Tutorial For The Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna

High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS)
Tutorial

Prepared by

Dr. Otman El Mrabet

IETR, UMR CNRS 6164, INSA, 20 avenue Butte des Cosmes 35043 Rennes, FRANCE

2005 - 2006

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... III
HIGH FREQUENCY STRUCTURE SIMULAOR (HFSS)................................................ IV
CHAPTER ONE THE DIPOLE ANTENNA........................................................................ 1
CHAPTER TWO THE RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA...................................... 22
CHAPTER THREE PROBE FEED PATCH ANTENNA................................................. 34
CHAPTER FOUR THE TRIANGULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA............................ 48
PROJECTS

ii
Introduction
Wireless communications have progressed very rapidly in recent years, and many
mobile units are becoming smaller and smaller. To meet the miniaturization
requirement, the antennas employed in mobile terminals must have their dimensions
reduced accordingly. Planar antennas, such as microstrip and printed antennas have
the attractive features of low profile, small size, and conformability to mounting
hosts and are very promising candidates for satisfying this design consideration. For
this reason, compact, broadband and wideband design technique for planar antennas
have been attracted much attention from antenna researchers. Very recently,
especially after the year 2000, many novel planar antenna designs to satisfy specific
bandwidth specifications of present day mobile cellular communication systems
including the global system for mobile communication (GSM; 890 960 MHz), the
digital communication system (DCS; 1710 1880 MHz), the personal communication
system (PCS; 1850 1990 MHz), and the universal mobile telecommunication system
(UMTS; 1920 2170 MHz), have been developed and published in the open
literature.
Planar antennas are also very attractive for applications in communication devices
for wireless local area network (WLAN) systems in the 2.4 GHz (2400 2484 MHz)
and 5.2 GHz (5150 5350 MHz) bands.
The aim of this tutorial is to show you how to use HFSS to design planar antennas for
wireless communications. Therefore, we have chosen four antennas types; dipole
antenna, the rectangular patch antenna, probe feed patch antenna and triangular
microstrip antenna. At the end, we will propose some projects.
iii
High Frequency Simulator Structure (HFSS)
HFSS is a high performance full wave electromagnetic (EM) field simulator for
arbitrary 3D volumetric passive device modelling that takes advantage of the
familiar Microsoft Windows graphical user interface. It integrates simulation,
visualization, solid modelling, and automation in an easy to learn environment
where solutions to your 3D EM problems are quickly and accurate obtained. Ansoft
HFSS employs the Finite Element Method (FEM), adaptive meshing, and brilliant
graphics to give you unparalleled performance and insight to all of your 3D EM
problems. Ansoft HFSS can be used to calculate parameters such as S-Parameters,
Resonant Frequency, and Fields. Typical uses include:

Package Modelling BGA, QFP, Flip-Chip
PCB Board Modelling Power/ Ground planes, Mesh Grid Grounds,
Backplanes
Silicon/GaAs-Spiral Inductors, Transformers
EMC/EMI Mobile Communications Patches, Dipoles, Horns, Conformal
Cell Phone Antennas, Quadrafilar Helix, Specific Absorption Rate ( SAR),
Infinite Arrays, Radar Section (RCS), Frequency Selective Surface (FSS)
Connectors Coax, SFP/XFP, Backplane, Transitions
Waveguide Filters, Resonators, Transitions, Couplers
Filters Cavity Filters, Microstrip, Dielectric
HFSS is an interactive simulation system whose basic mesh element is a
tetrahedron. This allows you to solve any arbitrary 3D geometry, especially
iv
those with complex curves and shapes, in a fraction of the time it would take
using other techniques.
The name HFSS stands for High Frequency Strucutre Simulator. Ansoft
pioneered the use of the Finite Element Method (FEM) for EM simulation by
developing / implementing technologies such as tangential vector finite
elements, adaptive meshing, and Adaptive Lancozos - pade Sweep (ALPS).
Today, HFSS continues to lead the industry with innovations such as Modes
to Nodes and Full wave Spice.
Ansoft HFSS has evolved over a period of years with input from many users
and industries. In industry, Ansoft HFSS is the tool of choice for High
productivity research, development, and virtual prototyping.

