Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(E Book Mat) Odifreddi - Pitagora
(E Book Mat) Odifreddi - Pitagora
Pagina 1 di 5
48(67$0$7(0$7,&$3(5/(0,(25(&&+,(
3LHUJLRUJLR2GLIUHGGL
$&DSR&RORQQDYLFLQRD&URWRQHLJUHFLDYHYDQRGHGLFDWRDG+HUD
/DFLQLDXQWHPSLRFRQFRORQQHDOOLQHDWHVHFRQGRODGLUH]LRQHGHL
UDJJLGHOVROHQDVFHQWH,QXQDQRWWHVWHOODWDGHOPHVHGLPDJJLROH
GRQQHGHOODFLWWjVLUHFDYDQRLQSURFHVVLRQHDOWHPSLRSHUFKLHGHUHDOOD
GHDLOGRQRGHOODIHUWLOLWj,QHSRFDEL]DQWLQDODGHYR]LRQHYHUVRODGHD
VLWUDVIHUuD0DULD7KHRWRNRVODPDGUHGL'LRPDODWUDGL]LRQHGHOOD
SURFHVVLRQHULPDVHLQDOWHUDWDHFRQWLQXDDQFRUDRJJL
,OPDJJLRUYDQWRVWRULFRGL&URWRQHqSHUzVHQ]DGXEELRODVFXRODFKH
3LWDJRUDGL6DPRLOJUDQGHPDWHPDWLFRHILORVRIRYLIRQGzTXDQGRYLVL
WUDVIHUuGDOOD*UHFLDYHUVRLOD&(VVDSURVSHUzSHUXQDWUHQWLQD
G
DQQLILQRDFKHLSLWDJRULFLVLLPPLVFKLDURQRQHOOHIDFFHQGHSROLWLFKH
GHOODFLWWjDSSRJJLDQGRLOSDUWLWRVEDJOLDWR(VVLIXURQRSHUVHJXLWDWLH
FDFFLDWLODVFXRODIXEUXFLDWDH3LWDJRUDIXJJuD0HWDSRQWRGRYHPRUu
SRFRGRSR
)XSURSULRXQDLQWXL]LRQHPXVLFDOHFKHSHUPLVHD3LWDJRUDGLIRUPXODUH
TXHOOHJDPHIUDPDWHPDWLFDHQDWXUDFKHFRVWLWXLVFHSUREDELOPHQWHOD
VFRSHUWDSLSURIRQGDHIHFRQGDGHOODVWRULDGHOO
LQWHURSHQVLHUR
XPDQR
6HFRQGR*LDPELFRO
HSLVRGLRqLOVHJXHQWH8QJLRUQR3LWDJRUDSDVVzGL
IURQWHDOO
RIILFLQDGLXQIDEEURHVLDFFRUVHFKHLOVXRQRGHLPDUWHOOL
VXOOHLQFXGLQLHUDDYROWHFRQVRQDQWHHDYROWHGLVVRQDQWH,QFXULRVLWR
HQWUzQHOO
RIILFLQDVLIHFHPRVWUDUHLPDUWHOOLHVFRSUuFKHTXHOOLFKH
ULVXRQDYDQRLQFRQVRQDQ]DDYHYDQRXQSUHFLVRUDSSRUWRGLSHVR$G
HVHPSLRVHXQRGHLPDUWHOOLSHVDYDLOGRSSLRGHOO
DOWURHVVL
SURGXFHYDQRVXRQLGLVWDQWLXQ
RWWDYD6HLQYHFHXQRGHLPDUWHOOLSHVDYD
XQDYROWDHPH]]DO
DOWURHVVLSURGXFHYDQRVXRQLGLVWDQWLXQDTXLQWD
O
LQWHUYDOORIUDLOGRHLOVRO
7RUQDWRDFDVD3LWDJRUDIHFHDOFXQLHVSHULPHQWLFRQQHUYLGLEXHLQ
