CHAPTER 1

Basic Considerations
1.1

Conservation of mass Mass density

Newtons second law Momentum velocity
The first law of thermodynamics internal energy temperature

1.2

a) density = mass/volume = M / L3
b) pressure = force/area = F / L2 = ML / T 2 L2 = M / LT 2
c) power = force velocity = F L / T = ML / T 2 L / T = ML2 / T 3
d) energy = force distance = ML / T 2 L = ML2 / T 2
e) mass flux = AV = M/L 3 L2 L/T = M/T
f) flow rate = AV = L2 L/T = L3 /T

1.3

M FT 2 / L
a) density = 3
= FT 2 / L4
3
L
L
b) pressure = F/L 2
c) power = F velocity = F L/T = FL/T
d) energy = F L = FL
M FT 2 / L
e) mass flux =
=
= FT / L
T
T
f) flow rate = AV = L2 L/T = L3 /T

1.4

(C)

m = F/a or kg = N/m/s2 = N.s2 /m.

1.5

(B)

[] = [/du/dy] = (F/L2 )/(L/T)/L = F.T/L2 .

1.6

a) L = [C] T2 .
[C] = L/T 2
b) F = [C]M.
[C] = F/M = ML/T 2 M = L/T 2
c) L3 /T = [C] L2 L2/3 . [C] = L3 / T L2 L2 / 3 = L1 / 3 T
Note: the slope S0 has no dimensions.

1.7

a) m = [C] s2 .
[C] = m/s2
b) N = [C] kg.
[C] = N/kg = kg m/s2 kg = m/s2
3
2
2/3
c) m /s = [C] m m . [C] = m3 /sm2 m2/3 = m1/3 /s

1.8

a) pressure: N/m2 = kg m/s2 /m2 = kg/m s2

b) energy: N m = kg m/s2 m = kg m2 /s2
c) power: N m/s = kg m2 /s3
kg m
1
d) viscosity: N s/m2 = 2 s 2 = kg / m s
s
m

N m kg m m
=
= kg m 2 / s 3
s
s2
s
J
N m kg m m
f) specific heat:
=
= 2
= m 2 / K s 2
kg K kg K
s
kg K
e) heat flux: J/s =

1.9

m
m
+ c + km = f. Since all terms must have the same dimensions (units) we
2
s
s
require:
[c] = kg/s, [k] = kg/s2 = N s 2 / m s 2 = N / m, [f] = kg m / s 2 = N.
Note: we could express the units on c as [c] = kg / s = N s 2 / m s = N s / m
kg

1.10

a) 250 kN
e) 1.2 cm2

b) 572 GPa
f) 76 mm3

1.11

a) 1.25 108 N
d) 5.6 1012 m3

1.12

(A)

1.13

= 0.225

c) 42 nPa

b) 3.21 105 s
e) 5.2 102 m2

d) 17.6 cm3
c) 6.7 108 Pa
f) 7.8 109 m3

2.36 10 8 = 23.6 10 9 = 23.6 nPa.

0.06854m

= 0.738

0.00194 3.281 d
d 2
where m is in slugs, in slug/ft3 and d in feet. We used the conversions in the
front cover.
2

20
20
/3600 = 5.555 10 5 m/s
/3600 = 5.555 10 5 m/s
100
100
b) 2000 rev/min = 2000 2 /60 = 209.4 rad/s
c) 50 Hp = 50 745.7 = 37 285 W
d) 100 ft 3 /min = 100 0.02832/60 = 0.0472 m3 /s
e) 2000 kN/cm2 = 2 106 N/cm2 1002 cm2 /m2 = 2 1010 N/m2
f) 4 slug/min = 4 14.59/60 = 0.9727 kg/s
g) 500 g/L = 500 103 kg/103 m3 = 500 kg/m3
h) 500 kWh = 500 1000 3600 = 1.8 109 J

1.14

a) 20 cm/hr =

1.15

a) F = ma = 10 40 = 400 N.
b) F W = ma.
F = 10 40 + 10 9.81 = 498.1 N.
c) F W sin 30 = ma.
F = 10 40 + 9.81 0.5 = 449 N.

