd@ aygif;pD;0ifEkdif&eftwGuf ‚if;wkd@. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_ukd ulnD&ef &nf&G,fonf?

urBmhpD;yGg;a&;[pfwkdif The World Economic Forum (WEF)

tjrwftpGef;twGufr&nf&G,fonfh yk*~vduazmifa';&Sif;wckjzpf+yD;/ pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;/ EkdifiHa&;/ todynm&Sifrsm;ESifh
tjcm;aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf nDvmcHrsm;ukd usif;yay;onf? ‚if;wGif qkH;jzwfykdifcGifhtm%mr&Sday?
okd@aomf urBmhpD;yGg;a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ta&;}uD;aom udpP&yfrsm;udk xkdnDvmcHrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;=uonf?

wkdif;jynftpkd;&rsm; Country governments

urBmhay:&Sd tpkd;& ESifh ygvDref trsm;pkonf WTO wGifvufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;=u+yD;/ IMF tzGJ@0ifrsm;jzpf=uonf? zGH@òzd;qJ
EkdifiHrsm;t=um;wGif ruUqDukd/ wl&uD/ tD*spf ESifh xkdif; uJhokd@aom ykdrkdcsrf;omaomEkdifiHrsm;onf *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;
tay:wGif us,favmifpGm axmufcHtm;ay;=uonf?

tifwmeuf ESifh w,fvDuGefjrLeDau;&Sif;vkyfief; Internet and telecommunications industry

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd wGef;tm;ay;onfht&mwckrSm a&'D,kd/ w,fvDzkH;/ a=u;eef;/ &kyfjrifoH=um; ponfhtquftoG,f
rsm; ESifh tifwmeufvkyfief; acwfrDwkd;wufvmjcif;jzpfonf?

13
11 ? a0g[m&rsm; (Vocabulary)
rl0g' (Policy)
rl0g'wckqkdonfrSm vlwOD;wa,muf (okd@) vlr_a&;tzGJ@tpnf;wckrS qkH;jzwfxm;onfh v_yf&Sm;r_pDrHudef;wckjzpfonf?
Oyrm - rl0g' wckonf tzGJ@tpnf;wck (okd@) tpkd;&rS a&&Snf&nfrSef;csufatmifjrif&eftwGuf csrSwfxm;onfh
tajccHrl0g'rsm;/ ESifh pDrHcsufrsm; ESifh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;jzpfonf?

axmufyHha=u; (Grant)
aiGa=u;ulnDr_ykHo¾efwckjzpfonf? zGH@òzd;a&; ESifh axmufyHhaiGtjzpf tzGJ@tpnf; (okd@) wkdif;jynf wckodk@ay;aom
aiGjzpfonf? xkdaiGukd jyefvnfay;qyf&efrvkday?

twkd; (Interest)
aiGacs;&mwGif ay;&aomtca=u;aiGjzpfonf? yk*~dKvf/ pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief; (okd@) wkdif;jynfonf aiGacs;xm;aomtcg acs;xm;
aomaiGukd tykdaiGxnfhoGif;I jyefvnfay;qyf&rnfjzpfonf? omreftm;jzifhtwkd;onf acs;aiG. &mcdkifE_H;wckjzpfonf?

zGH@òzd;a&;b%f (Development bank)

zGH@òzd;a&;b%fwckonf b%ftrsm;pkESifh rwlnDay? zGH@òzd;a&;b%fonf zGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf axmufyHhonf?
urBmhb%fuJhokd@yif tmz&duef/ tm&S ESifh tar&dueftwGif; zGH@òzd;a&;b%frsm; (African, Asian and Inter-American
development banks) [lIvnf;&Sdonf?

qkdif;iHhumv (Grace period)

tu,fI vlyk*~dKvfwa,muf/ tzGJ@tpnf;wck (okd@) wkdif;jynfwjynfonf aiG;acs;ygu rqkdif;rwG csufjcif; jyefvnfay;
qyf&efrvkday? urBmhb%fonf wkdif;jynfrsm;tm; 10 ESpfwm qkdif;iHumvwckudk ay;xm;wwfavonf? qkdvkdonfrSm/
wkdif;jynfrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. taºuG;ukd aiGacs;xm;onfrS 10 ESpftwGif; jyefvnfay;qyf&efrvdkay?

pD;yGg;a&; wkd;wuf
;wufr_ (Economic growth)
pD;yGg;a&;wkd;wufr_qkdonfrSm wkdif;jynfwjynf. pD;yGg;a&;rS xkwfvkyfvkdufonfh ukefypPnf;rsm; ESifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;.
wefzkd; wkd;yGg;vmjcif;ukd ac:onf? ,if;ukd wkd;wufvmonfh jynfwGif;xGufukefpkpkaygif; Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) &mE_H;jzifh wkdif;wmonf? pD;yGg;a&;wkd;wufr_onf vlaer_tqifhtwef;jrifhwufvmjcif;ukd o,faqmifvmonf?

b¾ma&; aps;uGuf (Financial markets)

b¾ma&;aps;uGufwckonf aps;uGuftrsKd;tpm;wckjzpf+yD;/ xkdae&mwGif EkdifiHokH;aiGa=u;rsm;/ pD;yGg;a&;tpkpyf &S,f,m
rsm;/ ESifh &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ,laqmifvmjcif; ESifh a&mif;csjcif;ðyvkyfonf?

pm;okH;r_wkd;wufa&;0g
&;0g' (Consumerism)
pm;okH;r_wkd;wufa&;0g' (rsm;rsm;xkwfrsm;rsm;okH;0g') qdkonfrSm vlokH;ukefypPnf;rsm;ykdifqkdif&ef0,f,ljcif;ESifhtwl ,if;ESifh
nDr#aom yk*~dKvfa&;pdwfcsrf;ajr@r_tusKd;&&Sdjcif; udk az:jy&mwGifokH;aom pum;vkH;jzpfonf?

qkdvkdonfrSm vlwkd@onf ypPnf;rsm; 0,f,ljcif; ESifh ykdifqkdifr_rsm; ykdIrsm;jym;vmjcif;jzifh/ ‚if;wkd@ukd aysmf&$ifapvdrfhrnf[k

,kH=unf=uonf? xkd@a=umifh vlwkd@onf ykdI ykdI 0,f,l&ef ‚if;wkd@. pdwfxJrSaeI wGef;tm;ay;jcif;ukd cH&onf? a=umfjim
vkyfief;onf tqkdyg pm;okH;r_wkd;wufvma&;0g'ukd tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyonf? xkduJhokd@ pm;okH;r_wkd;wufvma&;0g'
jrifhrm;aomtqifhwck&Sdonfh tavhtxudk pm;okH;ol ,Ofaus;r_ wck[kac:onf?

pm;okH;r_wkd;wufa&;0g'wGifyg0ifonfrSm vlwkd@onf trSefwu,fvkdtyfI (okd@) xkdokd@ ukefxkwfvkyfr_rsm;ESifh pGef@ypfypPnf;

rsm;rSoufa&mufonfh obm0ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m tusKd;qufrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;jcif;r&SdbJ ukefypPnf;topfrsm; ESifh
0efaqmifr_rsm; 0,f,ljcif; jzpfonf?

14
12 ? urBmhukefoG,fa&; tzGJ@tpnf; The World Trade Organisation (WTO)
WTO qkdonfrSmtb,fenf; ´

WTO onf wurBmvkH;qkdif&m EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpf+yD;/ EkdifiHtcsif;csif;rsm;t=um;wGif ukefoG,fa&;qkdif&m

pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; oabmwlnDr_&,lxm;onf? xkdtzGJ@onf 1995 ckESpfwGif pwifwnfaxmifxm;onf? tzGJ@.
XmecsKyfrSm qGpfZmvefEkdifiH *seDAmðrd@wGifxm;&Sdonf?

WTO wGif tzGJ@0ifwkdif;jynf 149 EkdifiH&Sdonf? urBmhukefoG,fa&;. 97 µ ukd WTO rS vkyfaqmifaeonf? xkd
wkdif;jynfrsm;tm;vkH;onf urBmhukefoG,fa&;twGuf WTO . oabmwlnDcsufrsm;tay: vufrSwfa&;xkd;xm;=uonf?

WTO . t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm ukefoG,fr_rsm; acsmarG@pGm/ vGwfvyfpGm/ ESifh w&m;r#wr_&SdpGm pD;qif;atmif ulnD&efjzpf

onf?

xkdokd@jzpfvmap&ef WTO onf -

• ukefoG,fa&;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;ukd pDrHcef@cGJay;onf?
• ukefoG,fa&;aphpyfn‡dE_dif;r_rsm;twGuf [pfwkdiftjzpfaqmif&Gufay;onf?
• ukefoG,fa&;tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ukd at;+idrf;aponf?
• trsKd;om;ukefoG,fa&;ay:vpDrsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyfay;onf?
• zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;. ukefoG,fa&;rl0g'udpP&yfrsm;ukd enf;ynmtaxmuftul ESifh oifwef;ay;jcif;
tpDtpOfrsm;rSaeI tultnDay;jcif;/
• tjcm;aom EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;/

WTO onf urBm}uD;tm; tusKd;jzpfxGef;aponf[k aºuG;a=umfonf/ tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf -

EkdifiHwumukefoG,fr_pepfonf wkdif;jynfrsm;tcsif;csif; ykdrkdrSDckdvm&aoma=umifh +idrf;csrf;a&;udk jr‡ifhwif&ef

tultnDay;onf?

ukefoG,fa&;tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ukd WTO rS tðyoabmaqmifpGm ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;Ekdifonf?

ukefoG,fa&;qkdif&m pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;onf aexkdifr_b0rsm;ukd ykdrkdvG,fulaponf?

vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_onf aexkdifr_p&dwfukd av#mhcsay;onf?

urBmay:&Sd jynfolrsm;wGif &&SdEkdifaom xGufukefypPnf;trsKd;tpm;ykdrkdrsm;jym;vmrnf?

ukefoG,fr_jrifhwufvmjcif;onf jynfolwkd@. 0ifaiGudk wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmaponf?

ukefoG,fa&;onf wkdif;jynfrsm;. pD;yGg;a&;wkd;wufr_ukd tm;ay;onf/ xkd@a=umifh qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_ukdavsmhusaponf?

xkdpepfonf aumif;rGefaom tpkd;&rsm;ukd tm;ay;onf?

rnfokd@yifqkdap WTO ukd uef@uGufaomolrsm;rSm Tokd@ajymqkd=uonf -

WTOonf ukefoG,fa&;ay:vpDrsm;udk qkH;jzwfay;onf?

tcsKdaomwkdif;jynfrsm;twGuf raumif;aomfvnf; WTO onfvGwfvyfaom ukefoG,fa&;ukd jr‡ifhwifonf?

ukefoG,fa&;ESifh pD;yGg;a&;tusKd;tjrwfukd zGH@òzd;a&;/ obm0ywf0ef;usif/ usef;rma&; ESifh vkHòcHpdwfcs&r_wkd@xufykdI
OD;pm;ay;onf?

WTO onf tvkyfrsm;ukd zsufqD;ypf+yD;/ qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_ukd ykdrkdqkd;&Gm;aponf?

ao;i,faom wkdif;jynfrsm;rSm WTO wGift m%mr&Sd=uacs?

ykdrdk tm;eJaomwkdif;jynfrsm;rSm EkdifiHwumESifh ukefoG,fvdkygu WTO wGif 0ifa&muf&ef wGef;tm;ay;jcif;cH&onf?

WTO onf 'Drkdua&pDrusay?

From http://www.wto.org

15
13 ? urBmhb%f (The World Bank)
urBmhb%ftkyfpk. rpf&SifrSm zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_wkdufzsuf&ef ESifh vlaer_tqifhtwef;wkd;wufvm&ef
jzpfonf? ,if;onf zGH@òzd;a&;b%fwckjzpf+yD; acs;aiGrsm;/ t}uH^m%frsm;/ enf;ynmtaxmuftulrsm;/ tv,ftvwf
ESifh edrfhusaom 0ifaiG&Sdonfh wkdif;jynfrsm;okd@ todynmzvS,fr_vkyfief;rsm; ponfwkd@ukd jznhfqnf;ay;onf?

urBmhb%fukd 1944 ckESpf *sLvkdifv 1 &ufae@wGif pwifcJhonf?

2004 ckESpfwGif/ urBmw0Srf;&Sd zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;okd@ xkdEkdifiHrsm;. qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_avsmhus&ef &nf&G,fI ya&m*suf 245

cktwGuf 20 '\
'\r 1 bDvD,Ha':vmukd ulnDaxmuf axmufyHhcJhonf?

u|Ekfyfwkd@onf tvGefcsrf;omaomurBmwGifaexkdifae=uonf? urBmh0ifaiGonf wESpfv#if 31 x&DvD,Ha':vm ausmfav

onf? TurBmwGif tcsKd@aom wkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd vlwa,mufy#rf;r#0ifaiGonf wESpfv#if a':vm 40000 ausmfavonf?
okd@aomf TurBmwGifyif 2 '\r 8 bDvD,H&Sdaomvlwkd@rSm wESpfv#ifa':vm 700 atmuf0ifaiGwGifaexkdifae=u&onf?

urBmhb%fonf zGH@òzd;r_tultnDtwGuf urBm}uD;.t}uD;rm;qkH;aom t&if;tjrpfwckjzpfonf? ausmif;rsm; ESifh usef;rm

a&;Xmersm;wnfaqmuf&ef/ aomufokH;a& ESifh v#ufppfrD;jznfhqnf;&ef/ a&m*grsm;wkdufzsuf&ef ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif
umuG,f&ef ponfwkd@twGuf zGH@òzd;qJwkdif;jynfrsm;rS tpkd;&rsm;. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;udk taxmuftulay;onf?
b%fwcktaejzifhr[kwf/ txl;at*sifpDwcktjzpf Not a bank, but rather a specialized agency.
urBmhb%fonf tjcm;aom b%ftrsm;pkuJhokd@r[kwfay? ,if;onf ukvor*~. txl;at*sifpDwckjzpf+yD;/ tzGJ@0if
wkdif;jynf 184 ckjzifhzGJ@pnf;xm;onf? b%frS ykdufqH rnfuJhokd@ &&SdcJhonf/ ESifh rnfuJhokd@ tokH;ðycJhonf qkdonfukd
&Sif;vif;&ef/ xkd wkdif;jynfrsm;tm;vkH;wGif wm0ef&Sdavonf?

a':vm 9 bDvD,H ulnDaxmufyHhjcif;

urBmhb%fonf zGHòzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;okd@ twkd;E_ef;eJeJjzifhacs;aiGrsm;/ twkd;rJhaºuG;+rDESifh axmufyHha=u;rsm; ponfwkd@ukd jznfh
qnf;ay;onf? wkdif;jynfrsm;onf acs;aiGrsm;ukd 10 ESpf qkdif;iHhumvESifhtwl/ 35-40 ESpf=umrS jyefvnfay;qyf&rnf?

twkd;rJhaºuG;+rD ESifh axmufyHha=u;rsm;twGuf ykdufqHrsm;ukd EkdifiHwum zGH@òzd;a&;toif; International Development

Association (IDA) rS&&Sdonf? csrf;omaom wkdif;jynf 40 rS 4 ESpfw}udrf tvªaiGrsm; xnfh0ifjcif;jzifh xkd&HykHaiGukd
jznfhqnf;=uonf? 2002 ckESpfwGif tvª&Sifrsm;rS a':vm 9 bDvD,HeD;yg; &HykHaiGxJokd@ xnfh0if=u+yD;/ wjcm; 6 '\r 6
bDvD,H a':vmrSm b%f. &if;jrpfrsm;rSjzpfonf?

xkdtcsdefu tvª&Sifrsm;onf IDA axmufyHha=u;. 21 &mE_ef;txd tqif;&JqkH; ESifh txl;OD;pm;ay;&rnfh wkdif;jynfrsm;

wGif txl;jy\emrsm;jzpfonfh HIV/AIDS uJhokd@aom ul;pufa&m*grsm;ukd umuG,f&ef tokH;ðyoifhonf[k oabmwl
cJh=uonf?

acs;aiGrsm;twGuf a':vm 11 bDvD,H

0ifaiGjrifhrm;onfh zGH@òzd;qJwkdif;jynfrsm;onf EkdifiHwum jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;b%frS International
Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) acs;aiGrsm;&&Sd=uonf?

zGH@òzd;qJwkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd tpkd;&rsm;onf qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_avsmhusa&; óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_/ vlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm; jzef@jzL;jcif;/

obm0ywf0ef;usif umuG,fwm;qD;a&;/ ESifh vlaer_tqifhtwef;wkd;wufaprnfh pD;yGg;a&;zGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_jr‡ifhwifa&;
ponfwkd@tygt0if txl;oD;oef@pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf aiGrsm;acs;,l=uonf? 2004 ckESpfwGif/ IBRDonf 33 EdkifiHwGif
ya&m*suf 87 udkaxmufyHhaomtm;jzifh pkpkaygif; a':vm 11 bDvD,H acs;aiGrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;cJhonf?

IBRD onf ,if;. aiGrsm;tm;vkH;eD;yg;avmufukd urBmhb¾ma&;aps;uGufrsm;wGif &SmazGcJhonf?

16
14 ? EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@ The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
IMF ta=umif;
EkdifiHwum aiGa=u;&HykHaiGtzGJ@onf 184 EkdifiHyg0ifonfh EkdifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfonf? 1945 ckESpfwGif
pwifzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? atmufygwkd@ukd vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf xlaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf -

urBmw0Srf;&Sd aiGa=u;pepfukd jr‡ifhwif&efESifh wkdif;jynftcsif;csif;t=um;yl;aygif;vkyfaqmif&ef/

pD;yGg;a&;wkd;wufr_ zGH@òzd;&ef ESifh tvkyftukdifaumif;rGefvm&ef/

pD;yGg;a&;wnf+idrfr_ jr‡ifhwif&ef ESifh t=uyftwnf;rsm; umuG,f&ef/

qif;&JrGJawr_av#mhcs&ef/

aºuG;+rDrsm;jyefvnfray;qyfEkdifao;onfh wkdif;jynfrsmtm; ,m,D b¾ma&;taxmuftulrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;&ef/

,if;onf t"duvkyfief; 3 ckukd vkyfaqmifonf -

IMF apmifh=unfhjcif; - IMFonf ,if;.tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHrsm;t=um;wGif ‚if;wkd@. pD;yGg;a&; ESifhb¾ma&;ay:vpDrsm;
tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;okd@ rnfokd@ tusKd;oufa&muf§xdckdufonfqkdaom aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ukd tm;ay;onf? ,if;ukd
apmifh=unfhjcif;[kac:onf?

IMF aiGacs;jcif; - taºuG;rqyfEkdifaom wkdif;jynfrsm;okd@ IMF rS acs;aiGrsm;xkwfay;onf? ,if;onf wkdif;jynf

rsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@.pD;yGg;a&;udk zGH@òzd;wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmap&efulnD+yD;/ aºuG;+rDrsm;jyefqyf&ef ykdrkdwwfEdkifvmaponf?

enf;ynmqkdif&mtultnD - wkdif;jynfrsm;zGH@òzd;vmap&eftwGuf enf;ynmtultnDrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;onf?

IMF v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;
sm;
EkdifiHwumaiGa=u; ESifh b¾ma&;pepfwnf+idrfr_&Sdap&eftwGuf IMF wGifwm0ef&Sdonf? ,if;onf EkdifiHokH;aiGrsm;t=um;
EkdifiHwum aiGay;acsE_ef; ESifh aiGvJE_ef; pepfwckjzpfonf? ,if;onf wkdif;jynfrsm;t=um; ukefoG,fr_vkyfaqmifEkdifaprnf?

