Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Level 1 Fundamental Training
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Contents
Topics: DP Accuracy on Flow Measurement Liquid Level Calculation Liquid Density Calculation Liquid Interface Calculation Remote Seal Overview Factors Affecting Seal Performance Calibrating Analog Pressure Transmitter Calibrating Smart Pressure Transmitter Basic Applications Exercise Slide No: 3-4 5 - 13 14 15 16 - 21 22 - 29 30 - 32 33 - 44 45 - 53 54 - 56
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
DP Accuracy on Flow Measurement
Is determined by the specification of the DP transmitter
because DP is under the square root, the DP range will not be the same as the flow range. The DP range is equal to the flow range squared.
A flow range of 5:1 will have a DP range of 25:1
the accuracy to be used in for a flow measurement is the % of reading error, not % of span.
An 1151S is good for 0.1% of span.
At a reading of 1/2 the span, the error is 0.2% of reading At a reading of 1/10 the span, the error is 1.0% of reading DP has a sensitivity coefficient (0.5) on flow measurement
Level 1 - Pressure 2
DP Accuracy on Flow Measurement
Example: A customer has an orifice plate which produces 32H2O at 800 GPM of flow.
How much DP will he have at a flow of 200 GPM ?
Flow turndown is 4:1 DP turndown is 16:1
DP = 32 / 16 = 2H2O
If the transmitter accuracy spec. is 0.1% of span what will be the DP accuracy at 200 GPM ? (the xmtr span is 32H2O)
DP turndown is 16:1
DP Accuracy = 16 x 0.1% = 1.6%
How much error will the DP measurement contribute to the flow accuracy ? (remember, DP has a sensitivity coefficient of 1/2) Error = 1.6% x 0.5 = 0.8%
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Open Vessel Level Calculation
Example: ZeroZero-Based Direct Mount Application What is the Calibration Range? 4mA pt? (at 0% level) GP = 1.1 * 0 = 0H2O
XMTR 50 Head
100%
20mA pt? (at 100% level) GP = Head = 1.1*50 = 55 H2O
L H S.G = 1.1
0%
Cal. Range = 0 to 55H2O
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Open Vessel Level Calculation
Example: NonNon-ZeroZero-Based Direct Mount Application What is the Calibration Range? 4mA pt? (at 0% level) GP = Head1 = 1.1*10 = 11H2O
XMTR 10 40 Head2
100%
20mA pt? (at 100% level) GP = Head2 = 1.1*50 = 55 H2O
L H
Head1
0%
S.G = 1.1
Cal. Range = 11 to 55H2O
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Open Vessel Level Calculation
Example: NonNon-ZeroZero-Based Remote Mount Application What is the Calibration Range? 4mA pt? (at 0% level) GP = Head1 = 1.1*10 = 11H2O 20mA pt? (at 100% level) GP = Head1 + Head2 = (1.1*10) + (1.1*50) = 66 H2O
XMTR Head1 10 L H 50 Head2
100%
0%
S.G = 1.1
Cal. Range = 11 to 66H2O
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Zero Suppression & Elevation
Zero Elevation: Example (for a DP span of 100 H2O) Wet Leg : Calibrated Range -20 H2O to 80 H2O
0% 100%
Zero Supression: Example (for a DP span of 100 H2O) Dry Leg : Calibrated Range 20 H2O to 120 H2O
0% Zero Suppressed Zero Elevated 100%
20 H2O 0 H2O -20 H2O
0%/LRV of Dry Leg True Zero (Measured) 0%/LRV of Wet Leg
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Closed Tank Level Calculation (Wet Leg)
Example: ZeroZero-Based Direct Mount Application What is the Calibration Range? 4mA pt? DP = Phigh - Plow = 0 - Head1 = 0 - (1.2*70) = -84H2O
S.GWetLeg=1.2 (at 0% level) Head1
Ullage or Vapor
100%
70 50
Head2
20mA pt? (at 100% level) DP = Phigh - Plow = Head2 - Head1 = (1.1*50)] - (1.2*70) = -29H2O
XMTR
0%
S.G = 1.1
Cal. Range = -84 to -29H2O
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Closed Tank Level Calculation (Wet Leg)
Example: NonNon-ZeroZero-Based Direct Mount Application What is the Calibration Range? 4mA pt? DP = Phigh - Plow = Head2 - Head1 = (1.1*10) - (1.2*70) = -73H2O
S.GWetLeg=1.2 (at 0% level) Head1
10
Ullage or Vapor
100%
70
40
Head3
20mA pt? (at 100% level) 0% XMTR 10 Head DP = Phigh - Plow 2 = (Head2 + Head3) - Head1 L H S.G = 1.1 = [(1.1*10) + (1.1*40)] - (1.2*70) = -29H2O Cal. Range = -73 to -29H2O
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Closed Tank Level Calculation (Wet Leg)
Example: NonNon-ZeroZero-Based Remote Mount Application What is the Calibration Range?
