:

.

.
: 50
4

: 90764

: 29/03/2014

1. ............................................................................................................................... 2
2. , ......................................................... 3
2.1 ..................................................... 3
2.2 ................................................................. 4
3. ........................................... 8
4. ........................................................................................................ 10
5. .................................................................................................................... 12
6. ....................................................................................................................... 13

1 14
50/_4/.

1.

(Fe).
. . ,
,
. , , ,

(, 2007).

, .
, ,
()
(, 2003).
.

.
, , , ,
(Anon., n.d.).
, , ,
,
, ,
( 1),
(, et al., 2004).

1. . : (, et al., 2004)

(boulders)
(cobbles)

(mm)
256-1,024

(gravel)

64-256

(pebbles)

4-64

(granules)

2-4

2 14
50/_4/.

(sand)
(silt)
(clay)

(sand)
(mud)

0,062-2
0,004-0,062
< 0,004

:
)
, . :
, , , , , , , ,
.
)
: , , ,
(, et al., 2004).
(, et al.,
2004).
:
(Hg) > (Cu) > (Zn) > M (Pb) > (Cd)
> (Cr) > (Mn) (, 2000)

2. ,
2.1
,

(, 2007).
,
: ,
(.. ) (
,
) ,
3 14
50/_4/.

(, et al.,
2004).

(, 2007) (,
1988). , (Cd, Zn, Hg, Pb)
,
As, Se Cr
(, et al., 2002).
,
, Portman

. (
) . 1958 1991, 50

(Cesar, et al., 2009).

,
,
( ,
, ).
: ,
, , ,
(, 2007) (, 1988).

2.2
( )
.
, .
,
.
,
(Ansari, et al., 2004).
4 14
50/_4/.

( 1).

1. .
: (Ohman & Sjoberg, 1988):

, ,
, , (Abd El Wahab, et al., 2011).


,
, (, et al.,
2004).
,
,
, ,

5 14
50/_4/.

.
.

,
(.. ) .
,
,
,

. , , 50-70%
<2m, 5m
,

(Edwing, et al., 1973) (Dean, et al.,
1985).
(
).

(, et al.,
2004).
( 2)
.

6 14
50/_4/.

2. . : (, et al., 2004)

, (hydroxides),
(carbonates),
( sulfides)

(precipitation)

(Ksp)

pH -

pH -
Y Fe Mn

pH -

(coprecipitation)

pH -

pH -

(broken
bonds)
,
SI Al3,
A Al3

pH -

Fe Mn

pH -

( van
der Waals)

(Bitumen)
(Humic
substances)
(organic
residuals)

pH -

X (
COOH - OH - )

pH -

(complexation)

pH -
A
pH -

(Pseudomorfosis)

7 14
50/_4/.

3.
(pollution indices)
(C)
(Cb): C/Cb,
. (Cb)

, (, et
al., 2004).
( 3)
3. . : (, et al.,
2004)

Igeo

(Geoaccumulation Index)

Muller, 1979

P.L.I

(Polution Load Index)

Tomlinson et al., 1980

S.E.F.

(Sediment Enrichment Factor)

Kemp et al., 1976

M.I.

(Micropollutant index)

Grimanis et al., 1977

M.P.I

(Metal Pollution Index)

Satmadjis & Voutsinou, 1985

(Igeo, P.L.I., M.I., M.P.I.)

(S.E.F.)

. M.P.I.
P.L.I., M.I., S.E.F.

(Igeo, M.I., M.P.I., S.E.F.) (P.L.I.)

.

(Igeo, M.P.I., S.E.F.) (P.L.I., M.I.)

(Igeo) (Mueller & Suess, 1979) :

8 14
50/_4/.

Igeo = log2(Cn/1,5xBn)
Cn: (<2m)
Bn:
.
1,5:
.
7 ( 4),
6 96
.
4. Igeo . : (, et al., 2004)
Igeo

0-1

1-2

2-3

3-4

4-5

>5

(MIgeo)
Sutherland (Sutherland, 2000) :
MIgeo = (Cn/1,5xBEn)
n,
.
CF (Contamination Factor)
. (Cn/Bn).
CF < = 1, ,
CF > 1 (Soares, et al., 1999).
9 14
50/_4/.

