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UNIT2
UNIT2
UNIT2
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UNIT II FOURIER TRANSFORMS
PART A
Problem 1 If the Fourier transform of ( ) f x is ( ) F s then, what is Fourier transform of
( ) f ax ?
Solution:
Fourier transform of ( ) f x is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
is
1
2
x
F s F f x f x e dx
t
= =
}
( ) ( ) ( )
is
1
2
x
F f ax f ax e dx
t
=
}
Put t ax =
dt adx =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) is /
1
2
t a
dt
F f ax f t e
a t
=
}
( )
is /
1 1
.
2
t a
f t e dt
a t
=
}
( ) ( )
1
. .
s
F f ax F
a a
| |
= =
|
\ .
Problem 2 Find the Fourier sine transform of
3x
e
.
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
sin
s
F f x f x sx dx
t
=
}
( )
3 3
0
2
sin
x x
s
F e e sx dx
t
=
}
( )
3
2
0
2
3sin cos
9
x
e
sx s x
s t
=
`
+
)
| |
2 2 2
2
sin sin cos
9
ax
ax
s e
e bx dx a bx b bx
s a b t
(
| |
= =
| (
+ +
\ .
}
.
Problem 3 Find the Fourier sine transform of ( )
ax
f x e
=
+
}
.
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
sin
s
F f x f x sx dx
t
=
}
( )
0
2
sin
ax ax
s
F e e sx dx
t
=
}
2 2
2 s
s a t
| |
=
|
+
\ .
By inverse Sine transform, we get
( ) ( )
0
2
sin
s
f x F s sx ds
t
=
}
2 2
0
2 2
sin
s
sx ds
s a t t
| |
=
|
+
\ .
}
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( )
2 2
0
2 sin s sx
f x ds
s a t
=
+
}
( )
2 2
0
sin
2
s sx
f x ds
s a
t
=
+
}
2 2
0
sin
2
ax
s sx
e ds
s a
t
=
+
}
Put 1, a = x o =
2
0
sin
2 1
s sx
e ds
s
o
t
=
+
}
Replace s by x
2
0
sin
.
1 2
s sx
dx e
x
o
t
=
+
}
Problem 4 Prove that ( ) ( ) ( )
1
cos
2
C C C
F f x ax F s a F s a = + + ( (
.
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
cos
c c
F s F f x f x sx dx
t
= = (
}
( ) ( )
0
2
cos cos cos
c
F f x ax f x ax sx dx
t
= (
}
( )
( ) ( )
0
cos cos 2
2
a s x a s x
f x dx
t
+ + (
=
(
}
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
1 2 1 2
cos cos
2 2
f x s a xdx f x s a xdx
t t
= + +
` `
) )
} }
( ) ( )
1
.
2
c c
F s a F s a = + + (
Problem 5 Find the Fourier cosine transform of ( )
cos , 0
0,
x x a
f x
x a
< <
=
>
.
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
2 2
cos cos cos
a
c
F f x f x sx dx x sxdx
t t
= =
} }
( ) ( )
0
cos 1 cos 1 2
2
a
s x s x
dx
t
+ + (
=
(
}
( ) ( )
0
sin 1 sin 1 1
1 1 2
a
s x s x
s s t
+ (
= +
(
+
( ) ( ) sin 1 sin 1 1
1 1 2
s a s a
s s t
+ (
= +
(
+
, provided 1, 1. S S = =
Problem 6 Find
( )
ax
C
F xe
and
( )
ax
S
F xe
.
Solution:
( ) ( )
ax
c s
d
F xe F f x
ds
= (
( )
ax ax
c s
d
F xe F e
ds
( =
0
2
sin
ax
d
e sx dx
ds t
(
=
(
}
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( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
.
d s a s
ds s a
s a
t t
(
(
(
= =
(
( +
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
ax ax
s c s c
d d
F xe F e F xf x F f x
ds ds
| |
( ( = =
|
\ .
0
2
cos
ax
d
e sx dx
ds t
(
=
(
}
( )
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
.
d a as
ds s a
s a
t t
(
(
(
= =
(
( +
+
Problem 7 If ( ) F s is the Fourier transform of ( ) f x , then prove that the Fourier transform of
( )
ax
e f x is ( ) F s a + .
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
is
1
2
x
F s F f x f x e dx
t
= =
}
( ) ( ) ( )
is
1
2
iax iax x
F e f x e f x e dx
t
=
}
( )
( )
1
2
i a s x
e f x dx
t
+
=
}
( ). F s a = +
Problem 8 Find the Fourier cosine transform of
2
3
x x
e e
+ .
Solution:
Let ( )
2
3
x x
f x e e
= +
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
cos
c
F f x f x sx dx
t
=
}
2 2
0 0
2
3 cos 3 cos
x x x x
c
F e e e sx dx e sx dx
t
( + = +
`
)
} }
2 2
2 2 3
.
4 1 s s t
(
= +
(
+ +
Problem 9 State convolution theorem.
Solution:
If F(s) and G(s) are Fourier transform of ( ) f x and ( ) g x respectively, Then the Fourier
transform of the convolutions of ( ) ( ) and f x g x is the product of their Fourier transforms.
i.e. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) * F f x g x F f x F g x = ( ( (
Problem 10 Derive the relation between Fourier transform and Laplace transform.
Solution:
Consider ( )
( )
( )
, 0
1
0 , 0
xt
e g t t
f t
t
>
<
= (
}
( )
is
1
2
xt t
e g t e dt
t
=
}
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( )
( )
is
1
2
x t
e g t dt
t
=
}
( )
1
2
pt
e g t dt
t
=
}
where p x = is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
1
2
st
L g t L f t e f t dt
t
( | |
= =
( |
(
\ .
}
Fourier transform of ( )
1
2
f t
t
= Laplace transform of g(t) where g(t) is defined by (1).
Problem 11 Find the Fourier sine transform of
1
x
.
