Experiment2 Experiment2 INME 4032 INME 4032

1
Table of Contents Table of Contents
Principle Principle 3 3
Objective Objective 3 3
Backgroun Backgroun 3 3
Ne!ton"# la! o$ cooling Ne!ton"# la! o$ cooling 3 3
Experimental %etup Experimental %etup & &
'e#cription o$ t(e )ombine )onvection an *aiation +eat 'e#cription o$ t(e )ombine )onvection an *aiation +eat
,ran#$er E-uipment. ,ran#$er E-uipment. & &
/#e$ul 'ata /#e$ul 'ata 0 0
Proceure Proceure 1 1
12 12 3ree convection experiment# 3ree convection experiment# 4 4
Ob#ervation# Ob#ervation# 4 4
5nal6#i# o$ re#ult# 5nal6#i# o$ re#ult# 4 4
)ompari#on to t(eoretical correlation# )ompari#on to t(eoretical correlation# 7 7
22 22 3orce convection experiment# 3orce convection experiment# 10 10
Ob#ervation# Ob#ervation# 10 10
5nal6#i# o$ re#ult# 5nal6#i# o$ re#ult# 10 10
)ompari#on to t(eoretical correlation# )ompari#on to t(eoretical correlation# 11 11
'i#cu##ion 'i#cu##ion 12 12
Experiment2 Experiment2 INME 4032 INME 4032
2
University of Puerto Rico University of Puerto Rico
Mayagez Campus Mayagez Campus
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
INME 4!" # $%&'R%('R) II INME 4!" # $%&'R%('R) II
*pring "4 *pring "4
Instructor+ ,uillermo %raya Instructor+ ,uillermo %raya
Experiment 2 Experiment 2. . Natural 5n 3orce )onvection Experiment Natural 5n 3orce )onvection Experiment
Principle Principle
,(i# experiment i# e#igne to illu#trate t(e Ne!ton"# la! o$ cooling b6 convection an ,(i# experiment i# e#igne to illu#trate t(e Ne!ton"# la! o$ cooling b6 convection an
to uner#tan (o! t(e (eat tran#$er coe$$icient i# obtaine experimentall62 Natural an to uner#tan (o! t(e (eat tran#$er coe$$icient i# obtaine experimentall62 Natural an
$orce convection over a (eate c6liner i# anal68e an experimental re#ult# are $orce convection over a (eate c6liner i# anal68e an experimental re#ult# are
compare !it( #tanar correlation#2 compare !it( #tanar correlation#2
'-.ective '-.ective
'etermine t(e (eat tran#$er coe$$icient $or a $lo! aroun a c6liner uner $ree an 'etermine t(e (eat tran#$er coe$$icient $or a $lo! aroun a c6liner uner $ree an
$orce convection2 /ner#tan t(e correlation bet!een Nu9 *e6nol# an *a6leig( $orce convection2 /ner#tan t(e correlation bet!een Nu9 *e6nol# an *a6leig(
number#2 )ompare !it( #tanar correlation $rom textbook# on (eat tran#$er2 ,(e e$$ect number#2 )ompare !it( #tanar correlation $rom textbook# on (eat tran#$er2 ,(e e$$ect
o$ t(ermal raiation i# al#o inclue2 o$ t(ermal raiation i# al#o inclue2
&ac/groun0 &ac/groun0
Ne1ton2s la1 of cooling Ne1ton2s la1 of cooling
3or convective (eat tran#$er9 t(e rate e-uation i# kno!n a# Ne!ton"# la! o$ cooling an 3or convective (eat tran#$er9 t(e rate e-uation i# kno!n a# Ne!ton"# la! o$ cooling an
i# expre##e a#. i# expre##e a#.
) (

T T h q
s
:(ere ,# i# t(e #ur$ace temperature9 , :(ere ,# i# t(e #ur$ace temperature9 , t(e $lui temperature9 ( t(e convection (eat t(e $lui temperature9 ( t(e convection (eat
tran#$er coe$$icient an tran#$er coe$$icient an
q
t(e convective (eat $lux2 ,(e (eat tran#$er coe$$icient ( i# a t(e convective (eat $lux2 ,(e (eat tran#$er coe$$icient ( i# a
$unction o$ t(e $lui $lo!9 #o9 it i# in$luence b6 t(e #ur$ace geometr69 t(e $lui motion in $unction o$ t(e $lui $lo!9 #o9 it i# in$luence b6 t(e #ur$ace geometr69 t(e $lui motion in
t(e bounar6 la6er an t(e $lui propertie# a# !ell2 t(e bounar6 la6er an t(e $lui propertie# a# !ell2
3rom t(e normali8e momentum an energ6 e-uation in t(e bounar6 la6er. 3rom t(e normali8e momentum an energ6 e-uation in t(e bounar6 la6er.
Experiment2 Experiment2 INME 4032 INME 4032
3
2
*
* 2
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Re
1
y
U
x
P
y
U
V
x
U
U
L

