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Student Handout 20 2014
Student Handout 20 2014
fow in ducts
CHEE 3363
Spring 2014
Handout 20
turb
0
Turbulence 1
Reynolds stress: reduction in velocity gradient due to randomly fuctuating
velocity components u and v
As wall is approached: and = 0 at wall
Q
W
s
W
shear
W
other
=
CV
e dV +
CS
(u + pv +
v
2
2
+ gz)v dA
Assumptions:
1.Rate of work terms = 0
2.Steady fow
3.Incompressible fow
4.Internal energy and pressure are uniform across relevant pipe sections
For fow in a pipe from section 1 to section 2:
6
Energy considerations 2
7
A
v
2
2
v dA =
A
v
2
2
v dA = m
v
2
2
Defne: kinetic energy coeffcient s.t.:
Laminar fow:
Turbulent fow (using power-law):
Energy considerations 3
Rearrange:
Divide by g (historical, to get units of energy / unit weight):
head (units: length)
8
Divide by mass fow rate:
1
v
2
1
2
=
2
v
2
2
2
Calculation of head loss 1
Major losses:
Fully developed fow through constant-area pipe, h
lm
= 0, and
Laminar fow:
9
Calculation of head loss 2
10
Turbulent fow:
f: friction factor (determined experimentally)
NB:
(general, from dimensional
analysis, any Re)
Turbulent approximations:
Calculation of head losses 3
Minor losses:
Compute in two ways:
where K = loss coeffcient must be determined via
experiment for each situation
1.
2. where L
e
= equivalent length of straight pipe
K varies with pipe size similarly to f
11
Solution of pipe fow problems
For any two points 1 and 2 in a single-path pipe system:
f
= 2.0 log
e/D
3.7
+
2.51
Re
h
l
m
= K
V
2
2
h
l
m
= f
L
e
D
V
2
2
p
1
+
1
V
2
1
2
+gz
1
p
2
+
2
V
2
2
2
+gz
2
= h
l
T
=
h
l
+
h
l
m
12
Example 1: calculating head, loss 1
Given: Water pumped at rate Q = 0.075 m
3
/s
from reservoir 20 m above pump to free
discharge 35 m above pump. Pressure on
intake p
2
, pressure on discharge p
3
; pipes are
commercial steel, D = 15 cm.
Determine:
(a) head supplied by pump
(b) total head loss between pump and point of free
discharge
Assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Head from pump from (2) to (3):
13
Example 1: calculating head, loss 2
Head loss from (3) to (4):
Head loss from (3) to (4) evaluated:
Then for pump:
(exercise: plug in numbers to get value)
(exercise: plug in numbers to get value)
14
Example 2: calculating p 1
Given: Water fows through sudden enlargement from 25 mm to 50 mm, at
a fow rate Q = 1.25 L/min.
Determine:
(a) pressure rise across enlargement
(b) comparison with value for frictionless fow
Assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Energy equation:
Head loss:
15
K = 0.56
Example 2: calculating p 2
Continuity:
For an area loss of 1/4, Figure 8.14 in Fox gives:
Obtain velocity from fow rate:
Combining all information:
(exercise: plug in numbers to get value)
16
Energy equation becomes:
Example 2: calculating p 3
Frictionless fow:
(exercise: plug in numbers to get value, calculate ratio)
17
Example 3: iteration procedure 1
Given: Water fows through 4-in. diameter pipe. Over 300 ft length,
pressure drop of 40 psi. Pipe roughness is 0.01 ft, water temperature 68F.
Determine: fow rate
Energy equation:
Assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
(eq. 1)
18
Example 3: iteration procedure 2
19
In addition:
(recall: = kinematic viscosity = / )
Kinematic viscosity at 68F can be determined from a table (e.g. A.7 in Fox)
= 1.08 10
5
ft
2
s
Equation for frictional factor:
Assume fow is turbulent (will confrm with values):
(eq. 3)
From table:
(eq. 2)
Example 3: iteration procedure (2/2)
Equations 1, 2, 3 form a series of 3 equations for the unknowns f, V, Re
To solve:
1.
2.
3.
4.
(Exercise!)
Finally:
20