1.16

(C)

1.17

The mass is the same on the earth and the moon:

The mass is the same on earth and the moon: =

du
= [4(8 r )] = 32r.
dr

m=
1.18

1.19

60
= 1.863. Wmoon = 1.863 5.4 = 10.06 lb
32.2

Fshear = F sin = 4200sin30o = 2100 N.

F
2100
= shear =
= 84 kPa
A
250 104
m
4.8 10 26
a) =.225 2 =.225
=.43 10 6 m or 0.00043 mm
10 2
d
.184 (3.7 10 )
(C)

m
4.8 10 26
b) =.225 2 =.225
= 7.7 10 5 m or 0.077 mm
10 2
d
.00103 (3.7 10 )
c) = .225

m
d 2

= .225

4.8 1026
.00002 (3.7 1010 ) 2

= .0039m or 3.9 mm

1.20

Use the values from Table B.3 in the Appendix.

a) 52.3 + 101.3 = 153.6 kPa.
b) 52.3 + 89.85 = 142.2 kPa.
c) 52.3 + 54.4 = 106.7 kPa (use a straight- line interpolation).
d) 52.3 + 26.49 = 78.8 kPa.
e) 52.3 + 1.196 = 53.5 kPa.

1.21

a) 101 31 = 70 kPa abs.

31
760 = 527 mm of Hg abs.
101
31
d) 34
34 = 23.6 ft of H2 O abs.
101
b) 760

31
14.7 = 10.2 psia.
101
31
e) 30
30 = 20.8 in. of Hg abs.
101
c) 14.7

1.22

1.23

p = po egz/RT = 101 e9.81 4000/287 (15 + 273) = 62.8 kPa

From Table B.3, at 4000 m: p = 61.6 kPa. The percent error is
62.8 61.6
% error =
100 = 1.95 %.
61.6
22,560 20,000
(785 - 973) = 877 psf
25,000 20,000
22,560 20,000
T = 12.3 +
(30.1 + 12.3) = 21.4F
25,000 20,000
.512
b) p = 973 + .512 (785 973) +
(.488) (628 2 785 + 973) = 873 psf
2
.512
T = 12.3 + .512 (30.1 + 12.3) +
(.488) (48 + 2 30.1 12.3) = 21.4F
2
Note: The results in (b) are more accurate than the results in (a). When we use a
linear interpolation, we lose significant digits in the result.
a) p = 973 +

33,000 30,000
5
(65.8 + 48) = 59F or (59 32)
= 50.6C
9
35,000 30,000

1.24

T = 48 +

1.25

(B)

1.26

26.5 cos 42o

Fn
p=
=
= 1296 MN/m2 = 1296 MPa.

4
A
152 10

1.27

Fn = (120000) .2 104 = 2 . 4 N
F=
Ft = 20 .2 10 4 = .0004N

Fn2 + Ft 2 = 2.400 N.

= tan1
m
0.2
=
= 1.92 slug/ft3 .

V
180 / 1728

.0004
=.0095
2.4

1.28

= g = 1.92 32.2 = 61.8 lb/ft 3 .

1.29

= 1000 (T 4)2 /180 = 1000 (70 4)2 /180 = 976 kg/m3

= 9800 (T 4)2 /18 = 9800 (70 4)2 /180 = 9560 N/m3
976 978
% error for =
100 = .20%
978
9560 978 9.81
% error for =
100 = .36%
978 9.81

1.30

S = 13.6 .0024T = 13.6 .0024 50 = 13.48.

13.48 13.6
% error =
100 = .88%
13.6

1.31

a) m =

W V 12 400 500 106

=
=
= 0.632 kg
g
g
9.81

12 400 500 106

= 0.635 kg
9.77
12 400 500 106
c) m =
= 0.631 kg
9.83
b) m =

1.32

S=

1.33

(D)

water

m/ V
10/ V
. 1.2 =
.
water
1.94

water = 1000

V = 4.30 ft3

(T 4)2
(80 4)2
= 1000
= 968 kg/m3
180
180

 30(2 1/12)
du
2
= 1.92 105
= 0.014 lb/ft
2
dr
(1/12)

