Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TrÖÔØng ÑaÏi HoÏc ÑaØ LaÏt
TrÖÔØng ÑaÏi HoÏc ÑaØ LaÏt
F7G
GIAÙO TRÌNH
TIEÁNG ANH 4
(Daønh cho sinh vieân ngaønh Toaùn – Tin)
2001
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin -2–
CONTENT
LÔØI TÖÏA ............................................................................................................................ 3
UNIT 1: MATHEMATICS............................................................................................ 4
UNIT 2: WHAT IS A COMPUTER?............................................................................... 11
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 12
UNIT 3: NUMBERS AND MATHEMATICS ............................................................... 16
UNIT 4: CHARACTERISTICS ....................................................................................... 22
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 23
UNIT 5: STATISTICS..................................................................................................... 31
UNIT 6: MAINFRAMES ................................................................................................. 37
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 38
UNIT 7: CALCULUS...................................................................................................... 44
UNIT 8: STEPS IN PROBLEM SOLVING .................................................................... 50
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 52
UNIT 9: DISCRETE MATHEMATICS .......................................................................... 56
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 57
UNIT 10: PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ................................. 62
EXERCISES ................................................................................................................. 63
GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................... 70
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin -3–
LÔØI TÖÏA
Nhaèm ñaùp öùng kòp thôøi nhu caàu hoïc Tieáng Anh chuyeân ngaønh cuûa sinh vieân Toaùn –
Tin, chuùng toâi bieân soaïn, bieân taäp moät soá baøi hoïc coù lieân quan in trong giaùo trình naøy.
Vì khaû naêng coù haïn, giaùo trình taát khoâng traùnh khoûi nhöõng sai soùt, kính mong nhaän
ñöôïc söï goùp yù töø phía baïn ñoïc ñeå laàn taùi baûn sau seõ toát hôn.
Thaùng 12 – 2001
Khoa Ngoaïi Ngöõ
Tröôøng Ñaïi hoïc Ñaø Laït
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin -4–
UNIT 1: MATHEMATICS
Pre-reading:
1. Would you like to do science?
2. Which branch of science do you like?
3. You are studying mathematics, why do you like it?
Mathematics plays an important part of your lives. Today mathematics is of the great
use to many sciences, so more and more mathematical books are printed in many
languages, especially in English.
Anyone who works with any branch of science or technology needs to be able to talk
about numbers and shapes. Notice how following numbers and shapes are said in
English.
Numbers:
28% : Twenty-eight per cent.
10.3 : Ten point three
4
: Four ninths (four over nine)
9
42 : Four squared
53 : Five cubed
54 : Five to the power of four
1.623.457 : One million, six hundred and twenty-three thousand,
four hundred and fifty seven.
+ 2 : Absolute value of two.
Derivation of y’= 4x+1 (y’ equals four x plus 1)
Function of y = 2x2 + x + 1 (y equals two x squared plus x plus 1)
+2 : Positive number two
-2 : Negative number two
3
: Three is numerator and four is denominator
4
3
: Fraction three over ten
10
3
2 : Mixed number of integer two three over ten
10
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin -5–
B C
B C Circle
Rectangle square
O
A
A
D
B
B
C
Triangle Pentagon
Oval
A C A D
D’ D
C
Cube
C’ C A’
B
Pyramid
A’ A A B
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin -6–
Teaching points:
Active: The simple present
Passive: The simple present
Suffix: - ion
(2)
Equals Times
Formulas Said
Lives Who
1. If we want to say, for example, that in any circle the diameter is twice the radius we
can write: d ______ 2R
2. _____ is one branch of mathematics.
3. Do you know the girl_______ is standing outside the door.
4. It is _______ that English is an international language.
5. It’s difficult to read mathematical ________ in English
6. When she was seven, she learnt by heart the______ table.
7. _______ out of number today he is absent from lesson again.
8. Because we are students our _______ are different from theirs.
9. Some students don’t understand the term of _______ analysis.
A. Comprehension questions:
* Answer the questions about the reading:
1. Why are more and more mathematical books printed in English?
2. Why do scientists and technologists need to be able to talk about numbers and
shapes in English?
3. Why does mathematics play an important part of our lives?
4. Can you read: +2; -2 in English?
5. Can you do the algebraical maths: If 3a+4 is greater than 16, then a must be
a. greater than 4 c. equal to 4 e. greater than 3
b. less than 4 d. less than 5
C. Main idea: Check b the two most important ideas from the reading
1. Some mathematics symbols
2. How to do maths
3. Mathematics and its use in our lives
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin -8–
D. Writing
Write two following basic properties of numbers in English
1. 2 x 2 = 4 or (-2)(-3) = +6
2. (+5)(-10) = -50 or (-6)(+8) = -48
WORD STUDY
Vocabulary review
Match each word in column A with the word in column B that has opposite meaning:
A B
1. Negative number Less than or equal to
2. Subtracting Is the same as
3. Greater than Positive number
4. Absolute value Less than
5. Negative infinity Multiplication
6. Not equal to Minimum value
7. Greater than or equal to Positive infinity
Adding
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 10 –
CONTEXT CLUES
Choose the answer that is closest in the meaning to each word or phrase
underlined use context clue:
1. He knew it was a waste of time to carry on studying archaeology and the moment he
started gaderning again
a. conitnue b. begin
c. finish d. start
2. It is very dry today will you help me water the plants?
a. moisten b. wet
c. irrigate d. sprinkle
3. Can you please tell me a little about yourself?
a. speak b. talk
c. say to d. explain
4. Do you mind my turning the TV on now?
a. show b. disapprove
c. want d. like
5. The enjoyable thing about travelling by train rather than by car is that you can sleep
or read during the journey
a. cheerful b. pleasurable
c. interested d. pleased
6. She had taken over the cooking at home for her father’s dinner parties and she had
started to make up her own recipes
a. discover b. do
c. invent d. work
7. She has always enjoyed taking care of her sister
a. training b. looking after
c. bringing d. training
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 11 –
instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgements. There are times
when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical ‘brain’, but its achievements are
limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person
tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information; but because electric pulses
can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic-
logical operations almost instantaneously. A person can do everything a computer can
do, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.
EXERCISES
1. Main idea
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminate
the other choices?
_______ 1. Computers have changed the way in which many kinds of jobs are done.
_______ 2. Instructions and data must be given to the computer to act on.
_______ 3. Computers are machines capable of processing and outputting data.
_______ 4. Without computers, many tasks would take much longer to do.
3. Locating information
Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give line
references.
