Case Hardening Steels

CARBODUR
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
Engi neeri ng st eel s
Case-hardening steels
EDELSTAHL WITTEN-KREFELD GMBH
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
3
Contents
Page 4 7 Carbodur The material
Page 8 9 Energy industry
Page 10 11 Transport
Page 12 13 General mechanical engineering
Page 14 15 Steel portraits
Page 16 17 Steel production
Page 18 19 Steel processing
Material data
Page 20 31 Material Data Sheets
(Please note the text on the flap of the rear cover, which contains
information on the Material Data Sheets)
Technical information
Page 32 36 Hardenability
Page 37 39 Machining and heat treatment
Page 40 43 Case-hardening treatment
Page 44 Overview of grades and chemical composition
Page 45 Melt analysis/International standards
Page 46 Forms supplied
Page 47 Hardness comparison table
Page 48 Temperature Comparison
Page 50 List of photos
How long a component stands up
to demands, and how reliably it
withstands peak stresses, de-
pends on the material the compo-
nent is made of. In the final analy-
sis, the load-bearing capacity of a
small part determines the cost-
efficiency of large machines or
installations.
The more carefully the material is
tailored to the function of the re-
spective components, the more
efficient the entire system is.
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld is the
specialist for producing high-
grade steels with highly specific,
precisely defined properties.
The group of case-hardening
steels marketed under the brand
name Carbodur is evidence of the
leading international position of
Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld in the
field of high-strength, high-grade
steels.
The case-hardening steels pre-
sented in this brochure are un-
alloyed and alloyed special
engineering steels with relatively
low carbon contents of roughly
0.10 to 0.25%.
4
In terms of non-metallic inclu-
sions, the purity of these steels is
higher than that of normal quality
steels. They also respond more
uniformly to heat treatment.
Through precise adjustment of
the chemical composition and the
use of special production and test
conditions, we are in a position to
supply you with steel grades
manufactured with a wide variety
of processing and service proper-
ties. Following carburising and
hardening of the surface, case-
hardening steels display great
hardness and wear resistance in
the region of the surface layer,
while the strength and toughness
of the base material are retained
in the core.
CARBODUR
Hard case, tough core
gets to grips
5
Consequently, case-hardening
steels or case-hardened compo-
nents are indispensable wherever
high wear resistance, high fatigue
strength and low notch sensitivity
are required.
The choice of a steel grade is
governed by the intended appli-
cation, the types of stress in-
volved and the dimensions of the
parts or the geometry of the com-
ponents in question. Technical
and economic aspects are like-
wise of decisive importance. Our
materials specialists are available
for consulations concerning the
optimum choice and most expe-
dient use of the various case-
hardening steel grades.
Carbodur unbeatable for
hardness and durability
Carbodur
with wear problems
mostly of a tensile nature, and
thus increase the fatigue strength.
In addition to their extraordinary
wear resistance, components
made of Carbodur steels are thus
characterised by very high
strength under dynamic loads
once they have been hardened.
However, case-hardened compo-
Maximum purity
The strength and toughness of
the base material are determined
by its chemical composition and
the heat treatment it undergoes.
Consequently, the required prop-
erties of the steel are already spe-
cifically targeted when first melt-
ing the steel. The facilities in
Witten and Krefeld permit a highly
accurate and reliably repeatable
chemical composition. An ex-
tremely high degree of purity is
achieved by the spot-on melt
analysis, secondary metallurgical
treatment and vertical continuous
casting, or alternatively by remelt-
ing. Non-metallic inclusions are
virtually ruled out.
The high degre of macroscopic
and microscopic purity, the
homogeneity of the microstruc-
ture and the fine-grain stability of
our Carbodur grades cannot be
beaten by any other manufacturer
of high-grade steels.
Controlled hardenability
The selection of appropriate al-
loying elements permits targeted
control of the hardenability of the
base material and the hardenabil-
ity of the carburised surface layer.
In addition to unalloyed case-
hardening steels, we also offer
the following alloyed versions:
manganese-chrome case-harden-
ing steels, molybdenum-chrome
case-hardening steels, nickel-
chrome case-hardening steels,
6
nickel-chrome-molybdenum case-
hardening steels and chrome-
nickel-molybdenum case-harden-
ing steels.
The great hardness and the
fatigue strength of the surface
layer are achieved by the case-
hardening treatment, i.e. by car-
burising, hardening and temper-
ing (or stress relieving). If, for
example, high strength is required
in combination with high tough-
ness of the core, the alloying ele-
ments must be matched in such a
way that through-hardening is
guaranteed at a given cross-sec-
tion and with the given heat treat-
ment. This steel-specific through-
hardening is offered by Carbodur,
even at large cross-sections.
We are in a position to offer you
case-hardening steels manufac-
tured specifically with the hard-
ness you require. Make use of
this opportunity - talk to our
materials specialists!
High fine-grain stability
The targeted adjustment of the
aluminium and nitrogen contents
of our Carbodur steels results in
outstanding fine-grain stability.
Thanks to this high fine-grain sta-
bility, our steels are particularly
suitable for the direct hardening
of components, a process carried
out at high temperatures. Coarse-
grain or mixed-grain steel would
result in non-uniform distortion
and reduced toughness.
Spot-on
right
High fatigue strength
Inherent compression stresses
arise in the surface layer when
case-hardening a component.
These stresses counteract the
external stresses, which are
7
Carbodur has just the
chemstry for you
nents also have to demonstrate
the highest possible ductility
when exposed to high dynamic
stresses, in order to avoid brittle
fractures. As the impact strength
of the component decreases with
increasing case-hardening depth,
the latter must not be too great.
Good machinability
The larger the quantity of compo-
nents to be manufactured, the
more important the demand for
good machinability of the materi-
al. This means that the economic
efficiency of series production is
already defined when ordering the
steel. The machinability of case-
hardening steels is influenced by
the microstructure, the strength
and the non-metallic inclusions
(sulphides, oxides) that may be
present. The machinability of the
steel can be further optimised by
increasing the amount of sulphid-
ic inclusions, by calcium treat-
ment and by appropriate heat
treatment, i.e. by specifically ad-
justing the microstructure.
Made-to-measure heat
treatment
Depending on the intended appli-
cation and processing, we can
supply you with Carbodur steel
grades in a wide variety of treated
conditions, e.g. with reduced
hardness, maximum hardness or
a specific hardness range, treated
for ferrite-pearlite structure or for
spherical carbides.
Detailed technical information on
forms supplied and machining
can be found from Page 32
onwards.
8
More staying
with Carbodur
The world of Carbodur steels is
the world of drive systems. Their
strengths are in demand wherever
power is transmitted. The indi-
vidual components of the mighty
transmission mechanisms used in
hydroelectric power stations, wind
turbine generators or in the off-
shore industry not only have to
withstand enormous pressures per
unit of area, they also have to run
constantly and untiringly. This calls
for wear resistance and fatigue
strength. Precision gear wheels
made of Carbodur in the propeller
drives of drilling rigs and turbine
gears of power stations reliably
withstand the stresses and, thanks
to their wear resistance, reliably
guarantee the dimensional stability
of the components. Safety takes
top priority in the mining sector.
The underground extraction equip-
ment essentially works non-stop
without a break. Malfunctions
brought about by the failure of
transmission components not only
mean expensive interruptions in
production, but also increase the
safety risk.
Here, the emphasis is not so much
on resistance to impact and shock
loads as on hardness and core
strength. Our chrome/nickel or
chrome/nickel/molybdenum-
alloyed Carbodur grades, for ex-
ample, offer the best prerequisites
for meeting the stringent require-
ments. Our Carbodur 17 CrNi 6-6
and Carbodur 18 Cr NiMo 7-6
grades, for instance, are particu-
larly suitable for relatively large
cross-sections.
9
power
case-hardening steels
Carbodur
takes more, lasts longer
Energy industry
10
Carbodur the winner
comes
Just as there is a wide variety of
demands on the components for
different types of vehicle, we also
have a wide variety of options for
precisely adapting our Carbodur
steels to suit the prevaillign re-
quirements. The suitable material
for the components is selected
with a view to safety, economic
efficiency and a long service life,
or the ability to withstand extreme
stresses for short periods.
The differential of a Formula 1 car,
for example, only has to withstand
stress for a relatively short time -
the duration of a race (at least!).
On the other hand, it is exposed to
extreme stresses for short periods
of time as a result of the enormous
torques transmitted. Carbodur
steel can be specifically tuned to
cope with this task.
In contrast, the gear wheels of a
truck that works under the tough
conditions of a building site have
to take constant punishment over
long periods, and must also be
capable of absorbing sudden
blows and shocks without losing
any teeth. The case-hardened
parts have to display a combina-
tion of wear resistance and fatigue
strength in the surface layer and
impact strength in the core zone.
Safety takes top priority in the
passenger transport sector. Con-
sequently, the specific properties
of Carbodur steels are particularly
advantageous for engines and
gearboxes in automotive engi-
neering. They can be used, for
example, in piston pins, speed
change gears, drive shafts, coun-
tershafts, synchroniser bodies,
ring gears, differential bevel gears,
bevel pinions and differential side
gears.
11
when it
to extreme stresses
Carbodur hard for the moment
and for the duration
Transport
12
Carbodur case-hardening
the prescription
Maximum precision on the one
hand, and maximum sturdiness on
the other two different require-
ments, but always one task for
Carbodur. In terms of precision, a
printing press is like a giant clock-
work: screen resolutions of as little
as 0.01 mm are required in order
to produce the finest prints. The
numerous gear wheels of the indi-
vidual printing units have to be
manufactured to very close toler-
ances. Wear means play in the
wheelwork and impairs the quality
of the resultant prints. Therefore,
the gear wheels and the individual
assemblies of high-quality printing
presses have to be manufactured
using a steel grade that is already
melted to have a specific chemical
composition catering to the re-
quirements, or that is produced for
specific hardenability. The steel, or
the individual components, must
be strong at the core, while the
surface layer must withstand any
wear whatsoever. And it has to do
so at very high speeds and for
years on end. It would not be a
good idea to use the same steel in
heavy-duty transmissions, e.g. in
the mining industry or in an exca-
vator, if only because of the larger
dimensions or the machines, or of
the gear wheels and other compo-
nents. The drivelines of mining
machines and construction ma-
chinery have to withstand gigantic
stresses. A breakdown caused by
a broken tooth, for instance, can
cause expensive production stop-
pages. Edelstahl Witten-Krefeld
not only supplies you with the
optimum steel grade for large
cross-sections, or bar stock with
large dimensions, but also acts as
your extended workbench, as it
were, by providing pre-machined
parts, such as pre-drilled disks.
Talk to our specialists about these
options.
und
13
steels
against bad teeth
Carbodur fr den Moment
d auf Dauer
Prevention with Carbodur
better than false teeth
General mechanical engineering
14
How would you like it
whole or
Large cross-sections
Carbodur definitely not run-of-
the-mill, but specifically tailored to
your needs. Each of the basic
grades briefly outlined here can
be heat treated at the factory to
adapt it for optimum machining
and/or the minimum possible
distortion during case-hardening.
Above all, we are also in a posi-
tion to supply these steel grades
in the form of bar stock with large
cross-sections and also in various
processed stages. For example:
disks sawn from bars, either with
or without a drilled hole. Our pro-
duction capabilities also include
parts individually forged to shape.
The range of processing options
goes all the way to bright surfaces
with close tolerances.
Pre-machined to taste
Make use of our wide-ranging
capabilities and let us act as your
extended workbench. Talk to our
specialists. They can work with
you in devising an individual solu-
tion to meet your needs.
Carbodur C 15 E/Carbodur C 15 R
Unalloyed case-hardening steel for com-
ponents in mechanical and automotive
engineering with low core strength, pri-
marily for wear stresses, such as levers
and shafts.
15
sliced?
Carbodur metallurgical
delicacies la carte
Carbodur 16 MnCr 5
Carbodur 16 MnCrS 5
CrMn-alloyed case-hardening steel for
components in mechanical and automotive
engineering with relatively high core
strength, e.g. relatively large piston pins,
camshafts and gear wheels
Carbodur 15 NiCr 13
NiCr-alloyed case-hardening steel for highly
stressed components in mechanical engi-
neering with high demands on toughness
at low temperatures.
Carbodur 17 Cr 3
Cr-alloyed case-hardening steel for compo-
nents in mechanical and automotive engi-
neering with low core strength, primarily for
wear stressed, e.g. piston pins and cam-
shafts
Carbodur 17 CrNi 6-6
CrNi-alloyed case-hardening steel for high-
ly stressed components in mechanical and
automotive engineering with high strength
and toughness at relatively large cross-
sections, such as bevel pinions, pinion
gears, shafts, pins and countershafts
Carbodur 18 CrNi 8
CrNi-alloyed case-hardening steel for high-
ly stressed components in mechanical and
automotive engineering with very high
strength and toughness at relatively large
cross-sections, such as bevel pinions, pin-
ion gears, shafts, pins and countershafts
Carbodur 18 CrNiMo 7-6
CrNiMo-alloyed case-hardening steel for
heavy-duty and highly stressed transmis-
sion components in mechanical engineer-
ing with high demands on toughness, e.g.
gear wheels, pinion gears and worm shafts
Carbodur 20 NiMoCrS 6-5
NiMoCr-alloyed case-hardening steel for
highly stressed components in mechanical
and automotive engineering with high strength
and toughness, e.g. bevel pinions, pinion
gears, shafts, pins and countershafts
Carbodur 20 MnCr 5
Carbodur 20 MnCrS 5
CrMn-alloyed case-hardening steel for
engineering with relatively high core strength,
e.g. gear wheels, ring gears, main shafts
and countershafts
Carbodur 20 MoCr 4
Carbodur 20 MoCrS 4
MoCr-alloyed case-hardening steels for
e.g. gear wheels, ring gears, main shafts
and countershafts
Carbodur 20 NiCrMo 2-2
Carbodur 20 NiCrMoS 2-2
NiCrMo-alloyed case-hardening steel for
e.g. gear wheels, spiders and ball cages
Carbodur 22 CrMoS 3-5
CrMo-alloyed case-hardening steel for
e.g. gear wheels, ring gears, shafts and
spiders
Steel portraits
16
We make our own
recipes
Our own steel production in our
modern steelworks in Witten is
the basis for the purity and homo-
geneity of our case-hardening
steels. Precisely defined proper-
ties are achieved by means of
exact alloying and process
specifications for smelting, shap-
ing and heat treatment. The steels
are smelted in a 130 t electric arc
furnace.
The metallurgical precision work
is performed in a downstream
ladle furnace of the same size.
Depending on the steel grade and
the dimensions of the end prod-
uct, the steel melted in this way is
cast in ingots or continuous cast
blooms. Over 50 different mould
formats are available for ingot
casting, ranging from 600 kg to
160 t.
The continuous cast blooms are
manufactured in two strands on a
vertical continuous casting ma-
chine in a 475 x 340 mm format.
A remelting steelworks with two
electroslag remelting (ESR) fur-
naces and two vacuum arc re-
melting (VAR) furnaces is avail-
new ingot. In addition, the slag
has a high capacity for absorbing
non-metallic inclusions, which
means that the remelted material
is free of coarse inclusions. The
improvement in the microscopic
purity is attributable to desulphur-
isation and the resultant high
able in Krefeld for the production
of case-hardening steels involving
particularly stringent demands in
terms of homogeneity, toughness
and purity.
Electroslag remelting process
In the electroslag remelting pro-
cess (ESR), which works with al-
ternating current, a cast or forged,
self-consuming electrode is im-
mersed in a bath of molten slag,
which serves as an electrical resis-
tor.
The material to be remelted drips
from the end of the electrode
through the slag and forms the
new ingot in a water-cooled
mould below. The heat dissipa-
tion leads to directional solidifica-
tion in the direction of the longitu-
dinal ingot axis.
The remelting slag fulfils several
functions in this process. On the
one hand, it develops the neces-
sary process heat, while at the
same time supporting chemical
reactions, such as desulphurisa-
tion, and acting as an anti-
oxidant for the melting bath of the
Scrap 130-t-electric
arc furnace
Ladle degas-
sing station
(VD/VOD)
Remelting facilities
ESR
VAR
THYSSEN KRUPP STAHL AG
Main production routes
Ladle
furnace
17
steel, using reliable
and the best ingredients
degree of sulphidic purity, and
also to a reduction in the size and
quantity of oxidic inclusions.
Carbodur technological
precision from the start
Steel production
ontinuous bloom
er, 475 x 340 mm,
2 strands
Blooming/billet/large-size
bar rolling mill
Untreated
As-rolled
LSX 25
33 MN press
LSX 55
Long forging
machines
As-forged
Finishing
departments,
rolling mills
Finishing
departments,
forging shops
Heat
treatment
facilities
Blooming-slabbing mill
ot casting
Machining
Products
Peeling
machines
As-cast ingots
As-continuously cast
bloom material
Open-die forgings
as-forged or machined
Forged semis
Forged round billets
for tubemaking
as-forged or peeled
Forged bar steel
as-forged or machined
Machined tool steel
forged or rolled
Rolled semis
Rolled tube rounds
as-rolled or peeled
Rolled bar steel
as-rolled or machined
Universal plate and flats
Special products
18
Carbodur
tailored to suit
Vacuum arc remelting process
The vacuum arc remelting (VAR)
process works with cast or
forged, self-consuming elec-
trodes in a vacuum.
Using an electric arc in a vacuum,
a melting bath is generated in a
copper crucible, which acts as
the opposite pole to the remelting
electrode and is connected to a
DC voltage source via current
contacts.
A new ingot is formed from the
liquefied electrode material drop
by drop in a continuous process.
In the VAR process, refinement of
the steel is brought about by the
reaction of the oxygen dissolved
in the steel with the carbon in the
molten material under the effect
of the vacuum. This results in the
best possible degree of micro-
scopic oxidic purity and freedom
from macroscopic inclusions. As
no desulphurisation takes place
during this remelting process, the
lowest possible sulphur content
has to be set prior to remelting, in
order also to meet the most strin-
gent demands on the degree of
sulphidic purity. Moreover, this
process guarantees the lowest
possible quantities of dissolved
gases in the steel and a minimum
of segregation.
Steel processing
The blooming mill in Witten pro-
duces semi-finished products,
steel bars and wide flats. Two
modern finishing lines for check-
ing the inner and outer surface
condition, as well as the dimen-
sions and identity, are available
for rolled and forged products
and steel bars. The forge is
equipped with a 33 MN press, a
GFM LSX 55 horizontal long forg-
ing machine and a GFM LSX 25
long forging machine.
19
Steels precisely
your applications
We work ahead
for your benefit
Steel processing
Cooling
Water (oil),
Hot bath 160 250 C, case-hardening box, air
4)
Water (oil), hot bath 160 250 C
4)
4)
4)
Air
1
45
39
2
42
35
3
35
31
4
33
27
5
32
25
6
28
22
7
26
20
8
24
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising
2)
Direct hardening
3)
Core refining
Case refining
Tempering (stress-relieving)
5)
CARBODUR
C 15 E / C 15 R
C
0.120.18
0.120.18
Si
!0.40
!0.40
Mn
0.300.60
0.300.60
P
!0.035
!0.035
S
!0.035
0.0200.040
C 15 E
C 15 R
Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
Heat treatments
Typical analysis in %
H
max.
min.
Treated for
shearing S
HB
1)
Material No.
1.1141
Designation
C15E
Material No.
1.1140
Designation
C15R
Treated
for strength TH
HB
Soft-annealed A
HB
max. 143
Treated for ferrite-
pearlite structure FP
HB
Annealed to spherical
carbides AC
HB
max. 135
Treatment temperature
880 980 C
880 980 C
880 920 C
780 820 C
150 200 C
Hardness in various
treatment conditions
Hardenability in the
end-quench test
Hardness in HRC
Hardenability diagram
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Abstand von der abgeschreckten Stirnflche in mm
H
r
t
e