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
sin
s
F f x f x sx dx
t
=
}
0
1 2 1
sin
s
F sx dx
x x t
| |
=
|
\ .
}
Let sx u =
; : 0 sdx du u =
0
1 2 s
sin
s
d
F
x s
u
u
t u
| |
=
|
\ .
}
0 0
2 sin sin
2
d d
u u t
u u
t u u
(
= =
(
} }
2
.
2 2
t t
t
| |
= =
|
\ .
Problem 12 Find ( ) f x if its sine transform is , 0
as
e a
> .
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
s
F f x F s =
Given that ( ) ( )
as
s
F f x e
=
( ) ( )
0
2
sin
s
f x F s x dx
t
=
}
0
2
sin
as
e sx ds
t
=
}
( )
2 2
0
2
sin cos
as
e
a sx x sx
a s t
(
=
(
+
2 2
2
.
x
a x t
| |
=
|
+
\ .
Problem 13 Using Parsevals Theorem find the value of
( )
2
2
2 2
0
, 0
x
dx a
x a
>
+
}
. Find the Fourier
transform of , 0
a x
e a
> .
Solution:
Parsevals identify is ( ) ( )
2 2
f x dx F s ds
=
} }
Result :
( )
2 2
2
ax
s
s
F e
s a t
(
=
(
+
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( )
2
2
2 2
2
ax
s
e dx ds
s a t
| |
=
|
|
+
\ .
} }
( )
2
2
2 2
0 0
2
2 2
ax
s
e dx ds
s a t
| |
=
|
|
+
\ .
} }
( )
2 2
2
2 2
0 0
2
2
ax
e s
ds
a
s a
t
| |
=
|
\ . +
}
( )
2
2
2 2
0
0 1
. ., .
2 2 4
s
i e ds
a a
s a
t t
+ | |
= =
|
\ .
+
}
( )
2
2
2 2
0
4
x
dx
a
x a
t
=
+
}
.
Problem 14 Find the Fourier sine transform of ( )
1, 0 1
0, 1
x
f x
x
< <
=
>
.
Solution:
The Fourier sine transform of ( ) f x is given by ( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
sin
s
F f x f x sx dx
t
=
}
1 1
0 0 1
2 2 cos
sin 0 sin
sx
sx dx sx dx
s t t
(
= + =
`
(
)
} }
2 cos 1 2 1 cos
.
s s
s s s s t t
(
= + =
`
(
)
Problem 15 Find the Fourier transform of e
-a|x|
, a > 0
Solution:
( ) ( ) ( )
is
1
2
x
F f x f x e dx
t
=
}
is
1
2
a x x
e e dx
t
=
}
( )
1
cos i sin
2
a x
e sx sx dx
t
= +
}
1
cos sin 0,
2
a x a x
e sx dx e sx dx odd function
t
(
= =
(
} }
2
cos
2
a x
e sx dx
t
=
}
( )
2 2
2
.
2
a x
a
F e
a s t
| |
=
|
+
\ .
PART- B
Problem 16 (i) Express the function ( )
1, 1
0, 1
x
f x
x
s
=
>
| |
|
\ .
}
and find the value of
0
sin
d
| |
|
\ .
}
.
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(ii) Find the Fourier integral of the function ( )
0, 0
1
, 0
2
, 0
x
x
f x x
e x
<
= =
>
=
} }
Given ( )
1 1
0 1
for t
f t
for t
s
=
>
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
0 1 1
1
0cos cos 0cos f x t x dt d t x dt d t x dt d
t
(
= + +
(
} } } }
( )
1
0
1
sin 1 t x
d
(
=
(
}
( ) ( )
0
sin 1 sin 1
1
x x
d
=
}
( ) ( )
0
sin 1 sin 1
1
x x
d
+
=
}
( ) | |
0
2 sin cos
2sin cos sin( ) ( )
x
f x d A B A B Sin A B
t
= = + +
}
( ) ( )
0
sin cos
1
2
x
f x d
t
=
}
Deduction part:
When 0 x =
( )
0
2 sin
0 1, 1 f d
t
= =
}
(from 1)
0
sin
/ 2. d t
=
}
(ii) The Fourier integral of ( ) f x is
( ) ( ) ( )
0
1
cos f x f t t x dt d
t
=
} }
( ) ( )
0
0 0
1
0 cos
t
f x dt e t x dt d
t
= +
`
)
} } }
( )
0 0
1
cos
t
e t x dt d
t
=
`
)
} }
( )
0 0
1
cos
t
e t x dt d
t
( =
} }
( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 0
1
cos sin
1
t
e
t x t x dt d
t
(
= +
(
+
}
( ) ( )
2
0
1 cos sin
1
1
x x
f x d
t
+
=
+
}
Putting 0 x = in (1)
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( )
2
0
1
0
1
d
f
t
=
+
}
1
0
1
tan
t
( =
1 1
1
tan tan 0
t
( =
( )
1
0 0
2 2
f
t t
t
( | |
= =
|
(
\ .
( )
1
0
2
f
t
t
(
=
(
( )
1
0 .
2
f =
The value of the given function at 0 x = is
Hence verified.
Problem 17 (i) Using Fourier integral, prove that
( )
2
4
0
2 cos
2
cos
4
x
x
e x d
| |
+
| =
|
+
\ .
}
.
(ii) Using Fourier integral prove that
2
0
sin , 0
sin sin
2
1
0,
x x
x
d
x
t
t
t
| |
s s
| | |
=
\ .
|
\ .
>
}
.