Momentum e-uation Momentum e-uation

2
*
* 2
*
*
*
*
*
*
Pr Re
1
y
T
y
T
V
x
T
U
L

Energ6 e-uation Energ6 e-uation

Inepenentl6 o$ t(e #olution o$ t(e#e e-uation# $or a particular ca#e9 t(e $unctional Inepenentl6 o$ t(e #olution o$ t(e#e e-uation# $or a particular ca#e9 t(e $unctional
$orm $or / $orm $or /
; ;
an , an ,
; ;
can be !ritten a#. can be !ritten a#.
/ /
; ;
< $=x < $=x
; ;
96 96
; ;
9*e 9*e
> >9 p 9 p
; ;
?x ?x
; ;
@ @
an an
, ,
; ;
< $=x < $=x
; ;
96 96
; ;
9*e 9*e
> >9 Pr9 p 9 Pr9 p
; ;
?x ?x
; ;
@ @
+eat tran#$er9 ue to t(e noA#lip conition at t(e !all #ur$ace o$ t(e bounar6 la6er9 +eat tran#$er9 ue to t(e noA#lip conition at t(e !all #ur$ace o$ t(e bounar6 la6er9
occur# b6 conuctionB occur# b6 conuctionB
0 y
f
"
s
y
T
k q

B6 combining !it( t(e Ne!ton"# la! o$ cooling9 !e obtain. B6 combining !it( t(e Ne!ton"# la! o$ cooling9 !e obtain.

T T
y
T
k
h
s
0 y
f
%ince %ince T T
* *
!a# e$ine a# !a# e$ine a#
s
s *
T T
T T
T

h h can be !ritten in term# o$ t(e imen#ionle## temperature pro$ile can be !ritten in term# o$ t(e imen#ionle## temperature pro$ile T T
* *
0
*
*
0
*
*
* *
) (
) (

y
f
y
s
s f
y
T
L
k
y
T
T T L
T T k
h
,(i# expre##ion #ugge#t# e$ining a imen#ionle## parameterB ,(i# expre##ion #ugge#t# e$ining a imen#ionle## parameterB
0 y
*
*
f
* y
T
k
hL
Nu

3rom t(e imen#ionle## temperature pro$ile#9 !e can impl6 a $unctional $orm $or t(e 3rom t(e imen#ionle## temperature pro$ile#9 !e can impl6 a $unctional $orm $or t(e
Experiment2 Experiment2 INME 4032 INME 4032
4
Nu##elt number9 Nu##elt number9
Nu < $=x Nu < $=x
; ;
9*e 9*e
> >
; ;
9Pr9p 9Pr9p
; ;
?x ?x
; ;
@ @
,o calculate an average (eat tran#$er coe$$icient9 !e (ave to integrate over x ,o calculate an average (eat tran#$er coe$$icient9 !e (ave to integrate over x
; ;
9 #o t(e 9 #o t(e
average Nu##elt number become# inepenent o$ x average Nu##elt number become# inepenent o$ x
; ;
2 3or a pre#cribe geometr69 2 3or a pre#cribe geometr69
*
*
dx
dp