_________1. Computers accept information, perform mathematical and/or logical
operations then supply new information.
_________ 2. All computers have three basic capabilities.
_________ 3. A computer is a machine that can be made to operate by receiving
signals.
_________ 4. A computer cannot work without being told what to do.
_________ 5. A computer can make three types of decisions.
_________ 6. The fundamental job of a computer is processing information.
_________ 7. A computer can do the work of hundreds of people in a very short
time.
_________ 8. The memory of a computer is used for storing information.
4. Understanding words
Refer back to the text and find synonyms (i.e. words with a similar meaning) for
the following words.
1. complex intricate____________
2. fundamental ___________________
3. a way ___________________
4. uninterested ___________________
5. accomplishment ___________________
Now refer back to the text and find antonyms (i.e. words with an opposite meaning)
for the following words.
6. large tiny________________
7. receiving ___________________
8. reject ___________________
9. unusual ___________________
10. small ___________________
5. Content review
Try to think of a definition for each of these items before checking them in the
Glossary. Then complete the following statements with the appropriate words
(some can be used more than once). Make sure you use the correct form, i.e.
singular or plural.
core device data
circuit terminal switch
program memory medium
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 14 –
CRT display
1. Every computer has circuits for performing arithmetic operations, operating
_____________ or magnetized _____________.
2. A ___________ with a screen is normally referred to as a __________ unit.
3. A computer is a ___________ that processes information in the form of
__________ and ______________ and can store this information in a
_____________.
4. Card readers, tape drives, or disk drives are different _______________ for
inputting information.
Transitional markers are words used to link ideas together so that the text is
smoother to read. When pronouns such as it, they, them, I, he, she, which, who,
whose, that, such, one and demonstrative adjectives such as this, that, these and
those, are used as transitional markers, they refer to a word, or words, mentioned
earlier in the sentence or paragraph. Their function is to take your thoughts back to
something that has already been mentioned. Thus they serve as synonyms or
substitutes. Other words which are often used to refer backwards are the former,
the latter, the first, second, etc., the last.
Sample paragraph
A computer like any other machine, is used because it does certain jobs better and
more efficiently than humans. It can receive more information and process it faster
then any human. The speed at which a computer works can replace weeks or even
months of pencil-and-paper work. Therefore, computers are used when the time
saved offsets their cost which is one of the many reasons they are used so much in
Computer are electronic machines that process information. They are capable of
communicating with the user, of doing different kinds of arithmetic operations and
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 15 –
of making three kinds of decisions. However, they are incapable of thinking. They
accept date and instructions as input, and after processing it, they output the results.
When talking about computers, both hardware and software need to be considered.
The former refers to the actual machinery, whereas the latter refers to the
programs which control and coordinate the activities of the hardware while
processing the data.
The first computer was built in 1930 but since then computer technology has
evolved a great deal. There are three different kinds of computers in use today: the
mainframe, the minicomputer and the microcomputer. These all have one thing in
common: they operate quickly and accurately in solving problems.
Exercise 2
Now look back at the text ‘What is a computer?’ and find out what the words in
bold typeface refer to.
1. that operate switches (p. 1) electronic circuits___
2. which accept information (p. 2) __________________
3. or part of it (p. 2) __________________
4. which tells the computers (p. 2) __________________
5. which prints the new information (p. 4) __________________
6. which shows the results (p. 4) __________________
7. which can make decisions (p. 5) __________________
8. It can find the solution (p. 6) __________________
9. it has no originality (p. 6) __________________
10. tells it what to do (p. 6) __________________
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 16 –
It is said that mathematics is the base of all other sciences, and that arithmetic,
the science of numbers, is the base of mathematics. Numbers consist of whole
numbers (integers) which are formed by the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 and
by combinations of them. For example, 247- two hundred and forty seven- is a
number formed by three digits. Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are sometimes
expressed in terms of fractions, but in scientific usage they are given as decimals.
This is because it is easier to perform the various mathematical operations if
decimals are used instead of fractions. The main operations are: to add, subtract,
multiply and divide; to square, cube or raise to any other power; to take a square,
cube or any other root and to find a ratio or proportion between pairs of numbers or
a series of numbers. Thus, the decimal, or ten-scale, system is used for scientific
purposes throughout the world even in countries whose national systems of weights
and measurements are based upon other scales. The other scale in general use
nowadays is the binary, or two-scale, in which numbers are expressed are
expressed by combinations of only two digits, 0 and 1. Thus, in the binary scale, 2 is
expressed as 010, 3 is given as 011, 4 is represented as 100, etc. This scale is
perfectly adapted to the ‘off-on’ pulses of electricity, so it is widely used in
electronic computers: because of its simplicity it is often called ‘the lazy
schoolboy’s dream’!
I. Comprehension
1. What is the relationship of mathematics to the other sciences?
2. What’s the science of numbers called?
3. Name a two-digit integer.
4. Name two ways of expressing parts of the number one (unity)
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 17 –
Word building
∗ Use the suffix –ion, -ment, -ity to form nouns from the following words:
add calculate simple equip
subtract isolate able adjust
divide explain available improve
multiply measure stable move
∗ Add the prefix-suffix –en to form verbs from the following:
able wide large length
strength tight weak loose
short deep height
Revision exercise
Complete the following by choosing appropriate words from the above exercises.
The main ____________ of the scientist is the _________ and _________ of the
world around us. To ____________ him to do this, he uses many different kinds of
_____________, and in order to make them more _________ to his purposes he
frequently makes ____________ to them which lead to their __________. For
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 18 –
example, he may ___________ a part which is too weak, __________ one which is
too short and _____________ something which is too loose, and thus causes too
much ___________, so that the instrument does not have the necessary
_____________. So even the most specialized scientist needs to be an engineer,
sometimes!
Vocabulary in context
Use appropriate words from the text to complete the following:
1.Many scientists consider _____________ as the base of mathematics.
2.We can form numbers from ____________ (or ______________).
3.An integer is usually formed by ________________.
4.____________ are parts of numbers smaller than 1, which are in some other
usages expressed in terms of fractions.
5.It is easier to perform__________ if decimals are used instead of
______________.
6.The scale in which numbers are expressed by combination of two digits 0 and1
is called _____________.
7.In the field of mathematics, __________ and ____________ are considered to
be specialized extensions.
8.In the binary scale 3 is _______________ as 011.