Solution:
(i) The Fourier cosine integral of ( ) f x is
( ) ( )
0 0
2
cos cos f x x f t t dt d
t
=
} }
0 0
2
cos cos cos
t
x e t t dt d
t
=
`
)
} }
( ) ( )
0 0
cos 1 cos
2
cos
2
t
t t t
x e d
t
+ + (
=
` (
)
} }
( ) ( )
0 0 0
1
cos cos 1 cos
t t
x e t dt e t t dt d
t
= + +
`
)
} } }
( ) ( )
2 2
0
1 1 1
cos
1 1 1 1
x d
t
(
= + (
+ + +
(
}
( )( )
2 2
2 2
0
1 1 1 2 1 1 2
cos
2 2 2 1
x d
t
(
+ + + + + +
( =
+ + +
(
}
( )
2
2
0
2 2
1
cos
4
x d
(
+
( =
+
(
}
( )
2
4
0
2
2
cos cos
4
x
e x x d
+
=
+
}
(Proved).
(ii)
Given ( )
sin , 0
2
0 ,
x x
f x
x
t
t
t
s s
>
Since the LHS in the given problem is in terms of sine, let as use Fourier sine integral
formula.
Fourier since integral of ( ) f x is
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( ) ( )
0 0
2
sin sin f x x f t t dt d
t
=
} }
( )
0 0
2
sin sin sin sin
2 2
x t t dt d as f x x
t
t t
t
= =
} }
in 0 x t s s
( ) ( )
0
cos 1 cos 1 2
sin
2 2
t t
x dt d
t
t
t
+ (
=
(
}
( ) ( )
0
0
sin 1 sin 1 1
sin
2 1 1
t t
x d
t
t
+ (
=
(
+
}
0 0
1 sin cos cos sin sin cos cos sin
sin
2 1 1
t t t t t t t t
x d
t
(
=
(
+
}
0
1 sin sin
sin
2 1 1
x d
t t
(
= +
(
+
}
( ) ( )
2
0
1 sin 1 sin 1
sin
2 1
x
t t
+ + (
=
(
}
2
0
1 2sin
sin
2 1
x d
t
(
=
(
}
( )
2
0
sin sin
1
x
f x d
t
}
2
0
sin , 0 sin sin
. . .
2
1
0, 0
x x x
i e d
x
t
t t
s <
>
}
Problem 18 (i) Using Fourier sine integral for ( ) , 0
ax
f x e a
| |
=
|
+
\ .
}
(ii) Find the Fourier transform of ( )
,
0,
a x x a
f x
x a
<
=
>
. Hence deduce
that
2
0
sin
2
t
dt
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
}
.
Solution:
(i). Fourier sine integral of ( ) f t is
( ) ( )
0 0
2
sin sin f x x f t t dt d
t
=
} }
Given ( )
ax
f x e
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
at
0 0
at
2 2
0 0
2 2
0
2 2 2 2
0 0
2
sin sin
2
sin sin cos
2
sin
sin sin
. .
2 2
ax
f x x e t dt d
e
x a t t d
a
f x x d
a
x x
f x d e d
a a
t
t
t
t t
=
(
=
(
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .
= =
+ +
} }
}
}
} }
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(ii) ( ) ( )
is
1
2
x
F f x f x e dx
t
= (
}
( ) ( )
is
1
0 0
2
a a
x
a a
f x dx a x e dx dx
t
(
= + +
(
} } }
( )( )
1
cos i sin
2
a
a
a x sx sx dx
t
= +
}
( )
1
cos 0 sin & sin are
2
a
a
a x sx dx a sx x sx odd functions
t
(
= +
} }
( )
0
1
2 cos
2
a
a x sx dx
t
(
=
(
}
( ) ( ) ( )
2
0
2 sin cos
1
2
a
sx sx
f x a x
s s t
( | | | |
=
| | (
\ . \ .
2 2
2 cos 1
0
sx
s s t
(
= +
(
2
2 1 cos as
s t
(
=
(
( )
2
2
2sin
2
2
1
as
s t
(
(
=
(
(
By inverse Fourier transform ( ) ( )
1
2
isx
f x F s e ds
t
=
}
.
2
is
2
2sin
1 2
2
2
x
as
e ds
s t t
(
(
=
(
(
}
Put 0 x =
( )
2
2
sin
2
2
0
as
f ds
s t
=
}
2
2
0
sin
2
4
as
a
ds
s
t
| |
|
\ .
=
}
Put 2 a =
2
2
0
sin
2
s
ds
s
t
=
}
[ s is a dummy variable, we can replace it by t]
i.e
2
0
sin
.
2
t
dt
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
}
Problem 19 (i) Prove that
2
2
x
e
=
>
. Hence evaluate
0
sin s
ds
s
}
.
Solution:
(i) ( )
2
/ 2 x
f x e
=
( ) ( ) ( )
F s F f x =
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( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
is
1
2
x
F s F f x f x e dx
t
= =
2
/ 2 is
1
2
x x
e e dx
t
=
}
2 2 2 2
2 is
/ 2
2 2
1
2
i s i s
x
x
e dx
t
+ +
=
}
( )
2
2
is
2 2
1
2
x s
e e dx
t
=
}
is
2
x
Let y x y
= = => =
2 dx dy x y = = => =
( )
2 2
/ 2
0
1
2
2
y s
F s e e dy
t
=
}
2
2
/ 2
0
2
s
y
e
e dy
t
=
}
2 2
2 2
/ 2 / 2
0 0
2 2
2 2
s s
y x
e e
e dy e dx
t t
t t
(
= = =
(
} }
( )
2 2
/ 2 / 2
. . is
s x
F s e i e e
= self reciprocal hence proved.
(ii). Fourier transform of ( ) f x is
( ) ( ) ( )
is
1
2
x
F f x f x e dx
t
= =
}
is
1
2
a
x
a
e dx
t
= =
}
( )
1
cos sin
2
a
a
sx i sx dx
t
= =
}
( )
0
1
cos sin is .
2
a
sx dx sx anodd fn
t
= =
}
1
cos
2
a
a
sx dx
t
=
}
0
2 sin
a
sx
s t
(
=
(
( )
2 sin as
F s
s t
(
=
(
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By inverse Fourier transforms,
( ) ( )
is
1
2
x
f x F s e dx
t
=
}
( )
1 2 sin
cos i sin
2
as
sx sx dx
s t t
=
}
( )
1 sin sin
cos 0 sin is
as as
sx dx sx odd
s s t
(
=
(
}
0
2 sin
cos
as
sx ds
s t
| |
=
|
\ .
