0EI<H

#' ,EGCJB7< =EG 7FFGEL@C7I@D> I?< 7G<7"KEBJC< E= 7 HJG=79<

E= G<KEBJI@ED
Iinrc 2: conical lrnsinm
Wc can approximaic ilc arca ano volnmc ol a snrlacc
ol rcvolniion y oivioin ii inio a scrics ol conical lrns-
inms ano snmmin ilc arca,volnmc ol ilcsc. Lclow
wc ocrivc simplc lormnlac lor ilc arca ano volnmc ol
a conical lrnsinm.
Irom nnrc 2, nsin similar irianlcs wc lavc
(4 4
#
)
?
$
=
4
#
?
#
='4
#
=
?
#
4
?
$
!?
#
%
1lc volnmc ol ilc lrnsinm (rccn scciion) is ilcn
1
8
#?
$
$
(4
#
4) !
1
8
#?
$
#
4
#
=
1
8
#?
$
$
4
!
1
?
#
?
$
!?
#
"
!
1
8
#?
$
#
?
#
4
?
$
!?
#
=
#
%
#4
?
$
!?
#
!
?
$
$
?
#
!?
%
#
"

1
8
#4?
$
$
&
=
1
8
#4
!
?
#
(?
$
$
!?
$
#
)
?
$
!?
#
?
$
$
"
=
1
8
#4
!
?
#
(?
$
?
#
)?
$
$
"
=
1
8
#4(?
$
#
?
$
?
#
?
$
$
)%
1lc snrlacc arca ol a conc wiil asc raoins - ano lcili * (n 8) is ivcn y
Iinrc 8: conc
#-
*
-
$
*
$
= #-+&
wlcrc + is ilc slani lcili ol ilc conc.
Irom nnrc 2, ilc snrlacc arca ol ilc lrnsinm is ilcn
#?
$
(8 8
#
) !#?
#
8
#
= #(?
$
!?
#
)8
#
#?
$
8%
Aain lrom similar irianlcs wc lavc 8
#
'?
#
= (8 8
#
)'?
$
,
ilcrclorc (?
$
!?
#
)8
#
= ?
#
8. Hcncc ilc arca ol ilc lrns-
inm is
#(?
#
?
$
)8 = #(?
#
?
$
)
1
(?
$
!?
#
)
$
4
$
%

$' +@!<G<DI@7I@ED E= I?< 7G<7"KEBJC<

=EGCJB7<
Iinrc 4: raoii ano lcili
oaia
Ior rins ?
'
ai lcilis 4
'
& 5 = 0& 1& % % % & 9 (scc n-
nrc 4), ano nsin ilc lormnlac ocrivco aovc lor ilc
arca,volnmc ol a conical lrnsinm, ilc lormnlac approx-
imaiin ilc arca ano cnclosin volnmc ol ilc snrlacc
ol rcvolniion arc ivcn rcspcciivcly y:
.(?
"
& % % % & ?
*
) = #
*!#
.
',"
(?
'
?
'!#
)
1
(?
'!#
!?
'
)
$
(4
'!#
!4
'
)
$
&
/ (?
"
& % % % & ?
*
) = (#'8%0)
*!#
.
',"
(4
'!#
!4
'
)(?
$
'
?
'
?
'!#
?
$
'!#
)%
1lc pariial ocrivaiivcs ol ilcsc lnnciions (ncccssary lor
compniin ilc raoicni) arc ivcn as lollows.
Lci E
(
= 4
(!#
!4
(
& !
(
= (?
(!#
!?
(
)
$
E
$
(
, ilcn wc
lavc ilc lollowin ocrivaiivcs lor .:
).
)?
"
= #
%
1
!
"
!
(?
$
#
!?
$
"
)
*
!
"
&
&
).
)?
*
= #
%
1
!
*!#

(?
$
*
!?
$
*!#
)
1
!
*!#
&
&
).
)?
)
= #
%
1
!
)!#

(?
$
)
!?
$
)!#
)
1
!
)!#
&
#
%
1
!
)
!
(?
$
)!#
!?
$
)
)
*
!
)
&
& 7 = 1& % % % & 9!1%
)
$
.
)?
)
)?
)!#
= #
%
!(?
)!#
?
)
)
1
!
)!#