v
Telecommunication & System UFR The Dipole Antenna

Chapter one - The Dipole Antenna

I Introduction

The monopole and dipole antennas are commonly used for broadcasting, cellular
phones, and wireless communications due to their omnidirective property. Thus in
this tutorial, a dipole antenna will be constructed and analyzed using the HFSS
simulator. The example will illustrate both the simplicity and power of HFSS through
construction and simulation of this antenna structure. The following notes will
provide a brief summary of goals.

General navigation of software menus, toolbars, and quick keys.
Variable assignment.
Overview of commands used to create structures.
Proper design and implementation of boundaries.
Analysis Setup.
Report Creation and options.

1- Starting HFSS

- Click the microsoft Dmarrer button, Select Programs, and select Ansoft, HFSS
9.2 program group. Click HFSS 9.2.

- Or Double click on the HFSS 9.2 icon on the Windows Desktop.
HFSS 9.lnk

2- Creating the Project

First launch the HFSS Simulator.

Project manager

O. El Mrabet & M. Essaadi 2005 - 2006
1

From the Project Manager window. Right-Click the project file and select Save As
from the sub menu.

Name the file dipole and Click Save.

Note: Before click on Enregistrer, always create a personal folder to store all
HFSS projects.

3- Working with geometries

To begin working with geometries.

- you must insert an HFSS design. Right-Click the project file and select Insert
> Insert HFSS Design from the menu.

2

- Or click on from the toolbars.

Due to the nature of this design we will use Driven Modal as the solution type.
From the HFSS menu select Solution Type and Driven Modal.

3

The units are chosen as mm by choosing the heading 3D modeler and Units from the
menu.

HFSS relies on variables for any parameterization / optimization within the project.
Variables also hold many other benefits which will make them necessary for all
projects.

Fixed Ratios (length, width, height) are easily maintained using variables.
Optimetrics use variables to optimize the design according to user-defined
criteria.
All dimensions can be quickly changed in one window as opposed to altering
each object individually.

Click the HFSS heading and select Design Properties at the bottom of the menu.

4

This will open the variable table. Add all variables shown below by selecting Add. Be
sure to include units as needed.

The final variable table should looks like

5

4- Drawing the Dipole

We will start to by creating the dipole element using the Draw Cylinder button
from the toolbar.

By default the proprieties dialog will appear after you have finished drawing an
object. The position and size of objects can be modified from the dialog.

6

Double click

7

Follow the format above for structure size. Give the name dip1 to this object. Assign
the material PEC and click OK. PEC (Perfect Electric Conductor) will create ideal
conditions for the element.

The next step is to build the symmetric of dip1. To do that, Right -Click the drawing
area and select Edit ->Duplicate ->Around Axis.

The dipole structure is illustrated below:

8

5- Creating the port

In the section you will create a Lumped Gap Source. This will provide an excitation
to the dipole structure. Begin by selecting the YZ plane from the toolbar. Using the
3D toolbar, click Draw Rectangle and place two arbitrary points within the model
area.

Select YZ plane
Draw rectangle

Enter the following information

9

Double Click

Enter the information below

With the source geometry in place, the user must provide an excitation. A lumped port
will be used for the dipole model. This excitation is commonly used when the far field
region is of primary interest. In the project explorer, right-click Excitation ->Assign
->Lumped Port.

Name the port source and leave the default values for impedance.

10

Click Next and enter the following:

Using the mouse, position the cursor to the bottom-center of the port. Ansoft's snap
feature should place the pointer when the user approaches the center of any object.
Left-click to define the origin of the E-field vector. Move the cursor to the top-center
of the port. Left-click to terminate the E-field vector. Click finish to complete the port
excitation.