S.GWetLeg=1.2 4mA pt? (at 0% level) DP = Phigh - Plow = Head2 - Head1 = (1.1*10) - (1.2*80) Head1 = -85H2O
11
Ullage or Vapor
100%
70 50
Head3
20mA pt? (at 100% level)
DP
= Phigh - Plow 0% = (Head2 + Head3) - Head1 XMTR Head 10 S.G = 1.1 2 = [(1.1*10) + (1.1*50)] (1.2*80) L H = -30H2O Cal. Range = -85 to -30H2O
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Level Calculation with Remote Seals
Diaphragm seals for tanks under VACUUM The transmitter must be mounted level with or below the lowest tap to ensure positive pressure at the transmitter.
Dist. Betw. Taps = H
L
12
Remote Capillary Seal
1.0 psia (27.7 inH2O)
DP Transmitter
DP
= Hside - Lside = L*SGp - H*SGf
SGp
SGf
H L
= (L*SGp + h*SGf ) - (H+h)*SGf
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Level Calculation with Remote Seals
Example: Double Remote Seal Application What is the Calibration Range? 4mA pt?
DP = = = = (at 0% level) Phigh - Plow Head2 - Head1 (0.9*30) - (0.9*100) -63H2O
13
100%
Head1
70
50
Head3
20mA pt? (at 100% level)
DP
= Phigh - Plow = (Head2 + Head3) - Head1 = [(0.9*30) + (1.1*50)] (0.9*100) = -8H2O
0%
Head2 L H
S.G = 1.1 30
Cal. Range = -63 to -H2O
S.Gfill=0.9
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Density Calculation with Remote Seals
Example: To measure change in density
Remote Seal Ullage
14
What is the Calibration Range? Ptop (at 0% level) 4mA pt?
DP = 120 * (SGp - SGf) = 120 * (1.1 - 0.95) = 18H2O
10 ft
20mA pt? (at 100% level)
DP L H = 120 * (SGp - SGf) Pbottom = 120 * (1.3 - 0.95) SGf = 0.95 = 42H2O SGp 1.1 to 1.3 Max. Allowable S.G = 0.2 Dist. Betw. Taps = 10 ft = 10 x 12 Cal. Range = 18 to 42H2O = 120
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Interface Calculation with Remote Seals
Application Example: To determine % of interface of Liquid A with respect to Liquid B. What is the Calibration Range? Remote Seal (at 0% level) 4mA pt? Ptop
DP = 120 * (SG1 - SGf) = 120 * (1.1 - 0.95) = 18H2O
15
Vapor
SG1= 1.1 100%
10 ft
L H
Liquid B
SG2= 1.3 0%
20mA pt? (at 100% level)
DP = 120 * (SG2 - SGf) = 120 * (1.3 - 0.95) = 42H2O
Pbottom
Liquid A
= 10 ft = 10 x 12 = 120
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Dist. Betw. Taps
Cal. Range = 18 to 42H2O
SGf = 0.95
Why Use Remote Seals?
16
High temperatures Corrosive processes Prevent clogging Sanitary applications
Chemical Spray (Clean in Place) (CIP) Effluent
Debris clogging up the transmitter
Bacteria
Cracks and Crevices
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Why Use Remote Seals?
17
Reduce number of joints Wet or dry leg replacement Cold Ambient Temperatures Process Connection Fitting Viscous Applications
TOXIC
Threaded Connection
Threaded Connection
Variable height Changes head pressure
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Remote Seal Applications
Level Pressure Flow Density Interface
DENSITY
BIO HAZARD
18
ACID
SANITARY PRESSURE
LEVEL
REACTOR
FLOW
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
How Remote Seal Works?