i# #peci$ie an i# #peci$ie an
Pr) , (Re f Nu
L
L
,(i# mean# t(at t(e Nu##elt number9 $or a pre#cribe geometr6 i# a univer#al $unction ,(i# mean# t(at t(e Nu##elt number9 $or a pre#cribe geometr6 i# a univer#al $unction
o$ t(e *e6nol# an Prantl number#2 o$ t(e *e6nol# an Prantl number#2
'oing a #imilar anal6#i# $or $ree convection9 it can be #(o!n t(at9 'oing a #imilar anal6#i# $or $ree convection9 it can be #(o!n t(at9 Pr) , Gr ( f Nu
or or
Pr) , Ra ( f Nu
:(ere :(ere Gr Gr i# t(e Cra#(o$ number an i# t(e Cra#(o$ number an Ra Ra i# t(e *a6leig( number2 ,(e *a6leig( number i# t(e *a6leig( number2 ,(e *a6leig( number
i# #impl6 t(e prouct o$ Cra#(o$ an Prantl number# = i# #impl6 t(e prouct o$ Cra#(o$ an Prantl number# =Ra = Gr Pr Ra = Gr Pr@ @
,(en9 $or $ree convection t(e Nu##elt number i# a univer#al $unction o$ t(e Cra#(o$ an ,(en9 $or $ree convection t(e Nu##elt number i# a univer#al $unction o$ t(e Cra#(o$ an
Prantl number# or *a6leig( an Prantl number#2 Prantl number# or *a6leig( an Prantl number#2
E3perimental setup E3perimental setup
Description of the Com-ine0 Convection an0 Ra0iation 4eat (ransfer E5uipment Description of the Com-ine0 Convection an0 Ra0iation 4eat (ransfer E5uipment. .
,(e combine convection an raiation (eat tran#$er e-uipment allo!# inve#tigate t(e ,(e combine convection an raiation (eat tran#$er e-uipment allo!# inve#tigate t(e
(eat tran#$er o$ a raiant c6liner locate in $lo! o$ air =cro## $lo!@ an t(e e$$ect o$ (eat tran#$er o$ a raiant c6liner locate in $lo! o$ air =cro## $lo!@ an t(e e$$ect o$
increa#ing t(e #ur$ace temperature2 ,(e unit allo!# inve#tigation o$ bot( natural increa#ing t(e #ur$ace temperature2 ,(e unit allo!# inve#tigation o$ bot( natural
convection !it( raiation an $orce convection2 ,(e mounting arrangement i# e#igne convection !it( raiation an $orce convection2 ,(e mounting arrangement i# e#igne
#uc( t(at (eat lo## b6 conuction t(roug( t(e !all o$ t(e uct i# minimi8e2 5 #uc( t(at (eat lo## b6 conuction t(roug( t(e !all o$ t(e uct i# minimi8e2 5
t(ermocouple =, t(ermocouple =,
10 10@ i# attac(e to t(e #ur$ace o$ t(e c6liner2 ,(e #ur$ace o$ t(e c6liner @ i# attac(e to t(e #ur$ace o$ t(e c6liner2 ,(e #ur$ace o$ t(e c6liner
i# coate !it( a matt black $ini#(e9 !(ic( give# an emi##ivit6 clo#e to 1202 ,(e c6liner i# coate !it( a matt black $ini#(e9 !(ic( give# an emi##ivit6 clo#e to 1202 ,(e c6liner
Experiment2 Experiment2 INME 4032 INME 4032
&
mounting allo!# t(e c6liner an t(ermocouple =,10@ po#ition to be turne 300D an mounting allo!# t(e c6liner an t(ermocouple =,10@ po#ition to be turne 300D an
locke in an6 po#ition u#ing a #cre!2 5n inex mark on t(e en o$ t(e mounting allo!# locke in an6 po#ition u#ing a #cre!2 5n inex mark on t(e en o$ t(e mounting allo!#
t(e actual po#ition o$ t(e #ur$ace to be etermine2 ,(e c6liner can reac( in exce## t(e actual po#ition o$ t(e #ur$ace to be etermine2 ,(e c6liner can reac( in exce##
000D) !(en operate at maximum voltage an in #till air2 000D) !(en operate at maximum voltage an in #till air2 However the recommended However the recommended
maximum for the normal operation is 500C maximum for the normal operation is 500C. .
Useful Data+ Useful Data+
)6liner iameter ' < 0201 m )6liner iameter ' < 0201 m
)6liner (eate lengt( > < 0201 m )6liner (eate lengt( > < 0201 m
E$$ective air velocit6 local to c6liner ue to blockage e$$ect /e < =1222@ E$$ective air velocit6 local to c6liner ue to blockage e$$ect /e < =1222@ =/a @ =/a @
P(6#ical Propertie# o$ 5ir at 5tmo#p(eric Pre##ure P(6#ical Propertie# o$ 5ir at 5tmo#p(eric Pre##ure
, , V V k k Pr Pr
E E m m
2 2
?# ?# :?mE :?mE A A
300 300 12&04EA& 12&04EA& 0202024 0202024 02104 02104
3&0 3&0 22010EA& 22010EA& 0203003 0203003 02071 02071
400 400 22&70EA& 22&70EA& 020330& 020330& 02047 02047
4&0 4&0 22440EA& 22440EA& 0203101 0203101 02043 02043
&00 &00 32170EA& 32170EA& 0204034 0204034 0204 0204
&&0 &&0 42434EA& 42434EA& 0204300 0204300 0204 0204
000 000 &2134EA& &2134EA& 02040&7 02040&7 0204 0204
:(ere. :(ere.
, i# t(e ab#olute temperature9 , i# t(e ab#olute temperature9 V V i# t(e '6namic vi#co#it6 o$ air9 k i# t(e t(ermal i# t(e '6namic vi#co#it6 o$ air9 k i# t(e t(ermal
conuctivit6 an Pr i# t(e Prantl number2 conuctivit6 an Pr i# t(e Prantl number2
Experiment2 Experiment2 INME 4032 INME 4032
0
Proce0ure Proce0ure
a6 a6 )onnect in#trument# to t(e (eat tran#$er unit )onnect in#trument# to t(e (eat tran#$er unit
-6 -6 Mea#ure t(e reaing $or t(e #ur$ace temperature o$ t(e c6liner9 t(e temperature Mea#ure t(e reaing $or t(e #ur$ace temperature o$ t(e c6liner9 t(e temperature
an velocit6 o$ t(e air $lo! an t(e po!er #upplie b6 t(e (eater2 an velocit6 o$ t(e air $lo! an t(e po!er #upplie b6 t(e (eater2
c6 c6 *epeat #tep# 1 an 2 $or i$$erent velocitie# t(e air $lo! an po!er input2 *epeat #tep# 1 an 2 $or i$$erent velocitie# t(e air $lo! an po!er input2
78 78 9ree convection e3periments 9ree convection e3periments
'-servations '-servations
Experiment2 Experiment2 INME 4032 INME 4032
1
)ombine )onvection an *aiation +eat )ombine )onvection an *aiation +eat
,ran#$er E-uipment ,ran#$er E-uipment
%c(ematic 'iagram #(o!ing t(e )ombine %c(ematic 'iagram #(o!ing t(e )ombine
)onvection an *aiation +eat ,ran#$er )onvection an *aiation +eat ,ran#$er
E-uipment E-uipment
%et %et
F F I I , ,
7 7 , ,
10 10
Folt# Folt# 5mp 5mp
) ) ) )
1 1 4 4
2 2 4 4
3 3 12 12
4 4 10 10
%nalysis of results %nalysis of results
%et %et
G G
input input ( (
r r ( (
)1t( )1t( ( (
)2t( )2t(
: : :?m :?m
2 2
E E :?m :?m
2 2
E E :?m :?m
2 2
E E
1 1 4 4
2 2 4 4
3 3 12 12
4 4 10 10
,(e total (eat input i#. ,(e total (eat input i#.
G G
input input < F < F I I
,(e (eat tran#$er rate b6 raiation i#. ,(e (eat tran#$er rate b6 raiation i#.
G G
ra ra < < 5 =, 5 =,
# #
4 4
H ,a H ,a
4 4
@ < ( @ < (
r r 5 =, 5 =,
# # H , H ,
a a@ @
%o9 %o9
a s
a s
r
T T
T T
h