1.34

1.35

T = force moment arm = 2RL R =

du
0.4
2R2 L = 2 + 1000 2R2 L.
dr
R

T
0.0026
=
=
= 0.414 N.s/m2 .
0.4
0.4

2
+ 1000 2 .012 0.2
2 + 1000 2R L
R

12

2R L
=
h
T 2.74 209.4
Hp =
=
= 1.04 Hp
550
550

1.36

Use Eq.1.5.8: T =

1.37

Fbelt =

1.38

Assume a linear velocity so

du
10
A = 1.31 10 3
(.6 4) = 15.7 N.
dy
.002
F V 15.7 10
Hp =
=
= 0.210 Hp
746
746

du r
=
. Due to the area
dy
h
du
element shown, dT = dF r = dA r =
2r dr r.
dy

T=

1.39

2 3
2 R
r dr =
=
h
4
h
4

1.41

400 2
(3 / 12 ) 4
60
= 91 105 ft- lb.
2 .08 / 12

.25/100
(.5/100)

r = 0 = 0,

= 3.2 Pa, r=0.5 = 32 1 103

.5/100
(.5/100) 2

du
= [10 5000r ] = 10 3 10 5000 0.02 = 1 Pa.
dr
u
The velocity at a radius r is r. The shear stress is = .
y
The torque is dT = rdA on a differential element. We have
(A)

dr

2.36 10 5

30(2 1/12)
du

= [32 r / r02] = 32r / r02.

2
dr
(1/12)

r=0.25 = 32 1 103

1.40

2000 2
4.006
60
= 2.74 ft- lb.
.01 / 12

2 (.5 / 12)

= 6.4 Pa

0.08

T = rdA=
0

r
2rdx ,
0.0002

2000 2
= 209.4 rad/s
60

where x is measured along the rotating surface. From the geometry x = 2 r, so that
0.08
0.08
209.4 x/ 2
x
329000
T = 0.1
2
dx = 329000 x 2 dx =
(0.083 ) = 56.1 N . m
0.0002
3
2
0
0
1.42

1.43

du
= const and = AeB/T = AeBy/K = AeCy, then
dy
du
du
AeCy
= const.

= DeCy.
dy
dy
y
u
y
D
Finally, du = DeCy dy or u(y) = e Cy 0 = E (eCy 1)
C
0
0
where A, B, C, D, E, and K are constants.
If =

= Ae B / T .001 = Ae B / 293

.000357 = Ae B / 353

A = 2.334 106 , B = 1776.

40 = 2.334 106 e1776/313 = 6.80 104 N.s/m2

1.44

m = V . Then dm = d V + V d. Assume mass to be constant in a volume

dV
d
subjected to a pressure increase; then dm = 0. d V = V d, or
=
.
V

1.45

B=

1.46

V p
V p 2 10
= 2200 MPa. V =
=
= 0.00909 m3 or 9090 cm3
V
B
2200
Use c = 1450 m/s. L = ct = 1450 0.62 = 899 m

1.47

p =

1.48

a) c = 327,000 144/1.93 = 4670 fps b) c = 327,000 144/1.93 = 4940 fps

B V
1.3
= 2100
= 136.5 MPa
20
V

c) c = 308,000 144/1.87 = 4870 fps

1.49

V =3.8 104 20 1 = .0076 m3 .

V
.0076
p = B
= 2270
= 17.25 MPa
V
1

1.50

p=

2 2 .0741
=
= 2.96 104 Pa or 29.6 kPa.
6
R
5 10

Bubbles: p = 4/R = 59.3 kPa

1.51

Use Table B.1: = 0.00504 lb/ft. p =

1.52

See Example 1.4:

1.53

(D)

1.54

h=

h=

4 4 .00504
=
= 7.74 psf or 0.0538 psi
R
1/32 12

4 cos
4 0.0736 0.866
=
= 0.130 m.
gD
1000 9.81 0.0002

4cos
4 0.0736 1
=
=3m
gD
1000 9.8110 106

or 300 cm.

4cos
4 0.032cos130o
See Example 1.4: h =
=
gD
1.94 13.6 32.2 0.8/12
= 0.00145 ft or 0.0174 in

1.55

force up = L 2 cos = force down = ghtL.

1.56

Draw a free-body diagram:

The force must balance:
d 2
W = 2L or
L g = 2L.
4
d =

h =

2 cos
.
gt

L
needle
W

8
g

1.57

From the free-body diagram in No. 1.47, a force balance yields:

d 2
(.004) 2
Is
g < 2?
7850 9.81 < 2.0741
4
4
0.968 < 0.1482 No

1.58

Each surface tension force = D. There is a force on the outside

and one on the inside of the ring.
F = 2D neglecting the weight of the ring.