i
n

H
R
C
Distance from the quenched end in mm
See flap for footnotes
20
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
Distance from quenched end in mm
Cooling
Oil (water), hot bath 160 250 C,
Salt bath (580 650 C), case-hardening box, air
4)
Oil, hot bath 160 250 C
4)
4)
4)
Air
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising
2)
Direct hardening
3)
Core refining
Case refining
5)
C
0.140.20
Si
! 0.40
Mn
0.400.70
P
!0.035
S
!0.035
Cr
0.600.90
Ni
3.603.50
Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
1.5
48
41
48
43
46
41
3
48
41
48
43
46
41
5
48
41
48
43
46
41
7
47
40
47
42
45
40
9
45
38
45
40
43
38
11
44
36
44
39
41
36
13
42
33
42
36
38
33
15
41
30
41
34
37
30
20
38
24
38
29
33
24
25
35
22
35
26
31
22
30
34
22
34
26
30
22
35
34
21
34
25
30
21
40
33
21
33
25
29
21
H
max.
min.
HH
max.
min.
HL
max.
min.
880 980 C
880 980 C
840 880 C
780 820 C
150 200 C
Material No.
1.5752
Designation
15NiCr13
CARBODUR
15 NiCr 13
Treated for
shearing S
HB
max. 255
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
179 229
Soft-annealed A
HB
max. 229
pearlite structure FP**
HB
166 217
carbides AC
HB
max. 180
Heat treatments
* For diameters up to 150 mm
** For diameters up to 60 mm
Hardness in various
end-quench test
Hardness in HRC
Hardenability diagram Time-temperature-transformation diagram
for continuous cooling
50
30
90
50
20
15
45
70 75 75
75
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
5
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
0
10
1
10
2
HV 10
M
B
Ms
A
C
3
A
C
1
90
95
5
8
15
75
15
25
A
F
P

