ELEctromagnetic DIAgnostics Lab.

DIT Universit di Trento DIT - Universit di Trento

Via Sommarive 14, I-38050 Trento Italia
E-mail: massimo.donelli@disi.unitn.it E mail: massimo.donelli@disi.unitn.it
Rectangular waveguides Rectangular waveguides Rectangular waveguides g g g g g g
Master Degree Electronic and Telecommunication Master Degree Electronic and Telecommunication
A.A. 2012 A.A. 2012--2013 2013
Rectangular Rectangular Rectangular waveguide waveguide waveguide
TRANSVERSE ELECTROMAGNETIC (TEM): TRANSVERSE ELECTROMAGNETIC (TEM):
COAXIAL LINES
MICROSTRIP LINES (Quasi TEM)
STRIP LINES AND SUSPENDED SUBSTRATE
METALLIC WAVEGUIDES (TE/TM):
RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES
CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDES
THE ANALYSIS OF WAVE PROPAGATION ON THESE
TRANSMISSION SCRUTCURES IS PERFORMED
THROUGH THE SOLUTION OF THE WELL THROUGH THE SOLUTION OF THE WELL
KNOWN MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
Rectangular Rectangular Rectangular Waveguide Waveguide Waveguide
Waveguides are usually used to reduce attenuation loss Waveguides are usually used to reduce attenuation loss
High frequencies
High power
Can operate only above certain frequencies
Acts as a High-pass filter Acts as a High-pass filter
Normally you can find circular or rectangular waveguide
We will assume lossless rectangular
Since they have only one conductor they cant support Since they have only one conductor they can t support
TEM propagation mode.
Basics Basics Basics of of of the the the guided guided guided propagation propagation propagation
Rectangular Rectangular Rectangular Waveguide Waveguide Waveguide Rectangular Rectangular Rectangular Waveguide Waveguide Waveguide
The cross section must
be constant!
Metallic walls
You can also use low
quality conductors
like alluminium
You can fill the
waveguide with a
Dielectric material
Rectangular Waveguide geometry
Rectangular WG
We must find the fields components of the em wave
inside the rectangular waveguide
E
z
H
z
E
x
H
x
E
y
H
y
Well find that waveguides rectangular as well as
circular cant support TEM waves
Rectangular Waveguides: Fields inside the waveguide
Using phasors & assuming waveguide filled with
lossless dielectric material and
walls of perfect conductor,
the wave inside should obey to Helmholtz equation:
E k E
2 2
0 = +
H k H
2 2
0 = +
c
k
2 2
where =
Then considering the z-component
0
2 2
= +
z z
E k E
2
2 2 2
0 k
E E E
2
2 2 2
0 E k
z
E
y
E
x
E
z
z z z
= +

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
: Variables of Separation the Using
z Z y Y x X z y x E
: obtain we
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , ( z Z y Y x X z y x E
z
=
2
k
Z Y X
'' '' ''
= + + k
Z Y X
+ +
Fields inside the waveguide
2
= + + k
Z Y X
'' '' ''
2 2 2 2
= +
+ +
k k k
k
Z Y X

2 2 2 2 2
y x
k k k h + = + =
: s expression in the results which
= + k k k
y x

y x

0
2
= + X k X
x
''
x x
x k c x k c X(x) + =
2 1
sin cos
0
0
2
2
= +
Z Z
Y k Y
''
y
''
z z
y y
y k c y k c Y(y)

+ =
4 3
) (
sin cos
0
2
= Z Z
z z
e c e c z Z

+ =
6 5
) (
Substituting
k k X( ) + i
y y
x x
y k c y k c Y(y)
x k c x k c X(x)
+ =
+ =
4 3
2 1
sin cos
sin cos
z z
e c e c z Z

+ =
6 5
) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , ( z Z y Y x X z y x E
z
=
( )( )( )
z z
e c e c y k c y k c x k c x k c E

+ + + = sin cos sin cos ( )( )( )
( )
y y x x z
z
e c e c y k c y k c x k c x k c E
+
+ + + =
: direction - in traveling wave at the looking only If
sin cos sin cos
6 5 4 3 2 1
( )( )
z
y y x x z
e y k A y k A x k A x k A E

+ + =
field magnetic for the Similarly
sin cos sin cos
4 3 2 1
( )( )
z
y y x x z
e y k B y k B x k B x k B H

+ + = sin cos sin cos
, field magnetic for the Similarly
4 3 2 1
The other field components could be derived from
Faraday and Ampere Laws
2 2
z z
x
y
H
h
j
x
E
h
E

=

2 2
z z
y
x
H
h
j
y
E
h
E

=

The knownledge
of E and H
2 2
z z
x
x
H
h y
E
h
j
H

=

of E
z
and H
z
,
permit to derive all
the other fields.
2 2
z z
y
y
H
h x
E
h
j
H