(?
$
)
!?
$
)!#
)(?
)
!?
)!#
)
!
#
"
)!#
&
& 7 = 1& % % % & 9%
)
$
.
)?
$
"
= #
%
(8?
"
!?
#
)
*
!
"
!
(?
$
#
!?
$
"
)(?
#
!?
"
)
!
#
"
"
&
%
)
$
.
)?
$
*
= #
%
(8?
*
!?
*!#
)
1
!
*!#
!
(?
$
*
!?
$
*!#
)(?
*
!?
*!#
)
!
#
"
*!#
&
%
)
$
.
)?
$
)
= #
%
(8?
)
!?
)!#
)
1
!
)!#
!
(?
$
)
!?
$
)!#
)(?
)
!?
)!#
)
!
#
"
)!#
&
#
%
(8?
)
!?
)!#
)
*
!
)
!
(?
$
)!#
!?
$
)
)(?
)!#
!?
)
)
!
#
"
)
&
&
lor 7 = 1& % % % & 9!1%
Ior ilc volnmc lormnla, wc lavc ilc lollowin ocrivaiivcs:
0
)/
)?
"
=
#
8%0
E
"
(2?
"
?
#
)
)/
)?
*
=
#
8%0
E
*!#
(?
*!#
2?
*
)
)/
)?
)
=
#
8%0
E
)!#
(?
)!#
2?
)
) E
)
(2?
)
?
)!#
)& 7 = 1& % % % & 9!1%
$' 2CF>@>E6F>BA GE>A< /6<D6A<9 @G?F>C?>9DE
Ior a sci I = (D
#
& % % % & D
,
) ol ocsin varialcs, ilc opiimnm is aclicvco y maximisin
or minimisin ilc occiivc lnnciion 2(I), sncci io ilc consirainis 1
'
(I), wlicl may
c incqnaliiy, cqnaliiy or onnos (wlicl limii ilc scarcl rcion lor ilc opiimnm),
rcspcciivcly:
1
(
(I) $ 0& 6 = 1& % % % & 8
1
)
(I) = 0& 7 = 8 1& % % % & >
D
#
'
$ D
'
$ D
$
'
& 5 = 1& % % % & =
Usin Laranc mnliiplicrs wc can incorporaic ilc consirainis inio an cxicnoco o-
cciivc lnnciion,
+(I& "
#
& % % % & "
-
) = 2(I)
-
.
(,#
"
(
1
(
(I)%
1lc Inln-1nckcr conoiiions siaic ilai a solniion sci I
"
is an opiimnm il ilcrc cxisi
nniqnc Laranc mnliiplicrs ("
"
#
& % % % & "
"
-
), sncl ilai
)+(I
"
& "
"
#
& % % % & "
"
-
)
)D
'
=
)2(I
"
)
)D
'