9.Algebra and geometry are ______________ of mathematics.
10. The branches of mathematics are _____________used in both natural and
social sciences.
III. Revision
Use correct prepositions to complete these sentences.
1.Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are represented _________ fractions, but in
scientific usage ______________ decimals.
2.It’s not easy to find proportion __________ pairs of numbers.
3.The ten-scale is used ____________ the world.
4.Some countries use systems of weights and measurements based ________
other scales.
5.Another scale ____________ general use is the binary one.
6.Some mathematical extensions are being applied ___________ an increasing
range of activities.
7.In computer science, people use some other scales _________ the ten one.
A. It preparatory subject
Study the example:
It’s easy to perform various mathematical operations.
In this sentence, It is not the real subject. It stands for ‘to perform various
mathematical operations’ which is the real subject. So the above sentence means
To perform various mathematical operations is easy
When the subject of a sentence is a To-infinitive or a That-clause, we usually begin
the sentence with It and put the real subject later.
It’s nice to be with you.
It worried me a bit that she didn’t phone.
Exercises:
∗ Complete these pairs of sentences using It as a preparatory subject.
1. Set theory is difficult. We can’t study it well.
………………………………………………………………………………
2. We can’t go on like this. This fact is obvious.
………………………………………………………………………………
3. Peter didn’t tell anybody where he was. It shocked me.
………………………………………………………………………………..
4. We all missed the train. It was a pity.
………………………………………………………………………………..
5. Statistical methods are useful. It’s worth studying this branch.
…………………………………………………………………………………
∗ Complete the following sentences in a suitable way.
1. It appears ……………………………………………………………
2. Is it customary ……………………………………………………….
3. Will it suit you ………………………………………………………..
4. It cost me $ 5…………………………………………………………
5. It would be much to his annoyance…………………………………
B. Participle as adjective
Both –ing form and –ed form can be used as adjectives. Care must be taken not to
confuse them. –Ing forms mean ‘having this effect’; -ed forms mean ‘affected in
this way’
Exercise
Complete these sentences with –ing form or –ed form. The first letter(s) of the
participle are given each time.
1. I’m starting a new job next week. I’m quite ex___________ about it.
2. The s___________ jewelry was recovered.
3. Success in one’s work is a sa___________ experience.
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 20 –
e.g. The scientific investigator applies logical and persistent thought to his
problems (active sentence)
becomes:
Logical and persistent thought is applied by the scientific investigator to his
problems (passive sentence).
The order of words is thus: object-verb in the Passive-subject-rest of sentence.
(b) Make the following sentences Passive, mentioning the doer of the action
but shifting the emphasis to the object:
1.A combination of the digits 0-9 forms integers.
2.Engineers require an advanced knowledge of algebra and geometry.
3.Scientists, especially physicists and engineers, often use electronic computers.
4.Journalists, who seldom have a knowledge of statistics, frequently mislead the
ordinary citizen.
5.Every day, applied scientists and technologists produce new drugs, fibres,
chemicals and equipment.
6.A combination of two elements forms a chemical compound.
7.The ordinary citizen often requires an elementary knowledge of statistics.
8.Economists also use mathematics.
9.Every type of scientist requires a knowledge of statistics.
10. Scientists use accurate systems of measurements.
11. Philosophers employ specialized extensions of mathematics.
12. Physicists also use probability theory.
(c) Make up sentences similar to the ones given in Exercises (a) and (b)
above, and then change them from Active to Passive.
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 22 –
UNIT 4: CHARACTERISTICS
SEC. STORAGE
EXERCISES
1. Main idea
Which statement or statements best express the main idea of the text? Why did you
eliminate the other choices?
_______ 1. Computers have changed the way in which we live.
_______ 2. All computers have an input, a processor, an output and a storage device.
_______ 3. Computers have decreased man’s workload.
_______ 4. All computers have the same basic hardware components.
________ 8. Computers are very much restricted in what they can do.
________ 9. Computers today cost less, are smaller, and need fewer people to
operate them than in the past.
________ 10. Computers haven’t changed our working conditions very much.
3. Locating information
Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give the line
references
________ 1. All computers are basically the same.
________ 2. The arithmetic and/or decision-making operations are performed.
________ 3. Computers are limited by man’s imagination more than anything else.
________ 4. All the equipment used in a computer system is the hardware.
________ 5. Computers are electronic machines used for processing data.
________ 6. If programs or data need to be kept for a long time, they are stored on
tapes or disks.
________ 7. First the computer accepts data.
________ 8. Finally, new information is presented to the user.
4. Contextual reference
Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to.
1. which are termed data (paragraph. 1) ________________
2. or moving them (paragraph. 1) ________________
3. the machine acts on it (paragraph. 2) ________________
4. they are stored on (paragraph. 3) _________________
5. it is not a single-purpose machine (paragraph. 4) _________________
6. the kinds of things it can do (paragraph. 4) _________________
7. of those using it (paragraph. 4) _________________
8. they were very expensive to own (paragraph. 5) _________________
9. Moreover, their size and reliability (paragraph. 5) _________________
10. that did not exist (paragraph. 6) _________________
5. Understanding words
Refer back to the text and find synonyms (i.e. words with a similar meaning) for the
following words.
1. called _______________
2. tremendous _______________
3. ideas _______________
4. react _______________
5. take away _______________
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 25 –
Now refer back to the text and find antonyms (i.e. words with an opposite meaning)
for the following words.
6. taken away _______________
7. wide _______________
8. limited _______________
9. immovable _______________
10. after _______________
6. Word forms
First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences. Then check
the differences of meaning in your dictionary.
1. imagination, imagine, imaginable, imaginative, imaginary
a. A computer is limited in its ability by the __________ of man
b. Some people are good at inventing __________ stories.
c. It is practically impossible to _________ the speed at which a computer
calculates numbers.
2. addition, add, added, additional, additionally, additive
a. Many terminals can be _____________ to a basic system if the need arises.
b. ____________ and subtraction are two basic mathematical operations.
c. When buying a system there is often no ____________ charge for the
programs.
3. complication, complicate, complicated, complicating, complicatedly
a. There can be many ____________ involved in setting up a computer in and
old building.
b. It is sometimes a very ______________ process getting into a computer
installation for security reasons.
c. It is sometimes very _____________ to explain computer concepts.