=

2 2 2 2 2
y x
k k k h
where
+ = + =
y x
Modes of propagation
From these equations we can conclude:
TEM (E H 0) t t TEM (E
z
=H
z
=0) cant propagate.
TE (E 0) t l t i TE (E
z
=0) transverse electric
In TE mode, the electric lines of flux are
perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide
TM (H
z
=0) transverse magnetic, E
z
exists (
z
) g
z
In TM mode, the magnetic lines of flux are
perpendicular to the axis of the waveguide.
Exist also hybrid modes in which all field
components exists components exists
TM Mode
( )( )
z
y y x x z
e y k A y k A x k A x k A E

+ + = sin cos sin cos
4 3 2 1
Boundary
,b y E
z
0 at 0 = =
conditions:
,a x E
z
0 at 0 = =
From these we conclude: From these, we conclude:
X(x) is in the form of sin k
x
x,
where k
x
=mp/a, m=1,2,3,
Y(y) is in the form of sin k y Y(y) is in the form of sin k
y
y,
where k
y
=np/b, n=1,2,3,
So the solution for E
z
(x,y,z) is
( )( )
z j
y x z
e y k x k A A E

= sin sin
4 2
TM Mode
Substitutingg
sin sin

e y
n
x
m
E E
z j


sin sin

=
h
e y
b
x
a
E E
j
o z

2 2

n m
where

2

=
b
n
a
m
h

2 2
k + =
sin sin

=
z j
o z
e y
n
x
m
E E


0 =

z
o z
H
y
b a
The Other field components are
x
E
h
E
z
x

=
2

z
o x
e
b
y n
a
x m
E
a
m
h
E

= sin cos
2
y
E
h
E
x h
z
y

=

2

z
o y
e
b
y n
a
x m
E
b
n
h
E

=

cos sin
2
E
h
j
H
y h
z
x

z
o x
e
b
y n
a
x m
E
b
n
h
j
H
b a b h

=

cos sin
2
E j
H
y h
z
y

2
2
z
o y
e
b
y n x m
E
m
h
j
H
b a b h

=

sin cos
2
x h
y

2
y
b a a h

2
TM modes
The m and n represent the indexes of the propagation The m and n represent the indexes of the propagation
mode and indicates the number of variations of the
field in the x and y directions
Note that for the TM mode, if n or m is zero, all fields
are zero.
TM Cutoff
( )
2 2 2
+ k k k ( )

2
2 2

=
+ =
n m
k k k
y x
The cutoff frequency occurs when

b a
2 2

2 2
2 2
2
1 1
0 then When

= + =

=
n m
j
b
n
a
m
c




Evanescent:
1
2
1
or

=
b
n
a
m
f
c

0 and When
2 2
2
= =

<


b
n
a
m
Means no propagation, everything is attenuated
Propagation: 0 and When
2 2
2
= =

>

j
b
n m
g
This is the case we are interested since is when the wave is allowed to
travel through the guide.

b a
Cutoff
attenuation
Propagation
of mode mn
The cutoff frequency is the frequency below which
f
c,mn
The cutoff frequency is the frequency below which
attenuation occurs and above which propagation
takes place. (High Pass)
2 2
2
'

=
b
n
a
m u
f
mn
c
The phase constant becomes

2
2 2
2
1 '

=
f
f
b
n
a
m
c

f b a
Phase velocity and mode impedance
The phase velocity is defined as
u
u
p
= = =

2
And the intrinsic impedance of the mode
f
u
p

'
And the intrinsic impedance of the mode
is
2

2
1 '

= = =
f
f
H
E
H
E
c
x
y
y
x
TM

Summary of TM modes Summary of TM modes
Wave in the dielectric
medium
Inside the waveguide
= = ' / ' u
2
1 '

=
f
f
c

/ ' =
2
1 '

=
f
f
c
TM

/
2
=

=
f
u
p
/ 1 ' / ' = = = f u
2
'

=

1 '

f
f
c
f u / ' ' =
/ 1 / = = = f u
2
1

f
f
c
f u / =
TE Mode
( )( )
z
y y x x z
e y k B y k B x k B x k B H

+ + = sin cos sin cos
4 3 2 1
Boundary ,b y E
x
0 at 0 = =
conditions:
,a x E
y
0 at 0 = =
From these we conclude: From these, we conclude:
X(x) is in the form of cos k
x
x,
where k
x
=mp/a, m=0,1,2,3,
Y(y) is in the form of cos k y Y(y) is in the form of cos k
y
y,
where k
y
=np/b, n=0,1,2,3,
So the solution for E
z
(x,y,z) is
( )( )
z j
e y k x k B B H