}
1, 0 put a x = =
( )
0
2 sin s
f x ds
s t
=
}
( ) ( )
0
sin
1 1,
2
s
ds f x a x a
s
t
= = s s
}
0
sin
.
2
s
ds
s
t
=
}
Problem 20 (i) Using Fourier integral formula prove that
( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
0
2
sin
, , 0
ax bx
b a
x
e e d a b
a b
t
= >
+ +
}
.
(ii) State and Prove convolution theorem on Fourier transforms.
Solution:
(i) Given ( )
ax bx
f x e e
=
( ) ( ) 1
at bt
f t e e
=
By Fourier sine integral of ( ) f x ,
( ) ( )
0 0
2
sin sin . f x x f t t dt d
t
=
} }
( ) ( )
at
0 0
2
sin sin
bt
f x x e e t dt d
t
(
=
(
} }
( )
at t
0 0 0
2
sin sin sin 1
b
x e t dt e t dt d by
t
(
=
(
} } }
2 2 2 2
0
2
sin x d
a b
t
(
=
(
+ +
}
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( )( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0
2
sin
b a
x d
a b
t
( ( +
( =
+ +
(
}
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
0
sin .
2
x b a
d
a b
(
+
( =
+ +
(
}
( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
0
2
sin .
. .
ax bx
b a
x
i e e e d
a b
t
=
+ +
}
( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
0
2
sin
. .
ax bx
b a
x
i e e e d
a b
t
=
+ +
}
(ii) State and Prove convolution theorem on Fourier transforms
Statement: The Fourier transforms of the convolution of ( ) f x and ( ) g x is the product of their
Fourier transforms.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) * F f x g x F f x F g x = ( (
Proof:
( ) ( ) ( )
is
1
* *
2
x
F f g f g x e dx
t
=
}
( ) ( )
is
1 1
2 2
x
f t g x t dt e dx
t t
=
} }
( ) ( )
is
1 1
2 2
x
f t g x t e dx dt
t t
=
} }
( ) ( )
is
1 1
2 2
x
f t g x t e dx dt
t t
| |
=
|
\ .
} }
( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
f t F g x t dt
t
=
}
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
is is
1
2
t t
f t e F g t dt f g x t e F g t
t
( = =
}
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
is
1
2
t
f t e dt G s F g t G s
t
( = =
}
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) * . . . F f g F s G s F f t F s ( = = =
| |
= >
|
+
\ .
}
.
(ii). Find the Fourier transform of ( )
2 2
,
0,
a x x a
f x
x a
s
=
>
| |
|
\ .
}
(ii)
2
3
0
sin cos t t t
dt
t
| |
|
\ .
}
(i) Given ( )
2
x
f x e
t
= . Therefore ( )
2
t
f t e
t
=
The Fourier cosine integral of ( ) f x is ( ) ( )
0 0
2
cos cos f x x f t t dt d
t
=
} }
0 0
2
cos cos
2
t
x e t dt d
t
t
=
} }
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( )
2 2
0 0
2
cos cos sin
2 1
t
e
x t t d
t
t
(
= +
(
+
}
2
0
1
cos
1
x d
| |
=
|
+
\ .
}
2
0
cos
.
2 1
x
x
e d
t
=
+
}
(ii). Fourier transform of ( ) f x is
( ) ( ) ( )
is
1
.
2
x
F f x f x e dx
t
=
}
( )
2 2 is
1
0 0
2
a
x
a
a x e dx
t
(
= + +
(
}
( )( )
2 2
1
cos sin
2
a
a
a x sx i x dx
t
(
= +
(
}
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
0
2
cos sin is .
2
a
a x sx dx a x sx an odd fn
t
(
=
}
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 3
0
2 sin cos sin
2 2
a
sx sx sx
a x x
s s s t
( | | | | | |
= +
| | | (
\ . \ . \ .
2 3
2 2 cos 2 sin
0
a as a as
s s t
(
= +
(
3
2 2 cos 2sin a as as
s t
+ (
=
(
( ) ( )
3
2 sin cos
2 1
as as as
F s
s t
(
=
(
By inverse Fourier transforms,
( ) ( )
is
1
2
x
f x F s e dx
t
=
}
( )
3
1 2 sin cos
2 cos sin
2
as as as
sx i sx ds
s t t
| |
|
\ .
}
( )
3
2 sin cos
cos
as as as
f x sx dx
s t
=
}
(the second terms is on odd function )
Put 1 a =
( ) ( )
2
3
1 , 1
2 sin cos
2 cos
0 , 1
x x
s s s
f x sx ds f x
s x t
( s
= = (
>
(
}
Put 0 x =
( )
( )
3
0
0 1 0
4 sin cos
0
1
f
s s s
f ds
s t
= (
=
(
=
}
3
0
4 sin cos
1
s s s
ds
s t
=
}
3
0
sin cos
.
4
t t
dt
t
t
=
}
Hence (i) is proved. Using Parsevals identify
( ) ( )
2 2
F s ds f x dx
=
} }
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2
2 2
3
2 sin cos
2
a
a
as as as
ds a x dx
s t
(
| |
=
( |
\ .
} }
( )
2 1
2
2
3
1
8 sin cos
1
s s s
ds x dx
s t
| |
=
|
\ .
} }
( )
2 1
2
3
0 0
8 sin cos
2 2 1
s s s
ds x dx
s t
| |
=
|
\ .
} }
1 2
5 3
3
0 0
16 sin cos 2
2
4 3
s s s x x
ds x
s t
( | |
= +
| (
\ .
}
2
3
0
sin cos 8
2
16 15 15
s s s
ds
s
t t
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
}
Put 1 a =
Put s = t
2
3
0
sin cos
.