Note: In case you find some difficulties for drawing the lumped port, you can redraw
the rectangular plane, affect the lumped port, then resize the rectangular plane.

11

6- Radiation Boundary

In this section, a radiation boundary is created so that far field information may be
extracted from the structure. To obtain the best result, a cylindrical air boundary is
defined with a distance of /4. From the toolbar, select Draw Cylinder.

Enter the following information:

12

With the geometry complete, the actual radiation boundary may now be assigned.
From the 3D toolbar select face from the drop down window as shown below.

Click and select all faces as follow:

With all faces selected, right-click the Boundary icon in the object explorer and select
Boundary ->Assign ->Radiation.

13

Leave the default name Rad1 and click OK.

7- Solution Setup

In this section a solution must be defined to display the desired data. We are primarily
interested in the frequency response of the structure. We will also explore HFSS's
ability to calculate general antenna parameters such as directivity, radiation resistance,
radiation efficiency, etc... .
From the project explorer, select Analysis ->Add Solution Setup.

Enter the following. Click ok when complete.

14

To view the frequency response of the structure, a frequency sweep must be defined.
From the project explorer select Setup1 ->Add Sweep.

Enter the following

15

8- Structure Analysis

At this point, the user should be ready to analyze the structure. Before running the
analysis, always verify the project by selecting from the 3D toolbar. If everything
is correct the user should see:

Analyze the structure by clicking

9- Create Reports

16

After completion of the analysis, we will create a report to display both the resonant
frequency and also the radiation pattern. Click on the heading HFSS and select
Results ->Create Reports.

Choose the following in the Create Report window:

Select the following highlighted parameters and click Add Trace to load the options
into the Trace window.

17

Click Done when complete.
The graph is displayed below:

HFSS has the ability to compute antenna parameters automatically. In order to
produce the calculations, the user must define an infinite sphere for far field
calculations. Right-click the Radiation icon in the project manager window and

18

select Insert Far Field Setup ->Infinite Sphere.

Accept all default parameters and click Done. Right-click Infinite Sphere1 ->
Compute Antenna Parameters... from the project explorer as shown:

Select all defaults and results are displayed as follows:

Next, the far field will be plotted. Create Reports as previously shown. Modify the
following:

19

Enter the following:

Select the Mag and enter the following:

20

Select Add Trace and click Done when complete. The radiation pattern is displayed
below:

21
Telecommunication & System UFR The Rectangular Patch Antenna

Chapter Two - The Rectangular Patch Antenna

I Introduction

The objective of this chapter is to show you how to create, simulate and analyze a
microstrip patch antenna resonating at a frequency of 7.5 GHz as shown in Fig.1.

28.1 mm

Patch
Feed Line
X
Y
8 mm
16 mm
12.45 mm
32 mm
A (0, 0,0)
Top View

Z
W=2.46 mm

2.2
r
=
H=0.794 mm

Ground Plane
Cross View

Fig.1 Rectangular Patch Antenna

22

II Creating the Rectangular Patch

According to the first chapter, you can create and save a project.

1 Substrate

To draw the Substrate, click on the toolbar. Then draw a box by filling the
following data as shown below.

23

2 Feed Line

To draw the Feed Line, click on the toolbar. Then draw a box by filling the

3 Patch

To draw the Patch , click on the toolbar. Then draw a box by filling the following
data as shown below.

24

We know that the Patch and Feed line should be one object. So, we need to unite
them. Note that both objects are of the same material. Click on both objects that you
need to unite, i.e. Patch and Feed_line in the history tree. Click on one and hold the
CTRL key and click on the other. Right Click Edit > Boolean > Unite. The two
objects are united now.