IMF tkyfcsKyfykH ESifh zG

zGJ@pnf;ykH
IMF onf tzGJ@0ifwkdif;jynfrsm;. tpkd;&rsm;udk wm0efcHr_&Sdonf? ‚if;. 184 OD;&Sdonfh tkyfcsKyfa&;bkwftzGJ@wGif tzGJ@0if
wkdif;jynfwckpDrS tkyfcsKyfa&;rª;wOD;pDyg0ifonf? tkyfcsKyfa&;rª;rsm;tm;vkH;onf ESpfpOf IMF-urBmhb%fESpfywfvnf
tpnf;ta0;Y w}udrfom awG@qkH=uonf?

IMF . ykdufqHrsm;b,fu&oenf;´
IMF .ykdufqHrsm;onf t"dutm;jzifh tzGJ@0ifwkdif;jynfrsm;rSaeI tzGJ@0iftjzpftcsKd;usxnfh0ifr_rsm;rS&&Sdonf?
wkdif;jynfrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. tzGJ@0iftjzpftcsKd;usxnfh0ifaiGrS 25 &mE_ef;ukd tar&duef a':vm (okd@) *syef,ef;aiGuJhokd@
t"du EkdifiHokH;aiGrsm;jzifhay;&onf? usefaomaiGrsm;ukd vkdtyfaomtcg tzGJ@0ifEkdifiH. jynfwGif;okH;aiGa=u;jzifhay;&ef
IMF rS awmif;qkdEkdifonf?

tzGJ@0iftjzpftcsKd;usxnfh0ifaiGonf wkdif;jynf. urBmhpD;yGg;a&;t&G,fyrm%ay:wGifrlwnfonf? wkdif;jynf. ukefoG,fr_

jrifhavav/ tcsKd;usxnfh0ifaiG}uD;rm;avavjzpfonf?

IMF wGif tzGJ@0iftjzpf tcsKd;usxnfh0ifaiG}uD;rm;r_ESifhtwl rJqENtm%mvnf;vkdufI}uD;rm;avonf? IMF okd@

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf trsm;qkH;xnfh0ifonf? xkd@a=umifh rJqENtm%mvnf; ykdavonf? IMF twGuf tcsKd;us
xnfh0ifr_ pkpkaygif;aiGyrm%rSm tar&duefa':vm 300 bDvD,Hjzpfonf?

From http://www.imf.org

17
15 ? G7 ESifh G8
'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHrsm;jzpfonfh urBmhpufr_tiftm;}uD; 7 EkdifiH (Group of Seven - G7) wGif &k&Stm; aygif;xnfhxm;jcif;ukd
G8 (Guorp of Eight) [kac:onf?

G7 wGifyg0ifonfh 7 EkdifiHrSm - uae'g/ jyifopf/ *smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef/ +Adwdef ESifh tar&duef wkd@jzpf=uonf?

ESpfpOfESpfwkdif;wGif G8 onf pD;yGg;a&; ESifh EkdifiHa&; xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;rsm;ukd usif;yonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;wGif wkdif;jynf

8 ckrS tpkd;&xdyfoD;rsm;wufa&muf=uonf? tjcm;aom ykdrkdao;i,fonfh tpnf;ta0;rsm;pGmvnf;&Sdavonf?

tkyfpk. obmywd ae&mukd tzGJ@0ifwkdif;jynfrsm;rS ESpfpOf Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufae@rSpI tvSnfhuspepfjzifh OD;aqmifonf?

obmywdae&mukd ,lxm;aom wkdif;jynfonf EkdifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;. 3 &uf=umxdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;udk tdrf&SifEkdifiH
tjzpf wm0ef,lusif;y&+yD;/ wufa&mufolrsm;. vkHòcHa&;ukdvnf; wm0ef,ltmrcH&avonf?

G8 orkdif;a=umif;
1975 ckESpfwGif jyifopforRwonf t"dupufr_xGef;um;onfh 'Drkdua&pD 6 EkdifiHrS tpkd;&acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd xdyfoD;
tpnf;ta0;wcktwGuf jyifopfodk@zdwf=um;cJhonf? wufa&mufolrsm;onf tvSnfhusobmywdpepfwckatmufwGif
ESpfpOftpnf;ta0;rsm;udk usif;y&ef oabmwlcJh=uonf? 6 EkdifiHygonfh tkyfpk (G6) udk zGJ@pnf;cJhonf?

xkd 6 EkdifiHrSm jyifopf/ taemuf*smr%D/ tDwvD/ *syef/ +Adwdef ESifh tar&duefwkd@jzpf=uonf? wESpft=umY uae'gonf
tkyfpktwGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufvmcJh+yD; G7 [lI jzpfay:vmcJhonf?

ppfat;umv+yD;qkH;+yD;aemuf/ 1991 ckESpfwGif t"duxdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;yGJ+yDaemuf &k&Sonf *sD 7 ESifh awG@qkH&efjzpfvmcJh

onf? xkdtkyfpkudk “G7 plus 1” tjzpfodvmcJhonf?

1998 ckESpfwGif/ &k&Sonf tjynfht0tzGJ@0iftjzpf0ifa&mufyg0ifcGifh&vmonf? xkdtcg tkyfpkonfvnf; G8 tjzpfxif&Sm;

vmcJhonf?

okd@yifqkdaomfjim;vnf;/ &k&SEkdifiH. pD;yGg;a&; ESifh 'Drkdua&pDrSm tcuftcJrsm;jzifh &ifqkdifae&qJjzpfojzifh/ xdyfoD;tpnf;

ta0;wkdif;wGifrl wufa&mufyg0ifcGifhr&Sdao;acs?

aemufqkH;wGif G8 xdyfoD;nDvmcHukd *sLvkdifv 2005 ckESpfwGif usif;ycJhonf? wurBmvkH;ESifhqkdifonfh ta&;}uD;aom udpP

2 &yfjzpfonfh tmz&du&Sd qif;&JrGJawr_jy\emESifh urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_ 2 ckukd aqG;aEG;cJhonf?

G8 tm; a0zefjcif;
G8 xdyfoD;nDvmcHonf r=umc%qkdovkd *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_. ypfrSwfwckjzpfcJhonf?

umAGef'dkifatmufqkd'fxkwfv$wfr_a=umifh urBm}uD;ykdrkdylaEG;vmr_/ aºuG;+rDjy\emESifh rr#wonfh ukefoG,fa&;ay:vpDrsm;

a=umifh tmz&duESifh zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;&Sd qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_/ aq;0g;&Sm;yg;r_a=umifh attkdif'Dtufpfjy\emrsm; ESifh
*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ESifh qufEG,faeonfh tjcm;aom jy\emrsm;onf *sD 8 tzGJ@0ifwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif wm0ef&Sdonf[k
*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rS awmif;qkd=uonf?

*sD 8 acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@a=umifhjzpfay:vmonf[kpGyfpGJcHxm;&onfh jy\emrsm;tm; wkdufzsuf&eftwGuf

wm0ef,l&ef zdtm;rsm;vnf;ay;v#uf&Sdaeonf? “qif;&JrGJawr_orkdif;ukdðyvkyfyg”&eftwGuf *sD 8 acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
wGef;tm;ay;&ef/ 2005 ckESpf *sLvkdif 2 &uf ESifh 6 &ufae@wGif/ Bob Geldof onf Live 8 - urBmhxdyfoD; 8
EkdifiHodem;vnfa&; *DwyGJ - udkusif;ycJhonf? *sD 8 tzGJ@0ifEdkifiHrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. EkdifiHawmfbwf*sufrS '\r 7µukd
EkdifiHjcm;okd@tultnDay;&eftwGuf jyifqifn‡d,l&ef pDpOfusif;yolrsm;rS csOf;uyfcJhao;onf? (aemufykdif;wGif=unhf&ef)

18
16 ? *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;udk qef@usifonfhtzG@J tpnf;rsm; (Anti-globalisation Organisations)
obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;orm;rsm; Environmentalists
ajrurBmrdwfaqGrsm; Friends of the Earth ESifh *&if;ydpf Greenpeace wkd@rS *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf
obm0ywf0ef;usifukdxdckdufaponf[k xGufqkd=uonf?
urBmhom;&kdif;wd&dp>mefapmifha&Smufa&;&HykHaiG (World Wildlife Fund) rS WTO ukd q,fpkESpfwck=umuef@uGufcJhonf?
,if;onf WTO .pnf;rsOf;rsm;ukdajymif;vJapcJh+yD;/ obm0ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m&nfrSef;csufrsm;twGuf ukefoG,fa&;
wm;jrpfr_rsm;ukd tokH;ðyEkdifcJhonf?
a&&SnfwnfwHhzGH@òzd;a&; EkdifiHwumtifpwDusL@sL (International Institute for Sustainable Development) ukd
uae'gwGif tajcpkdufxm;onf?

urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_/ obm0&if;jrpfrsm;ðyef;wD;r_/ ESifh tEW&,frsm;onfh"mwkypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfr_ESifh obm0ajr=oZmokH;

pkdufysKd;a&;ysufqD;r_rsm;twGuf obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;orm;rsm;onf urBmhvkH;qkdif&m aumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;udk
tjypfwif=uavonf? urBmvkH;qkdif&mukr`%D}uD;rsm;onf avxknpfnrf;aponfhpuf&kHrsm;udk qif;&Jaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif
wnfaqmufjcif; ESifh tylykdif;a'oopfawmrsm;rS opfrsm;ckwf,lae=uonf[k ‚if;wkd@rS a0zef=uonf?

obm0ywf0ef;usiform;rsm;onf tqdyftawmufjzpfaponf"mwkypPnf;rsm; xkwfvkyfjcif;/ tokH;ðyjcif; ESifh ukefoG,f

jcif;/ EsLuvD;,m;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh rsKd;&kd;ADZtvkdufðyjyifxm;onfhtpm;tpmrsm; (okd@) tEW&m,fusa&mufaeonfh
om;&Jwd&p>mefrsm; uJhokd@aom tjcm;aom xkwfukefrsm;/ ponfw@kd ukd qef@usif=uonf?

wkdif;jynfrsm;rS ukefpnfrsm;wifoGif;r_wm;jrpfjcif;udk cGifhrðy[laom WTO . wnfqJpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk olwkd@qef@usif=u

onf? xkdukefpnfrsm;xkwfvkyfjcif;onf rl&if;wkdif;jynfrS obm0ywf0ef;usifukdysufqD;apaoma=umifh ‚if;wkd@rS qef@usif
jcif;jzpfonf? WTO .pnf;rsOf;rsm;rSm obm0ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m&_@axmifhrS=unfhaomf vufcHEkdifzG,f&mr&Sd[k
obm0ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m tkyfpkrsm;rS uef@uGuf=uonf?

vlr_@a&;zGH@òzd;r_at*sifpDrsm; Social Development Agencies

,if;wGif Oxfam ESifh World Vision International uJhokd@aomEkdifiHwumaxmufyHhulnDa&; at*sifpDrsm;yg0ifonf?

zGH@òzd;qJwkdif;jynftzGJ@tpnf;rsm; Developing country organisations

South Centre / Group of 77 ESifh Third World Network wkd@yg0ifonf?

IMF ESifh urBmhb%fuJhokd@aom urBmvkH;qkdif&mtzGJ@}uD;rsm;onf qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_wkdufzsuf&eftwGuf xnfh0ifaer_rsm;

&Sdaeaomfvnf; vkHavmufatmifvkyfaqmifaejcif;r&Sd[k xkdtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS atmf[pf=uonf? qif;&Jaomwkdif;jynf
rsm;rS aºuG;+rDrsm;ukd EkdifiHwumb%frsm;rS av#mfjypfoifhonf[k ‚if;wkd@rS awmif;qkd=uonf?

WTO tzGJ@}uD;.pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf csrf;omaomwkdif;jynfrsm;rSukr`%Drsm;ukd rsufESmomay;xm;onf[k ajymqkd=uonf?

t&if;&Sif0g'tay: vuf0Ja0zefa&;orm;rsm; Left critics of capitalism

,ae@ acwfopfurBmwGif t&if;&Sifr[kwfaom pHwefzkd;rsm;ukd jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf World Social Forum
rS &nf&G,fonf?
*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd t&if;&Sif0g'jyef@ESH@r_tjzpf rmhufp0g'DtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS &_@jrif=uonf? ,if;wGif csrf;omolrsm;.
tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuf qif;&Jom;rsm;. vkyftm;ukd acgif;ykHjzwfjcif;cHae&onf[k &_@jrif=uonf?

csrf;omaomwkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd or*~tcsKd@ Some unions in rich countries

tcsKd@aom tvkyform;or*~rsm;rS *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf vkyftm;crsm; ESifh tvkyfcGiftqifhtwef;ukd edrfhusap&ef
OD;wnfonf[lI qef@usif=uonf? *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf tvkyform;tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd umuG,fcGifhay;rxm;aom
wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif ukefpnfrsm;ukdxkwfvkyf&ef tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufðyonf[k pGJqkd=uonf?

19
17 ? World Vision
World Vision onf EkdifiHwumc&pf,ef u,fq,fa&; ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;qkdif&m tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpf+yD;/ txl;ojzifh uav;
i,frsm;. b0tajctaejr‡ifhwifa&;twGuf vkyfaqmifaejcif;jzpfonf? World Vision onf ta&;ay: tajctaersm;
ukdulnD&eftwGufvnf; vkyfaqmifonf?

World Vision:

tultnDay;cH&olrsm;xJrSaeI tjrifhqkH;yg0ifaqmif&Gufr_rsm;ukd tm;ay;onf?

cufcJodrfarG@El;nHhaom a'owGif; ,Ofaus;r_rsm;ukd ukdifwG,fvkyfaqmifonf?

jzpfEkdifonfhtajctaewkdif;wGif a'owGif;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSwqifhomvkyfaqmifonf?

pD;yGg;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmifvmr_ukd csufjcif;ta&;w,ltm&kHpkdufvkyfaqmifonf?

jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&; ESifh vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf; jyefvnfaumif;rGefa&;wkd@rSwqifh +idrf;csrf;a&;ukd tm;ay;onf/

tysuftqD;xlajymonfh a'orsm;wGif a'owGif;óudwifjyifqifr_oifwef;rsm;ukd jznfhqnf;ay;onf?

w&m;r#wr_jr‡ifhwifjcif
jcif; (Promotion of Justice)
jynfolvlxk. qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_vuQ%mrsm;udk ukdifwG,f&ef ‚if;wkd@ESifh vkyfaqmif&kHjzifh rvkHavmufay? qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_udk
jzpfay:aponfh &_wfaxG;onfhta=umif;t&if;rsm;ukdvnf; World Vision rS ukdifwG,favonf? vlxkodem;vnfEkdifr_
ESifh rw&m;r_rsm;ukd &ifqkdif&ef ESifh tajymif;tvJtwGuf vkyfaqmif&mwGif vlxk. pGrf;&nfzGH@òzd;jrifhwufvm&ef World
Vision rS axmufyHhulnDay;onf? t&G,fra&mufao;onfh uav;vkyfom;rsm;ckdif;apr_/ qif;&JaomEkdifiHrsm;twGuf
aºuG;+rD av#mfjypfa&;/ ESifh vufeufukdifwkdufyGJrsm;wGif uav;ppfom;rsm;tokH;ðyr_ ponfhudpP&yfrsm;ukdvnf; World
Vision rS us,fus,favmifavmif axmufjyajymqkdavonf?

ta&;ygonfh tjyeftvSefqufpyfaeonfh atmufyg tcsuf 5 ckukd World VisionrS cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmcJhonf?

tultnD Aid – csrf;omaomwkdif;jynfrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. u,fq,fa&;tultnDxnfh0ifaiGrsm;udk vGefcJhonf tESpf
20 uwnf;upIf wajz;ajz; av#mhcsjzwfawmufv#uf&Sdaeonf? u,fq,fa&;tultnDrsm;onf &Hzef&Hcg EkdifiHa&;
OD;pm;ay;r_tajctaet& cGJa0owfrSwfonf? xkd@tjyif qif;&Jaomwkdif;jynfrsm;. ay;qyf&rnfhaºuG;+rDxuf eJyg;ae
wwf+yD;/ csrf;omaom tpkd;&rsm;xHokd@ jyefvnfa&muf&SdoGm;onf?

csrf;omaomwkdif;jynfrsm;u tultnDrsm;ykdrkdaxmufyHh&ef World VisionrS pnf;&kH;vkyfaqmifonf

aºuG;+rD Debt – zGH@òzd;qJwkdif;jynftrsm;pkonf aºuG;wifv#uf&Sdae=uonf? taºuG;trsm;pkrSm twdwfumvu

jcpm;cJhaom tm%m&Sifrsm;a=umifh (okd@) b%frsm;. twkd;E_ef;eJyg;jcif;a=umifhjzpfonf?
tqif;&JqkH;aomwkdif;jynfrsm;. aºuG;+rDav#mfjypfa&;ukd t&Sdefjr‡ifhwif&ef ESifh tav;teuf&Sdap&efvkdtyfonf? World
Vision onf Jubilee 2000 udkaxmufcHoljzpfonf? ,if;rSm wwd,urBmaºuG;+rDav#mfjypfa&;v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfonf?

IMF.¹cGif;csuf
csuf- zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. pD;yGg;a&;udk rnfokd@vnfywf&rnfqkdonfukd IMF rS!ïef=um;onf?
xkd!ïef=um;csufrsm;udk ¹cGif;csuftajctaersm;[kac:+yD;/ EkdifiHrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@ tvGeftrif;vkdtyfaeonfh acs;aiGrsm;
twGuf IMF . t}uH^m%frsm;udk vufcH&rnfjzpfonf?

ukefoG,fa&; Trade – EkdifiHwumukefoG,fr_pepfwGif w&m;r#wr_csKd@wJhaeonfukdvnf; World Vision rS axmufjy

onf? ‚if;rS ,kH=uonfrSm ukefoG,fa&;onf trsm;aumif;pm;a&;twGufjzpf&rnfjzpfonf?
zGHòzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;okd@ ay;aeaom enf;ynmtultnDukd t}uD;tus,fjr‡ifhwif&efvkdtyfonf[k World Vision rS
ajymqkdonf? xkdxufykdI zGH@òzd;+yD;wkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd pkdufysKd;a&;qkdif&maxmufyHhaiGrsm;ukdtqkH;owfoifh+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@.
aps;uGufrsm;udk zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;rS v,f,m ESifh pufr_vufr_ xGufukefypPnf;rsm;twGuf zGifhay;oifhonf?

20
18 ? Group of 77 qkdonfrSmtb,fenf;´
G-77 ukd 1964 ck/ ZGefv 15 &ufae@wGif/ zGH@òzd;qJwkdif;jynf 77 EkdifiHrSaeI wnfaxmifcJhonf?

G-77 tzGJ@0ifta&twGufrSm 133 EkdifiHtxd wkd;yGg;cJhaomfvnf;/ rlv trnfukdyif orkdif;0iftxdrf;trSwftjzpf

qufvufokH;pGJqJjzpfonf?

&nf&G,fcsuf Aims:
ukvor*~wGif t}uD;qkH;aom wwd,urBm !ëef@aygif;tzGJ@}uD;wckjzpfonfhtwkdif;/ zGH@òzd;qJurBmtm; xkwfazmfajymqkd&ef
vrf;cif;ay;jcif; ESifh ukvor*~pepftwGif;Y ta&;}uD;onfh EkdifiHwum pD;yGg;a&;udpP&yfrsm;tm;vkH;wGif tzGJ@0ifrsm;.
aphpyfaqG;aEG;EkdifpGrf;&nfudkjr‡ifhwifay;onf? tzGJ@onf pD;yGg;a&;ESifh enf;ynmtusKd;tjrwfrsm;/ zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;t=um;
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;ukdjr‡ifhwifay;Ekdifonf?

wnfaqmufykH Structure:
a'oay:wGiftajccHI (tmz&du/ tm&S/ vufwiftar&du ESifh um&pfbD,ef wkd@t=um;) obmywdae&mudk wESpfv#if
w}udrf tvSnfhuspepfjzifh vnfywfonf?