-
.
(,#
"
"
(
)1
(
(I
"
)
)D
'
= 0& 5 = 1& % % % & =
1
(
(I
"
) $ 0& "
"
(
1
(
(I
"
) = 0& "
"
(
% 0& 6 = 1& % % % & 8
1
(
(I
"
) = 0& 6 = 8 1& % % % & >%
1lis cqnaics io a siaiionary poini in ilc Laranian lnnciion, +, wlilc ilc consirainis
arc saiisnco. 1lc solniion oiainco lrom ilc = > cqnaiions aovc in ilc = >
varialcs, = lrom ilc ocsin varialcs ano > lrom ilc Laranc mnliiplicrs, ivcs ilc
sci ol opiimnm poinis.
Ior ilc coolin iowcr prolcm wiil iop ano oiiom raoii cqnaliiy consirainis,
(-
"
& -
*
), ano a volnmc cqnaliiy consiraini, (/
"
), wc lavc (lcrc = = 9 1& > =
8& 8 = 0):
7
+ = +(?
"
& % % % & ?
*
& "
#
& "
$
& "
%
) = #
*!#
.
',"
(?
'
?
'!#
)
2
(?
'!#
!?
'
)
$
E
$
'
!"
#
!
/ (?
"
& % % % & ?
*
) !/
"
"
!"
$
(?
"
!-
"
) !"
%
(?
*
!-
*
)
ivin cqnaiions:
)+
)?
'
= 0& 5 = 0& % % % & 9
)+
)"
'
= 0& 5 = 1& 2& 8
4B?H>A< F=9 EJEF9@
Onc icclniqnc ilai can c nsco io nno a solniion io a cncral sysicm ol non-lincar
cqnaiions
2
#
(D
#
& % % % & D
+
) = 0&
2
$
(D
#
& % % % & D
+
) = 0&
.
.
.
2
+
(D
#
& % % % & D
+
) = 0&
is io nrsi lorm ilc lnnciion 3 ocnnco y
3(D
#
& % % % & D
+
) =
+
.
',#
/
2(D
#
& % % % & D
+
)
0
$
%
1lc sysicm (2
#
& % % % & 2
+
) = (0& % % % & 0) las a solniion, I = (D
#
& % % % & D
+
)
.
, wlcn 3 las ilc
minimnm valnc ol 0. 1lis cncciivcly convcris ilc oriinal consirainco opiimisaiion
prolcm inio ilc prolcm ol minimisin 3. Aloriilms lor nnoin ilc minimnm valnc
lor 3 (sncl as siccpcsi ocsccni`) nsc ilc raoicni ol 3, (3(I), io ocicrminc a oircciion
ol occrcasin 3 valnc ano iicraic iowaros ilc minimnm. Il H = (B
#
& % % % & B
+
)
.
is a nnii
vccior in -
+
, ilcn ilc oircciional ocrivaiivc ol < ai I in ilc oircciion ol H is
H " (3(I)
1lis mcasnrcs ilc clanc in ilc valnc ol ilc lnnciion 3 rclaiivc io a clanc in ilc
oircciion ol H. Wlcn 3 is oincrcniialc, ilc oircciion ilai proonccs ilc maximnm
valnc lor ilc oircciional ocrivaiivc occnrs wlcn H is closcn io c parallcl io (3(I),
as lon as (3(I) )= 0.
Hcncc ilc oircciion ol ilc rcaicsi occrcasc in ilc valnc ol < ai I is in ilc oircciion
ivcn y ! ( 3(I). Ior 3(I) = 3(D
#
& % % % & D
+
), ilc raoicni ai I = (D
#
& % % % & D
+
)
.
is
ocnnco as
8
(3(I) =
!
)3
)D
#
(I)&
)3
)D
$
(I)& % % % &
)3
)D
+
(I)
"
.
%
Hcncc lor
3(I) =
+
.
',#
/
2(D
#
& % % % & D
+
)
0
$
wc lavc
(3(I) = 2
!
2
#
(I)
)2
#
)D
#
(I) % % % 2
+
(I)
)2
+
)D
#
(I)& % % % & 2
#
(I)
)2
#
)D
+
(I) % % % 2
+
(I)
)2
+
)D
+
(I)
"
.
= 2.(I)
.
-(I)&
wlcrc ilc Jacoian . is
.(I) =
'
+
+
+
)
"&
!
"/
!
(I)
"&
!
"/
"
(I) % % % % % %
"&
!
"/!
(I)
"&
"
"/
!
(I)
"&
"
"/
"
(I) % % % % % %
"&
"
"/!
(I)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
"&!
"/
!
(I)
"&!
"/
"
(I) % % % % % %
"&!
"/!
(I)
(
,
,
,
*
& -(I) =
'
+
+
)
2
#
(I)
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
+
(I)
(
,
,
*
%
%' 5?< 97I<DE@;
Iinrc : caicnoio paramc-
icrs
A minimal snrlacc is onc wlicl las minimnm arca lor a
ivcn onnoary. A caicnoio is an cxamplc ol a minimal
snrlacc ol rcvolniion. Il minimal snrlaccs arc cxprcssco
in ilc lorm F = 2(D& E), ilcy saiisly ilc Lnlcr-Laranc
oincrcniial cqnaiion
(1 2
$
0
)2
//
(1 2
$
/
)2
00
!22
/
2
0
2
/0
= 0%
1lcy also lavc ilc propcriy ilai ilcir mcan cnrvainrc
is zcro.
A caicnoio is a snrlacc ol rcvolniion cncraico lrom
roiaiin a caicnary cnrvc wiil raoins
?(F) = 01<@4
F
0
wlcrc $ is ilc anlc aronno ilc F-axis ano 0 is ilc
minimnm raoins ai F = 0. In cylinorical cooroinaics
wiil F-axis symmciry ilc cooroinaics ol ilc snrlacc
arc ivcn y (?(F)1<@$& ?(F)@5;$& F)%
Il wc sci paramcicrs (A& B) as A = $ ano B = F, wc lavc ilc paramciric lorm ol ilc
snrlacc:
0
!
D(A& B)& E(A& B)& F(A& B)
"
=
!
01<@(A)1<@4(B'0)& 0@5;(A)1<@4(B'0)& B
"
%
1lc caicnoio can also c ocscrico y ilrcc paramcicrs 4& - ano 0 (scc nnrc
aovc), wlcrc 4 is ilc oisiancc ciwccn ilc iop ano oiiom rins, - is ilc raoins ol
ilcsc rins ano 0 is ilc minimnm raoins ai F = 0. 1lcsc paramcicrs arc rclaico y
ilc cqnaiion:
4 = 20 1<@4
!#
-
0
%
1lc slapc ol ilc caicnoio ocpcnos on ilc raiio 4'-. Ior 4'- ( 1%88 ii is noi possilc
io lorm a caicnoio, so ilc criiical oisiancc 4 ciwccn ilc rins is 4
%
& 1%88-.
Usin oincrcniial comciry ii is possilc io oiain ilc lollowin cxprcssion lor ilc
snrlacc arca . ol ilc caicnoio as a lnnciion ol 0 ano -:
.(0& -) = 2#0
$
#
1<@4
!#
-
0