1.59

From the infinitesimal free-body shown:

dx
d l cos = gh xdx .
cos =
.
dl
d l d x/ dl

h =
=
gxdx
gx
We assumed small so that the element
thickness is x.

dl
h
h(x)

dW

1.60

The absolute pressure is p = 80 + 92 = 12 kPa. At 50C water has a vapor

pressure of 12.2 kPa; so T = 50C is a maximum temperature. The water would
boil above this temperature.

1.61

The engineer knew that water boils near the vapor pressure. At 82C the vapor
pressure from Table B.1 is 50.8 (by interpolation). From Table B.3, the elevation
that has a pressure of 50.8 kPa is interpolated to be 5500 m.

1.62

At 40C the vapor pressure from Table B.1 is 7.4 kPa. This would be the
minimum pressure that could be obtained since the water would vaporize below
this pressure.

1.63

The absolute pressure is 14.5 11.5 = 3.0 psia. If bubbles were observed to form
at 3.0 psia (this is boiling), the temperature from Table B.1 is interpolated, using
vapor pressure, to be 141F.

1.64

The inlet pressure to a pump cannot be less than 0 kPa absolute. Assuming
atmospheric pressure to be 100 kPa, we have
10 000 + 100 = 600 x.
x = 16.83 km.

1.65

(C)

1.66

1.67

p
1013
.
=
= 1.226 kg/m3 .
RT 0.287 ( 273 + 15)

= 1.226 9.81 = 12.03 N/m3

p
101.3
85
=
= 1.226 kg/m 3. out =
= 1.19 kg/m3 .
RT 0.287 (15 + 273)
0.287 248
Yes. The heavier air outside enters at the bottom and the lighter air inside exits at
the top. A circulation is set up and the air moves from the outside in and the inside
out: infiltration. This is the chimney effect.
in =

1.68

1.69

(C)

1.70

W=

p
750 44
=
= 0.1339 slug/ft 3 .
RT 1716 470
m=

m = V = 0.1339 15 = 2.01 slug.

pV
800 4
=
= 59.95 kg
RT 0.1886 (10 + 273)

p
100
Vg=
(10 20 4) 9.81 = 9333 N.
RT
0.287 293

1.71

Assume that the steel belts and tire rigidity result in a constant volume so that m1
= m2:
m1RT1 m2 RT2
V 1 = V 2 or
=
.
p1
p2
T
150 + 460
p2 = p1 2 = (35 + 14.7)
= 67.4 psia or 52.7 psi gage.
T1
10 + 460

1.72

The pressure holding up the mass is 100 kPa. Hence, using pA = W, we have
100000 1 = m 9.81. m = 10200 kg.
Hence,
p V 100 4r 3 / 3
=
= 10200. r = 12.6 m or d = 25.2 m.
RT
0.287 288

m=

1.73

0 = KE + PE =
0=

1.74

1
mV 2 + mg ( 10). V 2 = 20 32.2. V = 25.4 fps.
2

1
mV 2 + mg ( 20). V 2 = 40 32.2. V = 35.9 fps.
2

1
W1-2 = KE. a) 200 0 = 5(V f2 102 ). V f = 19.15 m/s.
2
10
1
b) 20 sds = 15(V f2 102 ).
2
0
10 2 1
= 15(V f2 10 2 ). V f = 15.27 m/s.
2
2
10
s
1
c) 200cos ds = 15(V f2 102 ).
20
2
0
20
1
200sin = 15(V f2 10 2 ). V f = 16.42 m/s.

2 2
20

1.75

1
10 402 + 0.2u%1 = 0 + u% 2 . u%2 u%1 = 40000.
2
40000
u% = cv T . T =
= 55.8o C where cv comes from Table B.4.
717
The following shows that the units check:
mcar V 2
kg m2 / s2
m 2 kg o C
m 2 kg o C
=
=
=o C

=
o
2
2
2
N m s
(kg m/s ) m s
mairc kg J/(kg C)
E1 = E2 .

where we used N = kg. m/s2 from Newtons 2nd law.