19
PRESSURE
FILL FLUID
PROCESS ISOLATING DIAPHRAGM
PRESSURE
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Remote Seals System Components
Pressure transmitter Low volume transmitter flange Connection between seal and transmitter Fill fluid One or two seals Mounting Ring or Flange
Fill Fluid
20
Lower Housing/ Flushing Ring
Capillary
Diaphragm Upper Housing
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Classifications of Remote Seals
Diaphragm seals fall into five groups: Flange Mount - Flushed Flange Mount - Extended Flange Mount - Internal Threaded Sanitary
21
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Factors Affecting Seal Performance
A Remote Seal Assembly has its own performance characteristics that are additive to the transmitter performance. Temperature Time Response Head Temperature Effect Seal performance is primarily affected by fill fluid and diaphragm stiffness.
22
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Factors Affecting Seal Performance
Volume Displacement
23
Ambient
Hot
Cold
Max volume
Volume Displacement Pressure Error Diaphragm Stiffness Curve
No Fill Fluid
Volume
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Factors Affecting Seal Performance
Remote Seal Temperature Effects
Volume - Cubic Inches
24
V2 V V1 P P1
pressure inches H2O
Typical Diaphragm Stiffness Curve
P2
Center Diaphragm Deflection in Inches
Stiffness is affected by: Diameter of measuring surface (Larger diaphragm = Less stiff) Material (modulus of elasticity) Thickness Convolution pattern
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Factors Affecting Seal Performance
Remote Seal Temperature Effects
25
Fill Fluid Volume
Temperature Effect
Increase
Fill Fluid Coefficient of Expansion
Temperature Effect
Increase
Diaphragm Stiffness
Temperature Effect Level 1 - Pressure 2
Factors Affecting Seal Performance
Remote Seal Head Temperature Error Fill fluid density (specific gravity) changes due to temperature changes. Zero offset is affected by fill fluid density changes. Calculate Head Temperature Error (HTE).
Initial Head (Hi) = d*SGf HTE = - d*SGf *E*dT
d = Distance Between Taps SGf = Specific Gravity of Fill Fluid E = Coefficient of Thermal Expansion dT = Temperature Change
26
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Factors Affecting Seal Performance
Calculating Head Temperature Error
27
Initial head: d*SGf = 93.4 With +25o Temperature change HTE = - (100*25*.0006*.934) = -1.380 Therefore, at a higher temperature, the head pressure on the transmitter = (93.4 - 1.40) = 92.0
d= 100 SGf = 0.934 exp. coef. = .0006 in/in/F
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Factors Affecting Seal Performance
Optimizing Seal System High Pressure Side Seal DECREASE
High Side Volume
28
Low Pressure Side Seal INCREASE
Low Side Volume
Larger Diaphragm Thinner Diaphragm Smaller Capillary ID Direct Mount
Smaller Diaphragm Thicker Diaphragm Larger Capillary ID
High Side Stiffness
Low Side Stiffness
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Factors Affecting Seal Performance
Remote Seal Time Response Is affected by: Fill fluid viscosity Capillary I.D. Capillary length Type and range of transmitter
29
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Calibrating Analog Pressure Transmitters
Zero & Span adjustments are interactive: During Span adjustment, Zero point shifts Full Span
4 mA 20 mA
30
: 0 to 100 psi
At 50 psi Reading
Zero Pot Span Pot
Analog Output = 50/100*16 + 4 mA = 12 mA
Accurate Input Source
Output Electronics
Set 4 mA point at 20 psi using Zero Pot Set 20 mA point at 80 psi using Span Pot
4 mA 20 mA
50 20 80 50
psi psi psi psi
Process Connection
Sensor Module
New Range New Span
: 20 to 80 psi : 80 - 20 = 60 psi
At 50 psi Reading
Analog Output = (50-20)/60*16 + 4 mA = 12 mA
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Calibrating Analog Pressure Transmitters
31
On Amplifier Board
Linearity Adjustment Screw marked as LIN
All in all, only 3 types of calibration / configuration that can be performed on an analog transmitter : Calibrating 4-20 mA points Damping Linearity Adjustment
Linearizing Procedure
DAMP LIN
Damping Adjustment Screw marked as DAMP
Use accurate input source Apply mid scale input Note Desired - Actual Output = x Multiply by a correction factor = xy Multiply by Range Down factor = xyz Apply full scale input Adjust linearity to (full scale output -/+ xyz) depending on +ve/-ve error at mid scale input
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Calibrating Analog Transmitter
32
Model 272 , 4-20 mA Field Calibrator
Accurate Sensor Input Source
282 Loop Validator
Calibrator connected to the TEST Terminals for calibration with accurate sensor input source.