10
6
360 352 328 313 282 277 261 245 231 228 227 192 169
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r

i
n

o
C
Zeit in s
Zeit in min
Zeit in h
Hrtewerte
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H
r
t
e

i
n

H
R
C
HH-Sorte
berschneidung
HH+HL-Sorte
HL-Sorte
21
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
HH grade
Overlap of
HH + HL grade
HL grade
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Time in s
Time in min
Time in h
Hardness values
Heat treatments
Hardness in various
end-quench test
Hardness in HRC
Cooling
4)
Oil (water), hot bath 160 250 C
4)
4)
4)
Air
1.5
47
39
47
42
44
39
3
46
36
46
39
43
36
5
44
31
44
35
40
31
7
41
28
41
32
37
28
9
39
24
39
29
34
24
11
37
21
37
26
32
21
13
35
35
24
30
15
33
33
22
28
20
31
31
20
26
25
30
30
25
30
29
29
24
35
28
28
23
40
27
27
22
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising
2)
Direct hardening
3)
Core refining
Case refining
5)
CARBODUR
16 MnCr 5 / 16 MnCrS 5
C
0.140.19
0.140.19
Si
!0.40
!0.40
Mn
1.101.30
1.101.30
P
!0.035
!0.035
S
!0.035
0.0200.040
Cr
0.801.10
0.801.10
16 MnCr 5
16 MnCrS 5
Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
H
max.
min.
HH
max.
min.
HL
max.
min.
880 980 C
880 980 C
860 900 C
780 820 C
150 200 C
Material No.
1.7131
Designation
16MnCr5
Material No.
1.7139
Designation
16MnCrS5
Treated for
shearing S
HB
1)
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
156 207
Soft-annealed A
HB
max. 207
HB
140 187
carbides AC
HB
max. 165
20
10
50 40
85
B
F
P
M
M
S 97
80
77
65
A
C
1
A
C
3
100
81
50
3 15
20
60 65
35
40
37
93
5
3
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
5
A

10
6
HV 10
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
50
30
35
15
30
60
394 317 278 251 243 221 207 199 187
188
182 170 156
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r

i
n

o
C
Zeit in s
Zeit in min
Zeit in h
Hrtewerte
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H
r
t
e

i
n

H
R
C
HH-Sorte
berschneidung
HH+HL-Sorte
HL-Sorte
22
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
HH grade
Overlap of
HH + HL grade
HL grade
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Time in s
Time in min
Time in h
Hardness values
Cooling
Wasser (l),
Hot bath 160 250 C, case-hardening box, air
4)
4)
4)
4)
Air
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising
2)
Direct hardening
3)
Core refining
Case refining
5)
CARBODUR
17 Cr 3
C
0.140.20
Si
!0.40
Mn
0.600.90
P
!0.035
S
!0.035
Cr
0.701.00
Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
1.5
47
39
47
42
44
39
3
44
35
44
38
41
35
5
40
25
40
30
35
25
7
33
20
33
24
29
20
9
29
29
20
25
11
27
27
23
13
25
25
21
15
24
24
20
20
23
23
25
21
21
H
max.
min.
HH
max.
min.
HL
max.
min.
Material No.
1.7016
Designation
17Cr3
880 980 C
880 980 C
860 900 C
780 820 C
150 200 C
Treated for
shearing S
HB
1)
Treated
for strength TH
HB
Soft-annealed A
HB
max. 174
pearlite structure FP
HB
carbides AC
HB
max. 155
Heat treatments
Hardness in various
end-quench test
Hardness in HRC
30
70 75
25
25
15
1
3
67
20
F
M
M
S
15
65
15
A
C
1
A
C
3
35
5
20
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
5
A

10
6
HV 10
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
0
10
1
10
2
B
85
1 5
3
P
75
72
446
439
368 297 236 206
181
160 151 141
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r

i
n

o
C
Zeit in s
Zeit in min
Zeit in h
Hrtewerte
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H
r
t
e

i
n

H
R
C
HH-Sorte
berschneidung
HH+HL-Sorte
HL-Sorte
23
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
HH grade
Overlap of
HH + HL grade
HL grade
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Time in s
Time in min
Time in h
Hardness
values
Cooling
4)
Air, furnace
4)
4)
Air
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising
2)
Intermediate annealing
Core refining
Case refining
5)
CARBODUR
17 CrNi 6-6
C
0.140.20
Si
!0.40
Mn
0.500.90
P
!0.035
S
!0.035
Cr
1.401.70
Ni
1.401.70
Material No.
Code
1.5
47
39
47
42
44
39
3
47
38
47
41
44
38
5
46
36
46
39
43
36
7
45
35
45
38
42
35
9
43
32
43
36
39
32
11
42
30
42
34
38
30
13
41
28
41
32
37
28
15
39
26
39
30
35
26
20
37
24
37
28
33
24
25
35
22
35
26
31
22
30
34
21
34
25
30
21
35
34
20
34
25
29
20
40
33
20
33
24
29
20
H
max.
min.
HH
max.
min.
HL
max.
min.
880 980 C
630 650 C
830 870 C
780 820 C
150 200 C
Material No.
1.5918
Designation
17CrNi6-6
Treated for
shearing S
HB
max. 255
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
175 229
Soft-annealed A
HB
max. 229
HB
156 207
carbides AC
HB
max. 178
Chemical
composition
Heat treatments
Hardness in various
end-quench test
Hardness in HRC
10
100
97
90
35
65
40
M
M
S
A
C
1
A
C
3
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
5
A

10
6
HV 10
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
0
10
1
10
2
100
100
100
100
95
85
70
3 5
15 30
55 60
70
75
10
35
25
35
30
F
P
5
B
100
60
409
394
357
318
297
276
270
266
262
242
222
203
175
161
157
154
154
Hrtewerte
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r

i
n

o
C
Zeit in s
Zeit in min
Zeit in h
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H
r
t
e

i
n

H
R
C
HH-Sorte
berschneidung
HH+HL-Sorte
HL-Sorte
24
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
HH grade
Overlap of
HH + HL grade
HL grade
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Time in s
Time in min
Time in h
Hardness values
M
M
S
A
C
1
A
C
3
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
5
A

10
6
HV 10
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
0
10
1
10
2
100 100
100
95
90
70
30
30 5
F
P
65
100
B
10
5
429 425 417 425 390 363 342 333 312 312 312 268 249
Hrtewerte
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r

i
n

o
C
Zeit in s
Zeit in min
Zeit in h
Cooling
4)
Air, furnace
4)
4)
Air
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising
2)
Direct hardening
3)
Core refining
Case refining
5)
C
0.150.20
Si
0.150.40
Mn
0.400.60
P
!0.035
S
!0.035
Cr
1.802.10
Ni
1.802.10
Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
1.5
49
41
49
44
46
41
3
49
41
49
44
46
41
5
49
40
49
43
46
40
7
49
39
49
42
46
39
9
49
39
49
42
46
39
11
49
38
49
42
45
38
13
49
37
49
41
45
37
15
49
36
49
40
45
36
20
48
35
48
39
44
35
25
47
35
47
39
43
35
30
47
34
47
38
43
34
35
46
34
46
38
42
34
40
46
33
46
37
42
33
H
max.
min.
HH
max.
min.
HL
max.
min.
900 950 C
630 650 C
840 870 C
800 830 C
170 210 C
Material No.
1.5920
Designation
18CrNi8
CARBODUR
18 CrNi 8
Treated for
shearing S
HB
max. 255
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
199 229
Soft-annealed A
HB
max. 225
HB
158 205
carbides AC
HB
max. 180
Heat treatments
Hardness in various
end-quench test
Hardness in HRC
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H
r
t
e

i
n

H
R
C
HH-Sorte
berschneidung
HH+HL-Sorte
HL-Sorte
Time-temperature-transformation diagram
25
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
HH grade
Overlap of
HH + HL grade
HL grade
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Time in s
Time in min
Time in h
Hardness values
30
97 95
90
M
M
S
A
C
1
A
C
3
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
5
A

10
6
HV 10
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
0
10
1
10
2
60
80
80
55
15
F
5
B
3
100 100 100
100
100
5 20
45 55 65
30
P
426
425
418
383
360
343
336
327
314 286
261
242
215 175
Hrtewerte
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r

i
n

o
C
Zeit in s
Zeit in min
Zeit in h
Cooling
4)
Air, furnace
4)
4)
Air
1.5
48
40
48
43
45
40
3
48
40
48
43
45
40
5
48
39
48
42
45
39
7
48
38
48
41
45
38
9
47
37
47
40
44
37
11
47
36
47
40
43
36
13
46
35
46
39
42
35
15
46
34
46
38
42
34
20
44
32
44
36
40
32
25
43
31
43
35
39
31
30
42
30
42
34
38
30
35
41
29
41
33
37
29
40
41
29
41
33
37
29
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising
2)
Core refining
Case refining
5)
CARBODUR
18 CrNiMo 7-6
C
0.150.21
Si
!0.40
Mn
0.500.90
P
!0.035
S
!0.035
Cr
1.501.80
Ni
1.401.70
Mo
0.250.35
Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
H
max.
min.
HH
max.
min.
HL
max.
min.
880 980 C
630 650 C
830 870 C
780 820 C
150 200 C
Material No.
1.6587
Designation
18CrNiMo7-6
Treated for
shearing S
HB
max. 255
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
179 229
Soft-annealed A
HB
max. 229
HB
159 207
carbides AC
HB
max. 180
Heat treatments
Hardness in various
end-quench test
Hardness in HRC
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H
r
t
e

i
n

H
R
C
HH-Sorte
berschneidung
HH+HL-Sorte
HL-Sorte
26
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
HH grade
Overlap of
HH + HL grade
HL grade
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Time in s
Time in min
Time in h
Hardness values
Cooling
4)
4)
4)
4)
Air
1.5
49
39
49
42
46
39
3
49
39
49
42
46
39
5
48
38
48
41
45
38
7
47
37
47
40
44
37
9
46
36
46
39
43
36
11
45
35
45
38
42
35
13
44
33
44
37
40
33
15
44
32
44
36
40
32
20
42
30
42
34
38
30
25
41
28
41
32
37
28
30
39
26
39
30
35
26
35
38
25
38
29
34
25
40
38
23
38
28
33
23
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising
2)
Direct hardening
3)
Core refining
Case refining
5)
C
0.180.28
Si
max. 0.40
Mn
0.500.70
P
!0.035
S
0.0200.040
Cr
0.650.85
Ni
1.501.90
Mo
0.250.40
Material No.
Code
H
max.
min.
HH
max.
min.
HL
max.
min.
900 950 C
870 900 C
840 870 C
800 830 C
170 210 C
Material No.
1.6757
Designation
20NiMoCrS6-5
CARBODUR
20 NiMoCrS 6-5
Treated for
shearing S
HB
max. 255
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
170 220
Soft-annealed A
HB
max. 220
HB
155 205
carbides AC
HB
max. 180
Chemical
composition
Heat treatments
Hardness in various
end-quench test
Hardness in HRC
3
10
M
M
S
90
A
C
1
A
C
3
5
30
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
5
A