4. difference, differ, different, differently, differential, differentiate
a. There isn’t a very big ____________ in flowcharting for a program to be
written in Cobol or Fortran.
b. There are many ______________ computer manufacturers today, and a
buyer must be able to _______________ between the advantages and
disadvantages of each.
c. The opinions of programmers as to the best way of solving a problem often
____________ greatly.
5. reliably, rely on, reliable, reliability
a. Computers are ____________ machines.
b. If you don’t know the meaning of a computer term, you cannot always
__________ an all-purpose dictionary for the answer.
c. Computers can do mathematical operations quickly and ____________.
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 26 –
2. Control Unit
3.
Peripheral devices 1.
A.
2.
B. others 3.
4.
5.
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 27 –
6.
Organizing information
A paragraph is a group of related sentences that develop an idea. In nearly every
paragraph, there is one idea that is more important than all the others. This idea is
called the main idea of the paragraph and is usually found at the beginning of the
paragraph.
Sample paragraph
All computers, whether large or small, have the same basic capabilities. They
have circuits for performing arithmetic operations. They all have a way of
communicating with the person(s) using them. They also have circuits for making
decisions.
In sample paragraph, the first sentence ‘All computers, whether large or small,
have the same basic capabilities’ expresses the main idea of the paragraph.
All main idea sentences have a topic and say something about the topic
Example
All computers, [topic] whether large or small, have the same basic capabilities.
[about the topic]
In some of your reading, finding main ideas may serve your needs but in much of
your studying you need to grasp details. It is sometimes more difficult to grasp and
understand details than main ideas. You will find it helpful if you think of details as
growing out of the main idea. In sample paragraph, there are three major details
growing out of the main idea. These are the major details:
1. They have circuits for performing arithmetic operations.
2. They all have a way of communicating with the person(s) using them.
3. They also have circuits for making decisions.
A major detail often has minor details growing out of it. These minor details tell more
about a major detail, just as major details tell more about a main idea. In studying,
you often find a paragraph that has many small details that you must grasp and
remember. Breaking up a paragraph of this kind into its three components: the main
idea, major details and minor details will help you to understand and remember what
it is about.
Exercise 1
Practise finding the main idea, major details and minor details by completing the
block diagram after reading the following paragraph.
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 28 –
The computer has changed the production of copy in the newspaper industry.
There are three steps involved in the process: input, correction and output. First, the
computer numbers each story, counts words and gives a listing of the length of each
story. Then a page is made up, advertisements are placed in, the copy is shifted or
deleted and corrections are made. Finally, the computer hyphenates words and the
result of all this is a newspaper page.
|
MAJOR
DETAILS
|
MINOR
DETAIL
Exercise 2
Practise finding the main idea, major details and minor details by completing the
diagram after reading the following paragraph.
Railways use large computer systems to control ticket reservations and to give
immediate information on the status of its trains. The computer system is connected
by private telephone lines to terminals in major train stations and ticket
reservations for customers are made through these. The passenger’s name, type of
accommodation and the train schedule is put into the computer’s memory. On a
typical day, a railway’s computer system gets thousands of telephone calls about
reservations, space on other railways, and requests for arrivals and departures. A
big advantage of the railway computer ticket reservation system is its rapidity
because a cancelled booking can be sold anywhere in the system just a few seconds
later. Railways computer systems are not used for reservations alone. They are
used for a variety of other jobs including train schedules, planning, freight and
cargo loading, meal planning, personnel availability, accounting and stock control.
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 29 –
MAIN
IDEA
MINOR 1000s of
DETAILS calls for
reservations,
space, arrivals
and
departures
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 30 –
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 31 –
UNIT 5: STATISTICS
Many firms use statistical methods to analyze patterns of change and to forecast
economic trends for the firm, the industry, and the economy as a whole. Such forecasts
often provide the foundation for corporate planning and control; areas such as
purchasing, production, and inventory control depend on short-range forecasts, and
capital investment and long-term development decisions depend on long-range
forecasts. Statistical methods are also employed in areas such as production control,
inventory control, and quality control. In order to control the quality of manufactured
products, for example, statistical methods are used to differentiate between variation
attributable to chance causes and variation too great to be considered a result of
chance. The latter type of variation can be analyzed and remedied. A large number of
cases have been recorded in which applications of these statistical quality control
methods have resulted in substantial improvements in the quality of products and in
lower costs because of reduction in rework and spoilage. Such statistical quality control
methods have been considered a major factor in the vast improvement in the quality of
Japanese-manufactured products in the post-World War II period.
I. Vocabulary in context
Complete the following sentences using the words from the text.
1.Information used in the statistics is often in a form of ____________.
2.Drawing conclusions, which can be obtained by __________, is one of the four
processes of __________.
3._________ and __________ are only practical scientific approaches in statistics.
4.In data organization, the collected data is usually presented in a form suitable
for ____________ and ______________.
5.The process of performing some ____________ is the third process of statistics.
6.The __________ plays an important role in making decisions using statistical
methods.
7.To control the quality, __________ methods are used to distinguish the chance
___________ and too great ____________.
8.________ depends on short-range forecasts, meanwhile ________ on long-
range ones.
9.Statistical methods are used to analyze and forecast __________ for the firms.
10. Quality control methods have resulted in __________ improvements.
_______ 4. In quality control, great variation is usually paid much more attention.
_______ 5. Statistical methods are applied in most aspects of human activities.
_______ 6. Statistics is much more used in natural science than in social science.
_______ 7. New and competing hypotheses should always be tested.
_______ 8. Statistical methods provide both long-range and short-range forecasts.
_______ 9. Statistical quality control methods were first used in Japan.
_______ 10. Statistical methods show themselves effective methods in quality
control.
Applications of
statistics
in industry in business
corporate
planning
and control
kinds of control
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 34 –
5. Give some problems to which statistical methods can be used to find solutions
____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
6. In statistics, people usually consider two kinds of variation:
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
9.How long do you intend __________ (go on) __________ (deal with) that
problem?
10. I’m annoyed about __________ (John/ put forward) these conclusions.
Too …………. To
Study the example:
∗ The variation is too great to be considered a result of chance.
Too comes before the adjective and has the sense of ‘excessive’ (c.f very, which
merely strengthens the adjective). With to-infinitive, too often combines negative
ideas:
∗ He isn’t strong. He can’t lift it. ---> He is too weak to lift it.
∗ He’s too heavy. I can’t lift him. ---> He is too heavy for me to lift.
Exercise: Combine these pairs of sentences
1.He only supplies general data. We can’t believe his conclusions.