25

4 Ground Plane

To draw the Ground Plane, click on the toolbar. Then draw a box by filling the

26

5 Assign Excitation

The excitation is a waveguide port at the beginning of the microstrip line. The
reference plane of this port is located directly at the beginning of the radiating plane.
Antennas are excited through the port. To draw the Port, click on the toolbar.
Then draw a rectangle by filling the following data as shown below.

Choose the object Port from history tree, right-click and assign excitation. In our case,
it is waveport. Click waveport, name it as your preference, then click Next, now
define your integration line. Normally, integration line is defined from the bottom
middle point to the upper middle point. Keep other values as default. Click Finish.

A pop up will come up

27

Then click suivant and choose new line

Draw the lumped port,

28

6 Assign Boundary

Now the model has been created, we need to assign boundary conditions. In HFSS,
radiation boundaries are used to simulate open problems that allow waves to radiate
infinitely far into space. HFSS absorbs the wave at the radiation boundary, essentially
ballooning the boundary infinitely far away from the structure. In our case, our ABC
(Absorbing Boundary condition) is an air box.
To draw the Air Box, click on the toolbar. Then draw a box by filling the

Now select boundary, right click > Assign Boundary > radiation

29

7 Analysis Setup

Finally, you have your model ready to run. Now you need to identify your analysis
setup.
To create an analysis setup, select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add
Solution Setup. In the Solution Setup window, click the general tab, Solution
frequency is 7.5 GHz, Maximum Number of Passes is 20 and Maximum Delta S per
Pass is 0.02.

8 ADD Frequency Sweep

To add a frequency sweep, select the menu item HFSS > Analysis Setup > Add
Sweep. Select Solution Setup: Setup1. Click OK button. Then Edit Sweep Window.
Sweep Type: Fast, Frequency Setup Type: Linear Count, Start: 5 GHz, Stop: 10 GHz,
Count: 500. Click OK button.

9 Model Validation

To validate the model, select the menu HFSS > Validation Check. Click the Close
button. To view any errors or warnings messages, use the Message Manager.

30

10 Analyze

To start the solution process, select the menu item HFSS > Analyze.

Or click on the icon .

11- Solution Data

Note: The Solution Data window can be also displayed by right-click on the Setup1
under analysis on the HFSS design tree. Note also that the default view is Profile.
Select the Convergence tab.

The simulation will stop as soon as the results converge, which is at pass 14.

12- Create Reports

To create a report, select Results > Create Report.

31

Set Report Type to Modal S Parameters, Display Type to Rectangular then click OK
button.

In the Traces Window, set Solution to Setup1: Adaptive1. In the Y tab, set Category
to S Parameter, Quantity to S (waveport, waveport), Function to dB and click Add
Trace button. Click Done button. Note that you can create any type of report it all
depends on what you want to analyze specifically.

The antenna is resonating around 7.5 GHz.

Note: More accurate results could be achieved by zooming in the simulation between
7.00 GHz and 8.00 GHz. (Change the Start and Stop values to 7 GHz and 8 GHz,
respectively then run simulation again).

Moreover, we notice that Zin at 7.5 GHz is 88.05 . To view Zin, go to
Results<Solution Data click on Z Matrix and drag the frequency menu to 7.5
GHz and read the Magnitude of the input impedance.

32

12- Radiation Pattern

Create infinite sphere. Then go to Results< Create Report. When the new window
pops up change the Report Type to Far Field and Display type to 3D Polar Plot.
Click Add Trace then Ok.

33
Telecommunication System & UFR Probe Feed Patch Antenna

Chapter Three Probe Feed Patch Antenna

I Introduction

This third chapter is intended to show you how to create, simulate and analyze a
Probe Feed Patch Antenna (Fig.1) using the Ansoft HFSS. The main aim of this
chapter is to show how to create a coax cable probe.

10cm

X
Y
3cm
4cm
9cm

Top View

Z

2.2
r
=
H=0.32cm

GroundPlane
Cross View

Fig.1 Probe Feed Patch Antenna

34

II Getting Started

By now, you can launch HFSS, opening a project and name it
probe_Feed_Patch_Antenna.

