Edward C.

Jordan Memorial Offering of the First

Course under the Indo-US Inter-University
Collaborative Initiative in Higher Education and
Research: Electromagnetics for Electrical and
Computer Engineering
by

Nannapaneni Narayana Rao
Edward C. Jordan Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, Illinois, USA

Amrita Viswa Vidya Peetham, Coimbatore
July 10 August 11, 2006
3.4

Uniform Plane Waves in
Time Domain in Free Space
3.4-2
Infinite Plane Current Sheet Source:
for 0 z =
Example:
( )
S S x
J t = J a
( )
0
cos t
S S x
t J e = J a
3.4-3
For a current distribution having only an x-component of
current density that varies only with z,
t
c
=
c
B
E V
t
c
=
c
D
H J + V
0 0 0 0
x y z x y z
x y z x y z
z t z t
E E E H H H
c c c c
= =
c c c c
a a a a a a
B D
J +
3.4-4
The only relevant equations are:
Thus,
y
x
E
z t
c
c
=
c c
B
y
x
E
z t
c
c
=
c c
B
0
z
t
c
=
c
B
y
x
H
z t
c
c
=
c c
D
0
z
t
c
=
c
D
y
x
x
H
z t
c
c
= +
c c
D
J
y
x
x
H
z t
c
c
= +
c c
D
J
y
x
E
z t
c
c
=
c c
B
( )
,
x x
E z t = E a
( )
,
y y
H z t = H a
3.4-5
In the free space on either side of the sheet, J
x
= 0
Combining, we get
Wave Equation
0
y y
x
E
z t t

c c
c
= =
c c c
B H
0
y
x x
E
z t t
c
c
c c
= =
c c c
H
D
2
0
2
0
0 0
2 2
0 0
2 2
y
x
y
x
x x
E
z z t
t z
E
t t
E E
z t

c
c
c
| | c c
=
|
c c c
\ .
c
| |
c
=
|
c c
\ .
c c
| |
=
|
c c
\ .
c c
=
c c
H
H
3.4-6
Solution to the Wave Equation:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2
0 0 0 0 0 0
2
2
0 0
2
,

x
x
x
x
E z t Af t z Bg t z
E
A f t z
z
B g t z
E
Af t z g t z
z
E
t
c c
c c
c c
c c c
c
= + +
c
'
=
c
'
+ +
c
(
'' ''
= + +

c
c
=
c
3.4-7
represents a traveling wave propagating in the

+z-direction.
represents a traveling wave propagating in the

z-direction.
8
0 0
1
3 10 m/s = c,
p
v
c
= = Where velocity of light
( )
p
g t z v +
( )
p
f t z v
( )
,
x
p p
z z
E z t Af t Bg t
v v
| | | |
= + +
| |
| |
\ . \ .
3.4-8
Examples of Traveling Waves:
( )
( )
2
5
p
f t z v t z =
1
5 m/s
1 5
p
v = =
f
1
25
1
5
t = 0 t =
1
z
1 2 0
3.4-9
( )
2 2 2 t z t z
p
t g z v e e
+ +
+ = =
1
2 m/s
1 2
p
v = =
1
z
1 2 0 2 3
g
0 t =
1
2
t =
1
3.4-10
( )
0
0
0
0 0 0
From ,
0
1
1
1
,
where Intrinsic impedance
120 377 ohms
y
x
y
x
p p p
y
p p
H
E
z t
H
E
t z
z z
Af t Bg t
v v v
z z
H z t Af t Bg t
v v

q
q c
t
c
c
=
c c
c
c
=
c c
(
| | | |
' '
= +
( | |
| |
(
\ . \ .

(
| | | |
= +
( | |
| |
(
\ . \ .

= =
= ~
3.4-11
Thus, the general solution is
For the particular case of the infinite plane current sheet in the
z = 0 plane, there can only be a (+) wave for z > 0 and a ()
wave for z < 0. Therefore,
( )
,
x
p p
z z
E z t Af t Bg t
v v
| | | |
= + +
| |
| |
\ . \ .
( )
0
1
,
y
p p
z z
H z t Af t Bg t
v v q
(
| | | |
= +
( | |
| |
(
\ . \ .

( )
( )
( )
for 0
,
for 0
p x
p x
Af t z v z
z t
Bg t z v z

>

=

+ <

a
E
a
( )
( )
( )
0
0
for 0
,
for 0
p y
p y
A
f t z v z
z t
B
g t z v z
q
q

>

+ <

a
H
a
3.4-12
Applying Faradays law in integral form
to the rectangular closed path abcda is
the limit that the sides bc and da0,
Lim Lim
0 0
0 0
b d
bc bc
a c abcda
da da
d
d d d
dt



(
+ =
(

} } }
E l E l B S
( )| | ( )| |
0 0
0
x x
z z
ab E dc E
= + =
=
( ) ( ) ( )
say, Af t Bg t F t = =
3.4-13
Therefore,
Now, applying Amperes circuital law in integral form to the
rectangular closed path efgha is the limit that the sides fg and
he0,
Lim
0
0
fg
efghe efghe
he
d
d d
dt

(
= +
(

} }
J S D S
Lim
0
0
f h
fg
e g
he
d d

(
+
(

} }
H l H l
( )
, for 0
x
p
z
z t F t z
v
| |
=
|
|
\ .
E a
( )
0
1
, for 0
y
p
z
z t F t z
v q
| |
=
|
|
\ .
H a
3.4-14
Uniform plane waves propagating away from the sheet
to
either side with velocity v
p
= c.
Thus, the solution is
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
1 1
S
F t F t J t
q q
(
=
(

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
y y S
z z
ef H hg H ef J t
= + =
( ( =

( ) ( )
0
2
S
F t J t
q
=
( )
0
, for 0
2
S x
p
z
z t J t z
v
q
| |
=
|
|
\ .
E a
( )
1
, for 0
2
S y
p
z
z t J t z
v
| |
=
|
|
\ .
H a
3.4-15
x
y
z
z = 0
( )
S
t J
( )
0
,
2
S x
p
z
z t J t
v
q
| |
= +
|
|
\ .
E a
( )
1
,
2
S y
p
z
z t J t
v
| |
= +
|
|
\ .
H a
( )
0
,
2
S x
p
z
z t J t
v
q
| |
=
|
|
\ .
E a
( )
1
,
2
S y
p
z
z t J t
v
| |
=
|
|
\ .
H a
3.4-16
x
y
z
z = 0
( )
S
t J
z > 0 z < 0
z

3.4-17
( ) ( )
a for 300 m
x
E t z =
( ) ( )
b for 450 m
y
H t z =
3.4-18
( ) ( )
c for 1 s
x
E z t =
( ) ( )
d for 2.5 s
y
H z t =