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Configuration Smart Pressure Transmitter On-Line
Master Communicator Memory Retrieve Configuration data at On-Line Send Edited Configuration data at On-Line Slave SMART Transmitter Memory
33
Using a HART Communicator
Create OR Edit: Tag Name Engineering Units Damping - Smoothening the transmitters Output Transfer function - Linear to Square-root Output or vice-versa Sensor Setup - For temperature transmitter LCD Meter configuration Review transmitter information
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Performing On-Line Diagnosis in Smart Pressure Transmitter
Loop Test Loop test allow user to commission via the HART Protocol the Smart Transmitter to varify:
The integrity of the loop. The operation of other devices in the loop.
Controller Recorder
Z S
34
12 mA
250 Meter 12 mA P.S
+
COMM
TEST
FIELD TERMINALS
Force Transmitter to Output a Constant Indicator Analog Value
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Calibrating Smart Pressure Transmitter
Using Local Zero & Span Adjustment
35
Similar to calibrating 44-20 mA points in Analog Transmitters
Non-Interactive Span & Zero Buttons
Use accurate input source. Apply 0% input & activate zero button to set 4 mA. Apply 100% input & activate span button to set 20 mA.
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Calibrating Smart Pressure Transmitter
A/D D/A
36
Communications Using HART Communicator Output 20 mA when you see 150 InH2O. Output 4 mA when you see 0 InH2O. Dont Require Accurate Input Source
From Home Screen
3051C : PT-5639 Online 1 Device Setup 2 PV 3 Analog Out 4 PV LRV 5 PV URV HELP
F1 F2
60.00 inH2O 12.00 mA 0.00 inH2O 120.00 inH2O
F3 F4
3051C : PT-5639 1 LRV 2 URV
0.00 inH2O 120.00 inH2O
3051C : PT-5639 URV 120.00 inH2O 150.00
HELP
F1 F2
HOME
F3 F4
HELP
F1
DEL
F2
ESC
F3
ENTER
F4
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Calibrating Smart Pressure Transmitter
Using Communicator
User can perform Digital Trims on Smart Transmitter via HART Protocol:
37
Output Trims
D/A Trim Scaled D/A Trim
Match Transmitters Digital 4-20 mA to Plant Standard Analog 4- 20mA Match Transmitters Digital 4- 20 mA to Plant Standard Analog Output other than 4- 20 mA (eg. 1- 5 V) Zero out small offset in sensor output at TRUE ZERO by resetting A/D Linearize Transmitters Digital PV to Accurate Input Source ( Two-Point Trim )
Input Trims
Zero Trim Full Trim Low Trim High Trim
A/D
D/A Communications
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Why Perform 420 mA Output Trim ?
Inaccurate Digital Interpretation of Plant Standard Analog Output. + Ranged 0100 inH20
38
20.22 mA
DVM
Does NOT Match !!!
3051C : PT-5639 Online 1 Device Setup 2 PV 3 AO 4 LRV 5 URV
100.00 inH2O 20.00 mA 0.00 inH2O 100.00 inH2O
Level 1 - Pressure 2
100 InH20
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
How 4-20 mA Output Trim Works ?
High Trim 20.15 mA
20 mA
39
AL TU AC AL I DE
Plant Standard Meter Reading
4 mA
3.95 mA
4 mA
Low Trim
A/D
Digital 4- 20 mA Output
20 mA
Update D/A conversion
D/A Communications
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Why Perform Sensor Full Trim ?
Inaccurate interpretation of process variable by the A/D circuit during conversion to digital signal. + Ranged 20.42 mA 0150 inH20 DVM
40
3051C : PT-5639 Online 1 Device Setup 2 PV 150.40 inH2O 3 AO 20.42 mA 4 LRV 0.00 inH2O 5 URV 150.00 inH2O
150 inH20
Does NOT Match !!!
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
How Input Trim Works ?
Digital PV Reading High Trim 101.5H2O 100H2O
AL TU L C A EA ID
41
- 50H2O Require Accurate Input Source
A/D
- 50H2O -49.5H2O
Process Variable 100H2O Input Low Trim
Update A/D conversion
D/A Communications
Level 1 - Pressure 2
What is Input Trim ?