0ef}uD;tqifhaqG;aEG;yGJonf G-77. tjrifhqkH;aom qkH;jzwfykdifcGifhtzGJ@jzpfonf? e,l;a,muf&dS ukvor*~taxGaxG

nDvmcH. ykHrSeftpnf;ta0;pwifcsdef/ wESpfv#ifw}udrfESifh tjcm;aomnDvmcHrsm;rwkdifrDwGif olwkd@onf awG@qkH=uonf?

b¾ma&; Finance:
G-77 . vkyfief;rsm;ukd tzGJ@0ifEkdifiHrsm;ESifh tjcm;aom zGH@òzd;qJwkdif;jynfrsm;. xnfh0ifaiGjzifh vnfywf=uonf?

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;udk a0zefonfh [mAmem; xdyfoD;nDvmcH {+yD 2000

Havana Summit critiques globalisation April 2000

G-77 . yxrqkH;aom xdyfoD;nDvmcHjzpfonf? urBmhawmifzufjcrf;&Sd wkdif;jynf 69 EkdifiHrS tqifhjrifhukd,fpm;vS,frsm;

[mAmem;wGif awG@qkH=ujcif;jzpfonf? xdkxdyfoD;nDvmcHonf orkdif;0iftjzpftysufwckr#omr[kwfbJ/ urBm}uD;tm;
tkyfcsKyfr_wGif urBmhawmifzufjcrf;rS ykdrkdw&m;r#wmpGmyg0ifEkdifa&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_wcktjzpfvnf;az:jyonf?

orRw uyfpx&kdonf tdrf&SifEkdifiHtjzpf wufa&mufvmonfhacgif;aqmifrsm;tm; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajymqkdonf?

ol@taejzifh tpnf;ta0;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmwGif yg0ifwufa&mufcJhaomfvnf; wwd,urBmacgif;aqmifrsm;twGif;
,ckuJhokd@aom pdwfygvufyg pnf;vkH;nD!ëwfr_rsKd; ,cifu wcgr# rawG@cJh&yg [kajymqkdcJhonf?

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf urBmhvlOD;a&. 20µukdom tusKd;jzpfxGef;apcJhonf[k uyfpx&kdu ajymqkdcJhonf? ukvor*~

ESifh EkdifiHwum b¾ma&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf ta&;}uD;aom tajymif;tvJrsm;ukd wm0ef,lvkyfaqmif&rnf[k xdyfoD;
nDvmcHrS wnDw!ëwfwnf;oabmwlnDr_&SdcJhonf? wenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf/ ukefoG,fa&;pepfonf w&m;r#wr_r&Sdyg/
,if;onf wwd,urBm. ykd@ukef0ifaiGukd twm;tqD;trsKd;rsKd;rSwqifh zdpD;ap+yD;/ wwd,urBm. aºuG;+rDukd jyefvnfqyf
&efESifh zGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf ydwfyifcHae&onf[k ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;tm;vkH;rS ajymqkdcJh=uonf?

“odyH̀ynmzGH@òzd;wkd;wufr_wGif ajrmufzufEkdifiHrsm;rSokawoeXmersm;udk csKyfukdifxm;+yD;/ rlykdifcGifhrsm;tm;vkH;eD;yg;avmuf

ukd ykdifqkdifxm;=uonfhtwGuf/ odyH̀ynmonf u|Efkyfwkd@ vufvSrf;rrDEdfkifonfhae&mwGif&Sdae+yD;/ ajrmufzufEkdifiHrsm; u|Ekfyf
wkd@xHrS ,laqmifonfrSm wwd,urBmrS OD;aESmufrsm;ukd ckd;xkwfr_yifjzpfonf” [k ‚if;rS xnfhoGif;ajymqkdcJhonf?

21
19 ? urBmvkH;qkdif&m rnDr#r_/ ykdrkdqkd;&Gm;vm+yDavm´ (Global inequality, is it getting worse?)
*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukdaxmufcH ajymqkdr_rsm; (Pro globalisation Arguments)
urBm}uD;. 0ifaiG ESifh qif;&JrGJaw rnDr#r_onf avsmhusvmaeonfqkdaom taxmuftxm;rsm; wkd;yGg;v#uf &Sdaeonf?
xkdajymif;vJr_ukd *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;rS ðyvkyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

w&kwfjynf. urBmhukefoG,fa&;wGifyg0ifvmr_onf ‚if;. 0ifaiGukd 1990 ckESpfY vlwa,mufv#if a':vm 1460 rSaeI
1999 ckESpfwGif a':vm 4120txd jrifhwufvmonfukd urBmhb%frS owdðyrdavonf?

tm&S ESifh vufwiftar&du&Sd EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGifvnf; qif;&Jol ESifh csrf;omolt=um; uGm[r_onfvnf; usOf;ajrmif;vm

avonf? ykdrkdqif;&Jvmaomwkdif;jynfrsm;rSm urBmhukefoG,fa&;ukd rzGifhay;aom EkdifiHrsm;omjzpfonf? ,if;ukd tmz&du
&Sd EkdifiHtrsm;wGif awG@Ekdifonf?

ukr`%Drsm; zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;okd@a&$@ajymif;aomtcg xkdwkdif;jynf&Sd a'ocHukr`%Drsm;xuf ykdIjrifhrm;onfh vkyfcvpmESifh ykdrdk

aumif;rGefonfh vkyfief;cGiftajctaewkd@ukd jznfhqnf;ay;avonf? ukd&D;,m;uJhokd@aom wkdif;jynfrsm;.tawG@tóuHrSm
wkdif;jynfzGH@òzd;vmonfESifhtr# ‚if;wkd@. 0ifaiGvpmtqifhvnf; vkdufI jrifhwufvmavonf?

• urBmhb%f. 2000§2001 urBmhzGH@òzd;a&;tpD&ifcHpm wGif urBmay:&Sd vkH;0qif;&JiwfrGwfaeaom jynfolrsm;.

ta&twGufrSm avsmheJvmonfudkawG@&Sd&onf?
• urBmhb%f. *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif; ESifh zGH@òzd;a&;tpD&ifcHpmwGif urBmhpD;yGg;a&;twGif;okd@ 0ifa&mufvmaom zGH@òzd;qJ
EkdifiHrsm;ukd *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;rSaeI qif;&Jr_avsmhusa&; ESihf vlaer_@ tqifhtwef;aumif;rGefvma&;wkd@ukd
ulnDay;cJh+yD;/ xkdokd@ rvkyfaqmifaom wkdif;jynfrsm;wGifrl qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_ jrifhwufvmonfukdawG@&Sd&onf?
• WTOrS avhvmonfh ukefoG,fa&;/ 0ifaiGrnDr#r_ ESifh qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_wGif vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_onf qif;&JaomEkdifiH
rsm;ukd csrf;omaomEkdifiHrsm;aemufokd@trDvkdufEkdifap&ef ulnDay;+yD;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_udk oufomaponfudk awG@&Sd&onf?

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;ukd qef@usif ajymqkdr_rsm; (Anti globalisation Arguments)

urBm}uD;. csrf;omaomEkdifiHESifh qif;&JaomEkdifiHrsm;t=um;uGm[r_onf wkd;yGg;vmonf?

r=umc%trsm;qkH;tokH;ðyaom !ïefudef;rsm;rSm UNDP. 1999 ckESpf zGH@òzd;a&;tpD&ifcHpmrS jzpf+yD;/ 10 ESpfausmfumvrS

jzpfaeonfukdawG@&Sd&onf? wae@ wa':vm0ifaiGatmuf&&Sdaeaom vlOD;a& 1 '\r 2 bDvD,Honf rajymif;rvJ&Sdae
pOfwGif/ wae@ ESpfa':vm0ifaiGatmuf &&SdaeaomvlOD;a& 2 '\r 55 bDvD,HrSm 2 '\r 8 bDvD,Htxdwkd;vmonf?

tcsrf;omqkH; ESifh tqif;&JqkH;wkdif;jynfrsm;t=um;&Sd jynfol20µ. 0ifaiGuGm[r_rSm 1960 wGif 30 ESifh 1 jzpf+yD;/ 1995
ckESpfwGif 82 ESifh 1 txd}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf?

1990 vGefaESmif;ykdif;okd@a&mufaomtcg 0ifaiGtjrifhqkH;aom wkdif;jynfrsm;wGifaexkdifonfh urBmhjynfolvlxk. 5µrSm -

urBmh GDP . 86µ

urBmh ykd@ukef aps;uGufrsm;. 82µ

EkdifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHaiG. 68µ

urBmh w,fvDzkH;vkdif;rsm;. 74µ

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;a0zefr_rSajymonfrSm rnDr#r_rsm; jrifhwufvmjcif;onf aps;uGufwGef;tm;rsm;. &v'fa=umifhjzpf

onf? aps;uGufwGef;tm;rsm;onf csrf;omolrsm;. OpPm"ersm;ukdwdk;yGg;&efpGrf;tm;ukday;onf? xkd@a=umifh }uD;rm;aom
aumfykda&;&Sif;rsm;onf qif;&Jaom wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESH=uonf/ tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf vpmteJi,fjzifh }uD;rm;
aomtjrwftpGef;ukd&&SdEkdifaoma=umifh (okd@) xkdwkdif;jynfrsm;rS obm0&if;jrpfrsm;ukd &,lEkdifaoma=umifhjzpfonf?

22
20 ? vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_ (Free Trade)

pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;wckonf tjcm;aomwkdif;jynfwckESifh ukefoG,fvkdaomtcg/ xkdwkdif;jynf. tpkd;&okd@ tcGefaiGrsm;
ay;aqmif+yD;/ ukefoG,fcGifhvkdifpifukd &&Sdavonf? xkdtcGefaiGrsm; ESifh vkdifpifrsm;ukd ukefoG,fa&;twm;tqD;rsm;
tjzpfodxm;=uonf? twm;tqD;wckonf wpkHwckudk ykdrkdcufcJaponf/ ukefoG,fa&;twm;tqD;onf pD;yGg;a&;
vkyfief;ukd ykdrkdcufcJaponf?

tcsKd@wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif v,form;rsm;rSm 0ifaiGvkHavmufpGmr&&Sday? tpkd;&rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. v,form;rsm;udk

tpm;tpmrsm;xkwfvkyfapvkd=uonf? okd@rSom olwkd@taejzifh tjcm;aomwkdif;jynfrS wifoGif;&efvkdrnfr[kwfay?
xkdv,form;rsm;tm; tpm;tpmrsm;xkwfvkyfjcif;ukdtm;ay;&eftwGuf tpkd;&onf olwkd@tm; aiGa=u;tcsKd@ukd
ay;=uonf? xkdaiGa=u;ukd pkdufysKd;a&;trawmfa=u; [kac:qkdavonf? pkdufysKd;a&;trawmfa=u;onf EkdifiHwum.
v,f,mxGufukefypPnf;ukefoG,fr_udk &yfwef@apaoma=umifh ukefoG,fa&;twm;tqD;rsm; [kac:=uonf?

EkdifiHwumukefoG,fr_.ukefoG,fa&;twm;tqD;rsm;rSm-

oGif;ukefcGef

oGif;ukef ykd@ukef vkdifp if

pkdufysKd;a&; trawmfa=u;

vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_ qkdonfrSm wkdkif;jynfrsm;t=um; ukefoG,fa&;twm;tqD;rsm;r&SdbJ ukefypPnf;rsm; a&mif;csEkdifjcif;

udkqdkvkdonf? ukefoG,fr_ay:wGif tcGefaumufcHr_ (okd@) ukefoG,fa&;twm;tqD;/ ESifh pkdufysKd;a&;trawmfa=u;rsm;
rxm;&Sdoifh[kaom t,ltqjzpfonf?

vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_onf ukefpnfrsm; ESifh &if;jrpfrsm; vGwfvyfpGma&G@vsm;r_udk OD;wnfapjcif;ESifh tjrwftpGef;ESifh tcsdef

wkdwkdtwGif;tusKd;rsm;r_udk wkd;yGg;aponf[k vltrsm;rS ,kH=unf=uonf?

vGyfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;ukd axmufcHolrsm;rS aºuG;a=umfonfrSm -

pD;yGg;a&;wkd;wufr_onf vlwkd@. wkd;wufr_vrf;yifjzpfonf

pD;yGg;a&;*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf vlwkdif;tm; tusKd;jzpfxGef;aponf

yk*~vdu˜u¾onf tpkd;&ykdifvkyfief;xufykdI tusKd;aus;Zl;jzpfxGef;onf

vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;twGuf axmufcHajymqkdr_rsm; (Arguments for free trade)

• vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_onf wkdif;jynftcsif;csif;t=um;ukefoG,fr_ukd vG,fulaponf/ xkd@a=umifh ykdrkdukefoG,f&ef
tm;ay;&rnf? ,if;onf wkdif;jynfrsm;. pD;yGg;a&;udk zGHòzd;ap&ef ulnDonf?

• vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_onf vlaer_tqifhtwef;udkjrifhwufap+yD;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ukd avsmhusaponf?

• vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_onf wkdif;jynfrsm;tm; pD;yGg;a&;t& tjyeftvSefrDSckdr_ ykdrkd jzpfaponf/ xkd@a=umifh ppfjzpfyGg;&ef

tvm;tvmykdI eJyg;aponf?

xkd@a=umifh/ vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_onf aumif;aomt&mwckjzpfonf[k,kH=unfonf? teJqkH; oabmw&m;t&

[kwfrSefovkd&Sdaeaomfvnf;/ ta=umif;rvSonfrSm vufawG@wGifrl wjcm;pDjzpfae[ef&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf?

vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_wGif raqG;aEG;onfrSm vkyfEkdifcGifhtm%mESifh trsm;tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuf ukefoG,fa&;udkudkifwG,f&ef

xkdtm%mudkrnfokd@ tokH;ðyEkdifrnfqkdonfyifjzpfonf? ,ae@urBmwGif EkdifiHpkHaumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;onf tm%mtawmf
rsm;rsm;ukd ukdifaqmifxm;=uonf? xkdtm%mudk urBmhvlom;tm;vkH;. tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuf tokH;rðybJ/ xkdtpm;
‚if;wkd@. ukd,fykdif b¾ma&;tjrwftpGef;&&Sd&eftwGuf tokH;ðy=ujcif;jzpfonf? ae&mrsm;pGmwGif EkdifiHpkHaumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;
rsm;onf wkdif;jynftpkd;&rsm;xuf ykdrkdI tm%m&Sdae=uonf?

23
vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;tay: qef@usifajymqkdr_rsm; (Arguments against free trade)
• vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;onf zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;tay:acgif;ykHjzwf&ef/ a'owGif;pufr_vkyfief;rsm;tm; zsufqD;&ef/ ESifh
tqifhtwef;jynfh0aomtvkyform;tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd a&Smifv$J&eftwGuf zGH@òzd;+yD;EkdifiHrsm;tm; cGifhðyjcif;yifjzpfonf?

• csrf;omolrsm;twGuftumtuG,fay;/ qif;&Jolrsm;twGuf aps;uGufzGifh? csrf;omaomEkdifiHrsm;onf zGifhòzd;+yD;urBmrS

pufr_ESifhv,f,mxkwfukefrsm;a&mif;cs&eftwGuf zGHòzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;. aps;uGufrsm;udk zGifhay;&ef wkdufwGef;awmif;qkdae=u
aomfvnf;/ zGH@òzd;qJurBmrS pkdufysKd;a&;xGufukefrsm;twGuf ‚if;wkd@. aps;uGufrsm;udk zGifhay;&ef jiif;qkdae=uqJjzpfonf?

• vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&; onf aumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;. OD;aqmifr_ ESifh xdef;csKyfr_udk jzpfaponf? xkd@a=umifh ,if;onf

tcsrf;omqkH;olrsm;twGuf ykdI tm;omcsufjzpfaponf?

• vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;onf tvkyform;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udk avsmhusaponf?

vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_onf qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_udk wkd;yGg;ap+yD;/ vltrsm;pktwGuf rnDr#r_udk jzpfay:aponf?

* * *

*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;/ vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_/ ESifh wHcg;zGifhpD;yGg;a&; wkd@onf tjyif;txefa0zefr_rsm;atmufwGif&Sdae

onf? tiftm;}uD;rm;aom EkdifiHrsm;ESifh aumfykda&;&Sif;}uD;rsm;onf urBmhukefoG,fa&;udk xdef;csKyfae=uonf[k vlrsm;pGm
wkd@rS ,kH=unfxm;=uonf? urBmhacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. pD;yGg;a&;tusKd;tjrwftwGuf tcsKd@wkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd
tm%m&SiftkyfcsKyfr_rsm;ukdyif axmufcHae=uonf[k axmufjyae=uonf? ,if;onf vleJpktwGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;ae
pOfwGif/ urBmay:&Sd vltrsm;pkudkrl xdckdufapavonf?

zGHòzd;qJurBm&Sd EkdifiHrsm;pGmwkd@onf *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;[laom pdwful;ukd óudqkd=uavonf? okd@aomfvnf; xkdtay:

wGif owdjzifh =unfhae=uavonf? eJvfqif rif'Jvm;rS 2000 ckESpf/ Ekd0ifbmv 16 &ufae@wGif ajymqkdcJhonfrSm -

“*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfukd u|efawmfwkd@ óudqkd=uygw,f? 'g[m a&SmifvGJvkd@r&ovkd/ e*kd&ftajctaevnf; jyefroGm;

Ekdifawmhygbl;? rnfokd@yifqkdap/ tu,fI *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;onf urBmw0Srf;wGif trSefwu,f +idrf;csrf;r_ ESifh
wnf+idrfr_udk zefwD;EkdifcJhv#if/ ,if;onf vlom;tm;vkH;twGuf tusKd;jzpfxGef;aprnfh jzpfpOfwck jzpf&rnf? ,if;udk
pD;yGg;a&; ESifh EkdifiHa&;t& tiftm;t}uD;qkH;aom wkdif;jynfrsm;rS/ tiftm;eJ+yD; tpGeftzsm;a'orsm;rSm&Sdonfh
wkdif;jynfrsm;ay: v$rf;rkd;/ ESpfjr‡Kyfaer_rsm;ukd cGifhðyrxm;&ay? ,if;ukd ao;i,faomwkdif;jynfrsm;rSaeI }uD;rm;aom
wkdif;jynfrsm;xHokd@ OpPm"ersm; pD;arsmoGm;jcif;rsKd; (odk@) ykdrkdcsrf;omaom a'orsm; ESif ykdrkdqif;&Jaom a'orsm;t=um;
rnDr#r_rsm; wkd;yGg;vmjcif;rsKd;wkd@ukd cGifhrðyoifhay?”

24
21 ? aiGa=u;pepfESifhwwd,urBmaºuG;+rDjy\
y\em (The Money System and the Third World
Debt Crisis)

,ae@tcg urBmw0Srf;vkH;wGif aiGa=u;ukd tokH;ðyae=uonf? okd@aomf ,if;ukd r#wpGmcGJa0xm;jcif;r[kwfay? tcsKd@

wkdif;jynfrsm;onf tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;xuf rsm;pGmydkrkdI ykdufqH&Sdae=uonf? oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomvlrsm;onf touf
&SifaexkdifEkdif&eftwGuf &kef;uef&SmazGae&csdefwGif/ tcsKd@vlrsm;onf tvGeftrif;csrf;omºuG,f0ae=uonf?