WHQVLRQHSHUYHGHUHVHTXDOFKHUHJRODDQDORJDYDOHVVHSHULVXRQL
JHQHUDWLGDVWUXPHQWLDFRUGDTXDOLODOLUD6RUSUHQGHQWHPHQWHOD
UHJRODHUDDGGLULWWXUDODVWHVVD$GHVHPSLRVHXQDGHOOHFRUGHDYHYD
OXQJKH]]DGRSSLDGHOO
DOWUDHVVHSURGXFHYDQRVXRQLGLVWDQWLXQ
RWWDYD
6HLQYHFHXQDGHOOHFRUGHHUDOXQJDXQDYROWDHPH]]DO
DOWUDHVVH
SURGXFHYDQRVXRQLGLVWDQWLXQDTXLQWD
,QSHUIHWWRVWLOHVFLHQWLILFRGDOO
RVVHUYD]LRQHHGDOO
HVSHULPHQWR
3LWDJRUDGHGXVVHXQDWHRULDODFRLQFLGHQ]DGLPXVLFDPDWHPDWLFDH
QDWXUD3LSUHFLVDPHQWHHJOLVXSSRVHFKHFLIRVVHURWUHWLSLGLPXVLFD
TXHOODVWUXPHQWDOHSURSULDPHQWHGHWWDTXHOODXPDQDVXRQDWD
GDOO
RUJDQLVPRHTXHOODPRQGDQDVXRQDWDGDOFRVPR/DVRVWDQ]LDOH
FRLQFLGHQ]DGHOOHWUHPXVLFKHHUDUHVSRQVDELOHGDXQODWRGHOO
HIIHWWR
HPRWLYRSURGRWWRSHUOHWWHUDOHULVRQDQ]DGDOODPHORGLDVXOO
XRPRH
Pagina 2 di 5
GDOO
DOWURGHOODSRVVLELOLWjGLGHGXUUHOHOHJJLPDWHPDWLFKHGHOO
XQLYHUVR
GDTXHOOHPXVLFDOL
3RLFKqQHOOHOHJJLGHOO
DUPRQLDVFRSHUWHGD3LWDJRUDLQWHUYHQLYDQR
VROWDQWRQXPHULIUD]LRQDULGHWWLDQFKHQXPHULUD]LRQDOLHGLUDSSRUWL
DUPRQLFLFRUULVSRQGHYDQRSHUIHWWDPHQWHDUDSSRUWLQXPHULFL3LWDJRUD
HQXQFLzODVXDVFRSHUWDQHOODIDPRVDPDVVLPDWXWWRqQXPHUR
UD]LRQDOH(VVDFRGLILFDODIHGHQHOODLQWHOOLJLELOLWjPDWHPDWLFDGHOOD
QDWXUDHGqLOSUHVXSSRVWRPHWDILVLFRGHOO
LQWHUDLPSUHVDVFLHQWLILFDGL
FXL3LWDJRUDqVWDWRDSSXQWRLOSDGUHIRQGDWRUH
3LSUHFLVDPHQWHCUDJLRQH
QRQHUDDOWURFKHODFDSDFLWjGLHVSULPHUH
FRQFHWWLPHGLDQWHXQCUDSSRUWR
QXPHULFRFRPHWHVWLPRQLDO
XVRGHOOR
VWHVVRYRFDERORSHUHQWUDPELLWHUPLQLVLDLQJUHFRORJRVFKHLQODWLQR
UDWLR3RLFKqSRLSHULJUHFLORJRVVLJQLILFDYDDQFKHODCSDUROD
VWHVVDLOYRFDERORILQuSHUHVSULPHUHXQDWULSOLFHFRLQFLGHQ]DGL
OLQJXDJJLRUD]LRQDOLWjHPDWHPDWLFD$QFKHTXHVWDFRLQFLGHQ]Dq
WXWWRUDYLYDHYHJHWDHLO7UDWWDWRGL:LWWJHQVWHLQQRQQHqFKHO
XOWLPD
ULIRUPXOD]LRQHULYHGXWDHFRUUHWWD
8QDVFRSHUWDWDQWRSURIRQGDQRQSRWHYDFKHIDUULWHQHUH3LWDJRUDRXQD