2.This statistical problem is difficult. All of us are not able to find solution to it.
3.Very little information is obtained. Variation of many kinds can’t be
differentiated.
4.The representing of data is not simple. None of us can understand it.
5.The applications of statistics are far-ranging. We can’t classify them.
Revision:
Use appropriate prepositions
1.The scientific method of collecting information ________ a form of numerical
data is called statistics.
2.We usually present data in a form suitable ________ description.
3.People use statistics to forecast economic trends _______ a firm.
4.Long-term development decisions depend on long-range forecasts.
5.We should differentiate ____________ chance variation and great variation.
6. Quality control methods have resulted __________ substantical improvement.
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 36 –
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 37 –
UNIT 6: MAINFRAMES
mechanical devices associated with computer systems. For a long time these have been
the weak link, from the point of view of both efficiency and reliability.
EXERCISES
1. Main ideas
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you eliminate
the other choices?
_________ 1. Hybrid computers are a combination of digital and analog computers.
_________ 2. Digital computers are used more than any other type of computer.
_________ 3. There are three types of mainframes.
_________ 4. Analog computers can do more varied work than digital or hybrid
computers.
3. Locating information
Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give the line
references.
_______ 1. Smaller computers may take longer to perform an operation.
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 39 –
4. Contextual reference
Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to
1. which can be executed (p. 1) __________________
2. as it is often known (p. 2) __________________
3. that are presented to it (p. 2) __________________
4. in that it can do calculations (p. 2) __________________
5. in that it continuously works out (p. 2) __________________
6. Both of these computer types (p. 2) __________________
7. that may require a large room (p. 2) __________________
8. that combines the two types (p. 2) __________________
9. require special provision for
their housing (p. 3) __________________
10. that runs into thousands of dollars (p. 3) __________________
5. Understanding words
Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the following words
1. area __________________
2. acted on __________________
3. do __________________
4. composed of __________________
5. principally __________________
Now refer back to the text and find antonyms for the following words
6. ignored __________________
7. seldom __________________
8. little __________________
9. Small __________________
10. weak __________________
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 40 –
6. Word forms
First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences. Then
check the differences of meaning in your dictionary.
1. permission, permit, permissible, permitted
a. It is usually not _______________ to smoke in a computer installation.
b. Computers ______________ people to use their time more effectively.
c. Building _______________ is usually required before starting any
renovations to a building for a computer department.
2. continuation, continue, continuing, continuously
a. If microcomputer sales ______________ to increase, it won’t be long before
every household has one.
b. Computers can do repetitive operations _________________ without getting
bored.
c. There is a ______________ interest in discovering new areas where
computers can be used.
3. measurement, measure, measured, measurable
a. The analog computer is essentially used for problems involving
_______________ .
b. Because computer equipment is often bulky, the area used for a computer
installation must be _____________ out carefully.
c. The number of employees a computer company has can be seen as a
_____________ of its success in the business world.
7. Content review
Try to think of a definition for each of these items before checking them in the
Glossary. Then complete the following statements with the appropriate words (some
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 41 –
can be used more than once). Make sure you use the correct form, i.e. singular or
plural.
Mainframe computer installation digits
Hybrid computer code programming
Digital analog
1. The ______________________ system is a computer which has combined the
features of both the _________________ and _______________ computer. It is
used mainly in scientific research.
2. _______________ computers get their name from the word _____________.
These are single character numbers that make up the ______________ in which
the data are presented to the computer for processing.
3. _____________ are usually found in large ________________________.
4. The most commonly used language of ____________ in the business community
is _______________.
8. Focus review
1. Focus: Organizing information
On a separate sheet, organize the information in Unit ‘Mainframes’, under main
idea(s), major details and minor details.
2. Focus: Listing
It is important when reading to recognize and understand the relationship in which
sentences and groups of sentences combine to present information. This
information may be linked by means of a connective word and marker.
Making a list, enumerating, and giving instructions, indicates a cataloguing of
what is being said. It is important to note that most enumerations belong to clearly
defined sets. The following table is a list of the markers that can be used to show
the order in which things are to be said.
LISTING MARKERS
1, 2, 3, etc.
one, two, three, etc.
first(ly), second(ly), third(ly)
in the first/second/ third place
another, next, then
furthermore, afterwards, moreover
lastly, finally
to begin/ start with, and to conclude
first and foremost marking the beginning
first and most important(ly) of a descending order
above all marking the end of
last but not least an ascending order
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 42 –
There are many ways of showing sequential relationships. Those given in the
table above are not the only ones, they are the most common ones used in listing
or enumerating. The –ly forms are usually used when listing.
Sample paragraph
More and more police departments are now using sophisticated devices to help
control the increasing crime rate. Some of these devices are: firstly, a computer
terminal inside a police vehicle to answer an officer’s questions; secondly, a
computer-controlled display unit for displaying fingerprints; and thirdly,
educational systems for police officers such as terminals, enabling them to verify
changes in laws, rules and regulations.
The computer memory of many law enforcement systems contain all kinds of
information. First and foremost, it has data on stolen items such as cars, license
plates and property. Second, it has information on missing persons and wanted
fugitives. Last but not least, it contains information on political extremist groups
and their activities.
It goes without saying that computers have certainly revolutionized police
work by providing access to millions of items of information with the least
possible delay and speeding up the process of apprehending suspicious-looking
characters.
Exercise 1
The following paragraph is an excerpt from paragraph 3 of Unit ‘What is a
computer?’ While reading this paragraph underline the listing markers.
Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. However, most
computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities. First,
computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as addition,
subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers
have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn’t feed
information in and get results back, those machines wouldn’t be of much use.
Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The computer can
only decide three things: 1. Is one number less than another? 2. Are two
numbers equal? and 3 . Is one number greater than another?
Exercise 2
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 43 –
Complete the following paragraph by filling in the blank with appropriate listing
markers.
Computers can do wonders, but they can waste a lot of money unless careful
consideration goes into buying them. Any businessman thinking of buying a
computer system should ______________ admit he knows very little about
computers. _____________, he must realize that the computers salesman
doesn’t know how his business works.
____________, that he should get outside advice is a must, not necessarily
from consultants but from other executives who have had recent experience in
buying a computer system.____________ he should try to see systems similar to
ones under consideration in operation. Because his operations will have
differences that must be accommodated, he should _____________ find out
what would be involved in upgrading a system. ___________ important thing to
know before buying a computer is the financial situation of the supplier because
computer companies come and go and not all are financially stable.