Tokd@jzpf&onfh ta=umif;&if;wckrSm aºuG;+rD yifjzpfonf? vlwkd@onf aiGvkdaom tcg ykdufqHacs;=u&onf/ wcgw&HwGif

b%frsm;rS acs;=uonf? acs;,lxm;aom aiGudk jyefay;aomtcg rlv,laiGtjyif “twdk;” [kac:aom aiGtydkygxnfhay;
=u&onf? Tenf;tm;jzifh b%fonf ykdufqHykdI &&Sdvmonf? b%frsm;onf aiGtajrmuftrsm;ukd vlrsm; ESif pD;yGg;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;okd@acs;iSg;onf? xkd@tjyif zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;okd@vnf; aiGtajrmuftrsm;ukd acs;=uonf? zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHtawmf
rsm;rsm;onf tvGeftrif;qif;&J=uonf? olwkd@. aºuG;+rDrsm;ukd jyefvnfay;qyf&eftwGuf óud;yrf; &kef;uef=u&onf?

qif;&Jaomwkdif;jynfrsm; ay;qyf&ef&Sdaom taºuG;ukd wwd,urBmaºuG;+rD [kac:onf? wwd,urBmaºuG;+rDonf

tv#iftjrefwkd;yGg;aeavonf?

1986 ckESpfwGif wwd,urBmaºuG;+rDonf a':vm 1 x&DvD,H&Sdavonf? 1994 okd@a&mufaomtcg 2

qwkd;I 2 x&DvD,Ha':vmjzpfoGm;avonf? ,if;onf a':vm 2 000 000 000 000 udk
zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;rS csrf;om+yD; zGH@òzd;aomEkdifiHrsm;okd@ ay;&rnfh aiGjzpfonf?

xkdtv#iftjrefwkd;yGg;aeaom aºuG;+rDonf wkdif;jynfcyfrsm;rsm;twGuf jy\em}uD;wckjzpfvm+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@. jynfolrsm;

twGuf qkd;&Gm;aom'kuQ}uD;wckjzpfaeaponf? Oyrm - Sub-Saharan Africaonf ESpfpOf a':vm 10 bDvD,Hudk
‚if;wkd@. aºuG;+rD twGuf jyefay;ae&avonf? ,if;onf wkdif;jynf. usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_ ESifh ynma&;twGuf
okH;aom tokH;p&dwfxuf 4 q ykdrsm;aeavonf?

1970 vGefESpfrsm;wGif taemufEkdifiHb%frsm;rSaeI zGHòzd;qJwkdif;jynfrsm;okd@ zGH@òzd;a&;pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf aiGtajrmuftrsm;

acs;&mrSaeI aºuG;+rDjy\em pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? rnfokd@qkdap/ urBmhpD;yGg;a&;wGif tajymif;tvJrsm;pGma=umifh aºuG;+rD
yrm%onf tvGefv#ifjrefpGm}uD;xGm;vmcJh+yD;/ wkdif;jynfrsm;pGmwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@.aºuG;+rDrsm;ukd jyefvnfay;qyf&eftwGuf
rpGrf;aqmifEkdifcJh=uacs?

wwd,urBmaºuG;+rD.tusKd;oufa&mufr_wckrSm qif;&Jaomwkdif;jynfrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@.obm0&if;jrpfrsm;ukd rSm;,Gif;pGm

tokH;ðy=ujcif;jzpfonf? ,if;rSm ‚if;wkd@. aºuG;+rDrsm;udk jyefqyf&eftwGuf ykdufqH ykdIykdIvkdtyfvmaoma=umifhjzpfonf?
xkd@a=umifh wkdif;jynfrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. obm0o,HZmwrsm;ukd tokH;ðyjcif;/ a&mif;csjcif;rsm; tv#iftjrefðyvkyfvm
=u&awmhonf? tpkd;&onf ‚if;wkd@.aºuG;+rDrsm;ukd jyefvnfay;qyf&eftwGuf ykdufqHxkwfvkyf&efóud;pm;onfhtaejzifh/
tv#iftjref opfawm ðyef;wD;r_ESifh tvGeftu|Hig;zrf;r_rsm; ðyvkyfvmawmhonf? ,if;onf obm0ywf0ef;usif
ysufqD;r_udk jzpfay:ap+yD;/ obm0&if;jrpfrsm;onf a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdifpGrf;r&Sdaawmhacs?

wwd,urBmaºuG;+rDjyefqyfjcif;. aemufxyfjy\emwckrSm/ aºuG;+rDukd aiGrmjzifhay;qyf&jcif;jzpfonf? aiGrmqkdonfrSm

EkdifiHwck. aiGa=u;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;.aiGwefzkd;rSm tvGeftrif;ajymif;vJr_ r&Sdjcif;yifjzpfonf? zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHtrsm;pk.aiGrSm
aiGaysmhrsm; jzpf=uonf? qkdvkdonfrSm ‚if;wkd@. aiGwefzkd;rsm;onf tv#iftjref xkd;pkdufusqif;oGm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf?
xkd@a=umifh wkdif;jynfrsm;twGuf ‚if;wkd@.aºuG;+rDrsm;ukd jyefvnfay;qyf&ef ykdIykdI cufcJvm&awmhonf?

25
1 ? oifonfum;wpD;ukd0,fcsifonf? um;wpD;.wefzkd;rSm &l;yD; 200000 jzpfonf? oifhxHwGif &lyD; 50000 om&Sdonf?
b%fonf vkdtyfaomaiGukd oifhtm;acs;&ef oabmwlcJhonf? oifhtaejzifh b%fokd@ vpOf av;ESpf=um jyefay;&rnf
jzpfonf? oifhtaejzifh vpOf &lyD; 3800 jyefay;&rnfjzpfonf? tykdaiGrnfr#ukd oifay;&rnfenf;´

2 ? oifonf ao;i,fI zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrS tpkd;&w&yfjzpfonf? zGHòzd;+yD;EkdifiHwckrS oif. pufr_vkyfief;zGH@òzd;wkd;wuf&eftwGuf

a':vm oef; 50 acs;&ef urf;vSrf;cJhonf? oif.wkdif;jynfrS ESpfpOf a':vm 6 oef;udk 10 ESpf=umjyefay;&rnfjzpfonf?
tykdaiGrnfr#ukd oifhtaejzifh jyefay;&rnfenf;´

2 ESpf=umaomtcg oif. pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;onf tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifae&onf? tjcm;wkdif;jynfwckrS oif. vkyfief;

ykdrkdzGH@òzd;vm&eftwGuf a':vm oef; 20 udk acs;ay;onf? xkdaiGtwGuf wESpfv#if a':vm 3 oef;E_H;jzifh 8 ESpf=um
jyefay;&rnfjzpfonf? tm;vkH;pkpkaygif; aiGrnfr#ukd jyefay;&rnfenf;´

26
3 ? oif.wkdif;jynfonf aomufokH;a&jy\emjzpfaeonf? csrf;omaomwkdif;jynfrS oifhtm; a&umwm 3 ck
wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf a':vm 1 bDvD,H (1 000 000 000)ukd urf;vSrf;cJhonf? taºuG;udk jyefvnfay;qyf&eftwGuf
oif.wkdif;jynfonf wESpfv#if twkd;E_H; 5µ ay;&rnfjzpfonf? oif.taºuG;ukd wESpfv#if a':vm 10 oef; (100 000
000) ay;&rnfjzpfonf? wESpfay;+yD;aemuf ay;qyf&efrnfr#usefrnfenf;´

3 ESpfjynfh+yD;aemuf oif rnfr# ay;+yD;oenf;´

3 ESpfjynfh+yD;aemuf ay;qyf&ef rnfr# usefaeoenf;´

27
22 ? aemufqkH;opfyifaoqkH;oGm;aomtcg/ aemufqkH;jrpf tqdyfoifh
oGm;aomtcg ESifh aemufqkH;ig;ukd zrf;rdaomtcg usrSomv#if
ykdufqHukd pm;okH;vkd@r&ygqkdonfukd u|Ekfyfwkd@odem;vnfvmvdrfhrnf

Xmaetar&duefwOD;

wwd,urBmtaºuG;+rD - ajrmufzufrStjrif Third World Debt – View from the North

qif;&JaomEkdifiHrsm;onf csrf;omaomEkdifiHrsm;okd@ aiGtajrmuftrsm;ukd ay;qyf&ef&Sdaeonf?

ajrmufzufEkdifiHrsm;.tjrift&/ yxrurBmonf wwd,urBmokd@ pD;yGg;a&;zGH@òzd;wkd;wuf&ef/ qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_ ESifh a&m*grsm;

wkdufzsuf&eftwGuf tultnDrsm; ESifh acs;aiGrsm; ulnDay;aeonf? xkd@tjyif/ urBmhb%fonf usef;rma&;/ ynma&; ESifh
pkdufysKd;a&;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdrsm;vnf; jznfhqnf;ay;aeonf? 1950 vGefESpfrsm;rSpI v,f,mpkdufysKd;xkwfvkyfr_rsm;
}uD;rm;pGm wkd;wufvmcJh+yD;/ zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;onf acwfrSD pkdufysKd;a&;enf;ynmtopfrsm;ukd tokH;csEkdif&ef tultnDrsm;
&&SdaecJhonf?

zGH@òzd;+yD;EkdifiHrsm;rSay;aom tultnDrsm;pGmwkd@rSm tusihfysuftpkd;&rsm;a=umifh tvGJokH;pm;vkyfr_rsm;/ avvGifhr_rsm;jzpfcJh

=u&+yD;/ wkdif;jynftawmfrsm;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. pD;yGg;a&;udk qkd;qkd;&Gm;&Gm; xdef;csKyfxm;cJhonf?

yxrurBmaºuG;+rD - awmifzufrS tjrif First World Debt – View from the South

aiGa=u;onf OpPm"eoufoufr#r[kwfay? urBm}uD;ukd u|Ekfyfwkd@ESifhtwl raysmf&$ifapEkdifcJhv#if/ u|Ekfyfwkd@onf trSef

wu,fyif qif;&Jae=uavonf? xkd@a=umifh oif. aiGa=u; ESifh oif. obm0ywf0ef;usif[lI OpPm"e ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf?
taºuG; vnf; ESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ oifay;qyf&rnfhaiGa=u;ESifh oifzsufqD;ypfcJhonfh obm0ywf0ef;usifwkd@yifjzpfonf?

yxrurBmrSajymonfrSm jyefvnfay;qyf&efaiGa=u;tajrmuftrsm;&Sdaeonf? ,if;wkd@rSm aiGwefzkd;usqif;aeonfh &lyD;

(okd@) bwfaiG r[kwfbJ aiGrmjzpfonf taemufwkdif;a':vmrsm;yifjzpfonf? urBmhvlOD;a&. 80µ&Sdonfh wwd,
urBmwGif rwlnDaom tjrifwck&Sdaeayrnf? olwkd@ar;oifhonfrSm -

• urBmajr}uD;. a&eHrsm;/ "gwfowˆKrsm; ESifh opfrmrsm;ukd rnfolawGtokH;ðyaeoenf;´

• awmifzufjcrf;ukd }uD;pGmaomtysuftqD;jzpfaponfh/ urBmhavxkukd umAGef'kdifatmufqkd'f"gwfaiG@rsm;ESifh npfnrf;
atmif/ [m&Dudef;rkefwkdif;rsm;jzpfay:vmatmifESifh yifv,fa&rsufESmjyif jrifhwufvmatmif rnfoluðyvkyfaeoenf;´
• tpm;tpm;rsm;xJokd@a&muf&Sdaeonfh/ u|Ekfyfwkd@. ajrqDv$mukd ysufqD;aponfh/ u|Ekfyfwkd@. ajratmufa&v$mukd
tqdyfoifhaponfh xkd"mwkypPnf;rsm;rS rnfolawG tusKd;tjrwf&aeoenf;´
• yifv,fork'N&mrsm;wGif tvGeftu|Hig;zrf;jcif; ESifh qif;&Jaomwkdif;jynfrsm;. urf;vGefa&jyifrsm;rS ig;zrf;uGufrsm;ukd
wm;jrpfydwfyifr_rsm; rnfolawGðyvkyfaeoenf;´

urBm}uD;. obm0o,HZmw t&if;tjrpfrsm; avsmhenf;ukefcrf;apr_twGuf/ yxrurBmwGif tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;okd@

ay;qyf&ef xkxnf}uD;rm;aom aºuG;+rDwckudk &Sdaeonf[k ‚if;wkd@ajymqkdoifhayonf?

28
23 ? G-8 xdyfoD;nDvmcHESifh tmz&duaºuG;+rDtqkH;owfjcif; The G8 summit and ending
Africa’s debt

G-8 aemufqkH;nDvmcHukd *sLvkdifv 7 &uf 2005 ckESpfwGifusif;ycJhonf? ,if;udk paumhwvefwGifusif;ycJhjcif;jzpfonf?

tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf +AdwdefrS G-8 . xkdESpftwGuf obmywdae&mukd ,lxm;aoma=umifhjzpfonf? G-8 xdyfoD;
nDvmcHrwkdifrDwGif/ urBmw0Srf;vkH;&Sd vltrsm;onf “qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_orkdif;ukdðypkyg” [kac:onfh v_yf&Sm;r_wckudk
vkyfaqmifcJhonf?

qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_orkdif;ukdðypkyg v_yf&Sm;r_onf tcsuf 3 csufudk awmif;qkdcJhonf -

w&m;r#waom ukefoG,fa&;

taºuG;rsm;zsufodrf;a&;

ykdrkdaumif;rGefaom tultnDay;a&;
xkdawmif;qkdcsufrsm;tjyif/ HIV/AIDS ESifh urBm}uD;ylaEG;vmr_ jy\emukdvnf; G-8 xdyfoD;nDvmcHrS ukdifwG,fcJh
avonf?

G-8 xdyfoD;nDvmcHtwGif;Y urBmhacgif;aqmifrsm;onf qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_orkdif;ukd ðyvkyf&eftwGuf qkH;jzwfcsuftcsKd@ukd

csrSwfcJhonf? okd@aomf pnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfolrsm; ESifh tmz&duef tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u xkdajcvSrf;rsm;rSm tvGefeJyg;+yD;/
tvGefvnf; aES;auG;onf[k cHpm;rd=uonf?

w&m;r#waomukefoG,fa&; Trade justice

ukefoG,fa&; pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf wkdif;jynfrsm; wEkdifiHESifhwEkdifiH pD;yGg;a&; rnfokd@vkyfaqmifonfukd xdef;csKyfxm;onf? xkd
pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf EkdifiHrsm; vGwfvyfyGifhvif;pGm ESifh r#wpGm òydifqkdif&ef vkyfaqmifay;xm;onf?

vufawG@wGifrl xkdokd@r[kwfay? ukefoG,fa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf tºuG,f0qkH;aomwkdif;jynfrsm;udk tusKd;jzpfxGef;ap+yD;/

‚if;wkd@. pD;yGg;a&; tusKd;tjrwfonf urBmay:&Sd tjcm;aom wkdif;jynfrsm;xuf rsm;pGmykdrkdavonf?

zGH@òzd;qJurBmwGif vltrsm;rnfokd@cufcJyifyef;pGmvkyfukdifaeonf (okd@) ‚if;wkd@.wkdif;jynfrsm; rnfr# xkwfvkyfaeonf

qkdonfu udpPr[kwfay/ zGH@òzd;qJwkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaom jynfolrsm;onf touf&Sif&yfwnfaexkdifEkdfif&ef
twGuf qufvuf&kef;uefae&pOfwGif/ ukefoG,fa&;qufqHr_onf csrf;omaomwkdif;jynfrsm;ukd t+rJwrf; trsm;qkH;
tusKd; jzpfxGef;aponf?

w&m;r#waomukefoG,fa&; qkdonfrSm xkdukefoG,fa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;ukd jyefvnfa&;oifhonfqkdaom pdwful;jzpfonf?

okd@rSom wkdif;jynfrsm;tm;vkH; urBmhukefoG,fa&;rSaeI nDr#pGm ESifh w&m;r#wpGm tusKd;cHpm;&rnfjzpfonf?

taºuG;rsm; zsufodrf;a&; Drop the debt

tmz&duefwkdif;jynfrsm;onf csrf;omaomEkdifiHrsm;okd@ ‚if;wk@d .taºuG;rsm;ukd jyefvnfay;qyfEkdfif&eftwGuf q,fpkESpf
rsm;=umatmif óud;yrf;cJh=u&onf? xkdaºuG;+rDjyefqyfa&;ta=umif;a=umifh/ tmz&duefwkdif;jynfrsm;onf EkdifiHom;rsm;.
b0tajcwkd;wufaumif;rGefvmatmif rpGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhacs? tmz&du&Sdjynfolrsm;rSmvnf; qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_wGif;xJokd@
eufoxufeufum usqif;cJh=u&onf?

taºuG;rsm;zsufodrf;a&; onf tmz&duefwkdif;jynfrsm;jyefay;&rnfh aºuG;+rDrsm; tqkH;owfa&;twGuf awmif;qkdjcif;

jzpfonf? xkdtaºuG;rsm;ukd zsufodrf;jcif;tm;jzifh tmz&duefwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif ‚if;wkd@wkdif;jynfrsm;. zGH@òzd;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
twGuf okH;pGJ&ef aiGa=u;ykdrkd&Sdvmrnfjzpfonf?

G-8 xdyfoD;nDvmcHwGif urBmhacgif;aqmifrsm;onf tmz&duef 18 EkdifiH. aºuG;+rDrsm;ukdzsufodrf;&ef oabmwlcJh=uonf?

xkd 18 EkdifiHpvkH;onf ‚if;wkd@. ukefoG,fa&; aps;uGufrsm;ukd csrf;omaomwkdif;jynfrsm;rS jr‡ifhwifxm;onfh vGwfvyfpGm
ukefoG,fr_ pepftwGif;okd@ ‚if;wkd@.EkdifiHudk wHcg;zGifhay;&ef óudwifoabmwlxm;cJh=u+yD;jzpfonf?

29
tmz&duwGif tultnDrsm;vkdtyfaeonfh aemufxyfwkdif;jynfrsm;vnf;&Sdaeao;onf? xkdwkdif;jynftrsm;pkwGif 'Drkdu
a&pD rusonfh/ tusifhysufjcpm;onfh/ vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufonfh raumif;aomtpkd;&rsm; tkyfcsKyfv#uf&Sdaeonf?
xkdtpkd;&rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. aºuG;+rDrsm;ukd yvyfzsufodrf;jcif;rðyvkyfrD 'Drkdua&pDpepfqDokd@ wufvSrf;onfh xif&Sm;aom
tajymif;tvJrsm;/ tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm; tqkH;owfa&;/ ESifh vGwfvyfaomaps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;ukefoG,fr_ukd vufcHa&;wkd@
ðyvkyf&efvkdtyfonf?

ykdrkdaumif;rGefaomtultnD More and better aid

tu,fI qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_ukd tqkH;owf&efqkdv#if aiGa=u;ykdrkdvkdtyfrnfjzpfonf? G-8 xdyfoD;nDvmcHwGif urBmh
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf a':vm 50 bDvD,Hudk tultnDtjzpfay;&ef oabmwlcJhonf? ,if;wGif a':vm 20 bDvD,H
omv#if topfay;aomaiGjzpfonf?

ukvor*~onf vGefcJhaom 35 ESpfausmfu ypfrSwfwckukd csrSwfcJhonf? ,if;rSm csrf;omaomwkdif;jynfrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@.

trsKd;om;0ifaiGpkpkaygif; (GNI)rS 0²7 &mE_ef;ukd u,fq,fa&;tultnDrsm;tjzpfay;oifhonf[lIjzpfonf? 2005 ckESpf
G-8 xdyfoD;nDvmcH+yD;aomtcg/ csrf;omaomwkdif;jynfrsm;onf xkdypfrSwfokd@ a&muf&Sd&ef ta0;}uD; &Sdaeavao;onf?

u,fq,fa&;tultnDrsm;twGuf ay;aomaiGa=u;rsm;udk rSefrSefuefueftokH;ðy&efrSm vGefpGmrSyif ta&;}uD;ayonf?

zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;onf xkdaiGrsm;ukd rnfokd@tokH;csrnfukd qkH;jzwfEkdif=uonf? xkd@aemuf qif;&Jr_rS vGwfajrmuf&mvrf;ukd
‚if;wkd@ukd,fwkdif azmufvkyfEkdif=uonf? G-8 tpkd;&rsm;onf xkdaiGrsm;ukd rnfokd@ tokH;ðyoifhonfukd E_wfwdkufcsay;
aejcif;rsKd; rðyvkyf&efvnf; ta&;}uD;ayonf?

xkdaiGrsm;onfh aESmifóud;rJhay;aomaiGrsm;jzpf&efvnf; vkdtyfonf? qif;&Jaomwkdif;jynfrsm;ukd vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;

twGuf ‚if;wkd@. aps;uGufrsm;ukdzGifhay;&ef twif;t=uyfwGef;tm;ray;oifhay? (odk@) tultnDaiGrsm;&&Sd&ef twGuf
‚if;wkd@.pD;yGg;a&;ukd yk*~vduykdifðyvkyfckdif;jcif;rsKd; twif;t=uyfrvkyfaqmifapoifhay?

