Solving Thermodynamics Problems

Solving thermodynamic problems can be made significantly easier by following a rigorous process. One such process is outlined below. 1. Summarize given data in own words, leaving out unneeded, misleading information 2. learly understand!identify what is being as"ed for # draw a s"etch showing interactions and identify a solution strategy, "eeping in mind that a multi$step approach may be easiest. %. &efine system boundaries, noting if it is an open or closed system '. (i) as many states as possible on a P$v!T$v!T$s diagram using given information *. +pply conservation of mass to process (or a control mass!closed system, m 2 m1 = (or a control volume!open system, dm i m e = m dt .. +pply conservation of energy to process /1st law of thermodynamics0 (or a control mass!closed system, 3 = 2 1 /e4uilibrium process0 d3 = 21 dt /transient process0 (or a control volume!open system, d3 52 52 i = 2 1 +m h + + gz + m h + + gz e dt 2 2 i e 6. Solve algebraically for desired 4uantity using combination of mass balance, energy balance, and definitions /li"e mass flow rate, volume, etc.0 7. Perform heat transfer analysis to get 2, if necessary /use catalog of heat transfer or steady flow device in appendi)0 8. Perform wor" analysis to get 1, if necessary /use catalog of wor" or steady flow device in appendi)0 1-. +ssume appropriate model for system substance /use substance model catalog in appendi)0 11. (ind properties using substance model 12. Substitute numbers into e4uation and solve for desired 4uantity 1%. Sanity chec" magnitude of answer and direction /if any0 to see if the solution 9ma"es sense:

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Appendix
This appendi) contains a series of catalogs for common parameters that are needed in solving thermodynamics problems. The lists are not intended to be e)haustive, nor is the information contained in the catalogs complete. (or a complete discussion of a particular entry, a reference from the engel and Turner / >T0 boo" is included with the chapter and section identified. ?ote that the symbols used ta"e on the conte)t of the problem. +gain, the user should consult >T for details.

Catalog of Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer Mode onduction / > T ch 1*$1.0 onvection / > T ch 16 # 170 @adiation / > T ch 180 Equation = "+ dT 2 d) 2 = h+ ( Twall Tambient ) = ( + T ' T ' 2
1 2

Catalog of Work
Work Mode 3lectric / > T ch '.20 Spring / > T ch '.%.%0 Shaft / > T ch '.%.20 3)pansion! ompression / > T ch '.%.10 Bar &eformation / > T ch '.%.'0 Surface Tension / >T ch '.%.'0 Equation
1 = 5At 1 2 1 = " )2 2 )1 2 1 = 2n

1 = Pd5 1 = + o < o d 1 = d+

Catalog of Steady Flow Devi es

Devi e Conversion !ro ess ?ozzle / >T ch *.'.10 (low energy/T, P0 to C3 &iffuser C3 to flow energy /T, P0 Turbine / >T ch *.'.20 (low energy /T, P0 to wor" ompressor 1or" to flow energy /T, P0 Pump 1or" to flow energy /P0 Throttle &evice / >T ch @elieve pressure *.'.%0 Eeat 3)changer / >T ch Transfer heat between flow *.'.'0 streams Typi al Assu"ptions S.S., adiabatic, no wor", P3 D S.S, adiabatic, C3 P3 S.S., adiabatic, no wor", C3 P3 S.S., no wor", C3 P3 -, e)ternal surfaces adiabatic

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Catalog of Su#stan e Models

Su#stan e Model Appli ation Do"ain C$ara teristi s Property Tables # solid, 1henever e)perimental @eal data, so this is ideal as li4uid, vapor / >T ch %..0 data is available for long as the e)perimental substance of interest conditions used to ma"e table are broadly applicable to the application. Ancompressible # li4uid =ost li4uids and processes Properties are appro)imated / >T ch %...% and ch %.110 where volume e)pansion is by the saturated li4uid not of interest /an e)ample properties at the system of a mis$application would temperature. Specific heats be a natural convection are temperature dependent process0 only. p D v D du D dT D f/T0 y yf/T0
h hf/T0 F vf/T0GHp # psat/T0I

Ancompressible # solid =ost solids and processes / >T ch %...% and ch %.110 where volume e)pansion is not of interest /an e)ample of a mis$application would be a deformation!bar e)pansion process0 ompressibility hart 5apors that cannot be /Principle of orresponding classified as an ideal gas States0$ vapor / > T ch %.60

Specific heats are temperature dependent only. p D v D du D dT D f/T0 +ssumes that the vapors of all substances are 4ualitatively similar, relative to their critical state. Scaling relative to the critical state allows the generalized compressibility chart to be used to find relation between P$v$T. J D Pv!@T P@ D P!Pcrit T@ D T!Tcrit +llows use of ideal gas e4uation of state, P5 D m@T. +lso, specific heats are only temperature dependent, meaning energies are also only functions of temperature du D vdT D f/T0 dh D pdT D f/T0

Adeal ;as / > T ch %.6, ch Special case vapor where P@ %.1-0 /P!Pcrit0 is nearly -.

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