Then set the solution type:

- select the menu item HFSS >Solution Type
- choose Driven Terminal
- click Ok button

To set the units

- select the menu item 3D Modeler >Units
- select Units: cm
- click ok button

III Creating the Probe Feed Patch Antenna

1 Substrate


35

2 Patch

To draw the Patch , click on the toolbar. Then draw rectangle by filling the

36

Then assign a perfect E boundary to the patch. Select Patch, double click, select
Assign Boundary > Perfect E

3 Ground Plane

To draw the Ground Plane, click on the toolbar. Then draw rectangle by filling
the following data as shown below.

37

Then assign a perfect E boundary to the patch. Select Ground, double click, and
select Assign Boundary > Perfect E

4 Coax Cable

The antenna is excited using a coax cable port. This port is located under the patch.

To draw the coax cable port, we start by drawing the infinite ground Cut Out
as shown below.

38

Then select the Ground & Cut_Out, right click, select Edit >Boolean >Substract

Create the coax.

So to create the coax, select the menu item Draw >Cylinder, then enter the data as
described below

39

Create the Coax Pin

So Select the menu itemDraw >Cylinder, then enter the data as described below

Create the Wave port
To create a circle that represents the port:
Select the menu itemDraw >Circle, then enter the data as shown below

40

To assign wave port excitation, select Port 1, then go to menu item HFSS >
Excitations >Assign >Wave port

Create the Probe
To create the probe, select the menu item Draw >Cylinder, then enter the data as
shown below

41

5 Assign Boundary


Now select Box 1, right click >Assign Boundary >radiation

42

6 Analysis Setup

setup.
To create an analysis setup, select the menu item HFSS >Analysis Setup >Add
Pass is 0.02.


To add a frequency sweep, select the menu item HFSS >Analysis Setup >Add

8 Model Validation

To validate the model, select the menu HFSS >Validation Check. Click the Close

9 Analyze

To start the solution process, select the menu item HFSS >Analyze.


10- Solution Data


43


11- Create Reports

To create a report, select Results >Create Report.

button.


44

12- Radiation Pattern

To create a 2D polar far field plot go to Results >create Report. When the new
window pops up change the Report Type to Far Field and Display type to Radiation
Pattern then click OK.

45

46

47
Telecommunication System & UFR Triangular Microstrip Antenna

Chapter Four Triangular Microstrip Antenna

I Introduction

This fourth chapter is intended to show you how to create, simulate and analyze a
complex antenna such as dual frequency equilateral triangular antenna with a pair of
narrow slots (Figure 4.1) using the Ansoft HFSS. The main aim of this chapter is to
show how to create complicated drawing.

Figure 4.1 Geometry of the dual frequency equilateral triangular antenna with
a pair of narrow slots

II Getting Started

By now, you can launch HFSS, opening a project and name it
Triangular_Antenna.

Then set the solution type:

- select the menu item HFSS >Solution Type
- choose Driven Terminal
- click Ok button

48
Shyh-Tirng Fang and Kin-Lu Wong, "A DUAL-FREQUENCY EQUILATERAL-TRIANGULAR
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA WITH A PAIR OF NARROW SLOTS," MICROWAVE AND
OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Vol. 23, No. 2, October 20 1999.

To set the units

- select the menu item 3D Modeler >Units
- select Units: mm
- click ok button

III Dual frequency equilateral triangular antenna with a pair of narrow slots

1 Substrate


49

2 Triangular Patch

Since there isnt a triangular icon that allow us to draw triangular shapes. So to draw
it, we must first begin by drawing a rectangular patch.
To draw the Patch, click on the toolbar. Then draw rectangle by filling the

50

We start to draw a poly line to form a triangular shape as shown above by clicking on
this icon on the toolbar.