30
24 ? rao&kHwr,fvkyfief;rsm;rSmtb,fenf;´ What are Sweatshops?
rao&kHwr,fay;Ick
ay;Ickdif;onfh pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;wckqk
qdok nfrSmtb,fenf;´ What is a sweatshop?
tvkyform;Oya'rsm;udk csKd;azmufaom rnfonfhtvkyf&kHrqkdtusKH;0ifonf? tvkyform;Oya'rsm;rSm owfrSwfxm;
onfh tedrfhqkH;vpmwckay;a&;/ tcsdefykdvkyftm;cay;a&;/ ESifh tcsdefrSefrSef vkyftm;cay;a&; uJhokd@aom tvkyform;rsm;
. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd umuG,fay;xm;aom Oya'rsm;jzpfonf?
vltrsm;pkonf rao&kHwr,fvkyfief; [laom pum;vkH;udk=um;aomtcg/ vlwkd@onf yifyifyef;yef;ESifh/ em&Daygif;rsm;pGm/
nHhzsif;aomvkyfief;cGiftajctaewGif/ eJyg;aomvkyftm;cESifh tvkyfvkyf&aomae&mwck[k jrifrd=uonf?

rnfokd@aom rw&m;r_
rw&m;r_rsd; rao&kHwr,fvk
vyk fom;rsm; &ifqkdif&oenf;´
urBmw0Srf;vkH;wGif rao&kHwr,fvkyfom;rsm;onf rw&m;r_rsm;ukd rsm;pGm&ifqkdifae=u&onf? olwdk@onf eJyg;aom
vkyftm;ctwGuf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm twif;t"rR ckdif;apcHae=u&onf? udkf,fxdvufa&muf qJqkd}udrf;armif;jcif; ESifh
vdifykdif;qkdif&m apmfum;r_rsm;/ tvkyfcGifxdckduf'%f&m&r_rsm;onf ykHrSefjzpfaeaomt&mrsm;jzpfonf? tcsKd@aom puf&kH
rsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;udk ukd,f0efprf;oyfr_ESifh oaE<wm;jcif;rsm;ukd twif;t=uyfvkyfaqmifckdif;onf? tcsKd@ae&mrsm;wGif
trfzwfwrif;aq;jym;rsm;udk tvkyform;rsm;aomufokH;aoma&rsm;wGif wdwfwqdwfxnfhxm;wwfavonf? tvkyf
orm;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@.tusKd;pD;yGg;rsm;ukd ckcHumuG,f&eftwGuf tcGifhta&;rsm;r&Sday? olwkd@onf vpmr&bJ tvkyfrS
ðzwfypfcH&jcif;/ (okd@) rlvoabmwlnDxm;onfh E_H;xm;xuf av#mhI ay;jcif; ponfwkd@onf t+rJvdkvkd jzpfaeavonf?

tedrfhqkH;vpm (a minimum wage) ESifh &Sifoef&efvpm(a living wage) bmuGmjcm;oenf;´

wkdif;jynfwjynf. tedrfhqkH;vpm qkdonfrSm xkdwkdif;jynfrS w&m;0ifowfrSwfxm;onfh tvkyform;wa,muftwGuf
&&Sd&rnfh tedrfhqkH;aom vkyftm;cjzpf+yD;/ &Sifoef&efvpmqkdonfrSm wkdif;jynfwck&Sd jynfolvlxk touf&Sifoef&ef vkdtyf
aom tedrfhqkH;aiGyrm%jzpfonf? rnfokd@yifqkdap/ zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif minimum wage onf living wage xuf
edrfhaewwfonf? qkkdvkdonfrSm vlwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@&&Sdonfhvkyftm;cjzifh &Sifoef&efrvkHavmufay?

csrf;omaomurBmESifh rao&kHwr,ftvk tvkyf&kHrsm; The rich world and sweatshops

taemufurBmwGifa&mif;csaom xGufukeftrsm;pkrSm qif;&Jaomwkdif;jynfrsm;wGifðyvkyfaom ukefpnfrsm;jzpfonf? wcg
w&H taemufwkdif;ukr`%Drsm;onf ‚if;wkd@.xGufukeftwGuf tvkyf&kHrsm;ukdyif rykdifqkdifay? olwkd@onf qif;&Jaom
wkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd tvkyf&kHykdif&Sifrsm;tm; tvkyftyfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf?
taemufwkdif;pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;onf tvGef}uD;rm;+yD;/ tm%mvnf;&Sdaoma=umifh olwkd@onf tvkyf&kHykdif&Siftm; xkwfukef
rsm;udk rnfr#jrefjref ESifh aps;E_H;csKdompGm vkyfaqmif&rnf[k twdtusckdif;apEkdifonf? wzef tvkyf&kHykdif&Sifonf ‚if;.
tvkyform;rsm;udk vkyftm;ceJeJomay;I tvkyfcsdef=um=umESifh cyfjrefjrefvkyfaqmif&ef ckdif;apavawmhonf? tu,fI
puf&kHrsm;onf vkyftm;cwkd;jr‡ifha&; ESifh tvkyfcGiftajctaeaumif;rGefa&; awmif;qkdvmaomtcg/ ukr`%Drsm; onf
‚if;wkd@.tvkyfrsm;ukd tjcm;aompuf&kHrsm; (okd@) qif;&JonfhEkdifiHrsm;wGif vkyfaqmifrnf[k +cdrf;ajcmufrnf jzpfonf?

tvkyf&kHrsm; zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;okd@ ajymif;a&$@jcif;tay: taumif;zufrS tjrif

ukefypPnf;rsm;ukd zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGifxkwfvkyfjcif;onf puf&kHrsm;wkd;wufvmap+yD;/ pD;yGg;a&;aumif;rGefvmaponf?

tvkyfrsm;aygrsm;vm+yD;/ vlxkonf ‚if;wkd@. aexkdifr_tqifhtwef;jrifhwufapEkdifrnfjzpfonf?

tvkyf&kHrsm;Y trsKd;orD;rsm;pGm tvkyf&Ekdif+yD;/ trSDtckdb0rS vGwfajrmufapum/ trsKd;orD;rsm;. tcGifhta&; ESifh
vlaer_b0jrifhwufvmr_ukd OD;wnfaprnfjzpfonf?

tvkyf&kHrsm; zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;okd@ ajymif;a&$@jcif;tay: qef@usifzufrS tjrif

zGH@òzd;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif tvkyform;rsm;. tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd umuG,f&eftwGuf pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;csKd@wJhaeonf?
taemufwkdif; pD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf tvkyform;rsm;.tcGihfta&;rsm;ukd av;pm;ygrnfqdkonfrSm raocsmay?

taemufEkdifiH ukr`%Drsm; tjrwftpGef;}uD;rm;pGm&&SdaecsdefwGif/ tvkyform;trsm;pkrSm touf&SifoefEkdif&eftwGuf
vkyftm;c 0ifaiG vkHavmufpGmr&&Sd=uay?

tvkyform;rsm;. tajctaeudk wm0ef,l&ef taemufEkdifiHukr`%D}uD;rsm;onf jiif;qefae=uonf?

tvkyform;trsm;pkrSm usef;rma&;jy\emESifh tvkyfcGifxdckdufr_rsm;udk epfema=u;r&SdbJ cHp m;ae=u&onf?

zGH@òzd;+yD;EkdifiHrsm;wGif tvkyfqkH;&_H;r_rsm; ESifh tvkyfvufrJhwkd;yGg;r_rsm; cHpm;vm&onf?

31
25 ? Nike and Gap
Nike

Nike onf urBmay:&Sd zdeyf ESifh t0wftxnfwGif emrnft}uD;qkH;/ tjrwftpGef;trsm;qkH; ukr`%Drsm;xJrS ukr`%D}uD;
wckjzpfonf? okd@aomf Nike zdeyf ESifh t0wftxnfrsm;ukd csKyfvkyfaom yifv,f&yfjcm;&Sd tvkyform;trsm;pkrSm yifyef;
qif;&JaomtvkyfcGifatmufwGif vkyfukdifae=u&onf? tvkyform;rsm;. vkyftm;crSm &Sifoef&efvpmxuf eJaeao;+yD;/
tvkyform;or*~rsm;udkvnf; zGJ@pnf;cGifhr&&Sday? usef;rma&;ESifhrukdufnDaomtajctaeukdvnf;&ifqkdif&ao;onf?

Nike onf‚if;.zdeyfrsm;ukd ukd,fwkdif xkwfvkyfonf tvkyf&kH[lIr&SdbJ/ tvkyfrsm;ukd tvkyf&kHykdif&Sifrsm;okd@ ay;jcif;jzpf

onf? zdeyfukdrnfokd@ðyvkyf&rnfqkdonf ESifh rnfonfhaps;ay;rnfqkdonfukd puf&kHydkif&Sifrsm;tm; E_wfjzifhajymjcif;jzpfonf?

Nike onfpuf&kHrsm;twGif;&Sd tajctaersm;ukd wm0ef,l&ef jiif;qefavonf? puf&kHykdif&Sifrsm;xHrS xGufukefrsm;ukd

0,f&kHomjzpf+yD;/ tvkyfcGiftajctaeonf puf&kHykdif&Sifrsm;ESifhom qkdifonf[k olwkd@ajymqkdayvdrfhrnf?

,cktcg eif;jym;tvkyf&kHqef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_onf xkdqifajcudk vufrcHEkdifbJ/ Nikeonft}uD;rm;qkH;tjrwfukd &&Sdae

onfhtwGuf ‚if;wkd@.xGufukefrsm;ukdvkyfay;aom tvkyform;rsm;twGuf ykdrkdwm0ef,l&rnf[kawmif;qkdvmonf?

Nike onf ta&S@awmiftm&Sokd@ tvkyfrsm;pGmukd ,laqmifvmonfhtwGuf tvkyform;rsm;rS tvkyfvkdcsif=uonf?

okd@aomf ‚if;wkd@. tvkyf=uyfrSaeI ukd,fxdvufa&muf qJqkdr_rsm; (okd@) tvGeftrif;eJyg;aomvpmtwGuf tcsdefykd
tvkyfrsm;qif;&rnfukd rvkdvm;=uacs? ‚if;wkd@.rdom;pkukdaºuG;&eftwGuf vkHavmufaom 0ifaiGukd tvkd&Sd=uonf?

Gap

Gaponf aemufxyf xif&Sm;aomt0wftxnfukr`%Dwckjzpfonf? tJvfqmvfaA;'kd;&Sd puf&kHwckonf ‚if;wkd@twGuf

t0wftxnfrsm;ukd xkwfvkyfay;aeonf? tvkyfcGiftajctaeonf tvGeftrif;xdwfvef@zG,f&maumif;aeonf? puf&kH
onftvGefylavmif+yD;/ avaumif;avoef@teJi,fom&Sdonf? rdef;rrsm; (trsm;tjym;rSm 16 ESpfatmufrdef;uav;
rsm;)rSm wae@v#if 18 em&D tvkyfvkyfae=u&onf? owfrSwfxm;onfhta&twGuf r+yD;aomtvkyform;rsm;rSm
}udrf;armif; &kdufESufjcif; cH=u&onf? ukr`%Donf ukd,f0efaqmifrdcif&ykdifcGifhrsm;ukd ray;vkdonfhtwGuf trsKd;orD;rsm;udk
oaE<wm;aq;rsm;ukdokH;aqmif&ef (okd@) oaE<wm;aq;rSef;rodbJ twif;t=uyfokH;pGJae&avonf?

tvkyform;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@.tvkyfcGiftajctaersm;ukd qef@usifuef@uGuf&efóud;pm;aomtcg tvkyfðzwfcH&jcif; (okd@)

puf&kHvkHòcHa&;tapmifhrsm;. wkdufckdufjcif; rsm;ESifh óuHawG@&avawmhonf?

ajrmuftar&du&Sd tzGJ@tpnf;wckonf tvkyform;rsm;tm; axmufcH&efv_yf&Sm;r_wckudk pwifcJhonf? &nf&G,fcsufrSm

jynfolvlxktm; Gap t0wftxnfrsm;xkwfvkyfaeonfh tvkyfcGif.tajctaeukd today;&efjzpfonf? xkdtcg Gap
onf tvkyfcGiftajctaeukd wkd;wufaumif;rGefapcJhvdrhfrnf? xkdpnf;&kH;v_H@aqmfr_a=umifh jynfolrsm;onf puf&kHrsm;
twGif;&Sdtajctaersm;ukd pkHprf;&SmazGvm=u+yD;/ ukr`%Dokd@ w,fvDzkH;rsm;/ pmrsm;jzifh wkdif=um;r_rsm; ðyvkyfvm=uonf?

jynfolvlxkonf ‚if;wkd@ukr`%DrSxkwfvkyfonfh t0wftxnfrsm;ukd 0,f,lokH;pGJjcif; rðyawmhrnfukd Gap rS pkd;&drfvm

onf? vGwfvyfaom vl@tcGifhta&;tkyfpkrsm; t,fvfqmaA;'kd;&Sd ‚if;wkd@.puf&kHokd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywf&efcGifhðyonfh
oabmwlnDr_ukd vufrSwfa&;xkd;vm&awmhonf? ,cktcg tvkyf&kHtwGif;&Sd tajctaerSm aumif;rGefvmcJh+yDjzpfonf?
t,fvfqmaA;'kd; tpkd;&rSvnf; wkdif;jynftwGif;&Sd tvkyfcGiftajc taersm; ykdrkdaumif;rGefvm&ef ta&;,lr_tcsKd@ukd
vkyfaqmifvm&awmhonf?

uHqkd;pGmyif/ t0wftxnfpuf&kHrsm;Y tvkyform;rsm;tay: acgif;ykHjzwfr_rsm;onf tvGeftrif;rsm;jym;aeonf? Gap

onf ‚if;.t0wftxnfrsm;ukd xkwfvkyfonfh tjcm;aom puf&kH 500 udk avhvm=unfh&_@&ef cGifhrðyacs?

32
26 ? r#waom ukefoG,fa&; (Fair Trade)
r#waomukefoG,fa&;ukd axmufcHonfhvlwkdif;onf urBmay:&Sd ukefoG,fr_trsm;pkonf r#wr_r&Sdqkdonfukd ,kH=unf=u
onf? EkdifiHwumukefoG,fr_onf csrf;omaomvkyfief;rsm; ESifh aumfykda&;&Sif;rsm;ukdom tusKd;tjrwfjzpfap+yD;/ wkdif;jynf
trsm;pk&Sdjynfolrsm;onf qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_xJokd@ ydkrkdeuf&_dif;pGm xkd;qif;ae=uonfukd ,kH=unf=uonf?

r#waomukefoG,fr_axmufcHolrsm;rS ,kH=uonfrSm ukefoG,fa&;onf tm;vkH;ukd tusKd;jzpfxGef;apoifh+yD;/ tm;vkH;.

tcGifhta&;udk av;pm;oifhonf? csrf;omaomwkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd 0,f,lokH;pGJolrsm;ESifh qif;&Jaomwkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd ukefxkwf
vkyfaomolrsm;t=um;wGif nDr#I/ r#waom qufqHa&;wck &Sdoifhonf[k ,kH=unf=uonf?
Fair Trade Federation onf tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpf+yD; r#waom ukefoG,fr_ukd jr‡ifhwif&ef zGJ@pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?
Fair Trade Federation (FTF) . OD;wnfcsufrsm;rSm -

a'owGif;tajctaet&oifhavsmfaomvkyftm;cukday;&ef/

tvkyform;rsm;twGuf vkyfief;cGif wkd;wufr_tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;ay;&ef/

vlom;tm;vkH;twGuf wlnDaom tvkyfvkyfykdifcGifhrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;&ef/

obm0ywf0ef;usifukd a&&SnfwnfwHhapEkdifaom vkyfaqmifr_rsm;ðyvkyf&ef/

jynfolvlxkrS wm0ef,lr_ukd zGifhay;&ef/

a&&SnfukefoG,fa&; qufqHr_udk wnfaqmuf&ef/

a'owGif;Yyif usef;rma&;ESifh nD!GwfI vkHòcHpdwfcs&aom vkyfief;cGiftajctaersm; jznfhqnf;ay;&ef/

jzpfEkdifacs&Sdwkdif;wGif xkwfvkyfolrsm;tm; aiGa=u;ESifhenf;ynmtaxmuftulrsm;jznfhqnf;ay;&ef/

r#waom vkyftm;c FAIR WAGES

xkwfvkyfolrsm;onf ‚ifwkd@.xGufukefrsm;twGuf r#waomwefzkd;ukd&&Sdoifhonf/ tvkyform;rsm;onf wkdif;jynf.
tedrfhqkH;owfrSwfxm;onfhvkyftm;cudk &&Sdoifhonf? tajccHtouf&Sif&yfwnfr_twGuf tedrfhqkH;vpmESifh rvkHavmuf
aomtcg tvkyform;rsm;tm; touf&Sif&yfwnfEkdifonfh vpmudk ay;oifhonf? ‚if;wkd@. tajccHvkdtyfcsufrsm;rSm
tpm;tpm/ tdrf,m/ rdom;pktwGuf ynma&; ESifh usef;rma&;apmifha&Smufr_wkd@yg0if&rnfjzpfonf?

pm;okH;olrsm;tm; ynmay;jcif; CONSUMER EDUCATION

r#waomukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf pm;okH;olrsm;tm; vkHavmufaomvkyftm;c ESifh usef;rma&;ESifhavsmfnDaom
tvkyfcGifwkd@ukd taxmuftulðyonfh/ r#wonfhukefoG,fr_rS ukefypPnf;ukdom 0,f,l&efta&;}uD;a=umif; ajymqkd&rnf?

obm0ywf0ef;usifukd xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifr_ ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

r#waomukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf obm0ywf0ef;usifESifhukdufnDpGm a'owGif;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd a&&SnfwnfwHhEkdif
&eftwGuf pDrHokH;pGJ&rnfjzpfonf? &yf&Gmvl@tokdif;t0ef;rsm;ukdvnf; ‚if;wkd@. obm0ywf0ef;usif o,HZmw t&if;
tjrpfrsm;ukd tem*wfrsKd;qufopfrsm;twGuf apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;&ef wGef;tm;ay;&rnfjzpfonf?