15
t t t
dt
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
}
Hence (ii) is proved.
Problem 22 (i) Using Fourier Integral prove that
0
, 0 1 cos
sin
2
0,
x
xd
x
t
t t
s s | |
=
|
\ .
>
}
(ii) Find the Fourier transform of ( )
1 , 1
0, 1
x x
f x
x
<
=
>
}
. (ii)
4
4
0
sin t
dt
t
}
.
Solution:
(i) ( ) ( )
0
1
2
0
x
f x
x
t
t
t
s s
>
( )
0
2
0
t
f t
t
t
t
t
s s
>
=
} }
0 0
cos
sin
t
x d
t
(
=
(
}
Hence ( )
0 0
0 1 cos
sin sin 1
2
0
in x
x x from
in x
t
t
t t
s s (
=
(
>
}
(ii) The Fourier transform of ( ) ( )
is
1
2
f x f x e dx
t
=
}
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( )( )
1
1
1
1 cos sin
2
x sx i sx dx
t
= +
}
( ) ( )
1
1
1
1 cos 1 sin is .
2
x sx dx x sx anodd fn
t
( =
}
( ) ( )
1
2
0
2 sin cos
1 1
2
sx sx
x
s s t
| | | |
=
`
| |
\ . \ . )
2 2
2 cos 1
2
s
s s t
= +
`
)
( ) ( )
2
2 1 cos
1
s
F s
s t
(
=
(
(i) By inverse Fourier transform
( ) ( )
1
2
isx
f x F s e ds
t
=
}
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 cos
cos i sin 1
2
s
ssx sx by
s t t
(
=
(
}
2
1 1 cos
cos
s
sx ds
s t
| |
=
|
\ .
}
(Second term is odd)
( )
2
0
2 1 cos
cos
s
f x sx ds
s t
| |
=
|
\ .
}
0 Putx =
2
0
2 1 cos
1 0
s
ds
s t
| |
=
|
\ .
}
2
0
1 cos
2
s
ds
s
t
| |
= =
|
\ .
}
( )
2
2
0
2sin / 2
2
s
ds
s
t
= =
}
/ 2 2 put t s ds dt = =
( )
2
2
0
2sin
2
2
2
t
dt
t
t
=
}
2
2
0
sin
.
2
t
dt
t
t
=
}
(ii) Using Parsevals identity.
( ) ( )
2 2
F s ds f x dx
=
} }
( )
2
1
2
2
1
2 1 cos
1
s
ds x dx
s t
(
| |
=
( |
\ .
} }
( )
2 1
2
2
1
2 1 cos
1
s
ds x dx
s t
| |
=
|
\ .
} }
( )
2 1
2
2
0 0
4 1 cos
2 1
s
ds x dx
s t
| |
=
|
\ .
} }
2
2
1
3
2
0
0
2sin
4 1 2
2
3
s
x
ds
s t
| | | |
| |
(
| |
\ .
| =
(
|
| \ .
(
|
\ .
}
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4
2
2
0
sin
16 2 2
; / 2,
3 2
s
ds
ds Let t s dt
s t
| | | |
| |
\ .
| = = =
|
|
\ .
}
4
0
16 sin 2
2
2 3
t
dt
t t
| |
=
|
\ .
}
4
0
16 sin 1
16 3
t
dt
t t
| |
=
|
\ .
}
4
0
sin
.
3
t
dt
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
}
Problem 23 (i) Find the Fourier sine transform of
x
e
| |
= >
|
+
\ .
}
.
(ii)Find the Fourier sine transform of ( ) 0
ax
e a
and
(b)
ax
S
e
F
x
| |
|
\ .
.
Solution:
(i) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
sin
s
F f x f x sx dx
t
=
}
( )
0
2
sin
x x
s
F e e sx dx
t
=
}
2
0
2 2
sin sin
1
x
s
e sx dx sx dx
s t t
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
}
Result:
2 2
0
sin
ax
b
e bxdx
a b
=
+
}
By Fourier sine inversion formula, we have
( ) ( )
0
2
sin
s
f x F s sx ds
t
=
}
2
0
2 2
sin
1
x
s
e sx ds
s t t
| |
=
|
+
\ .
}
2
0
2 sin
1
s sx
ds
s t
=
+
}
2
0
sin
1 2
x
s sx
ds e put x a
s
t
= =
+
}
2
0
sin
1 2
a
s sa
ds e
s
t
=
+
}
Replace S by x
2
0
sin
.
1 2
a
x ax
dx e
x
t
=
+
}
(ii) . ( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
sin
s
F f x f x sx dx
t
=
}
( )
0
2
sin
ax ax
s
F e e sx dx
t
=
}
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( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
sin cos ....... 1
ax
e s
a sx s sx
a s a s t t
| |
= =
`
|
+ +
\ .
)
By Property
( ) ( ) ( )
s c
d
F x f x F f x
ds
( = (
( ) ( ) ( )
s s
d
F x f x F f x
ds
= (
(a) To Find
ax
c
F x e
(
( )
ax ax
c s
d
F x e F e
ds
( =
2 2
2 d s
ds s a t
(
| |
=
( |
+
\ .
( )
2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2 a s s
a s
t
(
+
(
=
(
+
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
.
c
a s
F x f x
a s
t
(
(
= (
(
+
(b) To find
ax
s
e
F
x
(
(
( ) ( ) ( )
at
0
2
sin 1
s
e
F f x st dt
t t
=
}
( )
at
0
2
sin
e
F s st dt
t t
=
}
Diff. on both sides w.r to s we get
( ) ( )
at
0
2
sin
d d e
F s st dt
ds ds t t
=
} 2 2
0
cos
ax
a
e bx dx
b a
(
=
(
+
}
at
0
2
sin
e
st dt
s t t
c
=
`
c
)
}
at
0
2 cos te st
dt
t t
=
}
at
0
2
cos e st dt
t
=
}
( )
at
2 2
0
2 2
cos
d a
F s e st dt
ds s a t t
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
}
Integrating w.r. to s we get
( )
2 2
2 a
F s ds c
s a t
= +
+
}
1
2 1
. tan
s
a c
a a t
| |
= +
|
\ .