YHUDHSURSULDGLYLQLWjRDOPHQRXQGHSRVLWDULRGHOODVDJJH]]DGLYLQD
,OVXRLQVHJQDPHQWRQRQSRWHYDHVVHUHRJJHWWRGLGLVFXVVLRQHHDOXLVL
DSSOLFzSHUODSULPDYROWDO
HVSUHVVLRQHLSVHGL[LW/DVXDVFXROD
DVVXQVHLFDUDWWHULGLXQDFRQIUDWHUQLWDUHOLJLRVDHJOLDGHSWLYHQQHUR
GLYLVLLQGXHFDWHJRULHJOLDFXVPDWLFLRXGLWRULHLPDWHPDWLFLR
DSSUHQGLVWL$LSULPLVLDPPDQQLYDO
LQVHJQDPHQWRLQPDQLHUD
HVVRWHULFDHVXSHUILFLDOHPHQWUHLVHFRQGLYHQLYDQRLQL]LDWL
DOO
LQVHJQDPHQWRHVRWHULFRHSURIRQGR
8QHVHPSLRWLSLFRGHOODGLFRWRPLDqODWHRULDFRVPRORJLFDSLWDJRULFDLO
FXLDVSHWWRHVVRWHULFRqVWDWRWUDPDQGDWRGD3ODWRQHQHOGLIILFLOH
GLDORJR7LPHR0HGLDQWHPLVWHULRVHFRVWUX]LRQLEDVDWHVXLQXPHULH
FKHFRUULVSRQGRQRDLUDSSRUWLQXPHULFLGHOO
RWWDYDHGHOODTXLQWDVL
DUULYDDOODGHWHUPLQD]LRQHGHLUDSSRUWLDUPRQLFLFKHUHJRODQRLOPRWR
GHLSLDQHWL,OVLVWHPDVRODUHqGXQTXHYLVWRFRPHXQDOLUDDVHWWHFRUGH
VXRQDWDGD$SROORLQFXLLSLDQHWLSURGXFRQRLVXRQLFKHORUR
FRUULVSRQGRQRHFKHLQVLHPHFRVWLWXLVFRQRODPXVLFDGHOOHVIHUH
/
DVSHWWRHVVRWHULFRGHOPRGHOORSLWDJRULFRULPDVHSHUVHFROLLOSXQWRGL
ULIHULPHQWRSHUODFRVPRORJLDWDQWRFKHDQFRUDQHO.HSOHUROR
XWLOL]]zQHOVXRVWUDELOLDQWHOLEUR/
DUPRQLDGHOPRQGR,QHVVRHJOL
GHVFULVVHOHOHJJLPXVLFDOLFKHUHJRODQRLOPRWRGHLSLDQHWLVSHFLILFDQGR
FKHQHOODVLQIRQLDFHOHVWH0HUFXULRFDQWDGDVRSUDQR0DUWHGDWHQRUH
6DWXUQRH*LRYHGDEDVVLHOD7HUUDH9HQHUHGDDOWL(QHOODWHU]DGHOOH
WUHIDPRVHOHJJLGL.HSOHURULFRPSDUHPLUDFRORVDPHQWHLOUDSSRUWRGL
TXLQWDLOTXDGUDWRGHOSHULRGRGLURWD]LRQHGLXQSLDQHWDDWWRUQRDOVROH
qLQIDWWLSURSRU]LRQDOHDOFXERGHOODVXDGLVWDQ]DGDHVVR1RQDFDVR
XQDGHOOHFRQIHUHQ]HGHOPDJJLRSLWDJRULFRqGXQTXHGHGLFDWDD
CC/
XOWLPRVRJQRGL.HSOHUR
/DVYROWDIRQGDPHQWDOHGHOODILVLFDPRGHUQDFRPSLXWDGD1HZWRQQHL
3ULQFLSLDFRUULVSRQGHLQYHFHDGXQHVSOLFLWRWHQWDWLYRGLULVFRSULUH
O
DVSHWWRHVRWHULFRGHOODFRVPRORJLDSLWDJRULFDQDVFRVWRVRWWRL