1.76

E2 = E1.

1
mV 2 = mH2 OcT .
2
2

1
100 1000
1500
= 1000 2000 106 4180 T . T = 69.2o C.

2
3600
We used c = 4180 J/kg. o C from Table B.5. (See Problem 1.75 for a units check.)
1.77

m f h f = mwatercT . 0.2 40000 = 100 4.18 T . T = 19.1o C.

The specific heat c was found in Table B.5. Note: We used kJ on the left and kJ
on the right.

1.78.

(B)

Eice = Ewater . mice 320 = mwater c waterT .

5 (40 106) 1000 320 = (2 103) 1000 4.18T . T = 7.66o C.
We assumed the density of ice to be equal to that of water, namely 1000
kg/m3 . Ice is actually slightly lighter than water, but it is not necessary for
such accuracy in this problem.

1.79.

1.80

1.81

mRT
dV
V
p
d V = mRT
= mRT ln 2 = mRT ln 2
V
V
V1
p1
since, for the T = const process, p1 V 1 = p2 V 2. Finally,
4
1
W1-2 =
1716 530ln = 78,310 ft-lb.
32.2
2
The 1st law states that
Q W = u% = mcv T = 0. Q = W = 78,310 ft-lb or 101 Btu.
W = pdV =

If the volume is fixed the reversible work is zero since the boundary does not
mRT T1 T2
move. Also, since V =
,
=
so the temperature doubles if the
p
p1 p2
pressure doubles. Hence, using Table B.4 and Eq. 1.7.17,
200 2
a) Q = mc v T =
(1.004 0.287)(2 293 293) = 999 kJ
0.287 293
200 2
b) Q = mcv T =
(1.004 0.287)(2 373 373) = 999 kJ
0.287 373
200 2
c) Q = mcv T =
(1.004 0.287)(2 473 473) = 999 kJ
0.287 473
T1
T
= 2 so if T2 = 2T1,
V1 V 2
then V 2 = 2V 1 and W = p(2 V 1 V 1) = p V 1 = mRT1.
a) W = 2 0.287 333 = 191 kJ
b) W = 2 0.287 423 = 243 kJ
W = p d V = p(V

V 1 ). If p = const,

10

c) W = 2 0.287 473 = 272 kJ

1.82

c = kRT = 1.4 287 318 = 357 m/s. L = c t = 357 8.32 = 2970 m.

k 1/ k

p
T2 = T1 2
p1
1.83

0.4/1.4

500
= (20 + 273)

5000

= 151.8 K or 121.2o C

We assume an isentropic process for the maximum pressure:

k / k 1

1.4/0.4
T2
423
p2 = p1
= (150 + 100)
= 904 kPa abs or 804 kPa gage.

293
T1
Note: We assumed patm = 100 kPa since it was not given. Also, a measured
pressure is a gage pressure.
k / k 1

1.84

1.85

1.4/0.4
T2
473
p2 = p1
= 100
= 534 kPa abs.

293
T1
w = u = cv (T2 T1 ) = (1.004 0.287)(473 293) = 129 kJ/kg.
We used Eq. 1.7.17 for cv.

a) c = kRT = 1.4 287 293 = 343.1 m/s

b) c = kRT = 1.4 188.9 293 = 266.9 m/s
c) c = kRT = 1.4 296.8 293 = 348.9 m/s
d) c = kRT = 1.4 4124 293 = 1301 m/s
e) c = kRT = 1.4 461.5 293 = 424.1 m/s
Note: We must use the units on R to be J/kg.K in the above equations.
For this high- frequency wave, c = RT = 287 323 = 304 m/s.

1.86

(D)

1.87

At 10 000 m the speed of sound c = kRT = 1.4 287 223 = 299 m/s.
At sea level, c = kRT = 1.4 287 288 = 340 m/s.
340 299
% decrease =
100 = 12.06 %.
340

1.88

a) c = kRT = 1.4 287 253 = 319 m/s. L = c t = 319 8.32 = 2654 m.

b) c = kRT = 1.4 287 293 = 343 m/s. L = c t = 343 8.32 = 2854 m.
c) c = kRT = 1.4 287 318 = 357 m/s. L = c t = 357 8.32 = 2970 m.

11