But ( ) 0 F s = When 0 s = 0 c = from (1)
( )
1
2
tan .
s
F s
a t
| |
=
|
\ .
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Problem 24 (i) Find the Fourier transform of
2 2
a x
e
is self reciprocal
with respect to Fourier Transforms.
(ii) Find the Fourier cosine transform of
1 n
x
. Hence deduce that
1
x
is self-reciprocal
under cosine transform. Also find
1
F
x
| |
|
|
\ .
.
Solution:
(i) ( ) ( )
is
1
2
x
F f x f x e dx
t
= (
}
2 2
is
1
2
a x
e e dx
t
=
}
( )
2 2
is
1
2
a x
x
e dx
t
=
}
( )
( )
2 2
is 1
1
2
a x x
e dx
t
=
}
Consider
2 2
a x isx
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2
is
is is
2
2 2 2
ax ax
a a a
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
( )
2
2
2
is s
2
2 4
ax
a a
| |
= +
|
\ .
Sub: (2) in (1) ,We get
( )
2
2
is
2 4
1
2
s
ax
a a
F f x e dx
t
(
| |
+ ( |
\ . (
= (
}
2
2
2
is
2
4
1
2
s
ax
a
a
e e dx
t
| |
|
\ .
=
}
2
2
2
4
1 is
,
2 2
s
t
a
dt
e e Let t ax dt adx
a a t
= = =
}
2
2 2 2
2
4
1
2
s
a x t
a
F e e e dt
a
t t
t
(
(
= =
(
}
( )
2
2
4
1
3
2
s
a
e
a
=
( )
1
3
2
Put a in =
2 2
/ 2 / 2 x S
F e e
(
=
2
/ 2 S
e
I =
}
Put , y ax = we get ( ) ( )
1
0
n
ax
e ax adx n
= I
}
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( )
1
0
ax n
n
n
e x dx
a
I
=
}
Put a = is
( )
( )
is 1
0
is
x n
n
n
e x dx
I
=
}
( )
( )
1
0
cos sin
n n
n
n
sx i sx x dx i
s
I
=
}
( )
cos i sin
2 2
n
n
n
s
t t
I
| |
= +
|
\ .
( )
cos i sin
2 2
n
n n n
s
t t I
(
=
(
Equating real parts, we get
( )
( )
1
0
cos cos 2
2
n
n
n
n
x sxdx
s
t
I
=
}
Using this in (1) we get
( )
( )
1
2
cos
2
n
c n
n n
F x
s
t
t
I
=
Put
1
2
n =
1
1 2 2
cos
4
c
F
x s
t
t
| |
I
|
| |
\ .
=
|
\ .
2 1 1
2 2 s
t
t
t
( | |
= I =
| (
\ .
1
s
=
Hence
1
x
is self-reciprocal under Fourier cosine transform
To find
1
1 1
F
x
`
)
1 1 is
2
x
F e dx
x x t
=
`
)
}
( )
1 1
cos is
2
sx insx dx
x t
= +
}
| |
0
2 1
cos sec
2
sx dx The ond termodd
x t
=
}
Put n =1/2 in (2), we get
0
cos 1/ 2
cos
4
sx
dx
x s
t
I
=
}
1
2 2 s s
t t
= =
1 2 1
.
2
F
s s x
t
t
= =
`
)
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Problem 25 (i) Find ( ) f x if its Fourier sine Transform is
as
e
s
.
(ii) Using Parsevals Identify for Fourier cosine and sine transforms of
ax
e
, evaluate
(a).
( )
2
2 2
0
1
dx
a x
+
}
(b).
( )
2
2
2 2
0
x
dx
x a
+
}
Solution:
(i) Let ( ) ( )
as
s
e
F f x
s
=
Then ( ) ( )
0
2
sin 1
as
e
f x sx dx
s t
=
}
2 2
0
2 2
cos
as
df a
e sx ds
dx a x t t
= =
+
}
( )
2 2
2 dx
F x a
a x t
=
+
}
( )
1
2
tan 2
x
c
a t
| |
= +
|
\ .
At ( ) 0, 0 0 x f = = using (1)
(2) => ( ) ( )
1
2
0 tan 0 0 f c c
t
= + =
Hence ( )
1
2
tan .
x
f x
a t
| |
=
|
\ .
(ii) (a)To find
( )
2
2 2
0
dx
a x
+
}
( )
0
2
cos
ax ax
c
F e e sx dx
t
=
}
( )
2 2
0
2
cos sin
ax
e
a sx s sx
a s t
(
= +
(
+
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
ax
c
a
F e
a s t
| |
=
|
+
\ .
By Passevals identify.
( ) ( )
2 2
0 0
c
f x dx F s ds
=
} }
2
2
2 2
0 0
2
, (1)
ax
a
e dx ds from
a s t
(
=
(
+
} }
( )
2
2
2
2 2
0 0
2
2
ax
e ds
a
a
a s
t
(
=
(
+
}
2
2 2
0
1 2
2
a ds
a a s t
=
+
}
( )
| |
2
2 3
2 2
0
. e ' '
4
x
i e R place s by x
a
a x
t
=
+
}
(b) To find
( )
2
2
2 2
0
x
dx
a x
=
+
}
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( )
0
2
sin
ax ax
s
F e e sx dx
t
=
}
( )
2 2
0
2
sin cos
ax
e
a sx s sx
a s t
(
=
(
+
( )
2 2
2
ax
s
s
F e
a s t
| |
=
|
+
\ .
By parsevals identify
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
0 0
s
f x dx F f x ds
=
} }
( )
2
2
2 2
0 0
2
ax
s
e dx ds
a s t
| |
=
|
+
\ .