CCGLVFRUVLYROJDUL
GHOODPXVLFDGHOOHVIHUH&RPHPROWLVXRL
FRQWHPSRUDQHL1HZWRQULWHQHYDLQIDWWLFKHODFRQRVFHQ]D
Pagina 3 di 5
IRQGDPHQWDOHGHOPRQGRODFRVLGGHWWDSULVFDVDSLHQWLDIRVVHJLjVWDWD
ULYHODWDGD'LRDLSULPLXRPLQLLQFLVDVXGXHSLODVWULHVVLVDUHEEHUR
VWDWLULVFRSHUWLGRSRLOGLOXYLRXQLYHUVDOHGD3LWDJRUDHG(UPHV
7ULVPHJLVWRFKHQHLQJOREDURQROHYHULWjQHOOHSURSULHILORVRILH
HVRWHULFKH6LDFRPHVLDLOIDWWRqFKHVXTXHVWHEDVL1HZWRQPRVWUz
FKHODOHJJHGLJUDYLWD]LRQHXQLYHUVDOHHUDLPSOLFLWDQHOOHOHJJL
GHOO
DUPRQLDSLWDJRULFDHGLFKLDUzFKHHVVDGRYHYDTXLQGLJLjHVVHUH
QRWDD3LWDJRUDVWHVVR
,OSLWDJRULVPRULPDQHEHQYLYRDQFKHQHOODILVLFDPRGHUQDHQRQVROR
FRPHJHQHULFDPDWHPDWL]]D]LRQHGHOODQDWXUD$Q]LWXWWRVHODILVLFD
FODVVLFDDYHYDULIRUPXODWRLOPRWWRSLWDJRULFRFRPHCCWXWWRqQXPHUR
UHDOH
ODILVLFDDWRPLFDVHPEUD
HVVHUHULWRUQDWDDOODYHUVLRQHRULJLQDOHLQFXLVRQRSURSULRLQXPHUL
LQWHULDGHWHUPLQDUHOHFDUDWWHULVWLFKHGHOODQDWXUDDOLYHOOR
PLFURVFRSLFRDWWUDYHUVRODTXDQWL]]D]LRQHGLTXDQWLWjFKHVL
VXSSRQHYDQRFRQWLQXHSULPDIUDWXWWHO
HQHUJLD,QROWUHQHOWHQWDWLYR
SLUHFHQWHGLDUULYDUHDGXQDWHRULDXQLWDULDGHOODQDWXUDODFRVLGGHWWD
WHRULDGHOOHVWULQJKHGL:LWWHQOHFRVWLWXHQWLXOWLPHGHOODPDWHULD
YHQJRQRQRQSLSHQVDWHFRPHSXQWLLPPDWHULDOLPDFRPHSH]]LGL
FRUGDFKHYLEUDQRLQXQRVSD]LRSOXULGLPHQVLRQDOHHGLFXLPRGLGL
YLEUD]LRQHRVXRQLFRVWLWXLVFRQROHSDUWLFHOOHHOHPHQWDUL,OFKH
JLXVWLILFDLOWLWRORCC'D3LWDJRUDD:LWWHQ
GLXQDGHOOHFRQIHUHQ]HGHO
PDJJLRSLWDJRULFR$QFKHODVWRULDGHOODPXVLFDFRPHJLjTXHOODGHOOD
ILVLFDKDUHFHSLWRHGHODERUDWRLQPDQLHUDSURIRQGDLOFUHGRSLWDJRULFR
*Lj3LWDJRUDVWHVVRDYHYDVFRSHUWRFKHODVXDWHRULDPXVLFDOHDYHYD
TXDOFKHSUREOHPDLQIDWWLLUDSSRUWLQXPHULFLFRUULVSRQGHQWL
ULVSHWWLYDPHQWHDXQWRQRHGXHVHPLWRQLQRQFRLQFLGHYDQRH
GLIIHULYDQRGLXQDTXDQWLWjSLFFRODPDSHUFHWWLELOHDOO
RUHFFKLRFKHIX