Then start to enter the point positions (P1, P2, and P3).
Then select the Patch & Polyline1, right click, select Edit >Boolean >Substract

51

Now, we start to another a second Polyline

Then enter the appropriate point positions of the Polyline 2, when you finished select
the Patch & Polyline2, right click, select Edit >Boolean >Substract

52

Assign a perfect E boundary to the patch. Select Patch, double click, select Assign
Boundary > Perfect E

3 Ground Plane

To draw the Ground Plane, click on the toolbar. Then draw rectangle by filling
the following data as shown below.

53

Then assign a perfect E boundary to the patch. Select Ground, double click, and
select Assign Boundary > Perfect E

54

4 Coax Cable

The antenna is excited using a coax cable port. This port is located under the patch.

To draw the coax cable port, we start by drawing the infinite ground Cut Out
as shown below.

Then select the Ground & Cut_Out, right click, select Edit >Boolean >Substract

Create the coax.

So to create the coax, select the menu item Draw >Cylinder, then enter the data as
described below

55

Create the Coax Pin

So Select the menu itemDraw >Cylinder, then enter the data as described below

56

Create the Wave port
To create a circle that represents the port:
Select the menu itemDraw >Circle, then enter the data as shown below

57

To assign wave port excitation, select Port 1, then go to menu item HFSS >
Excitations >Assign >Wave port

Create the Probe
To create the probe, select the menu item Draw >Cylinder, then enter the data as
shown below

58

5 Assign Boundary


59

Now select Box 1, right click >Assign Boundary >radiation
The final antenna should like as follow

6 Analysis Setup

setup.
To create an analysis setup, select the menu item HFSS >Analysis Setup >Add
Pass is 0.02.


60

To add a frequency sweep, select the menu item HFSS >Analysis Setup >Add

8 Model Validation

To validate the model, select the menu HFSS >Validation Check. Click the Close

9 Analyze

To start the solution process, select the menu item HFSS >Analyze.


10- Solution Data


61


11- Create Reports

To create a report, select Results >Create Report.

button.