} }
( )
2
2 2
0 0
1
.
2 2 2 2
ax
s e
i e ds
a a a s
t t
(
= =
(
+
}
( )
( )
2
2
2 2
0
Re ' ' ' ' .
4
x
dx place s by x
a
x a
t
=
+
}
Problem 26 (i). Find the Fourier cosine transform of cos
ax
e ax
+ +
}
(b).
( )( )
2
2 2 2 2
0
x
dx
x a x b
+ +
}
, using Fourier cosine and
sine transform.
Solution:
(i) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
cos
c
F f x f x sx dx
t
=
}
( )
0
2
cos
ax ax
c
F e e sx dx
t
=
}
( )
2 2
2
c
a
F s
s a t
| |
=
|
+
\ .
By Modulation Theorem,
( ) ( ) ( )
1
cos
2
c c c
F f x ax F a s F a s = + + ( (
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 2
cos
2
ax
c
a a
F e ax
a a s a a s
t
(
( ( = +
`
+ + + (
)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 2
.
2
a a s a a s
a
a a s a a s
t
+ + + +
=
`
( (
+ + +
)
2 2
4 4
4 2
4 2
a a s
s a t
( +
=
(
+
2 2
4 4
2 2
cos .
4 2
ax
c
a a s
F e ax
s a t
( +
( =
(
+
(ii) (a) Let ( ) ( )
2
and
x x
f x e g x e
= =
( )
0
2
cos
x x
c
F e e sx dx
t
=
}
( )
2
0
2
cos sin
1
x
e
x s sx
s t
(
= +
(
+
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( )
2
2 1
1
1 s t
(
=
(
+
( )
2 2
0
2
cos
x x
c
F e e sx dx
t
=
}
( )
2
2 2
2
4 s t
| |
=
|
+
\ .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
c c
f x g x dx F f x F g x ds
=
} }
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
0 0
2 1 1
. 1 & 2
1 4
x x
e e dx ds from
s s t
| |
=
|
+ +
\ .
} }
( )( )
3
2 2
0 0
4
1 4
x
ds
e dx ds
s s t
=
+ +
} }
( ) ( )
3
2 2
0 0
1
4 3 4 3 1 4
x
ds e
s s
t t
(
| |
= =
| (
+ + \ .
}
( )( )
2 2
0
.
12 1 4
ds
s s
t
=
+ +
}
(b) To find
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
0
.
x
dx
x a x b
+ +
}
Let
( ) ( ) ( ) ,
ax bx
f x e g x e
= =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0
2 2
sin 1
ax
s
s
F g x e sx
s a t t
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
}
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
0
2 2
sin 2
bx
s
s
F g x e sx
s b t t
| |
= =
|
+
\ .
}
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
. (1) and(2)
s s
f x g x dx F f x F g x ds From
= ( (
} }
( )( )
2
2 2 2 2
0 0
2
ax bx
s
e e dx ds
s a s b t
=
+ +
} }
( )( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
0 0
2
a b x
s
ds e dx
s a s b
t
+
=
+ +
} }
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
0
0
. .
2 2
a b x
x e
i e dx
a b a b x a x b
t t
+
(
= =
(
+ + + +
}
Problem 27 (i). Solve for ( ) f x from the integral equation ( )
0
1, 0 1
sin 2, 1 2
0, 2
s
f x sxdx s
s
s s
= s s
>
}
.
(ii). If the Fourier transform of ( ) f x , defined by ( )
1,
0,
x a
f x
x a
s
=
>
is
2 sin as
s t
| |
|
\ .
.
Find ( ) 1 cos
x
F f x
a
t ( | | | |
+
( | |
\ . \ .
.
Solution:
(i) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
sin
s
F f x f x sx dx
t
=
}
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( ) ( )
1 0 1
2 1 2
2
0 2
s
for s
F f x for s
for s
t
s s
= s s
>
=
( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2 sin
cos
x a s as
F f x
a a s
t
t t
=
`
)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 cos cos
x x
F f x F f x F f x
a a
t t ( | | (
+ = +
| ( (
\ .
2
2 2 2
2 sin 2 sin as a as
s a s t t t
= +
2
2 2 2
2 1
sin
a s
as
s a s t t
( (
= +
( (
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( )
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2
sin
a s a s
as
s a s
t
t t
(
+
( =
(
2
2 2 2
2 sin as
s a s
t
t t
(
=
(
( )
2
2 2 2
2 2 sin .
2
as
s a s
t
t t
=
.
Problem 28 (i). Find Fourier transform of
a x
e
=
+
}
(b).
( )
2
2 2
2 2
a x
as
F xe i
s a
t
(
=
+
.
(ii) . Find Fourier cosine transform of sin
ax
e ax
.
Solution;
(i) Fourier transform of ( ) f x is
( ) ( ) ( )
is
1
2
x
F f x f x e dx
t
=
}
( )
1
cos i sin
2
a x
e sx sx dx
t
= +
}
1
cos sin is .
2
a x a x
e sx dx e sx odd fn
t
(
=
}
( ) ( )
2 2
2
1
2
a x
a
F e F s
a s t
(
(
= =
(
+
(a) Using Fourier inverse transform,
( )
1
2
a x isx
e F s e ds
t
=
}
( )
2 2
1 2
cos sin
2
a
sx i sx ds
a s t t
(
= +
(
+
}
2 2 2 2
cos sin
0 is .
a sx sx
ds an odd fn
a s s a t
(
= +
(
+ +
}
( )
2 2
2 cos
Re ' ' ' '
a xt
dt place s by t
a t t
=
+
}
2 2
cos
.
2
a x
xt
e dt
a a t
t
=
+
}
(b) . Find Fourier cosine transform of sin
ax
e ax
.