FKLDPDWDFRPPDSLWDJRULFR/DVROX]LRQHPDWHPDWLFDGHO
WHPSHUDPHQWRFKHFRQVLVWHQHOGLYLGHUHO
RWWDYDLQGRGLFLVHPLWRQL
XJXDOLIXWURYDWDVROWDQWRQHOVHFROR;9,,,HULFKLHVHO
DVVHJQD]LRQHGL
XQYDORUHLUUD]LRQDOHDOVHPLWRQR
1RQDFDVRODVROX]LRQHFKHLQL]LDOPHQWHJHQHUzUHVLVWHQ]HYLYDFLIX
SRSRODUL]]DWDGDLSUHOXGLHIXJKHGHO&ODYLFHPEDOREHQWHPSHUDWR
%DFKHUDLQIDWWLVHQVLELOLVVLPRDOODVWUXWWXUDPDWHPDWLFDGHOODPXVLFDH
RSHUHTXDOLOH9DULD]LRQL*ROGEHUJO
2IIHUWDPXVLFDOHHO
$UWHGHOODIXJD
XWLOL]]DQRLQPDQLHUDVLVWHPDWLFDWUDVIRUPD]LRQLJHRPHWULFKHFKH
LQYHUWRQRULEDOWDQRHGLODWDQRWHPLPXVLFDOL/HVWHVVHWUDVIRUPD]LRQL
EDVLODULSHUWXWWDODSROLIRQLDVRQRSRLVWDWHIRUPXODWHHVSOLFLWDPHQWH
DJOLLQL]LGHOVHFRORFRPHUHJROHGHOODGRGHFDIRQLD,OFKHVSLHJDOD
SUHVHQ]DGLPROWHRSHUHGL%DFKO
2IIHUWDPXVLFDOHLQSDUWLFRODUHROWUH
FKHGL:HEHUQH%HUJQHLFRQFHUWLGHOPDJJLRSLWDJRULFR
,QFRQFOXVLRQHULPDQHGDQRWDUHFKHLOSHQVLHURSLWDJRULFRqRJJL
GLYHQXWRODEDVHPHWDILVLFDGHOODFXOWXUDSODQHWDULD/DVFLHQ]DHOD
WHFQRORJLDFKHFLSLDFFLDRQRKDQQRRUPDLVXSHUDWRWXWWLLFRQILQL
JHRJUDILFLHSHUYDVRO
LQWHURJORERVLEDVDQRLQIDWWLSURSULRVXTXHOOD
FRLQFLGHQ]DIUDQDWXUDHPDWHPDWLFDFKH3LWDJRUDKDSHUSULPRVDSXWR
LQWXLUHHSHUVHJXLUHULYHODQGRVLSLXQLYHUVDOHHSURIRQGRGLTXDOXQTXH
DOWURSURIHWDRSHQVDWRUHGD%XGGDD&ULVWRGD3ODWRQHD0DU[,O
SLDQHWDRUPDLXQLILFDWRGDOODVFLHQ]DHGDOODWHFQRORJLDFRQWLQXD
Pagina 4 di 5
DQFRUDDULPDQHUHGLYLVRGDOOHUHOLJLRQL)RUVHDQFKHLQTXHVWRFDPSR
3LWDJRUDFKHFUHGHYDFKHGLRIRVVHVHPSOLFHPHQWHO
DUPRQLD
GHOO
XQLYHUVRHFKHODSXULILFD]LRQHUHOLJLRVDVLRWWHQHVVHDWWUDYHUVROD
FRQWHPSOD]LRQHPDWHPDWLFDSRWUHEEHXQJLRUQRDGGLWDUHODUHWWDYLD
/DTXDOHqG
DOWURQGHJLjFRQWHQXWDQHOODYHUVLRQHHVRWHULFDGHO
SLWDJRULFRLQL]LRGHO9DQJHORVHFRQGR*LRYDQQLCC,QSULQFLSLRHUDOD
5DJLRQHHOD5DJLRQHHUDSUHVVR'LRHOD5DJLRQHHUD'LR
3LHUJLRUJLR2GLIUHGGL8QLYHUVLWjGL7RULQR
Pagina 5 di 5