) (
4 4

,(e (eat tran#$er rate b6 convection i#. ,(e (eat tran#$er rate b6 convection i#.
G G
conv conv < G < G
input input A G A G
ra ra
3rom Ne!ton"# la! o$ cooling 3rom Ne!ton"# la! o$ cooling
) (
a s c conv
T T A h Q

5n 5n
Experiment2 Experiment2 INME 4032 INME 4032
4
) (
a s
conv
c
T T A
Q
h

Comparison to theoretical correlations Comparison to theoretical correlations

3or an i#ot(ermal long (ori8ontal c6liner9 Morgan #ugge#t# a correlation o$ t(e $orm9 3or an i#ot(ermal long (ori8ontal c6liner9 Morgan #ugge#t# a correlation o$ t(e $orm9
n
D D
cRa
k
D h
Nu
=1@ =1@
c an n are coe$$icient# t(at epen on t(e *a6leig( number c an n are coe$$icient# t(at epen on t(e *a6leig( number
*a6leig( number *a6leig( number c c n n
10 10
A10 A10
H 10 H 10
A2 A2
0201& 0201& 020&4 020&4
10 10
A2 A2
H 10 H 10
2 2
1202 1202 02144 02144
10 10
2 2
H 10 H 10
4 4
024&0 024&0 02144 02144
10 10
4 4
H 10 H 10
1 1
02440 02440 022&0 022&0
10 10
1 1
H 10 H 10
12 12
0212& 0212& 02333 02333
,(e *a6leig( number i# calculate $rom9 ,(e *a6leig( number i# calculate $rom9
Pr
D ) T T (
Ra
2
!
a s