To prove
( )
2
2 2
2 2
a x
as
F xe i
s a
t
(
=
+
Property:
( ) ( )
n
n
n
n
d F
F x f x i
ds
( =
( )
( ) dF s
F x f x i
ds
= (
( )
a x
a x
i dF e
F xe
ds
(
=
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2 2
2 d a
i
ds a s t
| |
=
|
|
+
\ .
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
.
s as
ia i
a s a s
t t
| |
|
= =
|
+ +
\ .
(ii) Find the Fourier cosine transform of sin
ax
e ax
.
( ) ( ) ( )
0
2
cos
c
F f x f x sx dx
t
=
}
0
2
sin sin cos
ax ax
c
F e ax e ax sx dx
t
( =
}
( ) ( )
0
2 1
sin sin
2
ax
e s a x s a x dx
t
= + (
}
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2
0
1
sin
2
ax
s a s a b
e bx dx
a b
a s a a s a t
(
+
= =
` (
+
+ + + +
)
}
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
2
a s a s a s a a s a
a s a a s a
t
+ + + + +
=
`
+ + +
)
2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2
4 2 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2
a s s as a as a s s s as a s a sa
a a s a s a s s as a s as a s t
+ + + + + +
=
`
+ + + + +
)
( )
2 2
3 2
4 4 4 4
2
2 2 2
.
4 4 2
a a s
a as
a s a s t t
| |
| = =
`
|
+ +
)
\ .
Problem 29 (i). State and Prove Parsevals Identity in Fourier Transform.
(ii). Find Fourier cosine transform of
2
x
e
Solution:
(i) Parsevals identity:
Statement: If ( ) F s is the Fourier transform of ( ) f x , then ( ) ( )
2 2
f x dx F s
=
} }
| | ( ) ( ) Pr * oof by convolution theorem F f g F s G s =
( ) ( )
1
* f g F F s G s
= (
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
is
1 1
1
2 2
x
f t g x t dt F s G s e ds
t t
=
} }
Put ( ) ( ) 0and , x g t f t = = then it follows that ( ) ( ) G s F s =
( ) 1 becomes
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f t f t dt F s F s ds
( (
=
} }
( ) ( )
2 2
. . i e f t dt F s ds
=
} }
( ) ( )
2 2
. . i e f t dx F s ds
=
} }
(ii)
( ) ( )
0
2
cos
c
F f x f x sx dx
t
= (
}
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2 2
0
2
cos
x x
c
F e e sx dx
t
(
=
}
2 2 1
cos
2
x
e sx dx
t
=
}
2 1
cos
2
x
e sx dx
t
=
}
2 1
2
x
e
t
=
}
RP of
isx
e dx
= R.P of
2
is
1
2
x x
e e dx
t
}
= R.P of
2
is
1
2
x x
e dx
t
+
}
= R.P of
2
2
2
4
is
4
1
2
s
x x
s
e
e dx
e
t
+
}
= R.P of
2 2 2
/ 4 / 4
1
2
s x isx s
e e dx
t
+ +
}
= R.P of
( )
2
2
/ 2 / 4
1
2
x is s
e e dx
t
}
Put
is
2
x
t dx dt
= =
When t y = =
t y = =
( ) .
c
F f x R P = (
of
2
2
/ 4
2
s
t
e
e dt
t
}
R.P.of
2
2
/ 4
2
s
t
e
e dt t t
t
(
=
(
}
2
/ 4
2
s
e
=
2
2
/ 4
.
2
s
x
c
e
F e
(
=> =
Problem 30 (i). Find the Fourier transform of
sin ax
x
and hence prove that
2
2
sin
4
ax
dx a
x
t
=
}
.
(ii). Find ( ) f x , if the Fourier transform of ( ) F s is
( )
( )
2sin3 2
2
s
s
t
t
.
Solution:
(i) ( ) ( )
is
1
2
x
F f x f x e dx
t
= (
}
is
sin 1 sin
2
x
ax ax
F e dx
x x t
( (
=
( (
}
( )
1 sin
cos sin
2
ax
sx x dx
x t
(
= +
(
}
2
t
t
=
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( )
sin
2 1
ax
F
x
t
(
=
(
( ) ( )
0
sin sin
2 2
0& 0
2 2
0& 0 0& 0
a s x a s x
dx if a s a s
x x
if a s a s or a s a s
t t
t t
( + (
(
+ = + + > >
( ` (
(
( )
+ > < + < >
}
By Parsevals identity
( ) ( )
2 2
f x dx F s ds
=
} }
2
2
2
sin
2
a
a
ax
dx ds
x
t
=
} }
| | ( ) 2 2 4
a
a
s a a a t t t
= = + =
2
2
sin
. . 4 .
ax
i e dx a
x
t
=
}
(ii) Let us find
1
2sin3s
F
s
`
)
1 is
2sin3 1 2sin3
2
x
s s
F e ds
s s t
=
`
)
}
( )
1 2sin3
cos sin
2
s
sx i sx ds
s t
= +
}
0
1 2sin3 cos s sx
ds
s t
=
}
(By the property of odd and even function)
( ) ( )
0
sin 3 sin 3 1 x s x
ds
s s t
+
= +
`
)
}
( ) ( )
0 0
sin 3 sin 3 1 x s x s
ds ds
s s t
( +
= +
(
} }
1
3 0&3 0
2 2
3 0&3 0
0 3 0&3 0
if x x
if x x or
x x
t t
t
(
+ + > >
(
= + > <
`
+ < >
)
0
sin
according as m >0 or m < 0 .
2 2
mx
dx or
x
t t
(
=
(
}
1 3 3
0 3 3
if x
if x or x
< <
=
< >
( )
1 3
0 3 1
if x
if x
<
=
>
=
Thus
( )
1 2 1
2sin 3 2
2sin3
2
i
s
s
F e F
s s
t
t
t
(
| |
=
`
|
\ .
)
2
1 3
0 3
i
if x
e
if x
t
<
>
2
2
3
0 3
i x
i
e if x
e
if x
t
t
<
>
.
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