&kd;&m,Ofaus;r_xkH;"avhrsm;tm; av;pm;jcif; RESPECT FOR CULTURAL IDENTITY

r#waomukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf taemufEkdifiHaps;uGufrsm;twGufvkdufzufatmifjyifqifxm;aom xkwfvkyf
olrsm;. &kd;,Ofaus;r_ay:wGif tajccHonfhxkwfukefrsm; xkwfvkyf&ef ESifh wkd;wufzGH@òzd;vm&eftm;ay;&rnf? olwkd@onf
xkwfvkyfolrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_tarGtESpfukdxdef;odrf;onfh tEkynmpGrf;&nfrsm;ukd &SmazGazmfxkwfay;&rnf?

r#waom ukefoG,fa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf pD;yGg;a&;qefaom wifykd@olrsm;ESifh rnfokd@jcm;em;oenf; How Fair Trade

Organizations Differ from Commercial Importers
• ‚if;wkd@.yef;wkdifrSm tjrwftpGef;wkd;yGg;&eftwGufr[kwfbJ/ jynfoltrsm; tusKd;tjrwfcHpm;Ekdif&eftwGufjzpfonf?
• olwkd@onf *k%foduQmESifhtnD vkHòcHpdwfcs&aom tvkyfcGiftajctae&&Sd&ef 'Drkdua&pDrlusifh0wfrsm;ukd usifhokH;onf?
xkwfvkyfolrsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. ukefypPnf;rsm;udk rnfokd@xkwfvkyfonf/ a&mif;csonf qkdonfukd ajymEkdif&rnfjzpfonf?
• olwkd@onf ukefxkwfvkyfolrsm;tm; ‚if;wkd@.tjrwftpGef;rsm;ukd aq;&kHaq;cef;rsm;wnfaqmufjcif; ESifh tjcm;aom
vlr_zlvkHa&;taxmuftulðyya&m*sufrsm;uJhokd@ xkdvl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif; jyefvnfjr‡KyfESH&ef tm;ay;onf?

33
r#waom
r#waom aumfzD ukefoG,fr_ Fair trade coffee

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf urBmhaumfzD. 5 ykH 1 ykHukd pm;okH;onf? ,if;onfurBmay:wGif trsm;qkH;pm;okH;oljzpfonf?

okd@aomf aumfzDvkyfief;rsm;wGifvkyfukdifaeaom pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfom;rsm;onf “pkdufcif;xJueif;jym;rsm;” tjzpf az:jycH&
avmufatmif yifyef;qif;&JpGmvkyfukdifae=u&onfukd tar&duefteJi,fom oabmaygufcJh=uonf? ao;i,faom
ti,fpm; aumfzD+cHorm; trsm;pkrSm ‚if;wkd@.aumfzDtwGufaps;E_H;ukd aumfzDxkwfvkyfr_p&dwfxufeJyg;pGm &&Sdaeaom
a=umifh qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_ESifh aºuG;+rD oHo&mpuf0ef;xJwGif vnfaeap&ef wGef;ykd@cHae=u&onf?

r#waomukefoG,fr_qkdonfrSm xkdjy\emrsm;ukdajz&Sif;&efvrf;jzpf+yD;/ aumfzDukdw&m;r#wr_&SdaomtajctaeatmufwGif

0,f,ljcif; aocsmap&eftwGufjzpfonf? w&m;r#waom ukefoG,fr_jzpfvmap&ef/ wifykd@olrsm;onf wif;=uyfaom EkdifiH
wumpnf;rsOf;rsm; ESifhukdufnD&rnfjzpfonf? waygifv#if 1³26 a':vm tedrfhqkH;aps;E_ef;jzifh0,f,ljcif;/ +cHorm;rsm;tm;
vkdtyfaeaomacs;aiGrsm;xkwfay;jcif;/ ESifh enf;ynmtaxmuftulrsm;jznfhqnf;ay;jcif;/ wkd@jzpfonf? aumfzD+cHorm;
rsm;twGuf r#waomukefoG,fa&;qkdonfrSm &yf&GmzGH@òzd;a&;/ usef;rma&;/ ynma&;/ ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;
ponfwkd@yg0ifonf?
Global Exchange

r#waom ysm;&nf ukefoG,fr_ Fair trade honey

ruUqDukd ta&S@awmifzuf&Sd tkdZmum(Oaxaca) jynfe,frS XmaevlrsKd;wkd@onf v,f,mpkdufysKd;r_ESifh toufarG;=u

onf? olwkd@onf ao;i,faom ajruGufay:wGif ‚if;wkd@ukd,fykdifpm;okH;&eftwGuf toD;tESHrsm;ESifhtdrfarG;wd&p>mefrsm;
pkdufysKd; arG;jrL=uonf? xkda'oonf tvGefqif;&J+yD;/ pmwwfajrmufr_E_H;rSmvnf; tvGeftrif;edrfhusonf?

1970 vGefESpfrsm;wGif a'oEW&tpkd;&onf v,form;rsm;tm; 0ifaiGtcsKd@&&Sd&efulnDonfhtaejzifh ysm;arG;jrLa&;udk

oifwef;ay;cJhonf? okd@aomf ysm;&nfukd 0,f,laomolrsm;rSmrl v,form;rsm;tm; r#wpGm rqufqHcJhacs? olwkd@onf
ysm;&nfukd tvGefao;i,faomaps;E_H; (okd@) vkH;0ray;bJ ,laqmif=uonf? xkd@aemufysm;&nfukd }uD;pGmaomtjrwfjzifh
a&mif;cs=uonf?

1980 vGef aESmif;ykdif;ESpfrsm;okd@ a&mufaomtcg/ xkwfvkyfoltcsKd@onf w&m;r0ifor*~wckukdwnfaxmifcJh=u+yD;/

aemufqkH;wGif Miel Flor de Campanilla or0g,r jzpfvmonf? atmufpfzrf; (Oxfam) ESifh r#waom ukefoG,fa&;
v_yf&Sm;r_wkd@. tultnDjzifh Miel Flor de Campanilla onf ysm;&nfvkyfief;tzGJ@tpnf;wckukd xlaxmif+yD;
wESpfv#if ysm;&nf wefcsdef 60 ukd EkdifiHwumrS 0,f,lolrsm;okd@a&mif;cscJh+yD;/ v,form;rsm;rSmvnf; r#waom
vkyftm;cukd &&Sd=uavonf? Oxfam rS xkdtzGJ@tpnf;ESifhwGJI vkyfaqmifcJhonfh xkd&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_onf urBmtESH@wGif
&maygif;rsm;pGmaom ysm;arG;jrLa&;orm;rsm;ukkd aps;uGuftcGifhtvrf;rsm; zGifhay;cJhavonf?
Oxfam

r#waom ukefoG,fa&;rS a'oEW&vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; tusKd;jzpfxGef;aponfhvrf;a=umif;rsm;ukda&;yg?

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34
27 ? wm;jrpfydwfqkd@r_rsrsm;qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;´ What are sanctions?

tcsKd@wkdif;jynftpkd;&rsm;onf EkdifiHwumOya'rsm;ukd csKd;azmuf=uonf? xkdOya'rsm;onf vl@tcGifhta&;rsm; (okd@)

vufeufxkwfvkyfr_rsm;ESifhoufqkdifonf? OyrmwckrSm vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd csKd;azmufaom jrefrmEkdifiHjzpfonf?

xkduJhokd@jzpfvmaomtcg/ tjcm;aomwkdif;jynfrsm;onf qkd;0g;aomtpkd;&tm; ‚if;. tðytrlrsm;ukd ajymif;vJ&ef ðyvkyf

vkd=uonf? xkdokd@vkyfaqmif&ef olwkd@óud;pm;onfhenf;vrf;wckrSm wm;jrpfydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_rsm;rSwqifhjzpfonf?

vGefcJhaomESpfrsm;twGif; wkdif;jynfrsm;onf wm;jrpfydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_rsm;ukd csKd;azmufaomwkdif;jynfrsm;tm; '%fcwf=u

onf? '%fcwfcH&onfhwkdif;jynfrsm;rSm awmiftmz&du/ usLbm;/ ajrmufukd&D;,m;/ jrefrm ESifh tD&wfwkd@jzpf=uonf?

ta&;,l'%fcwfr_wGif yg0ifonfwk wd@k rSm -

oHwreftquftoG,f&yfwef@jcif;

ukefoG,fa&;tquftoG,f&yfwef@jcif;

aiGa=u;tultnDay;r_ &yfwef@jcif;

xkdwkdif;jynf. acsaiGrsm;jyefvnfay;qyf&efawmif;qkdjcif;

oHwreftquftoG,f&yfwef@jcif; (Stopping diplomatic relations) – qkdvkdonfrSm ta&;,l'%fcwfcH&onfh

wkdif;jynfESifh tquftoG,ftcsKd@ukdjzwfawmufvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? Oyrm/ xkdwkdif;jynfonf tjcm;aomwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif
oH&kH;zGifhcGifhr&Sdawmhjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;onf xkdwkdif;jynftm; b¾ma&;t& xdckdufr_r&Sdacs? okd@aomf ,if;onf EkdifiHwum
vl@tokdif;t0kdif;rS tpkd;&. tðytrlrsm;ukd vufrcHEkdifawmha=umif; ajymqkdjcif;yifjzpfonf?

wkdif;jynfwckESifhukefoG,fa&; &yfwef@jcif; (Stopping trade with a country) – qkdvkdonfrSm EkdifiHwum tokdif;

t0kdif;onf xkdwkdif;jynfESifh ukefypPnf;rsm; 0,f,ljcif;/ a&mif;csjcif; rðyvkyfawmhjcif;jzpfonf? wcgw&HwGif vufeufa&mif;
0,fr_ (okd@) ukefoG,fr_topf uJhokd@aom ukefypPnf;tm;vkH;ukd &yfwef@ypfvkdufjcif;jzpfonf? taemufEkdifiHrsm;onf jrefrm
EkdifiHokd@ ukefoG,fr_topf ESifh vufeufa&mif;csjcif;rsm;ukd ydwfyifcJhonf? okd@aomf cGifhðyxm;onfh ukefoG,fr_trsm;tjym;
usef&Sdaeao;onf? tdrfeD;csif;EkdifiHrsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHESifh tjynfht0ukefoG,fr_ukd ðyvkyfaeqJjzpfonf?

wkdif;jynfwckokd@ aiGa=u;tultnDay;r_&yfwef@jcif; (Stopping financial aid to a country) – aiGa=u;tultnD

qkdonfrSm wkdif;jynfwckokd@ zGH@òzd;a&; (odk@) qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_avsmhusa&;twGuf ulnDaom aiGa=u;jzpfonf? wcgw&HwGif
xkdtultnDrsm;ukdvnf;&yfwef@vkdufonf? t"duta=umif;&if;rSm tultnDaiGrsm;ukd tvGJokH;pm;ðyvkyfjcif;a=umifh
jzpfonf? jrefrmjynfwGif u,fq,fa&;tultnDtjzpfay;aomaiGrsm;ukd tpkd;&rS odrf;,lvkdufonf?

acs;aiGrsm;ukd jyefvnfay;qyf&efawmif;qkdjcif; (Recalling a country’s loans) – tu,fI wkdif;jynfwckonf

EkdifiHwum tokdif;t0kdif;okd@ ay;qyf&eftaºuG;&Sdygu/ csufjcif;jyefvnfay;qyf&efawmif;qkdjcif;jzpfonf? ,if;onf
tpkd;&twGuf csufjcif;jyefay;qyf&ef tvGefcufcJ+yD;/ wkdif;jynf. pD;yGg;a&;ysufpD;oGm;Ekdifavonf?

ydwfqkd@'%fcwfr_jzifh wkdif;jynf.pD;yGg;a&;ukd xdckdufoGm;rnf? qkdvkdonfrSm wkdif;jynfonf ykdrkdqif;&JoGm;+yD;/

tpkd;&onfvnf; ykdrkdcsdeJ@oGm;rnfjzpfonf? xkdokd@ csdeJ@oGm;ygu ‚if;.tðytrlrsm;ajymif;vJ&ef jzpfvmEkdifonf?

tacstwifaqG;aEG;r_rsm; The debate

raumif;aomtpkd;&rsm;ukd ajymif;vJ&eftwGuf ta&;,l'%fcwfr_onf aumif;rGefaomenf;vrf;wckjzpfonf[k
vltrsm;rS ,kH=unf=uonf? ta&;,l'%fcwfr_onf ppfa&;t&0ifa&mufpGufzufr_ (okd@) ppfyGJjzifh ajz&Sif;p&mrvkdbJ
wkdif;jynfwckokd@ ajymif;vJr_udk ,laqmifvmEkdifonf?

tcsKd@url ta&;,l'%fcwfr_onf tvkyfrjzpf[kajymqkd=uonf? ta&;,l'%fcwfr_onf tpkd;&ukd rxdckdufbJ/
wkdif;jynftwGif;&Sd jynfolvlxk. cHpm;ae&r_ukd ykdrkdqkd;&Gm;vmaponf[k axmufjy=uonf?

35
28 ? ta&;,l'%fcwfr_rsm; ESifh tD&wf (Sanctions and Iraq)

tpkd;&w&yftm; ‚if;. tðytrlrsm;ukd ajymif;vJap&ef wGef;tm;wckjzpfvdrfhrnf[laom ar#mfvifhcsufjzifh ydwfqkd@

ta&;,l'%fcwfr_rsm;ukd ðyvkyfjcif;jzpfonf? ukefoG,fr_ukd wm;jrpfjcif;tm;jzifh (wcgw&H wkdif;jynftm;ay;aeonfh
tultnDrsm;vnf;yg0ifonf) wkdif;jynfonf ykdrkdqif;&Jvmrnfjzpfonf? tD&wfjy\emwGif/ ta&;,l'%fcwfydwfqkd@
r_onf tD&wfjynfolrsm;.b0ukd ysufqD;apcJh+yD;/ usef;rma&; ESifh ynma&;udk xdckdufapcJhonf? tD&wfEkdifiHtm; ydwfqkd@
ta&;,lr_wGif qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_ESifh aoa=uysufqD;r_rsm;om &v'ftjzpfxGufay:vmcJhonf?

1989 ckESpf urBmhusef;rma&;tzGJ@}uD;onf tD&wfEkdifiHtm; aomufoHk;a&twGuf 92µ/ jrifhrm;aom usef;rma&;

apmifha&Smufr_ESifh jrifhrm;aom ynma&;tqifh/ ESifh t[m&jynfh0r_ 93µ &SdcJhonf[k rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf?

8 ESpf=um+yD;aemuf/ UNICEF .rSwfwrf;t&/ =o*kwfv 1990 ESifh =o*kwfv 1997 ckESpft=um;wGif ukv
or*~. ydwfqkd@r_a=umifhjzpfaom aoqkH;ol uav;i,fOD;a& 1211285 &SdcJhonf? ,if;onf EkdifiHwumvGwf+idrf;
csrf;omcGifhtzGJ@}uD;. cef@rSef;csuft& tD&wfwGif 1989 ckESpftxd 10 ESpfwmtwGif; xdwfvef@zG,f&m vl@tcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufr_a=umifh aoqkH;ol 130 000 xuf 10 q eD;yg;rsm;aeonfukd awG@&onf?

usef;rma&;onf ta&;,lydwfqkd@r_rsm;a=umifh jzpfay:vmaomxdckdufr_rsm;xJrS wckjzpf+yD;/ tD&wfjynfolrsm;ukd

aoa=uysufqD;apcJhonf? 1990 =o*kwfvrwkdifrDtxd tD&wfwGif acwfrSDypPnf;rsm;wyfqifxm;onhfaq;&kHrsm;ESifh +Adwdef/
uae'g ESifh tar&duefwkd@rS oifwef;qif;xm;onfh 0efxrf;rsm;&SdaecJhonf?

,cktcgwGifrl aq;&kHrsm;rSm ,cifESifh vkH;0jcm;em;oGm;avonf? cGJpdyfukor_rsm;rSm xkHaq;/ arhaq;/ emusifr_

oufomaq;rsm;rygbJ cGJpdyfae=u+yD;/ yËdZD0aq;rsm;vnf;r&Ekdifay? aq;&kHokH;ypPnf;rsm;rSmvnf; usKd;yJhv#uf&Sdae=u+yD;/
vkdtyfonfh tykdypPnfrsm;ukd r0,fEkdifawmhojzifh jyefvnfrjyifqifEdkifawmhacs? aq;ynm*sme,frsm;vnf; cGifhrðyawmh
ojzifh todynme,fy,fukd,fYu usOf;ajrmif;oGm;avawmhonf?

'%fcwfydwfqkd@r_pwifuwnf;u tD&wf&Sdjynfolrsm;. b0onf ajymif;vJoGm;avonf? vufaqmifypPnf;

twGuf rnfolr#ykdufqHvnf;r&Sdawmhojzifh arG;ae@yGJrsm;vnf;r&Sdawmhay? uav;pD;pufbD;rsm;/ t&kyfrsm;/ cJwH cJzsufrsm;
ESifh avhusifhcef;pmtkyfrsm;tm;vkH;rSm ydwfcHxm;&awmhonf? E_wfcrf;eDawmifh ESifh zdeyfóud;rsm;vnf;jywfvyfoGm;onf?
"gwfykHzvifwvdyfrSm vcwvpmxufausmfvGefoGm;onf? +AdwdefwGif aexkdifonfh tzGm;rS b*~'uf&Sd ajr;i,ftopf
twGuf abmif;bDwpkHykd@vkduf&m/ pmwkdufrSaeI ukefoG,fa&; ESifh pufr_vkyfief;XmerS vufaqmifykd@&eftwGuf
wifykd@ukefvkdifpifrygojzifh rykd@ay;Ekdifyg[laom owif;pum;jzifh tzGm;xHokd@jyefykd@ay;vkdufavonf?

b*~'uf&Sd qif;&Jaom&yfuGufrS ukefpkHqkdifi,fav;wckwGif touf 5 ESpfcef@t&G,f&Sduav;i,fwa,mufonf

reufcif;wckY =uufOwvkHukd *k%f,l0ifhºuGm;pGm0,f,lcJhonf? =uufOtvkH; 30 ygonfh u'fwckonf wuUokdvfygarmuQ
wa,muf. vpmxuf ykdrsm;aeavonf? uav;i,fvSnfhxGufoGm;aomtcg =uufOonf vGwfusoGm;onf? uav;
onf =urf;jyifay:okd@ vSJcsvkduf+yD; xdwfxdwfjymjymjzifh uGJoGm;onfh =uufOtcGH/ tESpf ESifh tumrsm;udk ol.
ao;i,faom vufuav;jzifh aumuf,l&efóud;pm;ae+yD;/ rsuf&nfrsm;vJ woGifoGifpD;usvmawmhonf? qkdif&Sifonf
El;nHhnifompGmjzifh uav;i,f. yckH;udk ayG@zufvkduf+yD;/ aemufxyf=uufOwvkH;vnf;ay;vkdufonf?

1990 rS 1994 ckESpftxd ta&;,l'%fcwfydwfqkd@r_wGif ta&;,l'%fcwfydwfqkd@r_rsm;ukd wkdif;jynf 9 ckwGifðyvkyf

cJhonf? tD&wfjy\emwGif jynfolrsm;rSm xdckdufcHpm;ae&aomfvnf; q'rf[lpdefudkrl xdckdufr_r&SdbJjzpfaeonf? jynfol
rsm;tay: xkduJhokd@ðyvkyfjcif;onf EkdifiHwumOya'ukd csKd;azmufjcif;jzpf+yD;/ tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl@tcGifhta&;a=unm
pmwrf; ESifh uav;oli,frsm;qkdif&mtcGifhta&;nDvmcHrS csrSwfxm;onfhrlrsm;ESifh qef@usifaeavonf? ukvor*~.
vl@tcGifhta&; XmerS ta&;,l'%fcwfwm;jrpfydwfqkd@r_rsm;ukd “t=urf;zufvkyf&yfrsm;tjzpf” owfrSwfcJh+yD;/ tjypfr&Sd
onfh jynfolrsm;tay: xdckdufcJhonf[lI ydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_ukd &_H@cscJhavonf?