Sensor Trim Zero Trim used to zero out small changes in output, often caused by: Mounting Effect Static Pressure Effect Full Trim (Span Trim or Linearize) used to update A/D conversion, because of: Changes in Module
4-20 mA OUTPUT 4-20 mA OUTPUT 4-20 mA OUTPUT
Ideal Span 0 to 100 inH2O Input
42
4-20 mA OUTPUT 4-20 mA OUTPUT 4-20 mA OUTPUT
Ideal Span 0 to 100 inH2O Input
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Characteristics Drift over time
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Zeroing Procedures
On the Bench transmitter in upright position transmitter vented zero transmitter at atmospheric pressure In the field stop process/wet leg input to transmitter isolate the valves transmitter vented For DP Flow, equalize static pressures zero transmitter at atmospheric pressure
43
Level 1 - Pressure 2
A/D -Zero Trim vs D/A Zeroing
Bench CalibrationPV: 0.0 inH2O Output: 4.00 mA Range Points: 060 inH2O PV: Output: 0.85 inH2O 4.22 mA
44
After Mounting -
Range Points: 060 inH2O A/D - Zero Trim using Communicator PV: 0.0 inH2O Output: 4.00 mA Range Points: 0.60inH2O Zero based Application Similar to Low Trim - Zero Based D/A - Zeroing using Zero Button PV: 0.85 inH2O Output: 4.00 mA Range Points: 0.8560.85inH2O To get back: Rerange using Communicator Similar to Re-ranging using zero button
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Basic Application
Line Pressure - Gas Flow in a Pipe Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
Min. Operating Pressure = 5 psig Max. Operating Pressure = 50 psig
45
GP: Ranged from 5 psig to 50 psig Operating Span = 45 psi 4 mA (0% reading) = 5 psig 20 mA (100% reading) = 50 psig AP: Ranged from 19.7 psia to 64.7 psia Operating Span = 45 psi 4 mA (0% reading) = 19.7 psia 20 mA (100% reading) = 64.7 psia
AP/GP Line Pressure
Gas Flow
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Basic Application
Line Pressure - Liquid Flow in a Pipe Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
GP: Ranged from 50 psig to 500 psig Operating Span = 450 psi 4 mA (0% reading) = 50 psig 20 mA (100% reading) = 500 psig AP: Ranged from 64.7 psia to 514.7 psia Operating Span = 450 psi 4 mA (0% reading) = 64.7 psia 20 mA (100% reading) = 514.7 psia
46
Min. Operating Pressure = 50 psig Max. Operating Pressure = 500 psig
Liquid Flow
If transmitter reads 8 mA GP = 50 + (8 - 4)/16 * 450 = 162.5 psig AP = 64.7 + (8 - 4)/16 * 450 = 177.2 psia
AP/GP Line Pressure
8 mA
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Basic Application
Line Pressure - Steam Flow in a Pipe Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
GP: Ranged from 30 psig to 110 psig Operating Span = 80 psi 4 mA (0% reading) = 30 psig 20 mA (100% reading) = 110 psig
47
Min. Operating Pressure = 20 psig Max. Operating Pressure = 100 psig Wet Leg Pressure = 10 psig
Steam Flow
AP: Ranged from 44.7 psia to 124.7 psia Operating Span = 80 psi 4 mA (0% reading) = 44.7 psia 20 mA (100% reading) = 124.7 psia
AP/GP Line Pressure
Wet Leg
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Basic Application
Line Pressure - Steam Flow in a Pipe
48
Zero Suppression for Steam Line Pressure Measurement
Steam line Wet Leg Transmitter Before Suppression After Suppression 100 inches
Transmitter Ranged: 0 - 500 kPa Operating Span = 500 kPa Wet Leg: 1 inch Tube Wet Leg Liquid: 1.2 S.G. Steam Pressure: 400 kPa
4 mA point 0 kPa 30 kPa
20 mA point 500 kPa 530 kPa
At line pressure = 0 kPa, the sensor will sense wet leg pressure (Head). Wet leg pressure (Head) = Vert. Height * S.G = 100 * 1.2 = 120 inH2O = 120 * 0.25 kPa = 30 kPa Zero Suppression
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Basic Application
Static Pressure - Pressurized Vessel Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