1
2
@5;4
!
21<@4
!#
-
0
"
$
%
%' )!EC?>A9 D9CD9E9AF6F>BA B; DBF6F>BA6? EGD;679E
A NUIL snrlacc ol rcvolniion lormco lrom roiaiin a pronlc cnrvc aronno an axis
las ilc cqnaiion
Iinrc 0: NUIL roiaiional
snrlacc
I(A& B) =
+
.
',#
+
.
(,#
8
'(
-
'!)!(!%
(A& B)&
wlcrc - arc ilc raiional asis lnnciions ol orocrs 7 y
8 ocnnco as
-
'!)!(!$
(A& B) =
C
'(
,
'!)
(A),
(!%
(B)
+
-
,,#
+
-
-,#
C
,-
,
,!)
(A),
-!%
(B)
%
Iinrc 0 slows a pronlc cnrvc (in ilc A oircciion) con-
sisiin ol 7 conirol poinis ano ilc rcsnliin conirol
polyon lormco wlcn ilis cnrvc is roiaico aoni ilc
vcriical axis. 1lcrc arc a ioial ol 7 0 = 08 con-
irol poinis. 1lc conirol poinis in ilc B oircciion lic
on sqnarcs lormco lrom ilc NUIL rcprcscniaiion ol a
circlc (a cnrvc ol orocr 8) wlicl consisis ol 0 conirol
poinis ano ilc lollowin 0 wcilis:
(C
#
(
)
+
(,#
= (1&
1
*
2
& 1&
1
*
2
& 1&
1
*
2
& 1&
1
*
2
& 1)%
1lc wcilis, C
'(
, aiiaclco io ilc conirol poinis ol ilc
snrlacc, 8
'(
, lavc valncs oiainco y mnliiplyin ilc wcili aiiaclco io ilc circlc
conirol poini y ilc wcili aiiaclco io ilc corrcsponoin pronlc conirol poini. Morc
10
spccincally, il ilc wcilis aiiaclco io ilc pronlc conirol poinis arc ivcn y say,
(C
"
'
)
)
',#
, ilcn ilc wcili, C
'(
, aiiaclco io conirol poini 8
'(
, is ivcn y C
'(
= C
"
'
C
#
(
.
Noic ilai il wc assnmc ilc pronlc cnrvc in nnrc is in ilc D& F planc say, ano F
is ilc vcriical roiaiional axis, ilcn ilc conirol poinis can c oirccily rcprcscnico in
icrms ol ilc raoins ol ilc appropriaic circlc, (?
'
)
)
',#
, ano ilc lcilis, (4
'
)
)
',#
, ol ilc
circlc cross scciions aovc ilc planc. Spccincally,
8
'#
= (!?
'
& 0& 4
'
)& 8
'$
= (!?
'
& !?
'
& 4
'
)& 8
'%
= (0& !?
'
& 4
'
)& 8
'&
(?
'
& !?
'
& 4
'
)&
8
''
= (?
'
& 0& 4
'
)& 8
'(
= (?
'
& ?
'
& 4
'
)& 8
')
= (0& ?
'
& 4
'
)& 8
'*
= (!?
'
& ?
'
& 4
'
)& 8
'+
= (!?
'
& 0& 4
'
)%
&' -D@I@7B K7BJ<H =EG ;<H@>D K7G@78B<H 7D; 9EDHIG7@DIH
+6F6 E9FE ;BD 76E9 >' 1lcrc arc iwo oaia scis lor pari L, casc i,. Usc ilc siariin