, EF (Enrichment Factor)
(Sinex & Helz, 1981).
EF = (/Fe) / (/Fe)
/Fe
.
EF
( 5) (Birth, 2003).
5. . : (Birth, 2003)
EF

1-3

3-5

5-10

10-25

25-50

> 50

4.
,


,
,
, pH (Butter, 1988).


, , .
10 14
50/_4/.

,

, ..
(Patterson, 1985)


6 (Eccles, 1999)
3.
: (Eccles, 1999)

pH

(mg
L-1)

<10

>10

<100

>10

:
-

>10

>10

,
.

(bioleaching),

11 14
50/_4/.

/
.

.
(, 2003).

5.
.

/ ,
(, )
.
, ,
,
(, et al., 2004).
.
(, 2007).
.
.

.

, ,
.

12 14
50/_4/.

6.
Abd El Wahab, M., Melegy, A. & Helal, S., 2011. Distribution and Enrichment of Heavy Metals
in Recent Sediments of Safaga Bay, Egypt. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 29(4), pp.
364-375.
Anon., n.d. - . []
Available at: http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%B6%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1
[ 25 3 2014].
Ansari, T., Marr, I. & Tariq, N., 2004. Heavy Metals in Marine Pollution Perspective. Journal of
Applied Sciences, 4(1), pp. 1-20.
Birth, G., 2003. A scheme for assessing human impacts on coastal aquatic environments
using sediments. In: Woodcoffe CD,. Papers in Center for Maritime Policy, p. 14.
Butter, T., 1988. : The use of biosorption, elution and electrolysis for
the removal and recovery of heavy metals from aqueous solutions, Newcastle: Civil
Engineering Dept., Univ. Newcastle.
Cesar, A. ., 2009. Integrative ecotoxicological assessment of sediment in Portmn Bay
(southeast Spain). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Issue 72, pp. 1832-1841.
Dar, M. A., 2014. Distribution patterns of some heavy metals in the surface sediment
fractions at northern Safaga Bay, Red Sea, Egypt. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 7(1), pp.
55-67.
Dean, W., Leinen, . M. & Stow, . D., 1985. Classification of deep sea, fine-grained sediments.
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Issue 55, pp. 250-256.
Eccles, H., 1999. Treatment of metal-contaminated wastes: why select a biological process..
Trends in Biotechnology, 17, pp. 462-465.
Edwing, M., Carpenter, G. & Windish, C., 1973. Sediment distribution in the oceans: The
Antlantic. Geological Society of America Bulletin, Issue 84, pp. 71-88.
Mueller, P. J. & Suess, E., 1979. Productivity, sedimentation rate, and sedimentary organic
matter in the oceansI. Organic carbon preservation. Deep Sea Research Part A.
Oceanographic Research Papers, 26(12), p. 13471362.
Ohman, L. & Sjoberg, S., 1988. Metal Speciation: Theory and Analysis and Applications. p. 1.
Patterson, J. W., 1985. Industrial wastewater treatment technology. 2nd ed. Stoneham, USA:
Butterworth Publishers.
13 14
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Sinex, . S. A. & Helz, G. R., 1981. Regional geochemistry of trace elements in Chesapeake Bay
sediments. Environmental Geology, 3(6), pp. 315-323.
Soares, H., Boaventura, R., Machado, A. & Esteves da Silva, J., 1999. Sediments as monitors
of heavy metal contamination in the Ave river basin (Portugal): multivariate analysis of data.
Environmental Pollution, 105(3), p. 311323.
Sutherland, R., 2000. Bed sediment-associated heavy metals in an urban stream.
Environmental Geology, 39(6), pp. 611-627.
, . ., 2004. .
50/4 . : .
, ., 2000. , . ' . :
Gutenberg.
, ., , . & , ., 2002.
. s.l.: .
, ., , ., , . & , ., 2004.
. 50/2 . : .
, ., 2003. :
. : ,
.
, ., 2007. :
. (): & ,
.
, ., 1988. - ,
, . : & .
, ., 2007. :
. (): & ,
.

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