10
6
HV 10
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
0
10
1
10
2
89
15
3
87
72
25
15
35
48 50
-P
-F
B
85 85 85
80 20
5
3
43
50
468
468 468 442 421 383 297 297 285 274 254 236 221 206 181 160
Hrtewerte
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r

i
n

o
C
Zeit in s
Zeit in min
Zeit in h
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H
r
t
e

i
n

H
R
C
HH-Sorte
berschneidung
HH+HL-Sorte
HL-Sorte
27
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
HH grade
Overlap of
HH + HL grade
HL grade
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Time in s
Time in min
Time in h
Hardness
values
Cooling
4)
4)
4)
4)
4)
Air
1.5
49
41
49
44
46
41
3
49
39
49
42
46
39
5
48
36
48
40
44
36
7
46
33
46
37
42
33
9
43
30
43
34
39
30
11
42
28
42
33
37
28
13
41
26
41
31
36
26
15
39
25
39
30
34
25
20
37
23
37
28
32
23
25
35
21
35
26
30
21
30
34
34
25
29
35
33
33
24
28
40
32
32
23
27
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising
2)
Direct hardening
3)
Core refining
Case refining
5)
C
0.170.22
0.170.22
Si
!0.40
!0.40
Mn
1.101. 40
1.101.40
P
!0.035
!0.035
S
!0.035
0.0200.040
Cr
1.001.30
1.001.30
20 MnCr 5
20 MnCrS 5
Material No.
Code
H
max.
min.
HH
max.
min.
HL
max.
min.
880 980 C
880 980 C
860 900 C
780 820 C
150 200 C
Material No.
1.7147
Designation
20MnCr5
Material No.
1.7149
Designation
20MnCrS5
CARBODUR
20 MnCr 5 / 20 MnCrS 5
Treated for
shearing S
HB
1)
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
170 217
Soft-annealed A
HB
max. 217
HB
152 201
carbides AC
HB
max. 180
Chemical
composition
Heat treatments
Hardness in various
end-quench test
Hardness in HRC
40
40 40
10
60
60
B
F
M
M
S 50
65
55
45
A
C
1
A
C
3
87
80
60
65
35
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
5
A

10
6
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
0
10
1
10
2
15
25
40
50
40
35
60
60
25
P
60
405 342 302 274 263 238 212 187 171 160 182 162 153
HV 10
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r

i
n

o
C
Zeit in s
Zeit in min
Zeit in h
Hrtewerte
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H
r
t
e

i
n

H
R
C
HH-Sorte
berschneidung
HH+HL-Sorte
HL-Sorte
28
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
HH grade
Overlap of
HH + HL grade
HL grade
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Time in s
Time in min
Time in h
Hardness values
30 30
90
B
M
M
S
95
95
85
70
A
C
1
A
C
3
95
95
5
60 65
30 15
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
5
A

10
6
HV 10
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
0
10
1
10
2
15
65 55
30
25
10
5 5
5
3 5 10
65
30
70
30
70
30
P
F
370 283 260 240 238 228 210 189 176 165 181
156
152
149
Hrtewerte
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r

i
n

o
C
Zeit in s
Zeit in min
Zeit in h
Cooling
4)
4)
4)
4)
Air
1.5
49
41
49
44
46
41
3
47
37
47
40
44
37
5
44
31
44
35
40
31
7
41
27
41
32
36
27
9
38
24
38
29
33
24
11
35
22
35
26
31
22
13
33
33
24
29
15
31
31
22
27
20
28
28
24
25
26
26
22
30
25
25
21
35
24
24
20
40
24
24
20
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising
2)
Direct hardening
3)
Core refining
Case refining
5)
CARBODUR
20 MoCr 4 / 20 MoCrS 4
C
0.170.23
0.170.23
Si
!0.40
!0.40
Mn
0.701.00
0.701.00
P
!0.035
!0.035
S
!0.035
0.0200.040
Cr
0.300.60
0.300.60
Mo
0.400.50
0.400.50
20 MoCr 4
20 MoCrS 4
Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
H
max.
min.
HH
max.
min.
HL
max.
min.
880 980 C
880 980 C
860 900 C
780 820 C
150 200 C
Material No.
1.7321
Designation
20MoCr4
Material No.
1.7323
Designation
20MoCrS4
Treated for
shearing S
HB
1)
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
156 207
Soft-annealed A
HB
max. 207
HB
140 187
carbides AC
HB
max. 165
Heat treatments
Hardness in various
end-quench test
Hardness in HRC
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H
r
t
e

i
n

H
R
C
HH-Sorte
berschneidung
HH+HL-Sorte
HL-Sorte
29
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
HH grade
Overlap of
HH + HL grade
HL grade
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Time in s
Time in min
Time in h
Hardness values
1
5
5
40
55
60
84
B
M
M
S
65
A
C
1
A
C
3
85
91
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
5
A

10
6
HV 10
10
0
10
1
10
2

10
3
10
4
10
0
10
1
10
2
75
40
F
97
96
79
49
5
P
25 25
75
40
10
1
15
10
5
453
453
453 426 313 283 276 245 239
234
210 182 159 148 140
Hrtewerte
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r

i
n

o
C
Zeit in s
Zeit in min
Zeit in h
Cooling
4)
4)
4)
4)
Air
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising
2)
Direct hardening
3)
Core refining
Case refining
5)
CARBODUR
20 NiCrMo 2-2 / 20 NiCrMoS 2-2

C
0.170.23
0.170.23
Si
!0.40
!0.40
Mn
0.650.95
0.650.95
P
!0.035
!0.035
S
!0.035
0.0200.040
Cr
0.350.70
0.350.70
Ni
0.400.70
0.400.70
Mo
0.150.25
0.150.25
20 NiCrMo 2-2
20 NiCrMoS 2-2
Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
1.5
49
41
49
44
46
41
3
48
37
48
41
44
37
5
45
31
45
36
40
31
7
42
25
42
31
36
25
9
36
22
36
27
31
22
11
33
20
33
24
29
20
13
31
31
22
27
15
30
30
21
26
20
27
27
23
25
25
25
21
30
24
24
20
35
24
24
20
40
23
23
H
max.
min.
HH
max.
min.
HL
max.
min.
880 980 C
880 980 C
860 900 C
780 820 C
150 200 C
Material No.
1.6523
Designation
20NiCrMo2-2
Material No.
1.6526
Designation
20NiCrMoS2-2
Treated for
shearing S
HB
1)
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
161 212
Soft-annealed A
HB
max. 212
HB
149 194
carbides AC
HB
max. 176
Heat treatments
Hardness in various
end-quench test
Hardness in HRC
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H
r
t
e

i
n

H
R
C
HH-Sorte
berschneidung
HH+HL-Sorte
HL-Sorte
30
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
HH grade
Overlap of
HH + HL grade
HL grade
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Time in s
Time in min
Time in h
Hardness
values
Cooling
4)
4)
4)
4)
Air
Type of treatment
Case-hardening
Carburising
2)
Direct hardening
3)
Core refining
Case refining
5)
C
0.190.24
Si
!0.40
Mn
0.701.00
P
!0.035
S
0.0200.040
Cr
0.701.00
Mo
0.400.50
Material No.
Code
Chemical
composition
880 980 C
880 980 C
860 900 C
780 820 C
150 200 C
Material No.
1.7333
Designation
22CrMoS3-5
CARBODUR
22 CrMoS 3-5
Treated for
shearing S
HB
max. 255
Treated
for strength TH*
HB
170 217
Soft-annealed A
HB
max. 217
HB
152 201
carbides AC
HB
max. 180
Heat treatments
Hardness in various
end-quench test
Hardness in HRC
1.5
50
42
50
45
47
42
3
49
41
49
44
46
41
5
48
37
48
41
44
37
7
47
33
47
38
42
33
9
45
31
45
36
40
31
11
43
28
43
33
38
28
13
41
26
41
31
36
26
15
40
25
40
30
35
25
20
37
23
37
28
32
23
25
35
22
35
26
31
22
30
34
21
34
25
30
21
35
33
20
33
24
29
20
40
32
32
23
28
H
max.
min.
HH
max.
min.
HL
max.
min.
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
H
r
t
e

i
n

H
R
C
HH-Sorte
berschneidung
HH+HL-Sorte
HL-Sorte
31
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
HH grade
Overlap of
HH + HL grade
HL grade
32
Hardenability
Effect of alloying elements
on hardenability
Based on the composition of the
alloys, case-hardening steels can
be classified as:
unalloyed
chrome-alloyed
manganese-chrome and molyb-
denum-chrome-alloyed
nickel-chrome-alloyed
nickel-chrome-molybdenum-
alloyed and
chrome-nickel-molybdenum-
alloyed case-hardening steels.
The alloying elements affect the
hardenability of the base material
and the hardenability of the car-
burised surface layer.
The hardenability of the base
material is identified by means of
the end-quench test according to
DIN 50 191 and is an important
parameter for determining
hardness in the core, since case-
hardened components are only
tempered at low temperatures, up
to approximately 180 C, in order
to ensure high surface hardness.
Fig. 1 shows an example of the ef-
fect of alloying elements on the
hardenability of various case-
hardening steels according to
DIN 10 084 in the end-quench
test. The hardness at a distance
of 1.5 mm from the end surface is
largely determined by the carbon
content. The shape of the rest of
the end-quench test curve is also
influenced by the quantities of
other elements, such as molyb-
denum, manganese, chrome and
nickel, that tend to increase hard-
enability. Given small cross-
sections, through-hardening is
possible with chrome or chrome-
manganese steels, while higher
quantities of molybdenum and
nickel must be added to
achieve through hardening
of large cross-sections.
For reasons of toughness, the
carbon content is limited to about
0.25%. The element silicon also
increases hardenability. It is, how-
ever, hardly ever used as an alloy-
ing element in case-hardening
steels because it encourages sur-
face oxidation on carburising. In
special cases, boron is used as
an alloying element to increase
hardenabililty or impact tough-
ness in chrome-manganese
steels.
In the case of some unalloyed
case-hardening steels, the effect
of a coarse-grain austenite struc-
ture is used to increase hardness.
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
R
C
case-hardening steels
50
40
30
20
10
0 10 20 30 40 50
18 CrNiMo 7-6
17 CrNi 6-6
20 MoCr 4
16 MnCr 5
17 Cr 3
Fig. 1
Effect of alloying elements
on the hardenability of case-
hardening steels
33
Quite apart from their influence
on hardness in the core, the
hardness and the hardness profile
in the carburised surface layer
have an important effect on the
properties of case-hardened
components. A surface hardness
of 57 - 63 HRC has proved to the
best for optimum wear resistance.
This degree of hardness is
achieved largely independently of
the steel composition, with a car-
bon content at the surface of
some 0.7%. Higher carbon con-
tents in the surface layer provide
only a slight increase in hardness.
Supercarburisation in the surface
layer may result in reduced
toughness due to precipitation of
secondary cementite and a
hardness loss caused by increas-
ing proportions of residual aus-
tenite.
The case depth, defined as the
distance from the surface of a
case-hardened workpiece to the
point whose Vickers hardness is
usually 550 HV1 (see DIN 50 190),
is determined by the depth of
carburisation, the heating and
cooling conditions during hard-
ening and the hardenability in the
carburised surface layer.
Correlations valid for the base
material cannot be applied to the
hardenability of the surface layer,
since the effect of alloying ele-
ments on hardenability also
depends on the carbon content.
Up to a carbon content of about
0.5%, the improvement in harden-
ability brought about by molyb-
denum, chrome and manganese
increases, only to drop again at
higher carbon contents.
Fig. 2 shows the case depth of
various case-hardening steels
with the same carbon distribution
in the surface layer. According to
this, case depth of the 17 Cr 3
steel (0.80 mm) is doubled in the
17 CrNi 6-6 steel (1.56 mm) due to
the different alloy contents under
otherwise identical conditions.
Distance from the surface in mm
C
a
r
b
o
n