62


63
A DUAL-FREQUENCY
EQUILATERAL-TRIANGULAR
MICROSTRIP ANTENNA WITH A PAIR
OF NARROW SLOTS
Shyh-Tirng Fang
1
and Kin-Lu Wong
1
1
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Sun Yat-Sen University
Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Receied 6 April 1999
ABSTRACT: A new design of a slot-loaded equilateral-triangular
microstrip antenna for dual-frequency operation is presented. Results
show that, by loading a pair of narrow slots centered in the triangular
patch and oriented parallel to the patchs center line, a single-feed
dual-frequency operation can be achieed. The two operating frequencies
are associated with the perturbed TM - and TM -modes of the triangu-
10 20
lar microstrip antenna, and the two frequencies are of the same polariza-
tion planes and similar broadside radiation characteristics. Also, by
controlling the length of the slots and the spacing between the two slots,
the frequency ratio of the two frequencies is tunable within a range of
about 1.351.5. 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt
Technol Lett 23: 8284, 1999.
Key words: microstrip antenna; dual-frequency operation
1. INTRODUCTION
The technique of loading a pair of narrow slots close to and
parallel to the patchs radiating edges for achieving single-feed
dual-frequency operation has been applied to microstrip an-
w x
tennas with a rectangular patch 1, 2 , a meandered rectangu-
w x w x
lar patch 3 , and a bow-tie patch 4 . The two operating
frequencies of such dual-frequency slot-loaded microstrip
antennas are of the same polarization planes and similar
broadside radiation patterns. For these reported designs,
various tunable frequency-ratio ranges for the two operating
frequencies are also obtained. For the case with a rectangular
w x
patch, the tunable range is typical within 1.62.0 1, 2 , while
for the cases with a meandered rectangular patch and a
w x
bow-tie patch, the tunable ranges are about 1.82.4 3 and
w x
2.03.0 4 , respectively. As for obtaining dual-frequency op-
eration with a frequency ratio less than 1.6, a modied
structure of such a slot-loaded microstrip antenna has also
w x
been reported 1 in which two additional microstrip resonant
stubs are loaded and placed on the back of the rectangular
patch antenna and connected to the rectangular patch through
vias in the ground plane. For this case, the structure of such a
design becomes complicated, and the antennas total dimen-
sions also increase, which makes a larger real estate required
for employing such an antenna. In this paper, we demon-
strate that, by applying the dual-frequency design method
w x
with a pair of narrow slots 14 to an equilateral-triangular
microstrip antenna, and placing the pair of slots centered in
the triangular patch and oriented in parallel to the center
line of the patch, a single-layer, single-feed dual-frequency
operation with a lower frequency ratio can be obtained. The
frequency ratio between the two operating frequencies can
be controlled by the length of the slots and the spacing
between the two slots. Details of the proposed antenna
design and experimental results of the obtained dual-
frequency performances are presented and discussed.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN
The geometry of the proposed dual-frequency antenna with
a pair of narrow slots is shown in Figure 1. The equilateral-
MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 23, No. 2, October 20 1999 82
64500752
Figure 1 Geometry of the proposed slot-loaded equilateral-triangu-
lar microstrip antenna for single-feed dual-frequency operation
triangular patch has a side length of L, and is printed on a
substrate of thickness h and relative permittivity . Two
r
.
narrow slots of length l and width 1 mm l 41 mm are
.
placed symmetrically with respect to the center line x-axis
of the triangular patch. The two slots are also at a distance
1 mm away from the bottom edge of the triangular patch, and
have a spacing of S. With the present design, the rst two
w x
broadside-radiation modes, TM and TM 5 , of the equi-
10 20
lateral-triangular microstrip antenna are perturbed, and their
corresponding patch surface current paths are both length-
ened. However, since the two slots are placed in parallel to
the center line of the patch, the perturbation effects on the
TM -mode are relatively much smaller than on the TM -
10 20
mode, which leads to a slight lowering in the resonant fre-
quency f of the TM -mode and, conversely, a signicant
10 10
lowering in the resonant frequency f of the TM -mode.
20 20
This behavior makes possible a lower frequency ratio for
the present dual-frequency design. Also, it is found that the
two perturbed resonant modes can be excited with good
impedance matching by using a single probe feed placed in
the patchs center line, with a distance d away from the
p
bottom edge of the patch.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The proposed dual-frequency antenna with various parame-