GP: Ranged from 0 psig to 200 psig Operating Span = 200 psi 4 mA (0% reading) = 0 psig 20 mA (100% reading) = 200 psig Ranged from 14.7 psia to 214.7 psia Operating Span = 200 psi 4 mA (0% reading) = 14.7 psia 20 mA (100% reading) = 214.7 psia
49
Min. Operating Pressure = 0 psig Max. Operating Pressure = 200 psig AP/GP Static Pressure Compressed Gas
Level 1 - Pressure 2
AP:
Basic Application
Vacuum Application Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
GP: Ranged from -10 psig to -5psig Operating Span = 5 psi 4 mA (0% reading) = -5 psig 20 mA (100% reading) = -10 psig AP: Ranged from 9.7 psia to 4.7 psia Operating Span = 5 psi 4 mA (0% reading) = 9.7 psia 20 mA (100% reading) = 4.7 psia Min. Operating Vacuum = 5 psi Max. Operating Vacuum = 10 psi
50
Process Vacuum
Level 1 - Pressure 2
If transmitter reads 8 mA GP = - 5 - (8 - 4)/16 * 5 = - 6.25 psig AP = 9.7 - (8 - 4)/16 * 5 = 8.45 psia
AP/GP
8 mA
Vacuum Generator
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Basic Application
Hydrostatic Pressure - Inferring Liquid Level in a Tank 51 Transmitter Mounting & Calibration Range
DP: Calibration Range: 0 inH2O to 600 inH2O Operating Span = (50 * 12) * 1.0 = 600 inH2O 4 mA (0 ft) = 0 inH2O 20 mA (50 ft) = 600 inH2O 20mA DP Head If transmitter reads 8 mA Pressure Min. Level = 0 ft Max. Level = 50 ft
Max. Level
50 ft
DP
= (8 - 4)/16 * 600 = 150 inH2O 4mA Level = 150/600 * 50 = 12.5 ft 8 mA
S.G = 1.0 Min. Level
L H
0 ft
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Basic Application
Inferring Flow Rate in a Pipe Application Example: 0% of flow 100 GPM 4 inH2O DP 100 % of flow 400 GPM 64 inH2O DP If transmitter reads 36 inH2O flow (Q2) = 300 GPM ( 400/(64) ) * (36) (300/400) * 100% = 75% of flow Calibration Range: 4 to 64 inH2O
FT FIC
52
36 inH2O
Flow : 100 to 400 GPM
FE
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Basic Application
Mounting Configurations Gas Service
53
Mounting Configuration
Condensate fall back into the pipe/process
Thermal isolation by filling condensate
Steam Service
Gas Service
Slope Slope 1 inch per foot 1 inch per foot
Liquid Service
Vapor will rise back into the pipe/ process
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Exercise
54
1. A vessel contains a solution that is fibrous and viscous. A vacuum is pulled on the solution so that it will boil at a lower temperature. Which of the following would be most suitable technology to measure the level ? A. Float B. Ultrasonic C. Pressure transmitter with wet leg D. Pressure transmitter with remote seal [ ]
An orifice plate creates a differential pressure of 64 kPa at flow rate of 40 m3/s through a pipe. 2. Calculate the differential pressure at 10 m3/s. 3. Calculate the flow rate at 16 kPa differential pressure. 4. Calculate DP accuracy (%) at 10 m3/s If the transmitters reference accuracy is 0.1% of span. (DP sensitivity is 0.5) [ [ [ ] ] ]
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
Level 1 - Fundamental Training
Pressure 2
Exercise
Steam line Wet Leg Transmitter 6m Wet Leg:25mm Tube Wet Leg Liquid:1.1 S.G. Steam Pressure:500 kPa
55
(Note 1 mm H2O = 9.8 Pa)
5. In the above application, what amount of zero suppression (kPa) is required if the transmitter was ranged 0 - 600 kPa ? [ ] Identify the correct configuration for the following services. 6. Liquid Service 7. Steam Service [ [ ] ]
(A)
(B)
(C)
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Exercise
8. Calculate the calibration range of the DP 100% transmitter for the closed tank application(dry leg).
400 in.
56
450 in.
4 mA point = [ 20 mA point = [
inH2O ] inH2O ]
S.G = 1.0
0% H DP L
9. Calculate the calibration range of the DP transmitter for the remote seal application. 4 mA point = [ 20 mA point = [
30 kPa Vacuum 100%
S.G = 1.1 300 in.
DP
250 in.
inH2O ] inH2O ]
S.G = 0.9
0%
L 50 in.
Level 1 - Pressure 2
Power Point Presentation Handouts