______________, the prospective buyer should demand that every detail be
covered in writing, including hardware and software if they are supplied by
different companies. There’s nothing wrong with computers, it’s how and why
they are used that can cause problems.
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 44 –
UNIT 7: CALCULUS
methods. We can also use definite integrals to investigate mathematical concepts such
as area of a curved surface, volume of a geometric solid, or length of a curve.
5. The concepts of derivative and definite integral are defined by limiting processes.
The notion of limit is the initial idea that separates calculus from elementary
mathematics. Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-
1716) independently discovered the connection between derivatives and integrals and
are both credited with the invention of calculus. Many other mathematicians have
added greatly to its development in the last 300 years.
6. The applications of calculus mentioned here represent just a few of the many
considered in this book. We can’t possibly discuss all the uses of calculus, and more are
being developed with every advance in technology. Whatever your field of interest,
calculus is probably used in some pure or applied investigations. Perhaps you will
discover a new application for this branch of science.
I. Vocabulary in context
Complete the following sentences using the words from the passage.
1.Calculus is used as a _______________ to solve problems of many kinds.
2.Definite integral and derivative are defined by _________________.
3.Some objects move along ___________, _____________, or even _________
paths.
4.In pure investigation, people can find ____________ at which the derivative = 0.
5.The speed of an object can be _____________ but usually ______________.
6.One can differentiate calculus from _______________.
7.The center of mass is called ______________ of a solid.
8.People use _____________ to give description of changes in motion.
9.Finding tangent lines and analyzing ___________ are typical mathematical
problems.
10. Finding areas of regions that have __________ may involve fundamental
concepts of calculus.
11. ______________ are usually analyzed thanks to the application of
derivatives.
12. Elementary mathematics and calculus might be separated thanks to
____________.
13. _______________ and derivative are two fundamental concepts of calculus.
14. Manufacturing the least expensive box that has a given volume is a problem
about ________________.
15. Mathematicians use derivatives to find __________ to curves.
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 46 –
V. Understanding structures
Expressing degrees of certainty.
Present time
Why isn’t John in class? ____ ∗ He is sick 100% sure
∗ He must be sick 95% sure
(He is usually in class everyday, but when I saw him
last night, he wasn’t feeling good. So my best guess is
that he is sick today. I can’t think of another
possibility)
∗ He may be sick less than 50% sure
∗ He might be sick. less than 50% sure
∗ He could be sick. less than 50% sure
(I don’t really know. He may be at home watching
TV. He might be at the library. He could be out of
town)
What are the negative forms of the above sentences?
Past time
Why wasn’t Mary in class?____ ∗ She was sick. 100% sure
∗ She must have been sick 95% sure
∗ She may have been sick less than 50% sure
∗ She might have been sick less than 50% sure
∗ She could have been sick less than 50% sure
What are the negative forms of the above sentences?
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 48 –
Exercises:
A1. Supply suitable forms to express degrees of certainty.
1.He knows a lot about flying planes. He __________(be) a pilot when he was
young.
2.Vera ____________ (be) at the supermarket this morning. I didn’t see her there.
3.There are so many nice things for tea. I think you ________ (expect) us right
now.
4.Someone is knocking at the door. Mary is in New York. So it ________ (be)
Mary.
5.“Someone told me that Jane quit school”
“ You’re kidding. That _____________ (be) true”
6.Look at that big bird. It ____________ (be) an eagle.
7.Jack didn’t stay home last night. He _______________ (go) to a movie.
8.Adams wears something green everyday. He ____________ (like) green very
much.
9.He bought his wife a diamond necklace with matching earrings. He ________
(win) a lottery.
10. There’s no one here by that name. You ___________ (make) a mistake.
A2. Read the passage then supply suitable forms to express degrees of
certainty.
I’m in a hotel Lobby. I’m looking at a man with a briefcase. He is talking with
someone at the registration desk, so he ___________ (register) to stay in the
hotel. He _____________ (check-out), because people have to check out at a
different desk. He _______________ (simply/ask) a question, but I doubt it.
Judging from his clothes, I’d say he ___________ (be) a businessman. But he
___________ (be) a doctor, or a professor. He has salt-and-pepper hair and not
too many wrinkles. He __________ (be) about 50 to 55. He doesn’t have any
luggage with him. The porter _____________ (take) his luggage. The hotel clerk
just handed the man a key. Aha! I was right. He is registering to stay at the hotel.
As and Like
1. Like (preposition) is followed by a noun, pronoun or –ing, and can have different
meanings.
∗ There’s no business like show business (to compare with)
∗ Why don’t you try something like doing a bit of work for a change. (such as)
The opposite is unlike
∗ The holiday was unlike any others.
2. As can be used as a preposition and means ‘in the position of, in the capacity of’
∗ I work as a hotel receptionist. (I’m in the position of a hotel receptionist)
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 49 –
Can a computer solve problem? Definitely not. It is a machine that carries out the
procedures which the programmer gives it. It is the programmer then who solves the
problems. There are a few steps that one has to follow in problem solving:
Step 1. The programmer must define the problem clearly. This means that he or she
has to determine, in a general way, how to solve the problem. Some problems are
easy, while others take months of study. The programmer should start by asking:
‘Do I understand the problem?’.
Step 2. The programmer must formulate an algorithm, which is a straightforward
sequence of steps of instructions used to solve the problem. Constructing an
algorithm is the most important part of problem solving and is usually time-
consuming. An algorithm can be described by a flowchart, which may be started in
terms of a sequence of precise sentences, or a block diagram. The latter is a
diagrammatic representation of the sequence of events to be followed in solving
the problem. The relationship between the events is shown by means of a
connecting arrow ---->. A block diagram can show if a process has to be repeated
or if there are alternative routes to be taken.
Step 3. The programmer must translate the algorithm or flowchart into a computer
program. To do so, he or she writes detailed instructions for the computer program,
using one of the many computer languages available following the exact sequence
of the flowchart algorithm. The program is usually written on coding sheets which
have a specific format drawn on them.
Step 4. The programmer must then keypunch the program, or give the coding sheets
to the keypunch operator to do it. The program is either punched on cards or
entered into the computer at a terminal with a visual display unit.
Step 5. The program must then be tested. To do so, the computer operator puts the
deck of cards in the card reader and presses the ‘read’ button. This transfers the
information to the memory of the computer. Next, a printout shows if the program
works or if it has errors (called bugs). If the programmer is using a terminal instead
of cards to enter the instructions it is possible, with the aid of a few commands, to
store the program in the memory of the computer and get a printout.