!(ere !(ere
f"#$
T
1

an an
2
T T
T
a s
f"#$
+

)(urc(ill an )(u recommen a #ingle correlation $or a !ie range o$ *a6leig( number9 )(urc(ill an )(u recommen a #ingle correlation $or a !ie range o$ *a6leig( number9
Experiment2 Experiment2 INME 4032 INME 4032
7
[ ]
2
2% & '
1( & )
( & 1
D
Pr) & **) + 0 ( 1
Ra !'% + 0
(0 + 0 Nu

'

+
+

12
10 Ra =2@ =2@
3rom correlation =1@ an =2@ !e can etermine ( 3rom correlation =1@ an =2@ !e can etermine (
)1t( )1t( an ( an (
)2t( )2t( an compare !it( ( an compare !it( (
c c
obtaine $rom t(e experiment2 obtaine $rom t(e experiment2
9orce0 convection 9orce0 convection
'-servations '-servations
%et %et
F F I I F F
a a , ,
7 7 , ,
10 10
Folt# Folt# 5mp 5mp m?# m?#
) ) ) )
1 1 20 20 02& 02&
2 2 20 20 1 1
3 3 20 20 2 2
4 4 20 20 3 3
& & 20 20 4 4
0 0 20 20 & &
1 1 20 20 0 0
%nalysis of results %nalysis of results
%et %et
G G
input input ( (
r r ( (
) ) *e *e Nu Nu
1 1 Nu Nu
2 2 ( (
)1t( )1t( ( (
)2t( )2t(
: : :?m :?m
2 2
E E :?m :?m
2 2
E E A A A A A A A A A A
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
& &
0 0
1 1
,(e total (eat input i#. ,(e total (eat input i#.
G G
input input < F < F I I
,(e (eat tran#$er rate b6 raiation i#. ,(e (eat tran#$er rate b6 raiation i#.
Experiment2 Experiment2 INME 4032 INME 4032
10
G G
ra ra < < 5 =, 5 =,
# #
4 4
H ,a H ,a
4 4
@ < ( @ < (
r r 5 =, 5 =,
# # H , H ,
a a@ @
%o9 %o9
a s
a s
r
T T
T T
h

) (
4 4

,(e (eat tran#$er rate b6 convection i#. ,(e (eat tran#$er rate b6 convection i#.
G G
conv conv < G < G
input input A G A G
ra ra
3rom Ne!ton"# la! o$ cooling 3rom Ne!ton"# la! o$ cooling
) (
a s c conv
T T A h Q

an an
) T T ( ,
-
h
a s
c.n/
c

Comparison 1ith theoretical correlations Comparison 1ith theoretical correlations

3or an i#ot(ermal long (ori8ontal c6liner9 +ilper #ugge#t#9 3or an i#ot(ermal long (ori8ontal c6liner9 +ilper #ugge#t#9
! & 1 $
D
D Pr Re 0
k
D h
Nu
=3@ =3@
!(ere ) an m are coe$$icient t(at epen on t(e *e6nol# number. !(ere ) an m are coe$$icient t(at epen on t(e *e6nol# number.
*e *e
' ' ) ) m m
024A4 024A4 02747 02747 02330 02330
4A40 4A40 02711 02711 0234& 0234&
40A4000 40A4000 02043 02043 02400 02400
4000A400000 4000A400000 02173 02173 02014 02014
40000A400000 40000A400000 02021 02021 0240& 0240&
5ll propertie# are evaluate at t(e $ilm temperature 5ll propertie# are evaluate at t(e $ilm temperature
2
T T
T
a s
f"#$
+

)(urc(ill an Bern#tein propo#e t(e $ollo!ing correlation $or *e PrI022 )(urc(ill an Bern#tein propo#e t(e $ollo!ing correlation $or *e PrI022
Experiment2 Experiment2 INME 4032 INME 4032
11
* & 4
' & *
D
4 & 1
! & 2
! & 1 2 & 1
D
2'2000
Re
1
Pr
4 + 0
1
Pr Re (2 + 0
! + 0 Nu
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
+
=4@ =4@
!(ere all propertie# are evaluate at t(e $ilm temperature2 !(ere all propertie# are evaluate at t(e $ilm temperature2
3rom correlation =3@ an =4@ !e can etermine ( 3rom correlation =3@ an =4@ !e can etermine (
)1t( )1t( an ( an (
)2t( )2t( an compare !it( ( an compare !it( (
c c
obtaine $rom t(e experiment2 obtaine $rom t(e experiment2
Discussion Discussion
Experiment2 Experiment2 INME 4032 INME 4032
12