c
o
n
t
e
n
t

i
n

%

b
y

w
e
i
g
h
t
%
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8
17 Cr 3
20 NiCrMo 2-2
20 MoCr 4
16 MnCr 5
20 NiMoCr 6-5
17 CrNi 6-6
C
0.46
1.50 mm
0.39
0.34
0.37
0.33
0.35 % C
Eht
0
.
8
0
1
.
1
6
1
.
3
5
1
.
5
2
1
.
5
6
1
.
4
2
0.60
(acc. to U. Wyss)
Fig. 2: Case depth of various case-harden-
ing steels with the same carbon profile
(acc. to U. Wyss)
Suitability for direct
hardening
An important criterion in the
choice of a case-hardening steel
is its suitability for direct harden-
ing. The most common methods
of case hardening are direct hard-
ening (Fig. 10, Hardening from the
carburisation heat) and single
hardening after cooling from the
case (Fig. 11). Mainly for reasons
of cost effectiveness, direct hard-
ening is increasingly being given
preference in mass production
methods (see chapter on Heat
Treatment).
The prerequisites for the suitability
of a case-hardening steel for
direct hardening are satisfactory
fine-grain stability at the carburis-
ing temperature and low residual
austenite after hardening. The
residual austenite content after
hardening increases with increas-
ing chrome content and carburis-
ing temperature. Fig. 3 illustrates
this relationship, using the
20 MoCr 4, 20 NiMoCr 6 5,
16 MnCr 5, 20 MnCr 5,
17 CrNi 6-6 and 18 CrNi 8
steels as examples.
Although differences in the
proportions of residual aus-
tenite in the various steels
remain relatively small at carbu-
rising temperatures around 900 C
with subsequent direct hardening,
they increase rapidly and pro-
gressively at higher carburising
temperatures. For economic rea-
sons, however, ever higher car-
burising temperatures are being
aimed at for direct hardening.
Given the same carburising time
and the same carbon potential in
the carburising medium, the pro-
portion of residual austenite in
the 17 CrNi 6-6 and 18 CrNi 8
steels with 1.6 to 1.8% chrome is
appreciably higher than, for exam-
ple, in the 20 MoCr 4 steel with
approximately 0.4% chrome. The
hardness decreases at carbon
contents > 0.7% at the surface,
which increases the proportions
of residual austenite (Fig. 4).
The suitability of a steel for direct
hardening can also be identified
by the range of carbon contents
at the surface with which a cer-
tain minimum hardness can be
achieved. According to this, the
20 MoCr 4 steel is more suitable
for direct hardening than, for
example, the 18 CrNi 8 steel.
Advances in the development of
modern gas carburising plants,
Chrome content in % by weight
R
e
s
i
d
u
a
l

a
u
s
t
e
n
i
t
e

c
o
n
t
e
n
t

i
n

%
Carborising
temperature
in C:
Carborising time: 3 h
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
1000
950
900
chrome content of the steels tested
1
6

M
n
C
r

5
2
0

M
n
C
r

5
1
8

C
r
N
i

8
1
7

C
r
N
i

6
-
6 2
0

N
i
M
o
C
r

6
-
5
2
0

M
o
C
r

4
H
a
r
d
n
e
s
s

i
n

H
V

0
.
5
Carbon Content in % by weight
Direct hardening
925 C/oil
direct hardening
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
0 0. 1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
20 MoCr 4
20 NiMoCr 6-5
18 CrNi 8
16 MnCr 5
Fig. 3: Residual austenite content as a
function of chrome content and carburis-
ing temperature
Fig. 4: Hardness as a function of
the carbon content of the surface
layer after direct hardening
34
with their precise, specific control
of the carbon potential and the
carburising cycle, mean that
practically all case-hardening
steels can be direct-hardened,
regardless of their alloy content.
Fig. 5 shows the different carbon
contents at the surface that have
to be chosen for various case-
hardening steels in order to en-
sure maximum surface hardness.
The proportions of residual aus-
tenite are appreciably lower after
single hardening since, on hard-
ening from lower temperatures
adjusted to the carbon content at
the surface, any excess carbon
Fig. 5: Carbon content in the surface
layer targeted during direct hardening
to obtain maximum possible hardness
as a function of the chrome content
remains bound in the form of car-
bide (Fig. 10 and 11).
Fatigue strength
In addition to higher wear resis-
tance, case-hardened steels
should also exhibit high strength
under dynamic stressing. On
hardening a cross-section with a
carburised surface layer, the
lower-carbon core undergoes
transformation before the high-
carbon surface layer due to the
higher martensite temperature.
Since the martensite transforma-
tion is accompanied by an in-
crease in volume, high internal
compression stresses develop
that are balanced by internal ten-
sile stresses. The compression
stresses in the surface layer
counteract the external, usually
tensile, stresses and thus in-
crease the fatigue strength.
The fatigue strength of case-
hardened components also
depends on the ratio of the car-
burised surface layer to the non-
carburised section. With bending
and torsional stresses, the fatigue
strength increases with increasing
case depth and core strength. In
the unusual case of tensile/com-
pression stressing, the signifi-
cance of the core strength in-
creases. The alloying elements
affect fatigue strength through the
hardenability in the core and the
surface layer and also through the
residual austenite content.
Chrome content in % by weight
C
a
r
b
o
n

c
o
n
t
e
n
t

i
n

t
h
e

s
u
r
f
a
c
e

l
a
y
e
r

i
n

%

b
y

w
e
i
g
h
t
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1
2
0

M
o
C
r

4
1
6

M
n
C
r

5
2
0

M
n
C
r

5
1
7

C
r
N
i

6
-
6
1
8

C
r
N
i

8
35
Austenite grain size
Fine-grain stability in case-
hardening steels is particularly
important at the high tempera-
tures reached during direct hard-
ening, due to the fact that grain
growth with coarse or mixed grain
can lead to the danger of distor-
tion and reduced toughness. By
selectively balancing the quanti-
ties of aluminium and nitrogen,
the inhibiting effect of aluminium
nitride precipitations on grain
growth can be used to achieve a
largely stable fine-grain structure.
According to DIN 17 210, fine
grain structure is assured after
treatment at 930 +/- 10 C/4 h/
water. Prior hot forming and heat
treatments can have a significant
effect on the stability of the fine
grain. In disputed cases, anneal-
ing treatment at 1150 C/30 min/
air is recommended as pre-
treatment, in order to produce a
uniform initial state.
Toughness of the surface
layer under impact loading
Case-hardened components must
remain ductile under high dynam-
ic stressing in order to avoid
brittle factures. Since the high-
carbon martensite in the surface
layer exhibits only low toughness,
the toughness of the component
is determined largely by the
depth of the carburised surface
layer and the toughness of the
core material. The impact tough-
ness of the component dimin-
ishes with increasing case depth.
For reasons connected with the
fatigue strength, however, the
case depth should not be too
small. The toughnesss of the sur-
face layer can be improved by
choosing a nickel content > 1.5%.
To date, no standard test for the
characterisation of the impact
toughness of case-hardened
steels has been accepted. One
frequently used method is the
Brugger test, with which the
maximum impact strength of a
case-hardened notched impact
specimen is measured.
36
37
Machining and heat treatment
Chipless forming
Case-hardening steels are well
suited to hot forming. Due to the
low carbon content, they possess
good cold-working properties
that, however, deteriorate with
increasing carbon and alloy con-
tents. Depending on the chemical
composition, the choice of a suit-
able structure (AC, FP) can im-
prove cold-forming properties.
Chip machining
Chip machining of case-harden-
ing steels is affected by the struc-
tural state, the strength and non-
metallic inclusions (sulphides,
oxides).
Ferritic-pearlitic structures, such
as can be achieved with un-
alloyed or low-alloy case-harden-
ing steels like Ck 15 and 17 Cr 3
by controlled cooling from the
forming temperature, are espe-
cially well suited for chip machin-
ing. Special heat treatment (FP
annealing) is required for higher-
alloyed steels. At very low hard-
ness values, case-hardening
steels tend to smear and form
built-up edges. In such cases,
heat treatment to a particular
strength (TH) is of advantage.
With high-alloy nickel-chrome or
nickel-chrome-molybdenum case-
hardening steels, the transition to
the ferrite-pearlite stage is often
incomplete, leaving traces of
bainite and a banded structure
that reduce machinability. These
steels are therefore also ma-
chined in the AC-annealed condi-
tion.
Case-hardening steels are fre-
quently produced with a con-
trolled sulphur content of 0.020 -
0.035%. Machinability is then
improved by an increase in sul-
phide inclusions. Deliberate con-
trol of the oxide inclusions
(calcium treatment) also
allows the machinability of
case-hardening steels to
be changed for the better.
Heat treatments for as-
supplied conditions
Depending on the product con-
cerned and the anticipated pro-
cessing, case-hardening steels
can be supplied in various treated
conditions. The most important
heat treatments are described
below. Table 1 provides an over-
view of the Brinell hardness
values that should be chosen for
these conditions.
Treatment for shearing S
(Fig. 6, Curve 1)
Appropriate cooling and/or
annealing to achieve a maximum
hardness of 255 HB.
Time
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Soft annealing, A
annealing to spherical, AC
Treating for
shearing, S
2
3
4
1
AC3
AC1
Fig. 6: Schematic representation of the
temperature/time profile when
treating for shearing (S), soft-annealing (A) and
annealing to spherical carbides (AC)
Code name Material No. S
(treated for
shearing)
HB max.
A
(soft-annealed)
HB max.
TH
1)
(treated for
strength)
HB
FP
2)
(treated for ferrite-
pearlite structure)
HB
AC
(annealed to
spherical carbides)
HB max.
Soft annealing A
(Fig. 6, Curve 2)
Heat treatment for reducing the
hardness of a workpiece to
values below a certain prescribed
value.
38
Table 1: Brinell hardness in various treatment conditions
1)
For diameters up to 150 mm
2)
For diameters up to 60 mm
3)
Can be sheared in as-rolled condition
Hardnesses in treated condition
1)
Steel grade
C 15 E 1.1141 143 135
C 15 R 1.1140 143 135
17 Cr 3 1.7016 174 155
16 MnCr 5 1.7131 207 156 to 207 140 to 187 165
16 MnCrS 5 1.7139 207 156 to 207 140 to 187 165
20 MnCr 5 1.7147 255 217 170 to 217 152 to 201 180
20 MnCrS 5 1.7149 255 217 170 to 217 152 to 201 180
20 MoCr 4 1.7321 255 207 156 to 207 140 to 187 165
20 MoCrS 4 1.7323 255 207 156 to 207 140 to 187 165
22 CrMoS 3-5 1.7333 255 217 170 to 217 152 to 201 180
20 NiCrMo 2-2 1.6523 255
3)
212 161 to 212 148 to 194 176
20 NiCrMoS 2-2 1.6526 255
3)
212 161 to 212 148 to 194 176
20 NiMoCrS 6-5 1.6757 255 220 170 to 220 155 to 205 180
17 CrNi 6-6 1.5918 255 229 175 to 229 156 to 207 178
18 CrNi 8 1.5920 255 225 179 to 229 158 to 205 180
18 CrNiMo 7-6 1.6587 255 229 179 to 229 159 to 207 180
15 NiCr 13 1.5752 255 229 179 to 229 166 to 217 180
Treating for strength (TH)
(Fig. 7, Curve 1)
Heat treatment with appropriate
cooling and subsequent temper-
ing in order to achieve a certain
range of hardness.
Treating for ferrite-pearlite
structure (FP)
(Fig. 8, Curve 1)
(also called pearlitising, isother-
mal annealing) Isothermal trans-
formation, consisting of austenit-
ising, subsequent cooling to a
temperature in the pearlite
stage and holding, so that
the austenite is trans-
formed completely into
ferrite-pearlite. Fig. 9
shows the shortest trans-
formation times at ideal
transformation temperatures in
the pearlite stage for the most
common case-hardening steels.
The transformation time depends
on the temperature cycle, the size
of the workpiece and the state of
nucleation of the austenite after
forging. Considerably longer
transformation times are neces-
sary at other transition tempera-
tures in the pearlite stage.
Annealing to spherical
carbides AC (Fig. 6, Curves 3, 4)
Annealing with the aim of spher-
oidising the carbides. This gener-
ally comprises holding for a
lengthy period of time at a tempe-
rature near A
C1
, oscillating about
this temperature, if necessary.
39
t t
range of bainite structure
Martensite range
TTT-Diagram (continous)
Start of transformation
End of transformation
Austenite range
Ferrite range
Pearlite range
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Time (log.) Time in h
A
M
1
B
2
F P
1
3
=
=
A
F
P
B
M
A
C
1
A
C
3
A
C
1
M
S
A
C
3
1
Fig. 7: Schematic representation of the temperature/time profile for
TH annealing , hardening und tempering
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
A
F
P
B
1
=
=
A
F
P
M
MS
AC3
AC1
B
M
Austenite range
Ferrite range
Pearlite range
TTT-Diagram (isothermal)
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