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 51 –
Step 6. The last step is to add the data to the program and run the job completely.
The computer will then perform the calculations necessary to solve the problem. It
will follow the instructions in the program to the minutest details. Therefore, one
can say that the computer is a robot. It doesn’t think, but simply does what it is told
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 52 –
EXERCISES
1. Main idea
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you
eliminate the other choices?
________ 1. Constructing an algorithm is the basic step in solving a problem.
________ 2. Solving problems becomes easier if certain steps are followed.
________ 3. The computer does what the programmer tells it to do.
3. Locating information
Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give the
line references.
________ 1. Programs are usually written on certain lined forms.
________ 2. A block diagram can show a decision with two different outcomes.
________ 3. The programmer is the one who solves the problems.
________ 4. Even if the programmer is using a terminal instead of cards, it is
possible to get a permanent copy of his program.
________ 5. Not all problems are of the same level of difficulty.
4. Contextual reference
Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to
1. It is a machine ________________
2. which the programmer gives it ________________
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 53 –
5. Understanding words
Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the following words.
1. construct ________________
2. takes a lot of time ________________
3. exact ________________
4. mistakes ________________
5. help ________________
Now refer back to the text and find antonyms for the following words
6. ambiguously ________________
7. specific ________________
8. partially ________________
6. Word forms
First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences. Then
check the differences of meaning in your dictionary.
1. procedure, proceed, proceeding
a. The machine carries out the ___________ which the programmer gives
it.
b. You should ____________ with care when using a calculator.
2. program, programmer, programmed, programming
a. I would like to ____________ in COBOL.
b. There were quite a few errors in my _______________.
c. My calculator is ___________. It plays a tune on the hour.
d. Fortran is one of the many _____________ languages available on the
market.
e. Computer __________ is a new field of study at the university.
f. He is a good _________ because he always constructs algorithms for his
problems.
3. relationship, relate, related
a. The first two steps in your program are not ________. They are basically
different.
b. In a flowchart, the _____________ between events is shown by means of
connecting arrows.
4. code, coding
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 54 –
Define
the
problem
clearly
8. Focus review
Focus : Cause and effect/ result
The following sentences were taken from the text on ‘Steps in Problem
Solving’. While reading these sentences underline the cause once, the effect/
result twice, then circle the causal-effect/ result maker.
1. If the programmer is using a terminal instead of cards to enter his
instructions, he can, with the aid of a few commands, store the program in the
memory of the computer and get a printout.
2. The computer will follow the instructions in the program to minutest
details. Therefore, one can say that the computer is a robot
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 56 –
Pre-reading
1. What is discrete mathematics?
2. Would you like to study discrete mathematics?
3. Why do you like to study discrete mathematics?
EXERCISES
I. Focus on the reading:
Locate the equivalent information in the text then choose the best word for each
sentence
1. Is there a ________________ between 2 computers in a network?
2. _________________ is used whenever objects are counted.
3. Discrete mathematics provides the mathematical foundations for many
computer science courses, including data structures, _______________,
database theory…
4. How can a list of integers be ________ so that the integers are in increasing
order?
5. More generally, discrete mathematics is used when relationships between
___________ are studied.
6. Math courses based on the material studied in discrete math include
_________.
7. Discrete math is the ________________ to more advanced courses in math.
8. Discrete math provides the ______________ for many computer science
courses.
9. When processes involve a __________________, we use discrete math.
10. This course can create your _________________.
2. Connection ______________________
3. Suitable ______________________
4. Separate ______________________
5. Basis ______________________
6. Information needed to understand a problem ______________________
7. Ability to understand something ______________________
2. Studying discrete math, students will work on the following math courses:
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3.
Applications of discrete math
1 2 3 4. Giving background
for solving:
-
-
B. Context clues:
Choose the answer that is closest in meaning to each word underlined
1. They set out a dramatic journey.
a) Spectacular b) cheerful c) exciting d) interesting
2. They spent her first day in Hanoi and took a sightseeing tour around this
fascinating city
a) Boring b) exciting c) absorbing d) busy
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 61 –
3. The fact lies in that every one assumes heavy tasks assigned and fulfil with a
high sense of responsibility
a) work b) duty c) profession d) job
4. The whole relationship changed and they became tremendous friends.
a) close b) friendly c) wonderful d) awful
5.The British parliament’s Big Ben clock tower is starting to tilt slightly and could
become London’s own leaning tower
a) Tighten b) fasten c) slant d) lift
6. Thousands of protesters marched on Saturday in front of White House
demanding the United States’ lifting embargo against Cuba.
a) Paraded b) operated c) walked d) moved
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 62 –
1. Computers can deal with different kinds of problems if they are given the right
instructions for what to do. Instructions are first written in one of the high-level
languages, e.g. FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, PL/1, PASCAL or BASIC,
depending on the type of problem to be solved. A program written in one of these
languages is often called a source program, and it cannot be directly processed by
the computer until it has been compiled, which means interpreted into machine
code. Usually a single instruction written in a high-level language, when
transformed into machine code, results in several instructions. Here is a brief
description of some of the many high-level languages:
FORTRAN acronym for FORmula TRANslation. This language is used
for solving scientific and mathematical problems. It consists
of algebraic formulae and English phrases. It was first
introduced in the United States in 1954.
COBOL acronym for Comon Business-Oriented Language. This
language is used for commercial purposes. COBOL, which is
written using English statements, deals with problems that do
not involve a lot of mathematical calculations. It was first
introduced in 1959.
ALGOL acronym for ALGOrithmic Language. Originally called IAL,
which means International Algebraic Language. It is used for
mathematical and scientific purposes. ALGOL was first
introduced in Europe in 1960.
PL/1 Programming Language 1. Developed in 1964 to combine
features of COBOL and ALGOL. Consequently, it is used for
data processing as well as scientific applications.
BASIC acronym for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction
Code. Developed in 1965 at Dartmouth College in the United
States for use by students who require a simple language to
begin programming.
Other such languages are APL (developed in 1962) and PASCAL (named after
Blaise Pascal and developed in 1971)
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 63 –
EXERCISES
1. Main idea
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 64 –
Which statement best expresses the main idea of the text? Why did you
eliminate the other choices?
________ 1. Without software packages, it would be difficult to use the
computer in solving problems such as payroll.