valncs lor ilc rin raoii ano lcilis aovc ilc asc as ivcn in ilc ialcs clow. 1lc
consirainis io nsc arc ivcn clow cacl ialc. 1lc nrsi oaia sci slonlo ivc yon a
solniion approximaiin ilc classical caicnoio.
Iniiial oaia lor coolin iowcr comciry - casc i
Iin No. Iin raoins (m) Iin locaiion lrom asc (m)
?
"
80%0 0%0
?
#
28%0 8%0
?
$
20%0 7%8
?
%
24%0 10%0
?
&
28%0 14%0
?
'
22%0 18%2
?
(
28%0 21%0
?
)
24%0 2%
?
*
20%0 20%1
?
+
28%0 82%8
?
#"
80%0 80%
1alc 1: -
"
= 809& -
#"
= 809& /
"
= 7%082 # 10
&
9
%
Iniiial oaia lor coolin iowcr comciry - casc i
Iin No. Iin raoins (m) Iin locaiion lrom asc (m)
?
"
80%8 0%0
?
#
87%0 8%0
?
$
8%8 7%8
?
%
82% 10%0
?
&
20%0 14%0
?
'
27%4 18%2
?
(
2%8 21%0
?
)
2%1 2%
?
*
2%4 20%1
?
+
20% 82%8
?
#"
27%4 80%
1alc 2: -
"
= 80%89& -
#"
= 27%49& /
"
= 1%01 # 10
'
9
%
11
+6F6 E9FE ;BD 76E9 >>' 1lcrc arc iwo oaia scis lor casc ii,.
Iniiial oaia lor coolin iowcr comciry - casc ii
Iin No. Iin raoins (m) Iin locaiion lrom asc (m)
?
"
80%8 0%0
?
#
87%0 %
?
$
8%8 12%8
?
%
82% 2%0
?
&
20%0 88%4
?
'
27%4 1%2
?
(
2%8 04%0
?
)
2%1 70%8
?
*
2%4 80%8
?
+
20% 102%1
?
#"
27%4 108%2
1alc 8: -
"
= 80%89& -
#"
= 27%49& /
"
= 2%80 # 10
'
9
%
Iniiial oaia lor coolin iowcr comciry - casc ii
Iin No. Iin raoins (m) Iin locaiion lrom asc (m)
?
"
80%8 0%0
?
#
87%0 8%0
?
$
8%8 7%8
?
%
82% 10%0
?
&
20%0 14%0
?
'
27%4 18%2
?
(
2%8 21%0
?
)
2%1 2%
?
*
2%4 20%2
?
+
20% 82%8
?
#"
27%4 80%
1alc 4: -
"
= 80%89& -
#"
= 27%49& /
"
= 7%4 # 10
&
9
%
+6F6 E9F ;BD 76E9 >>>' 1lcrc is onc oaia sci lor casc iii. 1lc consirainis arc as
lollows:
/
"
= 2%80 # 10
'
9
%
& 80%0 $ ?
"
$ 40& ?
#
$ 80%0& ?
$
$ 87%0
?
%
$ 87%0& ?
&
$ 81%0& ?
'
$ 20%0& ?
(
$ 20%0&
?
)
$ 20%0& ?
*
$ 20%0& ?
+
$ 27%0& 27 $ ?
#"
$ 28%0
12
Iniiial oaia lor coolin iowcr comciry - casc iii
Iin No. Iin raoins (m) Iin locaiion lrom asc (m)
?
"
80%8 0%0
?
#
87%0 %
?
$
8%8 12%8
?
%
82% 2%0
?
&
20%0 88%4
?
'
27%4 1%2
?
(
2%8 04%0
?
)
2%1 70%8
?
*
2%4 80%8
?
+
20% 102%1
?
#"
27%4 108%2
1alc : Coolin iowcr comciry lor casc iii
18