o
C
Start of transformation
End of transformation
range of bainite structure
Martensite range
Time (log.) t
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C
Pearlitising time in minutes

t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n

t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

i
n

C650
660
650
660
650
640
640
640
20 NiMoCr 6-5
18 CrNiMo 7-6
18 CrNi 8
20 MoCr 4
17 CrNi 6-6
20 NiMoCr 2-2
20 MnCr 5
16 MnCr 5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Fig. 9: Time ranges for complete
transformation to pearlite for various case-
hardening steels (austenitising temperature
range 870-900 C)
*
Acc. to P. G. Dressel and H. Gulden
Fig. 8: Schematic representation
of the temperature/time profile
for pearlitising (FP)
40
Case hardening consists of the
following stages:
1. Carburising of the surface
layer to certain case depths
and certain carbon contents in
the layer.
2. Subsequent hardening.
3. Tempering (stress-relieving).
For the carburising and hardening
stages, there are various proven
processing cycles that are
chosen on the basis of technical
and economic aspects.
Carburising
Carburising means the thermo-
chemical treatment of a work-
piece in the austenitic condition
with the aim of enriching the sur-
face layer with carbon. After this
treatment, the carbon is usually in
the austenite in solid solution.
Carburising takes place in a
medium which releases carbon.
The carburising medium can be a
solid (powder), liquid or gas.
A distinction is therefore made
between:
Powder carburising,
Salt bath carburising,
Gas carburising.
The quantity of carbon introduced
into the surface layer is primarily
dependent on the carburising
effect of the medium. The case
depth depends mainly on the
temperature and duration of the
treatment. Since the rate of diffu-
sion increases with rising tempe-
ratures, the time required to reach
the desired case depth is reduced
at higher temperatures. Similarly,
the gradient of the carbon con-
tent from the surface to the core
becomes flatter.
In order for the surface hardness to
be high enough and, at the same
time, for residual austenite and
secondary cementite to be elimi-
nated as far as possible, it is nec-
essary to aim for a carbon content
at the surface which is below that
of the eutectic composition.
In line with their carbon content,
the surface and core of the work-
Case-hardening treatment
piece exhibit different A
C3
and M
S
temperatures and also different
transformation behaviour.
The most favourable hardening
temperatures for the core are
approx. 100 C above those for
the surface layer (see Material
Data Sheets, Page 22 ff.). In prac-
tice, this behaviour leads to
various treatment cycles.
Hardening
(Fig.7, Curve 2)
Hardening is taken to mean heat
treatment consisting of austenitis-
ing and cooling, under conditions
leading to an increase in hard-
ness due to more or less com-
plete transformation of the aus-
tenite into martensite and possi-
bly bainite.
41
Quenching after carburising is
preferably carried out in oil. For
workpieces of complicated de-
sign, hot bath hardening at ap-
proximately 160 - 250 C, fol-
lowed by cooling in air, is advis-
able. For coarser workpieces of
simple design, quenching in water
can be chosen. In order to trans-
form larger proportions of residu-
al austenite into martensite after
hardening, final subzero cooling
to -180 C can be carried out, e.g.
on CrNi and CrNiMo steels.
Direct hardening (Fig. 10)
Direct hardening means quench-
ing immediately after carburising
treatment that has been carried
out in the austenite temperature
range.
During the direct hardening of
case-hardening steels, quenching
is carried out immediately after
carburising, either directly from
the case temperature or after a
short pause (V in Fig. 10). This
method is mainly used in connec-
tion with gas carburising in the
mass production of gearing com-
ponents.
The time required for the case-
hardening of steels can be con-
siderably reduced by ensuring a
high carbon potential during the
actual carburising phase and the
subsequent diffusion period,
and/or by using high tempera-
tures. Since higher carburising
temperatures have a negative
effect on attempts to minimise
distortion when quenching, it is
expedient to let the temperature
drop somewhat after carburising
and then quench from a lower
temperature that is still sufficient
for hardening (denoted V). This is
especially true for parts with a
complex design. Distortion can
be minimised in this way.
Single hardening
Single hardening means a single
hardening process carried out
after prior carburising and cooling
to ambient temperature. If car-
burising is followed by isothermal
transformation, this is referred to
as single hardening with isother-
mal transformation.
In the case of single hardening,
the carburised parts are first
cooled slowly in the carburising
vessel and then hardened in the
usual way, possibly after interme-
diate treatment. The hardening
temperatures used usually lie just
above the A
C3
point of the surface
layer. It is, however, also possible
to choose hardening tempera-
tures that are just above or below
the A
C3
point of the core.
Hardening (oil)
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Carburisation (gas or salt bath)
Tempering
Time
Direct Hardening 10
(core)
(surface)
Direkthrten
V
A
c3
A
c3
Fig. 10: Direct hardening
42
Single hardening after cool-
ing from the case (Fig. 11)
When hardening from tempera-
tures just slightly above the A
C3
value for the surface, only partial
transformation occurs in the core
because the hardening tempera-
ture is then under the A
C3
value
for the core. The core then re-
mains soft and can have a coarse
structure as a result of the long
holding time at the high carburis-
ing temperature. In the case layer,
on the other hand, a hard, fine-
grain, homogeneous structure
develops that provides good wear
and fatigue strength properties. If
cementite has formed, precipi-
tated out at the grain boundaries
as a lattice pattern, the low hard-
ening temperature is not sufficient
to dissolve the cementite lattice.
The advantages of this method of
hardening lie in the fact that the
non-carburised area remains
machinable, even after quench-
ing, and that distortion remains
negligible due to the low harden-
ing temperature.
The disadvantage is that
low toughness in the core
must be expected.
When hardening from tem-
peratures that are above the A
C3
temperature of the core (C in Fig.
11), the core undergoes complete
transformation, becomes fine-
grained and thus gains in strength
and toughness. Although the
grain of the surface layer then
becomes somewhat coars-
er, any cementite lattice is
dissolved and surface em-
brittlement eliminated.
Since, on hardening from
high temperatures, the amount of
residual austenite in the carbu-
rised surface layer increases with
increasing carbon content, espe-
cially with alloyed case-hardening
steels, it is advisable to aim for a
lower carbon content in the sur-
face layer. Traces of residual aus-
tenite should favour smooth run-
ning of gear wheels, for example,
and also facilitate running-in.
Quite apart from that, a surface
layer absolutely free of residual
austenite is, for many alloyed
case-hardening steels, virtually
impossible without the use of
special methods (e.g. low-
temperature treatments)
Single hardening after inter-
mediate annealing (Fig. 12)
In certain cases, for example the
elimination of distortion caused
by carburising and cooling, it can
be expedient to introduce an
intermediate processing stage
before hardening. To this end, the
parts are subjected to interme-
diate annealing below the A
C1
temperature.
Carburisation
Time
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Cooling
(case or air)
Hardening (oil)
Tempering
(core)
(surface)
C
A
c3
A
c3
Fig. 11: Single hardening after cooling
from the case
Carburisation
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Hardening
(oil)
Cooling
(case or air)
Time
Tempering
(core)
(surface)
(core)
C
A
c3
A
c3
A
c1
Fig. 12 Single hardening
after intermediate annealing
43
Single hardening after iso-
thermal transformation
(Fig. 13)
This method of treatment is suit-
able for high-alloy case-hardening
steels (e.g. 18 CrNi 8) that show a
tendency to stress corrosion
cracking after cooling in air from
the case, due to differences in the
transformation rates between the
surface and the core.
Double hardening (Fig. 14)
Double hardening means two
stages of hardening, in which
quenching is generally carried out
from different temperatures.
With carburised workpieces, the
first hardening process can be
direct hardening, while the
second is carried out from
a lower temperature.
Double hardening is usual-
ly used when tough surface layers
and core zones are required,
together with greater case depth.
Double hardening is generally
carried out first from the A
C3
temperature of the core and then
from the A
C3