________ 2. Compilers are indispensable to a computer.
________ 3. Source programs written in high-level languages have to be
changed to machine code before the computer can operate on them.
3. Locating information
Find the passages in the text where the following ideas are expressed. Give
the line references
_______1. Systems programs control the work of the computer system.
_______2. Software packages are not always sold by the manufacturer.
_______3. Usually, every high-level instruction translates into many more in
machine code.
_______4. Systems programs are usually provided by the manufacturer.
_______5. Programmers may be required to write software for their
employers.
4. Contextual reference
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 65 –
Look back at the text and find out what the words in bold typeface refer to
1. If they are given the right (paragraph.1)
_________________
2. it cannot be directly processed (paragraph.1)
_________________
3. it is called an applications program (paragraph.2)
_________________
4. commission their own programmers (paragraph.2)
_________________
5. to write them to meet (paragraph.2)
_________________
6. that would understand (paragraph.3)
_________________
7. which controls the central (paragraph.4)
_________________
8. links them to the object (paragraph.4)
__________________
9. They are a set of programs (paragraph.5)
__________________
10. which can be purchased (paragraph.5)
__________________
5. Understanding words
Refer back to the text and find a synonym for the following words
1. converted ________________
2. buy ________________
3. brings ________________
4. agree with, comply with ________________
5. rented ________________
Now refer back to the text and find an antonym for the following words
6. lengthy _________________
7. unchanged __________________
8. separate __________________
9. reject __________________
10. depending on __________________
6. Word forms
First choose the appropriate form of the words to complete the sentences.
Then check the differences of meaning on your dictionary.
1. instruction, instruct, instructed, instructor
a. Our maths ____________ explained to us the principles of binary
arithmetic.
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 66 –
A B
1. source program a. to solve a particular problem
2. high-level languages b. can be executed by the computer
3. applications program directly
4. software packages c. program translated to machine code
5. object program d. connects routines with programs in
6. compiler memory
7. systems program e. examples are COBOL and
8. operating systems PASCAL
9. linkage editor f. directs the processes of the
10. load module computer CPU, and peripherals
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 67 –
1959
Combines features of
COBOL and ALGOL
BASIC
1962
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 69 –
8. Focus review
Read paragraphs 1 and 3 of ‘Programs and Programming Languages again-
they are re-written below. What do the words in italics signify?
GLOSSARY
A
Acceleration gia toác Application program trình öùng duïng
Analog computer maùy tính vaät lyù Arithmetic soá hoïc
Algorithm thuaät toaùn Argument ñoái soá-goùc cöïc
Algebra ñaïi soá Augment taêng theâm-boå sung
theâm
B
Block diagram sô ñoà khoái Branch ngaønh
Boundary bieân
C
Calculate tính toaùn Compact thu goïn
Calculation söï tính toaùn Compile bieân dòch
Calculus pheùp tính vi tích phaân Circuits vi maïch
Card reader boä phaän ñoïc phieáu Cores coát loõi
Chance ngaãu nhieân Curve ñöôøng cong
Combinatorics toaùn hoïc toå hôïp Curve surface maët cong
Coefficient heä soá
(Leading coefficient heä soá soá haïng cao nhaát)
Central processing unit ñôn vò xöû lyù trung taâm
D
Data döõ lieäu Digit chöõ soá
Decimal thaäp phaân Digital computer maùy tính kyõ thuaät soá
Decompose phaân tích Dimension soá chieàu, chieàu
Decisor soá chia, öôùc soá Discrete rôøi raïc
Definite integral tích phaân xaùc ñònh Disk ñóa
Derivative ñaïo haøm Disk drive oã ñóa
Device thieát bò Display screen maøn hình hieån thò
E
Elementary math toaùn sô caáp Equal baèng nhau
Electronic circuit vi maïch ñieän töû Equation phöông trình
Electric pulses xung ñieän Exponent soá muõ, phöông trình
muõ
F
Factor thöøa soá Foundation cô sôû
Finite set taäp hôïp höõu haïn Fraction phaân soá
Flow chart löu ñoà Function haøm soá
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 71 –
G
Geometry hình hoïc Group theory lyù thuyeát nhoùm
Graph ñoà thò
H
Hardware component boä phaän phaàn cöùng
High-level language ngoân ngöõ baäc cao
Hypothesis giaõ thuyeát
I
Input nhaäp vaøo Internal memory boä nhôù trong
Installation caøi ñaët Inventory kieåm keâ
Instruction chæ thò Investigate khaûo saùt
Integers soá nguyeân
L
Limit giôùi haïn Linkage editor bieân taäp noát keát
Limitting process quaù trình giôùi haïn Load module trình ñaõ naïp
Linear tuyeán tính
M
Magnetic tape baêng töø Minimum cöïc tieåu
Mainframe maùy ñieän toaùn lôùn Mixed number of integer hoãn soá
Manipulate thao taùc Moment of inertia moâ-men quaùn tính
Maximun cöïc ñaïi Multiple boäi soá
Medium phöông tieän-trung bình
O
Object program chöông trình ñoái töôïng Operating system heä ñieàu haønh
Operations toaùn töû-thao taùc Optimization toái öu hoaù
P
Packages chöông trình soaïn saün Prime number soá nguyeân toá
Partial fraction phaân thöùc toái giaûn Probability xaùc xuaát
Pentagon hình nguõ giaùc Process xöõ lyù
Periodic tuaàn hoaøn Processor boä xöõ lyù
Peripheral devices thieát bò ngoaïi vi Proper fraction phaân soá thöïc söï
Point ñieåm Proportion tæ leä thöùc
Polynomial ña thöùc Punched card phieáu ñuïc loã
R
Random ngaãu nhieân Rational fraction phaân thöùc höõu tæ
Ratio tæ leä Rectangle hình chöõ nhaät
Tieáng Anh 4 – Toaùn Tin - 72 –
S
Sample space khoâng gian maãu Storage device thieát bò löu tröõ
Secondary memory boä nhôù phuï Subset of hôïp con cuûa
Semi-circle hình baùn nguyeät Statistics thoáng keâ
Software phaàn meàm System program trình heä thoáng
Source program chöông trình nguoàn
T
Tangent line tieáp tuyeán Terminal traïm cuoái
Tape drive boä phaän ñoïc baêng töø Trigonometry löôïng giaùc
Term soá haïng
V
Variation söï bieán thieân Versatility tính ña naêng
Velocity vaän toác
W
Whole number soá nguyeân