36
29 ? ta&;,l'%fcwfr_rsm; ESifh awmiftmz&du (Sanctions and South Africa)
ta&;,l'%fcwfydwfqkd@r_rsm; bma=umifhðyvkyf&onfESifhywfoufI ta=umif;tcsufrsm;&Sdaeonf? a,bl,s
ta=umif;rSm vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufjcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI wkdif;jynfrsm;onf t=urf;zufr_vkyf&yfrsm;ukd taxmuf
tulay;jcif;/ tpkvkduftòyHvkdufaoaponfhvufeufrsm;wnfaqmufjcif; (okd@) tjcm;aomwkdif;jynfwjynfESifh
w&m;r0if ppfjzpfjcif; ponfwkd@a=umifh ‚if;wkd@tay:wGif ta&;,l'%fcwfydwfqkd@r_rsm;&&Sdwwfonf? uGefjrLepf0g' ESifh
tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;a&;0g' uJhokd@aom tar&duefwkd@ESifh EkdifiHa&;t& rwlnDonfh t,l0g'rsm;ukd usifhokH;yguvnf;
'%fcwfydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_rsm; &&SdEkdifonf?

1980 vGefESpfrsm;wGif ydwfqkd@ta&;,l'%fcwfr_rsm;udk awmiftmz&dutay:wGif jyXmef;cJhonf? ta=umif;rSm

awmiftmz&du. vljzL ESifh vlrnf;[lI tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_0g'udk usifhokH;onfhtwGuf ta&;,ljcif;jzpfonf? EkdifiHa&;
ESifh pD;yGg;a&;t& vljzLrsm;onf Xmaewkdif;&if;omvlrnf;rsm;tay:wGif cGJjcm;qufqHr_rsm; usifhokH;=uonf?
awmiftmz&duwGif vljzLrsm;onf wkdif;jynfukd xdef;csKyfxm;=u+yD;/ vlrnf;jynfolrsm;. wlnDaomtcGifhta&;rsm;ukd
ydwfyifxm;onf?

tar&duefonf awmiftmz&duESifh ukefoG,fa&;qufqHr_udk jzwfawmufxm;+yD;/ awmiftmz&durS ukefpnf

rsm;ukd wifoGif;&ef cGifhrðyay? ,if;wGif awmiftmz&duokd@ a':vm 43 oef;wef ausmufrD;aoG;wifykd@r_vnf; yg0ifonf?
taemufOa&my ESif *syefwkd@vnf; ukefoG,fa&;ydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_udk ðyvkyf=uonf? tar&duefESifhtaemufEkdifiHtrsm;pk
rSvnf; awmiftmz&durS ‚if;wkd@b%frsm;okd@ ay;qyf&ef&Sdaom acs;aiGrsm;ukd jyefvnfawmif;,l=uavonf? olwkd@onf
awmiftmz&dutm; aemufxyfacs;aiGrsm; xkwfacs;&efukdvnf; jiif;qkd=uonf? tar&duefonf awmiftmz&duokd@
aemufxyf&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ topfrsm;ukdvnf; rðyvkyf&ef wm;jrpfydwfyifvkdufavonf? xkd@tjyif awmiftmz&du ppfom;
ESifh &Jrsm; wifykd@r_ukdvnf; wm;jrpfydwfyifvkdufavonf?

tapmykdif;Y ta&;,l'%fcwfr_onf awmiftmz&dutpkd;&tm; xdckdufr_teJi,fomjzpfay:aponf? awmif

tmz&duonf ‚if;wkd@. jynfyykd@ukefrsm;twGuf aps;uGufopfrsm;ukd &SmazGawG@&SdcJhonf? ta&;,l '%fcwfydwfqkd@r_onf
vlrnf;jynfoltrsm;pkukd xdckdufcJhonf? vljzLrsm;ykdifqkdifonfh ukr`%D}uD;rsm;onf vlrnf;rsm;ykdifqkdifonfh ao;i,faom
ukr`%Drsm;ukd 0,f,lvkdufonf? xkdtcg vlrnf;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@. 0ifaiG&vrf;rsm; qkH;&_H;ukefawmhonf? rnfokd@yifqkdap/
tcsdefumv wck=umaomtcg ta&;,l'%fcwfydwfqkd@r_onf vljzLtokdif;t0kdif;. tajccHvlwef;pm;rsm;ukdvnf; pwif
xdckdufvmawmhonf? aemufqkH;wGif ukefoG,fr_ydwfqkd@a&; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_ ESifh acs;aiGrsm; jyefawmif;qkdr_onf awmif
tmz&du tpkd;&udk tiftm;csdeJ@vmapawmhonf?

yxrOD;qkH;aomtajymif;tvJrSm EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om; e,fvfqif rif'Jvm;ukd jyefv$wfay;jcif;jzpfonf?

xkd@aemuf vlrnf;rsm;twGuf vl@tcGifhta&; ESifh ajr,mykdifqdkifr_ tcGifhta&;qkdif&m Oya'rsm;ukdvnf; jyifqifvmonf?
1991 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;onf tmz&dutrsKd;om;uGef*&uf (African National Congress-ANC) . OuUX
jzpfvmcJh+yD;/ tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;r_ tqkH;owfa&;udk OD;wnfI vkyfaqmifvmcJhonf? olonf 1993 ckESpfwGif EkdbJvf
+idrf;csrf;a&;qkukd &&SdcJh+yD;/ 1994 ckESpfwGif awmiftmz&du. orRw jzpfvmawmhonf?

37
30 ? ta&;,l'%fcwf
cwfr_rsm; ESifh jrefrm (Sanctions and Burma)
jrefrmjynftay: tar&duefwkd@ ta&;,l'%fcwfydwfqkd@r_ (U.S. SANCTIONS AGAINST BURMA)

EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@ (e0w) rS 1988 ckESpf tm%modrf;,l+yD;/ 1990 wGif a&G;aumufyGJ tEkdif&

trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyftm; tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;&ef jiif;qkdonfrSpwifI tar&duefonf ta&;,l '%fcwf
ydwfqkd@r_rsm;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiHtm; pwifI txD;usefapcJhonf? 0g&Sifwefonf ‚if;. oHtrwf}uD;tm; &efukefòrd@rS
&kwfodrf;cJh+yD;/ jrefrmEkdifiHokd@ ppfzufqkdif&m ypPnfrsm;wify@kd r_vkdifpifukd twnfðy&ef jiif;qdkcJhonf? xkd@aemuf wkdif;jynf
twGif;okd@ pD;yGg;a&;'%fcwfta&;,lr_rsm;ukd tuef@towfESifh ydwfqkdcJhonf? okd@aomf ,if;wkd@onf jrefrmjynfwGif
ajymif;vJr_ukd ðyvkyf&ef rxda&mufcJhacs?

xkd@aemuf 1990 wGif Oya'wckudk jyXmef;cJhonf? xkdOya'rSm orRw bGwf&Sftm; jrefrmjynftay: ta&;,l
'%fcwfr_topfrsm;jyXmef;&ef cGifhðyjcif;jzpfonf? 1993 ckESpfwGif jrefrmhtwkduftcHacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;
csufjcif;v$wfay;&efESifh ukvor*~rS ukefoG,fa&;ydwfqkd@r_rsm;ukd jyXmef;&ef orRw uvifweftm; awmif;qkdcJhonf?
orRwuvifwefonf axmufcHr_ukd az:jycJhaomfvnf; rnfonfhta&;,lr_rS rðyvkyfcJhay?

xdk@aemuf 1995 ckESpfwGif/ jrefrmjynftay: pD;yGg;a&; ESifh ukefoG,fa&; ta&;,lydwfqkd@r_udkawmif;qkdonfh jrefrmjynf

vGwfajrmufa&; Oya'udk jyXmef;cJhonf? aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif e0w rS EkdifiHa&;zdESdyfr_rsm;ukd wkd;jr‡ifhvkyfaqmifvmonfh
twGuf orRw uvifwefrSm wpkHw&mvkyfaqmif&ef wGef;tm;ay;cH&awmhonf? ,if;rSm jrefrmjynftay: ta&;,lr_udk
qufvufvkyfaqmif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

1997 arvwGif/ jrefrmjynfokd@ &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_topftawmfrsm;rsm;ukd wm;jrpfonfh trdef@w&yfudk xkwfjyefcJhonf? e0wrS

“zrf;qD;xdrf;odrf;cHxm;&onfh ausmif;om;rsm; ESifh twkduftcH axmufcHolrsm;tm;vkH; ('gZifrsm;pGm ESpf&Snfaxmif
'%frsm; uscHae=u&onf)/ 'Drkdua&pDtwkduftcHrsm;rS EkdifiHa&;tjrif xkwfazmfajymqkdr_rsm;udk wm;qD;ydwfyifxm;r_rsm;”
ðyvkyfaeonf[k uvifwefrS ajymqkdcJhonf? “&ufpuf=urf;óuwfaom &efukefppftpkd;&atmufY jrefrmEkdifiHonf
urBmay:&Sd bdef; ESifh bdef;jzLxkwfvkyfa&;Y a&S@wef;rS OD;aqmifae+yD;/ EkdifiHwumtokdif;t0kdif;. tjrifrsm;udk qef@usifI
rl;,pfaq;0g;ukeful;r_rsm;tay: cGifhðyxm;v#uf&Sdaeao;onf” [k uvifwefrSajymqkdcJhonf?

tar&duefwkd@. ta&;,lr_rsm;ESihfywfoufI r[mrdwf tmqD,Hrsm;rS oabmrwlcJhacs? &efukeftpkd;& ESifh tðyoabm

aphpyfajymqkdr_rsm;jzifhom jrefrmEkdifiHwGif EkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_rsm;ukd jzpfay:apEkdifonf[k uef@uGufjiif;qkdcJhonf? tmqD,H
ESif tquftoG,frvkyfygu/ jrefrmEkdifiHonf w&kwfESifh ykdrkdeD;uyfpGmqufqHoGm;rnfhtEW&m,fwck&Sdaeonf?

ta&;,l'%fcwfydwfqkd@r_. tcsnf;ESD;jzpfr_rsm; (The Futility of Sanctions)

ukefoG,fa&;ydwfqkd@ta&;,lr_udk qef@usifonfh tiftm;}uD;aomt&mwckrSm ukefoG,fa&;'%fcwfr_onf &Hzef&Hcgr#om
tvkyfjzpfjcif;jzpfonf? 1970 ckESpfrSpI tar&duefwkd@. '%fcwfydwfqkd@r_rsm;wGif ‚ifwdk@vkyfaqmifr_. 87 &mE_H;onf
atmifjrifr_r&SdcJhay? 35 ESpf=um+yD;aemuf/ tar&duefwkd@. uyfpx&kdtpkd;&tm; tqkH;owf&eftwGuf usLbm;tay:
ta&;,l'%fcwfydwfqkd@r_onf usqkH;cJhonf? trSefwu,fxda&mufcJhr_rSm usLbm;jynfolrsm;tm; qif;&Jacgif;yg;r_
twGif;Y ykdrkdeuf&_dif;pGm =um&SnfcHpm;aeapcJhjcif;yifjzpfonf?

ta&;,l'%fcwfr_onf jrefrmjynfolrsm;tay:cuf
;tay:cufcJapjcif; (Sanctions Fall Hardest on the People of Burma)
jrefrmjynftay: ta&;,l'%fcwfr_onf jynfwGif;EkdifiHa&;ajymif;vJr_udk rvkyfaqmifEkdifcJhjcif;yifjzpfonf? e0w§etz
ppftpkd;&onf wkdif;jynfukd qufvufxdef;csKyfqJjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@.tm%mukd tav;teufpdefac:r_ESifh &ifrqkdif&ay? w&kwf/
tdENd, ESifh ,dk;',m;wkd@onf jrefrmjynf ESifh ukefoG,f&if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_rsm; qufvufvkyfaqmifaeqJyifjzpfonf?

ta&;,l'%fcwfr_. t"du om;aumifrSm jrefrmjynfolrsm;yifjzpfonf[lI/ jrefrmjynfwGif pD;yGg;a&;vkyfaqmifaeonfh

vkyfief;rsm;rS axmufjy=uonf?

38
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ESifh Oa&myor*~ wkd@onf jrefrmjynftay: wm;jrpfydwfqkd@r_rsm;ðyvkyf=uonf? xkdokd@ ta&;,l
'%fcwfydwfqkd@r_rsm;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm etz . pD;yGGg;a&;udk csdeJ@tm;eJap&efjzpfonf? ta&;,l jypf'%fcwfr_wGif
urBmhb%f/ tjynfjynfqkdif&m aiGa=u;&efykHaiGtzGJ@/ tm&SzGH@òzd;a&;b%fuJhokd@aom EkdifiHwumaiGa=u; tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS
acs;aiGrsm;xkwfray;jcif; ESifh aiGa=u;tultnDay;r_rsm; &yfwef@jcif;wkd@vnf;yg0ifonf? ta&;,ljypf'%f cwfr_onf etz
tm; 'Drkdua&pDvrf;a=umif;ay:okd@ av#mufvSrf;&ef &nf&G,fI zdtm;ay;jcif;jzpfonf?

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ESifh Oa&myor*~wkd@onf jrefrmtpkd;&tm; ta&;'%fcwfr_rsm;ðyvkyfaepOfwGif tdENd,/ w&kwf/

*syef/ ESifh tmqD,Hwkd@onf ‚if;wkd@. tðyoabmqufqHr_ rl0g'rsm;udk qufvufukdifaqmifxm;qJjzpfonf? Armppfwyf
twGuf vufeuftrsm;pkudk w&kwfrSaxmufyHhay;ae+yD;/ &k&Sonf EsLuvD;,m;"gwfaygif;zkdudk ulnDaqmufvkyfay;aeonf?
tar&duef ESifh Oa&myor*~onf jrefrmEkdifiHokd@ ukefoG,fr_ ESifh oGm;a&mufvnfywfr_rsm;ukd ydwfqkd@wm;jrpfaepOfwGif/
*syefvlrsKd;rsm; ESifh tmqD,HtzGJ@0if EkdifiHom;rsm;onf uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;r&SdbJ jrefrmjynfokd@oGma&mufvnfywf
ae=uavonf? *syeftpkd;&onf jrefrmtpkd;&tay: ,m,Dta&;'%fcwfydwfqkd@r_rsm;ðyvkyfpOf &yfwef@xm;onfrsm;ukd
jyefay;onfhtaejzifh/ jrefrmppftpkd;&ESifhqufqHr_ukd jyefvnfvkyfaqmifae+yD;/ a':vmoef;aygif;rsm;pGmukd pD;yGg;a&;
tultnDtjzpfay;aeavonf?

Oa&myor*~. jrefrmjynftay:ta&;,l'%fcwfr_onf 1996 ckESpfwGif pwifcJh+yD;/ ppfvufeuf ESifh ppfzuftokH;taqmif

u&d,mrsm; o,f,lykd@aqmifjcif;/ ESif jynf0ifcGifhADZmydwfyifxm;jcif;wkd@yg0ifonf?

trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf tar&dueftpkd;&. jrefrmppftpkd;&tay: pD;yGg;a&;'%fcwfydwfqkd@r_tm; oufwrf;wkd;csJ@

onfh qkH;jzwfcsuftay: axmufcHóudqkdcJhonf?

1 ? jrefrmjynftm; ta&;,l'%fcwfr_tay: axmufcH&onhfta=umif;tcsufrsm;ukd a&;jyyg?

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2 ? jrefrmjynftm; ta&;,l'%fcwfr_tay: uef@uGuf&onhfta=umif;tcsufrsm;ukd a&;jyyg?

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3 ? jrefrmjynftay: ta&;,l'%fcwfr_ESifhywfoufI oifhtaejzifh oabmwlnDr_&Sdygovm;´ wlnDygu

tb,fa=umifhenf;´ rwlnDygu tb,fa=umifhenf;´

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39
31 ? c&D;oGm;vkyfief; (Tourism)
c&D;oGm;vkyfief; qkdonfrSm vlwkd@onf tm;vyf&uf (odk@) aysmf&$ifr_ ESifh tem;,l&eftwGuf tjcm;aom ae&mrsm;okd@
oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;jzpfonf? xkduJhokd@ ‚if;wkd@. wkdif;jynfjyifyokd@oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;jzifh c&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf
*vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;. tpdwftykdif;wckjzpfvmavonf?

tjcm;aomwkdif;jynfrsm;okd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywf&onfht"duta=umif;&if;rSm xifay:ausmf=um;aomae&mrsm;ukd

=unf&_@&efjzpfonf? Oyrm - EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;nf tdENd,EkdifiH&Sd wyfcsfr[mokd@oGm;a&muf=unfh&_@=uonf? r[mwHwkdif;}uD;
a=umifh w&kwfjynfonf emrnf}uD;vmonf? xkdxif&Sm;ausmf=um;aomae&mrsm;udk =unhf&_@pOfwGif vnfywfolrsm;onf
xkdwkdif;jynf. ta=umif;udkvnf;avhvmod&SdEkdifonf? a'ocHjynfolrsm;ESifhawG@qkHEdkfif+yD;/ ‚if;wkd@.&kd;&mxkH;"avh ,Ofaus;r_
rsm;ukdvnf; awG@Ekdifonf? ,if;onf wkd;&pfrsm; ESifh a'ocHjynfolrsm; ESpfzufpvkH;twGufyg tusKd;&Sdavonf? tu,fI
a'ocHjynfolrsm;ESifh tpkd;&rS c&D;oGm;vmr_vkyfief;twGuf aumif;pGmjyifqifxm;jcif;r&Sdygu a'ocHvlxk ESifh obm0
ywf0ef;usiftay:okd@ raumif;aomqkd;usKd;rsm; oufa&mufvmEkdifonf?

c&D;oGm;vkyfief;. aumif;aomvuQ%mrsm;
mrsm; (Positive aspects of tourism)

• a'ocHvlxktwGuf tvkyfrsm;zefwD;ay;onf (Creates jobs for local people)

c&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf a'ocHvlxktwGuf tvkyftukdifrsm;pGmukd jznfhqnf;ay;onf? vma&mufvnfywfolrsm;
twGuf ae&mxkdifcif; ESifh tpm;tpmrsm;vkdtyfonf? xkd@a=umifh a'ocHjynfolrsm;onf wnf;ckdcef;rsm;ESifh tpm;
taomufqkdifvkyfief;rsm;&&SdEkdifonf? r=uc%qkdovdk wkd;&pfrsm;onf xif&Sm;aomae&mrsm;tm; vkdufvH &Sif;vif;
jyo&eftwGuf c&D;oGm;vrf;!ïef({nfhvrf;!ïef)rsm;udkvnf; tokH;ðy=uonf? wkd;&pfrsm;onf wkdif;jynftESH@av#muf
vnf=uonfhtcg bwfpfum;rsm;/ &xm;rsm; ESifh av,Ofrsm;twGuf tvkyftukdiftcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd jzpfay:
aponf? t"dupdwf0ifpm;zG,f&mae&mrsm;wGifrl 0ifcGifhvufrSwfa&mif;csjcif;/ trSwfw&vufaqmifypPnf;rsm;
a&mif;csjcif;/ avhvm=unhf&_@&mae&mrsm;wGif oef@&Sif;a&; ESifh xdef;odrf;a&;rsm; vkyfaqmif&efvkdtyfjcif; ponfjzifh
tvkyftukdifrsm;pGmvkdtyfavonf? wkd;&pfrsm;onf xkdwkdif;jynfrS trSwfw& vufaqmifypPnf;rsm; 0,f,lvkd=u
onf? xkd@a=umifh a'ocHjynfolrsm;onf tEkynmvkyfief;rsm;/ vufr_vkyfief;rsm;/ t0wftxnf ESifh tjcm;aom
txdrf;trSwfypPnf;rsm;udk ðyvkyfa&mif;csEkdif =uonf?