temperature of the
surface area. The tendency to
distortion is greatest with double
hardening.
Tempering
(Fig. 7, Curve 3)
Tempering means the single or
repeated heating of a hardened
workpiece to a prescribed tem-
perature (< A
C1
), holding at this
temperature and subsequent
appropriate cooling.
After hardening, it is advisable to
temper the workpieces at 150 -
180 C for unalloyed steels and at
170 - 210 C for alloyed steels.
Martensite tempered in this way
has less of a tendency to form
grinding cracks. The hardness in
the surface layer drops only
slightly (approx. 1 - 2 HRC).
Carburisation
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
eHardening (oil)
Salt bath
Isothermal transformation
13
Single hardening after isothermal transformation
Time
Tempering
(core)
(surface)
Pearlite stage
(core)
t
C
A
c3
A
c3
Fig. 13: Single hardening after isothermal
transformation
Carburisation
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
Hardening (oil)
Double hardening 4
Time
Tempering
(core)
(surface)
Hardening
(oil)
A
c3
A
c3
Fig. 14: Double hardening
44
Overview of grades
and chemical composition
Table 2 contains an overview of
the most common case-hardening
steels that, with the exception of
the 18 CrNi 8 and 20 NiMoCr 6-5
steels, are included in standard
DIN EN 10 084, together with the
chemical composition of the
case-hardening steels.
Table 2: Overview of grades and chemical composition of the steels
Chemical composition
Main alloy contents in % (typical values)
Carbodur Code name C Si Mn P max. S Cr Ni Mo
Carbodur C 15 E C 15 E 0.12-0.18 !0.40 0.30-0.60 0.035 !0.035
Carbodur C15 R C15 R 0.12-0.18 !0.40 0.30-0.60 0.035 0.020-0.040
Carbodur 17 Cr 3 17 Cr 3 0.14-0.20 !0.40 0.60-0.90 0.035 !0.035 0.70-1.00
Carbodur 16 MnCr 5 16 MnCr 5 0.14-0.19 !0.40 1.00-1.30 0.035 !0.035 0.80-1.10
Carbodur 16 MnCrS 5 16 MnCrS 5 0.14-0.19 !0.40 1.00-1.30 0.035 0.020-0.040 0.80-1.10
Carbodur 20 MnCr 5 20 MnCr 5 0.17-0.22 !0.40 1.10-1.40 0.035 !0.035 1.00-1.30
Carbodur 20 MnCrS 5 20 MnCrS 5 0.17-0.22 !0.40 1.10-1.40 0.035 0.020-0.040 1.00-1.30
Carbodur 20 MoCr 4 20 MoCr 4 0.17-0.23 !0.40 0.70-1.00 0.035 !0.035 0.30-0.60 0.40-0.50
Carbodur 20 MoCrS 4 20 MoCrS 4 0.17-0.23 !0.40 0.70-1.00 0.035 0.020-0.040 0.30-0.60 0.40-0.50
Carbodur 22 CrMoS 3-5 22 CrMoS 3-5 0.19-0.24 !0.40 0.70-1.00 0.035 0.020-0.040 0.70-1.00 0.40-0.50
Carbodur 20 NiCrMo 2-2 20 NiCrMo 2-2 0.17-0.23 !0.40 0.65-0.95 0.035 !0.035 0.35-0.70 0.40-0.70 0.15-0.25
Carbodur 20 NiCrMoS 2-2 20 NiCrMoS 2-2 0.17-0.23 !0.40 0.65-0.95 0.035 0.020-0.040 0.35-0.70 0.40-0.70 0.15-0.25
Carbodur 20 NiMoCrS 6-5 20 NiMoCrS 6-5 0.17-0.23 0.15-0.40 0.60-0.90 0.035 0.020-0.035 0.30-0.50 1.40-1.80 0.40-0.50
Carbodur 17 CrNi 6-6 17 CrNi 6-6 0.14-0.20 !0.40 0.50-0.90 0.035 !0.035 1.40-1.70 1.40-1.70
Carbodur 18 CrNi 8 18 CrNi8 0.15-0.20 0.15-0.40 0.40-0.60 0.035 !0.035 1.80-2.10 1.80-2.10
Carbodur 18 CrNiMo 7-6 18 CrNiMo 7-6 0.15-0.21 !0.40 0.50-0.90 0.035 !0.035 1.50-1.80 1.40-1.70 0.25-0.35
Carbodur 15 NiCr 13 15 NiCr 13 0.14-0.20 !0.40 0.40-0.70 0.035 !0.035 0.60-0.90 3,00-3,50
Overview of grades
Material No.
1.1141
1.1140
1.7016
1.7131
1.7139
1.7147
1.7149
1.7321
1.7323
1.7333
1.6523
1.6526
1.6757
1.5918
1.5920
1.6587
1.5752
45
C !0.31 0.02
Si !0.40 +0.03
Mn !1.00 0.04
>1.00!1.40 0.05
P !0.035 0.005
S !0.040 +0.005
2)
Cr !1.80 0.05
Mo !0.30 0.03
>0.30!0.50 0.04
Ni !2.00 0.03
>2.00!3.50 0.07
Element Maximum
permissible content
in the melt analysis
Permissible deviations of the check analysis
1)
from the limits
for the melt analysis to DIN EN 10084
1) means that, for a given melt, either
the upper or the lower limit of the
range given for the melt analysis in
Table 2 may be exceeded, but not both
at once.
2) For steels with a range of 0.020 bis
0.040% sulphur according to the melt
analysis, the deviation from the limit
is 0.005%.
Carbodur Material No. Code name
to DIN EN 10084
Standardised in USA
SAE/ASTM
Japan
JIS
Permissible deviations between check analysis and melt analysis
Comparison of international standards
Carbodur C 15 E 1.1141 C 15 E DIN EN 10084 1015 S 15
Carbodur C 15 R 1.1140 C 15 R DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 17 Cr 3 1.7016 17 Cr 3 DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 16 MnCr 5 1.7131 16 MnCr 5 DIN EN 10084 5115
Carbodur 16 MnCrS 5 1.7139 16 MnCrS 5 DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 20 MnCr 5 1.7147 20 MnCr 5 DIN EN 10084 5120 SMnC 420 H
Carbodur 20 MnCrS 5 1.7149 20 MnCrS 5 DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 20 MoCr 4 1.7321 20 MoCr 4 DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 20 MoCrS 4 1.7323 20 MoCrS 4 DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 22 CrMoS 3-5 1.7333 22 CrMoS 3-5 DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 20 NiCrMo 2-2 1.6523 20 NiCrMo 2-2 DIN EN 10084 8620 SNCM 220 (H)
Carbodur 20 NiCrMoS 2-2 1.6526 20 NiCrMoS 2-2 DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 20 NiCrMoS 6-5 1.6757 20 NiCrMoS 6-5
Carbodur 17 CrNi 6-6 1.5918 17 CrNi 6-6 DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 18 CrNi 8 1.5920 18 CrNi 8
Carbodur 18 CrNiMo 7-6 1.6587 18 CrNiMo 7-6 DIN EN 10084
Carbodur 15 NiCr 13 1.5752 15 NiCr 13 DIN EN 10084 3310 / 3415 / 9314 SNC 815 (H)
46
Forms supplied
55 250 mm dia.
Sharp-edged
50 103 mm square
DIN 1014
DIN 7527
DIN 1013
> 200 mm dia. standard in-
company tolerance, closer
tolerance on request
Subject to
purchase
order
Special:*)
! +100/-0
Flat:
Width: 80 510 mm
Thickness:
25 160 mm
Width/thickness
ratio 10:1 max
Width:
25 160 mm
Thickness:
80 550 mm
65 750 mm dia.
265 650 mm
square
flat: on request
50 320 mm square,
rising in 1 mm incre-
ments
52 400 mm dia.
52 300 mm dia.
DIN 1017
up to 150 mm width and
60 mm thickness;
over 150 mm width
standard in-company tole-
rance
Tolerance on request
< 210 mm +/- 2%
> 210 mm +/- 3%
of edge length
Special:*)
! 100 mm +/- 1%
of edge length
> 100 mm 210 mm
+/- 1.5% of edge length
ISA Tol. 11 or comparable
tolerance
ISA Tol. 11 or comparable
tolerance
ISA-Tol. 8 or comparable
tolerance
! 80 mm:
4.0 mm/m
> 80 mm:
2.5 mm/m
4.0 10 m,
other lengths
on request
Lengths as
a function of
dimensions
and heat-
treatment
condition
on request
3 - 10 m, on
request 30 m
max. as a
function of
dia. and
max. bar
dead weight
of 7 t
Hot-sawn
or hot abrasi-
ve-cut
Special:*)
Cold-sawn,
cold abrasive-
cut
Hot abrasive-
cut or cold-
sawn
Special:*)
Cold abrasive-
cut
! 210 mm
square:
hot-sawn
or hot abrasi-
ve-cut
> 210 mm
square:
hot-sheared
Special:*)
Cold abrasive-
cut, cold-sawn
Hot-sawn/hot
abrasive-cut
Special:*)
Cold-sawn/
abrasive-cut
Dimensions 50
- 105 mm with
round chamfer
30 or 45,
chamfer width
approx. 5 -12
mm, other
widths by ar-
rangement
Rough-peeled finish
available for 52 -
240 mm
Max. permissible
surface defect dep-
ths:
Round: 1% max. of
dia. + 0.05 mm
Square: 1% max. of
edge length
Flat: 1.5% max. of
width, 2.0% max. of
thickness
Special:*)
Smaller surface
defect depth on
request
Special:*)
- Rough-peeled
- Turned
- Milled
Edge radius:
< 210 mm - 12-18%
of edge length
> 210 mm: without
defined edge radius
Max. perm. surface
defect depth:
! 140 mm sq.
0.3 mm max.
> 140 - 200 mm sq.
0.6 mm max.
> 200 mm sq.
visible defects elimi-
nated
Technically crack-free
condition e.g. eddy-
current tested or
comparable tech-
nique, defined depth
of roughness and sui-
table packaging by
special arrangement
< 1000 mm
2
:
4.0 mm/m
> 1000 mm
2
:
2.5 mm/m
Special:*)
Specially
straightened
Standard:
6 mm/m
Special:*)
4 mm/m
As-peeled
straightness
! 2 mm/m,
1 mm/m or
closer as a
function of
dimensions
on request
Untreated
Cold-sheara-
ble
Cold-sawable
Normalized
Treated to
ferrite-pearlite
structure
Treated to
hardness
range
Soft-annealed
Spheroidize-
annealed
Stress-relie-
ved
Quenched
and tempered
Bar steel
and round
billets for
tubemaking
rolled
Sheet bars
rolled with
bulbous nar-
row face
Bar steel
and semis
forged
Semis
rolled
Bright steel
peeled
peeled and
polished
*) Special finishes subject to further inquiry (partly dependent on quality, dimensions and condition)
ground 52 100 mm dia.
Semis:
as-forged
straightness
Bar steel:
to DIN within
the tolerance
limit
3 8 m
Surface finish As-supplied
condition
End
condition
Lengths/
weights
Straightness Lengths Dia. or edge length
Tolerances Product Dimensions
on request As-cast
ingots/c.c.
blooms
Open-die
forgings
Forgings forged to
shape on request
(drawing)
47
Hardness comparison table
Tensile strength, Brinell,
Vickers and Rockwell hardness
Tensile
strength
R
m
N/mm
2
Ball inden-
tation mm
d HB
Brinell hardness Vickers
hardness
HV
Rockwell hardness
HRB HRC HR 30 N
255 6.63 76.0 80
270 6.45 80.7 85 41.0
285 6.30 85.5 90 48.0
305 6.16 90.2 95 52.0
320 6.01 95.0 100 56.2
335 5.90 99.8 105
350 5.75 105 110 62.3
370 5.65 109 115
385 5.54 114 120 66.7
400 5.43 119 125
415 5.33 124 130 71.2
430 5.26 128 135
450 5.16 133 140 75.0
465 5.08 138 145
480 4.99 143 150 78.7
495 4.93 147 155
510 4.85 152 160 81.7