ters of the two slots has been implemented and studied.
Figure 2 shows the typical results of the measured return loss
for the case with various spacings between the two slots. In
Figure 2 Measured return loss versus frequency for various spac-
ings between the two slots; s 4.4, h s 1.6 mm, L s 50 mm,
r
l s 23 mm, ground-plane size s 75 mm=75 mm
this case, the side length of the patch is selected to be 50 mm,
.
and the length l of the two slots is xed to be 23 mm. First
note that, from the excited patch surface current densities,
results obtained from the IE3D
TM
simulation, the rst two
resonant modes are identied to be associated with the
TM - and TM -modes of the simple triangular microstrip
10 20
antenna without slots; that is, the two operating modes in the
present design can be treated as the perturbed TM - and
10
TM -modes. The resonant frequencies of these two modes
20
are here denoted as f and f . The corresponding dual-
1 2
frequency performances of f and f are also listed in Tab-
1 2
le 1 for comparison. It is seen that f is slightly lowered
1
.
compared to f about 1870 MHz in the simple triangular
10
microstrip antenna. Conversely, f is signicantly decreased
2
.
when compared to f about 3730 MHz in the simple
20
triangular microstrip antenna. This behavior agrees with
the prediction mentioned earlier, and a low frequency
.
ratio f rf of about 1.4 is obtained for the case shown in
2 1
Figure 2.
Figure 3 shows the measured return loss for the case with
various slot lengths, with a xed spacing between the two
.
slots S s 18 mm . The corresponding results are also listed
in Table 1. In this case, the frequency ratio is varied from
about 1.4 to 1.45, and this implies that the frequency ratio is
more sensitive to the variation in the spacing between the
two slots than in the slot length. In addition to the cases
studied in Figures 2 and 3, some other cases with different
slot lengths and spacings are also constructed and measured.
The results are shown in Table 1. In general, by controlling
the length of the slots and the spacing between the two
slots, the present proposed antenna can have a tunable
frequency-ratio range of about 1.351.5. This tunable range
( ) TABLE 1 Dual-Frequency Performances for the Proposed Antennas Studied in Figures 2 and 3; The Operating Bandwidth BW
is Determined from 10 dB Return Loss
. . . . . . . l mm S mm d mm f MHz , BW % f MHz , BW % f rf
p 1 2 2 1
17 22 20.4 1838, 1.41 2743, 1.27 1.492
19 18 19.6 1836, 1.47 2674, 1.31 1.456
21 18 18.7 1800, 1.62 2572, 1.40 1.429
23 18 18.0 1754, 1.65 2486, 1.53 1.417
23 16 19.0 1802, 1.78 2552, 1.65 1.416
23 14 19.8 1844, 1.84 2580, 1.71 1.399
30 10 21.2 1740, 1.92 2365, 1.73 1.359
Figure 3 Measured return loss versus frequency for various slot
lengths of the two slots; s 4.4, h s 1.6 mm, L s 50 mm, S s
r
18 mm, ground-plane size s 75 mm=75 mm
. . Figure 4 Measured E-plane xz plane and H-plane yz plane
radiation patterns for the proposed antenna; s 4.4, h s 1.6 mm,
r
. L s 50 mm, l s 23 mm, S s 18 mm, d s 18 mm. a f s 1754
p
. MHz. b f s 2486 MHz
is lower than those obtained in similar designs with a pair of
w x
narrow slots 14 . Radiation patterns of the proposed dual-
frequency antenna are also measured. Figure 4 plots the
typical measured radiation patterns at the two operating
frequencies for the case with l s 23 mm and S s 18 mm.
Similar broadside radiation characteristics and same polariza-
tion planes for the two frequencies are observed. Good
cross-polarization radiation is also seen.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Dual-frequency operation of a single-feed equilateral-trian-
gular microstrip antenna with a pair of narrow slots has been
demonstrated. By controlling the length of the slots and the
spacing between the two slots, the two operating frequencies
can have various frequency ratios ranging from about 1.35 to
1.5, which is lower than those obtained in similar designs with
w x
a pair of narrow slots 14 . This makes the present proposed
antenna suitable for applications where dual-frequency oper-
ation with a lower frequency ratio is required.
REFERENCES
1. S. Maci, G. Bif Gentili, P. Piazzesi, and C. Salvador, Dual-band
. slot-loaded patch antenna, Proc Inst Elect Eng 142 1995 ,
225232.
2. S. Maci, G. Bif Gentili, and G. Avitabile, Single-layer dual
. frequency patch antenna, Electron Lett 29 1993 , 14411443.
3. J.H. Lu and K.L. Wong, Slot-loaded, meandered rectangular mi-
crostrip antenna with compact dual-frequency operation, Electron
. Lett 34 1998 , 10481050.
4. K.L. Wong and W.S. Chen, Slot-loaded bow-tie microstrip an-
. tenna for dual-frequency operation, Electron Lett 34 1998 ,
17131714.
5. K.F. Lee, K.M. Luk, and J.S. Dahele, Characteristics of the
equilateral triangular patch antenna, IEEE Trans Antennas Prop-
. agat 36 1988 , 15101518.
1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CCC 0895-2477r99
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