• a'owGif;pD;yGg;a&;udk wkd;wufaumif;rGefaponf (Improves local economy)

tvkyftukdifopfrsm;jzpfay:apjcif;onf a'owGif;jynfolrsm;twGuf okH;pGJ&ef aiGa=u;ykdrkd&&Sdapjcif;jzpfonf? qkdvkd
onfrSm vlxktaejzifh tpm;tpm ESifh t0wftxnfrsm; 0,f,lEkdifvmjcif;/ uav;i,frsm;tm; ausmif;xm;Ekdif
vmjcif;/ usef;rma&;twGuf aq;0g;rsm; 0,f,lEkdifjcif;wkd@jzpfonf? xkdvkyfaqmifEkdifr_rsm;tm;vkH;onf a'owGif;pD;yGg;
a&;udk wkd;wufaumif;rGefvmatmif tultnDay;+yD;/ tvkyftukdifopfrsm;xyfrHay:aygufvmaponf? tu,fI
uav;i,frsm;ausmif;xm;r_ykdIrsm;vmygu ausmif;q&mta&twGuf ykdrsm;vmrnfjzpfonf? tu,fI qkdifrsm;
ykdrkdzGifhvmygu qkdiftvkyform;rsm; ykdrkdvkdtyfvmrnfjzpfonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh c&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf vl@tokdif;
t0kdif; ESifh wkdif;jynf zGH@òzd;wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tultnDrsm;ay;Ekdifonf?

• rwluGJjym;aom ,Ofaus;r_ ESifh "avhxkH;pHrsm;ukd od

odjrifEkdifonf (Raise awareness about different
cultures and customs)
c&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf a'oEW&,Ofaus;r_rsm;ukdavhvm&ef vnfywfvkdolrsm;twGuf aumif;rGefaom vrf;a=umif;
wckjzpfonf? Oyrm - wkd;&pfrsm;onf a'oEW&tpm;taomufrsm;ukd jrnf;prf;=unfhEkdifonf? a'ocHwkd@0wfqif
onfh &kd;&mt0wftxnfrsm;udk awG@jrifEkdifonf? wkdif;jynftwGif;&Sd rwluGJjym;aom ukd;uG,f,kH=unfr_ rsm;ukd
em;vnfEkdifonf? xkd@jyif a'oEW&bmompum;ukdvnf; avhvmEkdifonf? wkd;&pfrsm;onf tdENd,&Sd [kdvDyGJawmf (odk@)
xkdif; ESifh jrefrm&Sd o}uFefyGJawmfuJhokd@aom yGJvrf;obifrsm;udkvnf; wufa&mufEkdifonf?

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 • wkdif;jynftwGif; jy\
jy\emrsm;ukdvnf; odjrifEkdifonf (Raise awareness of country problems)
tjcm;aomwkdif;jynfokd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;jzifh/ xkdolrsm;onf wkdif;jynftwGif;&Sd raumif;aom vuQ%m
rsm;ukdvnf; avhvmawG@jrifEkdifonf? Oyrm - wkd;&pfrsm;onf tdENd,wGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ ESifh olawmif;pm;rsm;
ta=umif;ukd awG@jrifavhvmEkdifonf? wkd;&pfrsm;onf b*Fvm;a'h&SfwGif trsKd;orD; tcGifhta&;jy\emrsm;ukd
avhvm=uonf? xkdif;EkdifiHwGif wkd;&pfrsm;onf vdifukeful;r_jy\emrsm;ukd avhvm=uonf?

omreftm;jzifh wkdif;jynfrsm;&Sd tpkd;&rsm;onf xkdjy\emrsm;ukd wkd;&pfrsm;rodEkdifatmif zkH;uG,f&efóud;pm;=uonf?

okd@aomf/ jy\emonf us,fus,fjyef@jyef@}uD;xGm;aeygu wkd;&pfrsm; rjrifrawG@atmif ra&Smifv$JEkdifay? tu,fI
wkd;&pfrsm;onf wkdif;jynfwGif;jy\emrsm;ukd em;vnfoabmaygufoGm;ygu/ ‚if;wkd@wkdif;jynfokd@jyefa&mufaomtcg
‚if;wkd@. tpkd;& ESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;twGif;okd@ &Sif;vif;ajymjyEkdifonf? ,if;onf jrefrm ESifh ajrmufukd&D;,m;uJhokd@
aom wkdif;jynfrsm;wGif tvGefta&;}uD;onf? wkdif;jynftwGif;Y ydwfyifxm;r_rsm;a=umifh/ EkdifiHwumtokdif;t0kdif;&Sd
jynfoltrsm;pkonf xkdwkdif;jynfrsm;twGif;&Sd jy\em. euf&_dif;r_rsm;udk rodjrifEkdifcJh=uay?

c&D;oGm;vkyfief;. raumif;aom vuQ%mrsm; (Negative aspects of tourism)

• obm0
obm0 ywf0ef;usifukd ysufpD;aponf (Damages the environment)
tu,fI tpkd;& ESifh a'owGif;jynfolrsm;onf obm0ywf0ef;usiftwGuf aumif;pGmumuG,fpDrHxm;r_rsm;r&Sdygu/
c&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf ysufqD;r_rsm;pGmukd jzpfay:apEkdifonf?

Oyrm - wcgw&H wkd;&pfrsm;onf yifv,furf;ajc ESifh u|ef;rsm;okd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfvkd=uonf? xkdtcg

wnf;ckdcef;rsm;/ tpm;taomuf ESifh ,rumqkdifrsm;/ &kyf&Sif ESifh tjcm;aom ZdrfcHtaqmufttkHrsm;wnfaqmuf&ef
vkdtyfvmavonf? ,if;onf tvkyftukdifopfrsm; zefwD;ay;jcif; ESifh a'owGif;pD;yGg;a&;ukd jr‡ifhwifay;onfh
aumif;rGefaomt&mwckjzpfaomfvnf;/ *&kwpkdufpDrHxdef;odrf;xm;r_rsm;ryg&Sdaom zGH@òzd;a&;onf obm0ywf0ef;usif
ukd ysufqD;aponf? ,if;wkd@onf avxknpfnrf;r_/ a&xknpfnrf;r_/ ESifh ajrqD=oZmysufpD;apr_ wkd@jzpfay:apEkdif
onf? opfawmðyef;wD;r_ukd jzpfay:apEkdif+yD;/ xGef,ufpkdufysKd;ajrrsm;ukd ysufqD;apEkdifonf? xkdtajctaersm;onf
a'owGif;&Sd vlrsm;/ wd&p>mefrsm;/ ig;rsm; ESifh tyifrsm;ukd xdckdufaprnfjzpfonf?

• a'o "avhxkH;pHrsm; ESif ,Of,Ofaus;r_rsm; ysufpD;qkH;&_H;aponf (Loss of local customs and culture)
wcgw&HwGif wkd;&pfrsm;onf a'owGif;,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk tvGefpdwf0ifpm;aomtcg ,if;wkd@onf qef@usifzuf
tusKd;oufa&mufr_rsm;ukd jzpfay:apEkdifonf? Oyrm - xkdif;EkdifiHajrmufykdif;wGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pki,frsm;pGm
aexkdif=uonf? wkd;&pfrsm;onf xkdolrsm; rnfokd@aexkdif=uonfukd =unfhjrif&ef tvGefpdwf0ifpm;=uonf? wcg
w&HwGif wkd;&pftkyfpkrsm;zGJ@I xkdaus;&Gmrsm;odk@ oGm;a&mufvnfywf=u+yD;/ ntdyfr_rsm;vnf;&Sdwwfonf? ,if;onf
&Gmom;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wkd@. ,Ofaus;r_tm; taESmuft,Sufrsm;jzpfay:aponf? aemufqkH;wGif ,Ofaus;r_onf
tppftrSefrS &yfwef@oGm;+yD;/ wkd;&pfrsm;. tusKd;pD;yGg;twGuf xkwfvkyfvm=uawmhonf?

Oyrm - wkd;&pftawmfrsm;rsm;onf xkdif;EkdifiH/ rJa[mifaqmif a'oteD;&Sd ya'gif;/ u&ifeD &Gmrsm;okd@ oGm;a&muf

vnfywfwwf=uonf? olwkd@onf ya'gif;trsKd;orD;rsm;. vnfyif; ESifh ajcaxmufwGif 0wfqifonfh uGif;rsm;ukd
tvGefpdwf0ifpm;=uaoma=umifhjzpfonf? rnfokd@yifqkdap xkdtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf tjcm;aomomrefvlrsm;uJhokd@
ynma&;twGuf ausmif;wufjcif;rsKd; raexkdifEkdif=uay? xkdtpm; u&ifeDtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf ‚if;wkd@ae@rsm;ukd txl;
wkd;&pfaps;rsm;wGifvma&mufI/ wkd;&pfrsm; ‚if;wkd@ukd =unfh&_@&efvmaomtcg/ ‚if;wkd@. vufr_txnfrsm;ukd
a&mif;cs&ef óud;yrf;=u&avonf? c&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;tay: tultnDay;onfxuf acgif;ykHjzwf
tjrwfxkwfaer_twGuf/ xkdtajctaersKd;ukdyif “vlom;wd&p>mef&kH” tjzpf &nf!ïef;avonf?

• c&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf wcgw&H arSmifckdaps;uGufvkyfief;rsm;ukd tm;ay;onf (Tourism sometimes

encourages black-market activities)

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 c&D;oGm;vkyfief;. raumif;aomtusKd;oufa&mufr_wckrSm rl;,pfaq;0g; ESifh vdifukeful;r_uJhokd@aom w&m;r0if
aps;uGufrsm; }uD;xGm;vmjcif;jzpfonf? vmtkd/ xkdif; ESifh jrefrm okH;EkdifiHxdpyfaeonfh a&ï}wd*He,fajrwGif bdef;jzL
xkwfvkyfr_onf }uD;rm;aom jy\em}uD;wckjzpfaeonf? xkdif; ESifh uarBm'D;,m;uJhokd@ ta&S@awmiftm&S EkdifiH
tawmfrsm;rsm;wGifrl vdifvkyfief;onf tvGef}uD;rm;aom jy\em}uD;wckjzpfaeavonf? wkd;&pfrsm;onf xkd
vkyfief;rsm;wGif wpdwfwykdif;yg0ifvkyfaqmifaeonfhtwGuf/ xkda'orsm;&Sd c&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf jy\emtwGif;Y
a&maESmaygif;pyfae+yD;/ jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&rnfhtpm; w&m;0ifvkyfief;rsm;jzpfvmonf?

c&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'or#omr[kwfbJ wurBmvkH;qkdifonfh &_wfaxG;aomudpPwckjzpfonf? txuf

wGifaqG;aEG;cJhonfh udpPrsm;rSm zGH@òzd;+yD;aomwkdif;jynfrsm;tygt0if urBmay:&Sdwkdif;jynfwkdif;wGif jzpfay:aeaom tajc
taersm;jzpfonf? c&D;oGm;vkyfief;wGif aumif;rGefaomtusKd;qufrsm;pGm&Sdojzifh a'owGif;&Sdjynfolrsm;ukd trSefwu,f
yif vkdtyfaeonfhtultnDrsm;ay;Ekdifonf? ,if;onf EkdifiHwumqufqHa&;rsm;ukdvnf;ulnDEkdifonf? rwluGJjym;aom
,Ofaus;r_rsm; ESifh bmomw&m;rsm;ukd avhvmod&Sd+yD;/ xkdrwluGJjym;r_rsm;tay:em;vnfvmEkdifonfhtwGuf tjcm;ol
rsm;ESifh rwlnDr_rsm;tay: oD;cHem;vnfr_ukd wnfaqmufEkdifvmonf?

rnfokd@yifqkdapumrl/ wkd;&pfwkdif;onf ‚if;wkd@vkyfaqmifr_rsm;rSm a'owGif;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;tm; rnfokd@xdckdufr_jzpfaponf

qkdonfukd odem;vnfatmif óud;pm;&ef ESifh *&kwpkduf&Sd&ef vkdtyfonf? a'owGif;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ESifh tpkd;&rsm;onf/
obm0ywf0ef;usif/ a'o"avhxkH;pHrsm; ESifh ,Ofaus;r_rsm;wGif 0ifa&mufaESmuf,Suf pGufzufr_rsm;ukd cGifhrðy&ef/ c&D;oGm;
vkyfief;twGuf pDrHr_rsm;ðyvkyfoifhonf?

jrefrmjynfc&D;oGm;vkyfief; - jrefrmjynfokd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfoifhygovm;´ (Tourism in Burma – Should

tourists visit Burma?)

jrefrmjynfokd@c&D;oGm;vmr_ta=umif;aqG;aEG;jcif;onf cufcJodrfarG@aomudpPw&yfjzpf+yD;/ jywfom;aomtajzr&Ekdifacs?

jrefrmjynfonf ppfwyfxdef;csKyfr_atmufwGif avSmifydwfcHxm;&aom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfonfhtwkdif; wkdif;jynfwGif;
tajctaersm;onf tjcm;aomwkdif;jynfrsm;trsm;pkESifhrwl vGefpGmrSjcm;em;avonf? jrefrmjynfokd@ oGm;a&mufvnf
ywf&ef oifh§roifh ESifhywfoufI tacstwifaqG;aEG;jiif;ckefr_rsm; rsm;pGm&Sdavonf?

jrefrmjynfokd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef roifhonfh ta=umif;tcsufrsm;pGm&Sdavonf -

- EkdifiHjcm;om;wkd;&pfrsm;okH;pGJvkdufaom ykdufqHrsm;onf ppftpkd;&xHokd@a&muf&SdoGm;+yD;/ ppftpkd;&onf xkdaiGrsm;jzifh
jynfolvlxk. aumif;usKd;twGuftokH;rcsbJ zdESdyfr_wGif tokH;csaejcif;jzpfonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh xkdaiGrsm;onf
tpkd;&rSOD;pD;onfh wnf;ckdcef;rsm;/ pm;aomufqkdifrsm;/ ava=umif;vkdif;rsm;/ bwfpf/ &xm; ESifh c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
tokH;ðyjcif;jzpfonf?

- xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aomae&mrsm;okd@ oGm;a&mufavhvm=unfh&_@&mwGifvnf; tpkd;&tm; ykdufqHay;jcif;jzpfonf? Oyrm/

yk*Hbk&m;ykxkd;uJhokd@aomae&mrsm;onf wkd;&pfrsm;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;aom jrefrmh ,Ofaus;r_tarGtESpfrsm;udk
avhvm=unfh&_@&efjzpf+yD;/ xkdtwGuf 0ifa=u;rsm;ay;&onf? jrefrmjynf. vSyaom,Ofaus;r_ &_@cif;rsm;ukd =unfh&_@avhvm
&efrSm EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;twGuf tvGefta&;}uD;aomfvnf;/ wzufwGif tpkd;&. ppfwyfxdef;csKyfr_udk w&m;0iftm;ay;
ovdkjzpfaejyefonf?

- EkdifiHjcm;om;c&D;oGm;rsm; vma&mufavhvmonfh xif&Sm;aomae&mrsm;udk xdef;odrf;&ef/ vrf;rsm;wnfaqmuf&ef/

wnf;ckdcef;rsm; ESifh tjcm;aom wkd;&pftokH;taqmifvkdtyfr_rsm;twGuf Armppftpkd;&onf vlxktm; twif;t"rR
vkyftm;ay;apckdif;jcif;rsm;udk ðyvkyfjcif;jzpfonf?

- jrefrmjynfwGif jynfolvlxkrSm EkdifiHjcm;om;wkd;&pfrsm; ESifh pum;ajymqkdcsifaomfvnf;/ ajymqkdEkdifcGifhr&Sday? xkd@a=umifh

wkd;&pfrsm;onf jrefrmjynfolrsm; ESifh oGm;a&mufajymqkdqufqHygu jy\emjzpfay:apEkdif+yD;/ tm%mykdifrsm;. ta&;,l
jypf'%fcwfjcif;ukd cH&Ekdifonf?

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rnfokd@yifqkdap/ jrefrmjynfokd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywf&ef axmufcHajymqkdr_rsm;vnf;&Sdaeonf -

- jyifyurBmokd@avhvm&eftwGuf jrefrmjynfolrsm;wGif tcGifhtvrf;teJi,fjzpfay:vmEkdif+yD;/ jrefrmjynf.

jy\emrsm;udk EkdifiHjcm;om;wkd;&pfrsm;okd@ ajymjyEkdifrnfjzpfonf? jrefrmjynfokd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfaomolrsm;onf
jyifyurBm ESifh tquftoG,fwckjzpfay:apEkdifonf?

- c&D;oGm;trsm;pkonf ‚if;wkd@roGm;a&mufrD jrefrmjynfwGif;tajctaersm;ukd od&dS=u+yD;jzpfonf? tpkd;&rS OD;pD;vkyfukdif

onfh wnf;ckdcef;rsm; ESifh c&D;oGm;vkyfief;rsm;udk ‚if;wkd@taejzifh a&Smifv$JEkdifonf? rEWav;eef;awmf uJhokd@aom twif;
t"rRvkyftm;ay;apckdif;r_jzifh xdef;odrf;xm;onfhae&mrsm;okd@ vnfywfjcif;rsKd;rðyvkyfbJ oydwfarSmuf Ekdifonf?

- a'owGif;&Sdjynfoltrsm;pkonfvnf; rdom;pkykdif wnf;ckdcef;rsm; ESifh pm;aomufqkdifrsm;zGifhvSpfEkdifonf? qif;&JrGJawae

onfhwkdif;jynfrsm;wGif ,if;onf ta&;}uD;aom 0ifaiG&vrf;wckjzpfonf? a'owGif;jynfolrsm;onfvnf; wkd;&pfrsm;
tm; xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aom ae&mrsm;okd@ vkdufvHjyojcif;/ jrefrmh&kd;&m,Ofaus;r_rsm;ukd oif=um;jyoay;jcif;jzifh
{nfhvrf;!ïef rsm;jzpfEkdif=uonf?

- wkd;&pfrsm; rdcifwkdif;jynfokd@jyefa&mufaomtcg jrefrmjynfwGif;&Sdowif;rsm;ukd ‚if;wkd@. oli,fcsif;rsm; ESifh rdom;pkrsm;

tm; wqifhjyefvnfajymjyEkdifonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh jrefrmjynf. ta&;t&mtrsm;udk EkdifiHwumtokdif;t0kdif;tm;
ajymjy+yD;jzpfEkdifonf? wcgw&HwGif vma&mufvnfywfolrsm;onf jrefrmjynftay: ESpfoufpGJvef;oGm;+yD;/ jrefrmjynf
vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;Y ukd,fwkdif0ifa&mufyg0ifvmwwf=uonf?

txufwGifaz:jyxm;onfhtwkdif;/ jrefrmjynfokd@ c&D;oGm;vmr_vkyfief;onf tjzL/ trJ roJuGJonfh jy\emjzpfonf?

jrefrmjynfokd@oGm;a&mufvnfywfaom c&D;oGm;rsm;onf tpkd;&tm;r[kwfbJ/ jynfolvlxktm; ulnD&eftwGuf
ppfrSefaom pdwf0ifpm;r_jzifhoGm;a&mufvnfywfjcif;rsKd;omjzpfygap[k ar#mfvifh&awmhonf?

tjcm;aomwkdif;jynfrsm;rS wkd;&pfrsm; vuf&Sdppftpkd;&atmuf&Sd jrefrmjynfokd@ oGm;a&mufvnfywfoifhonf[k oifxifyg

ovm;´ tb,fa=umifhxif&oenf;§rxif&oenf;´
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