530 4.79 156 165
545 4.71 162 170 85.0
560 4.66 166 175
575 4.59 171 180 87.1
595 4.53 176 185
610 4.47 181 190 89.5
625 4.43 185 195
640 4.37 190 200 91.5
660 4.32 195 205 92.5
675 4.27 199 210 93.5
690 4.22 204 215 94.0
705 4.18 209 220 95.0
720 4.13 214 225 96.0
740 4.08 219 230 96.7
755 4.05 223 235
770 4.01 228 240 98.1 20.3 41.7
785 3.97 233 245 21.3 42.5
800 3.92 238 250 99.5 22.2 43.4
820 3.89 242 255 23.1 44.2
835 3.86 247 260 (101) 24.0 45.0
850 3.82 252 265 24.8 45.7
865 3.78 257 270 (102) 25.6 46.4
880 3.75 261 275 26.4 47.2
900 3.72 266 280 (104) 27.1 47.8
915 3.69 271 285 27.8 48.4
930 3.66 276 290 (105) 28.5 49.0
950 3.63 280 295 29.2 49.7
965 3.60 285 300 29.8 50.2
995 3.54 295 310 31.0 51.3
1030 3.49 304 320 32.2 52.3
1060 3.43 314 330 33.3 53.6
1095 3.39 323 340 34.4 54.4
1125 3.34 333 350 35.5 55.4
1155 3.29 342 360 36.6 56.4
1190 3.25 352 370 37.7 57.4
1220 3.21 361 380 38.8 58.4
1255 3.17 371 390 39.8 59.3
1290 3.13 380 400 40.8 60.2
1320 3.09 390 410 41.8 61.1
1350 3.06 399 420 42.7 61.9
1385 3.02 409 430 43.6 62.7
1420 2.99 418 440 44.5 63.5
1455 2.95 428 450 45.3 64.3
1485 2.92 437 460 46.1 64.9
1520 2.89 447 470 46.9 65.7
1555 2.86 (456) 480 47.7 66.4
1595 2.83 (466) 490 48.4 67.1
1630 2.81 (475) 500 49.1 67.7
1665 2.78 (485) 510 49.8 68.3
1700 2.75 (494) 520 50.5 69.0
1740 2.73 (504) 530 51.1 69.5
1775 2.70 (513) 540 51.7 70.0
1810 2.68 (523) 550 52.3 70.5
1845 2.66 (532) 560 53.0 71.2
1880 2.63 (542) 570 53.6 71.7
1920 2.60 (551) 580 54.1 72.1
1955 2.59 (561) 590 54.7 72.7
1995 2.57 (570) 600 55.2 73.2
Tensile
strength
R
m
N/mm
2
Ball
indentation
mm d HB
Brinell hardness Vickers
hardness
HV
Rockwell hardness
HRB HRC HR 30 N
2030 2.54 (580) 610 55.7 73.7
2070 2.52 (589) 620 56.3 74.2
2105 2.51 (599) 630 56.8 74.6
2145 2.49 (608) 640 57.3 75.1
2180 2.47 (618) 650 57.8 75.5
660 58.3 75.9
670 58.8 76.4
680 59.2 76.8
690 59.7 77.2
700 60.1 77.6
720 61.0 78.4
740 61.8 79.1
760 62.5 79.7
780 63.3 80.4
800 64.0 81.1
820 64.7 81.7
840 65.3 82.2
860 65.9 82.7
880 66.4 83.1
900 67.0 83.6
920 67.5 84.0
940 68.0 84.4
Tensile strength N/mm
2
R
m
Brinell hardness
1)
Diameter of the d
1)
Calculated from: ball indentation in mm
HB = 0.95 HV
(0.102 F/D
2
= 30) Hardness HB
D = 10 value =
Vickers hardness Diamond pyramid HV
Test forces " 50 N
Rockwell hardness Ball 1.588 mm (
1
/
16
) HRB
Total test force = 98 N
Diamond cone HRC
Total test force = 1471 N
Diamond cone
Total test force = 294 N HR 30 N
0.102 2 F
# D (D $D
2
d
2
)
Conversions of hardness values using this conversion table are only approximate.
See DIN 50 150, December 1976.
Temperature Comparison
Chart
C F K C F K C F K
273,15 459,67 0,00 380,00 716,00 653,15 910,00 1670,00 1183,15
270,00 454,00 3,15 390,00 743,00 663,15 920,00 1688,00 1193,15
200,00 328,00 73,15 400,00 752,00 673,15 930,00 1706,00 1203,15
150,00 238,00 123,15 410,00 770,00 683,15 940,00 1724,00 1213,15
100,00 148,00 173,15 420,00 788,00 693,15 950,00 1742,00 1223,15
90,00 130,00 183,15 430,00 806,00 703,15 960,00 1760,00 1233,15
80,00 112,00 193,15 440,00 824,00 713,15 970,00 1778,00 1243,15
70,00 94,00 203,15 450,00 842,00 723,15 980,00 1796,00 1253,15
60,00 76,00 213,15 460,00 860,00 733,15 990,00 1814,00 1263,15
50,00 58,00 223,15 470,00 878,00 743,15 1000,00 1832,00 1273,15
40,00 40,00 233,15 480,00 896,00 753,15 1010,00 1850,00 1283,15
30,00 22,00 243,15 490,00 914,00 763,15 1020,00 1868,00 1393,15
20,00 4,00 253,15 500,00 932,00 773,15 1030,00 1886,00 1303,15
17,78 0,00 255,37 510,00 950,00 783,15 1040,00 1904,00 1313,15
10,00 14,00 263,15 520,00 968,00 793,15 1050,00 1922,00 1323,15
0,00 32,00 273,15 530,00 986,00 803,15 1060,00 1940,00 1333,15
10,00 50,00 283,15 540,00 1004,00 813,15 1070,00 1958,00 1343,15
20,00 68,00 293,15 550,00 1022,00 823,15 1080,00 1976,00 1353,15
30,00 86,00 303,15 560,00 1040,00 833,15 1090,00 1994,00 1363,15
40,00 104,00 313,15 570,00 1058,00 843,15 1100,00 2012,00 1373,15
50,00 122,00 323,15 580,00 1076,00 853,15 1110,00 2030,00 1383,15
60,00 140,00 333,15 590,00 1094,00 863,15 1120,00 2048,00 1393,15
70,00 158,00 343,15 600,00 1112,00 873,15 1130,00 2066,00 1403,15
80,00 176,00 353,15 610,00 1130,00 883,15 1140,00 2084,00 1413,15
90,00 194,00 363,15 620,00 1148,00 893,15 1150,00 2102,00 1423,15
100,00 212,00 373,15 630,00 1166,00 903,15 1160,00 2120,00 1433,15
110,00 230,00 383,15 640,00 1184,00 913,15 1170,00 2138,00 1443,15
120,00 248,00 393,15 650,00 1202,00 923,15 1180,00 2156,00 1453,15
130,00 266,00 403,15 660,00 1220,00 933,15 1190,00 2174,00 1463,15
140,00 284,00 413,15 670,00 1238,00 943,15 1200,00 2192,00 1473,15
150,00 302,00 423,15 680,00 1256,00 953,15 1210,00 2210,00 1483,15
160,00 320,00 433,15 690,00 1274,00 963,15 1220,00 2228,00 1493,15
170,00 338,00 443,15 700,00 1292,00 973,15 1230,00 2246,00 1503,15
180,00 356,00 453,15 710,00 1310,00 983,15 1240,00 2264,00 1513,15
190,00 374,00 463,15 720,00 1328,00 993,15 1250,00 2282,00 1523,15
200,00 392,00 473,15 730,00 1346,00 1003,15 1260,00 2300,00 1533,15
210,00 410,00 483,15 740,00 1364,00 1013,15 1270,00 2318,00 1543,15
220,00 428,00 493,15 750,00 1382,00 1023,15 1280,00 2336,00 1553,15
230,00 446,00 503,15 760,00 1400,00 1033,15 1290,00 2354,00 1563,15
240,00 464,00 513,15 770,00 1418,00 1043,15 1300,00 2372,00 1573,15
250,00 482,00 523,15 780,00 1436,00 1053,15 1310,00 2390,00 1583,15
260,00 500,00 533,15 790,00 1454,00 1063,15 1320,00 2408,00 1593,15
270,00 518,00 543,15 800,00 1472,00 1073,15 1330,00 2426,00 1603,15
280,00 536,00 553,15 810,00 1490,00 1083,15 1340,00 2444,00 1613,15
290,00 554,00 563,15 820,00 1508,00 1093,15 1350,00 2462,00 1623,15
300,00 572,00 573,15 830,00 1526,00 1103,15 1360,00 2480,00 1633,15
310,00 590,00 583,15 840,00 1544,00 1113,15 1370,00 2498,00 1643,15
320,00 608,00 593,15 850,00 1562,00 1123,15 1380,00 2516,00 1653,15
330,00 626,00 603,15 860,00 1580,00 1133,15 1390,00 2234,00 1663,15
340,00 644,00 613,15 870,00 1598,00 1143,15 1400,00 2552,00 1673,15
350,00 662,00 623,15 880,00 1616,00 1153,15 1500,00 2732,00 1783,15
360,00 680,00 633,15 890,00 1634,00 1163,15 2000,00 3632,00 2273,15
370,00 698,00 643,15 900,00 1652,00 1173,15 2500,00 4532,00 2773,15
C F K
X = particular K X 273 9/5 (X273) + 32 X
measured C X 9/5 X + 32 X + 273
temperature F 5/9 (X32) X 5/9 (X32) + 273
48
50
Page Source Object/Motif
Cover Bavaria Gear wheel
03 Lohmann + Stolterfoth Planetary gear
04 Steinmetz Team meeting
4 5 Sauter, Bachmann Spiral bevel gears
4 Sauter, Bachmann Set of gears
5 Sauter, Bachmann Precision worm
Company photo Micrograph
6 7 ATA-GEARS Hardening of a ring gear
7 Company photo Steel bars
7 Steinmetz Chips
8 CarboTech Cutting drum
Bavaria Hydroelectric power station
8 9 Lohmann + Stolterfoth Planetary gear
8 ATA-GEARS Spiral bevel gears
9 Image Drilling rig
Bavaria Wind turbine generators
Schreiber/Flender Gears for wind turbine generator
Frese Gear wheel
10 Schuster Airbus
Bavaria Formula 1 racecar
10 11 ATA-GEARS Ring gear with pinion
10 Company photo/Flender Set of gears
11 DAF XF95 truck
VW VW Golf
Imagine Oil tanker
MAAG Gear Marine gear
Company photo Cable car
12 Company photo Printing press
Lohmann + Stolterfoth Parabolic reflector
12 13 Company photo/Flender Set of gears
12 Lohmann + Stolterfoth Gear wheels for combing cylinder gear
13 Company photo Crane truck
Company photo Wheel loader
Imagine Ariane rocket
Company photo/Flender Gear detail
14 Steinmetz Sawing of disks
Steinmetz Disks with and without drilled hole
Steinmetz Steel bars
15 Lohmann + Stolterfoth Ground gear wheels
16 Company photo Electric arc furnace
17 Company photo Continuous casting plant
Company photo ESR plant
18 Company photo Forged steel bars
Company photo Peeling of steel bars
18 19 Company photo Forging of steel bars
Company photo Sawing of steel bars
Steinmetz Disks with drilled hole
36 Sauter, Bachmann Spiral bevel gears
40 Lohmann + Stolterfoth Case hardening of a large wheel
42 Lohmann + Stolterfoth Ground gear wheels
ATA-GEARS Spiral bevel gears
43 Frese Gear wheel
44 Lohmann + Stolterfoth Gear wheels for combing cylinder gear
48 49 Lohmann + Stolterfoth Planetary gear
Photos
51
General note (liability)
All statements regarding the properties
or utilisation of the materials or products
mentioned are for the purposes of
description only. Guarantees regarding
the existence of certain properties or a
certain utilisation are only ever valid if
agreed upon in writing.
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
Auestrasse 4, D-58452 Witten Tel. (+49) 2302 / 294307 Telefax (+49) 2302 / 294308
E-mail: dr.sobottka@ewk.thyssen.com Internet: www.edelstahl-witten-krefeld.de
Sales - Case-hardening steels
Tel. (+49) 2302/294346 Telefax (+49) 2302/294687
E-mail: ressing@ewkgmbh.de
Quality Department
Tel. (+49) 2302/294020 Telefax (+49) 2302/294436
Tel. (+49) 2151/832046 Telefax (+49) 2151/834156
Case-hardening steels
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
CARBODUR
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