= cos cos ( )( )
y x z
e y k x k B B H = cos cos
3 1
TE Mode
Substituting

i h
cos cos

=

e y
b
n
a
x m
H H
z j
o z


2 2
2
again where

=
b
n m
h

b a
Note that n and m cannot be both zero
because the fields will all be zero. because the fields will all be zero.
TE
mn

n m
0
cos cos

=
z j
o z
E
e y
b
n
x
a
m
H H


Other components are
0 =
z
E
z
o x
e
b
y n
a
x m
H
b
n
h
j
E

= sin cos
2
y
H
h
j
E
z
x

=
2

z
o y
e
b
y n
a
x m
H
a
m
h
j
E
b a b h

=

cos sin
2
x
H
h
j
E
y h
z
y

z
o x
e
b
y n
a
x m
H
a
m
h
j
H
b a a h

=

cos sin
2
x
H
h
H
x h
z
x

=

2

z
o y
e
b
y n x m
H
b
n
h
j
H
b a a h

=

sin cos
2
y
H
h
H
x h
z
y

=

2

y
b a b h

2
y
Cutoff
tt ti P ti attenuation Propagation
of mode mn
The cutoff frequency is the same
f
c,mn
expression as for the TM mode
2 2 2 2
2
'

=
b
n
a
m u
f
mn
c
But the lowest attainable frequencies are
l t b h b lowest because here n or m can be zero.
Dominant Mode
The dominant mode is the mode with
lowest cutoff frequency.
Its always TE
10
It s always TE
10
The order of the next modes change
d di th di i f th depending on the dimensions of the
guide.
Summary of TE modes Summary of TE modes
Wave in the dielectric
medium
Inside the waveguide
= = ' / ' u
2
1 '

=
f
f
c

/ ' =
2
1
'

=
f
c
TE

/
2
=

=
f
u
p
/ 1 ' / ' = = = f u
2
'
=

1 '

f
f
c
f u / ' ' =
/ 1 / = = = f u
2
1

f
f
c
f u / =
Variation of wave impedance
Wave impedance varies with frequency and
mode

TE

TM
0
f
c,mn
Group velocity, u
g
Is the velocity at which the
l energy travels.

f rad/s 1
2
z
e
x m
H
j
E

= sin

=

=
s
m
f
f
u u
c
g
rad/m
rad/s
1 '
/
1

o y
e
a
H
a h
E

= sin
2
It is always less than u
( )
2
' u u u
g p
= ( )
g p
http://www.tpub.com/content/et/14092/css/14092_71.htm
Group Velocity Group Velocity
As frequency is increased,
h l i i the group velocity increases.
Power transmission Power transmission
The average Poynting vector for the waveguide fields
is
[ ] [ ]
1 1
* *
s
[ ] [ ]
E E
H E H E H E
x y y x ave
Re
2
1
Re
2
1
2
2
* *
*
= = P
[W/
2
]
z
E E
y x

2
2

+
=
[W/m
2
]
where =
TE
or
TM
depending on the mode
b
E E
2
2

= =
+
= =
a
x
b
y
y x
ave ave
dx dy
E E
dS P
0 0
2
P
[W]
= = x y 0 0

Attenuation in Lossy waveguide
When dielectric inside guide is lossy, and walls
are not perfect conductors power is lost as it are not perfect conductors, power is lost as it
travels along guide.
z
P P
2
The loss power is
z
o ave
e P P
2
=
ave
P
dP
P 2 = = The loss power is
Where a=a +a are the attenuation due to ohmic
ave L
P
dz
P 2 = =
Where a=a
c
+a
d
are the attenuation due to ohmic
(conduction) and dielectric losses
Usually a >> a
d
Usually a
c
>> a
d
Attenuation for TE Attenuation for TE
10
Dielectric attenuation, Np/m
Dielectric
conductivity!
2
1 2
'

=
f
c
d

conductivity!
Conductor attenuation Np/m
1 2

f
Conductor attenuation, Np/m

2
2
f
b R

=
10 ,
2
10 ,
5 . 0
1 '
2
f
f
a
b
f
f
b
R
c
c
s
c

f
Field lines for some of the lower order modes of a
32
rectangular
Example
2 2

2 2
2
cmn
r
c m n
f
a b



= +


a = 1.07 cm, b = 0.43 cm, f = 15 GHz
r
Solution: for Teflon
r
= 2.08, tan =
0 0004 0.0004
Mode m n f
c
(GHz)
TE 1 0 9.72
TE 2 0 19.44
TE 0 1 24.19
TE, TM 1 1 26.07
33
,
TE, TM 2 1 31.03
At 15 GHz
2

2
345.1 k
a

= =


2
tan
0.119 / 1.03 /
2
d
k
np m dB m

= = =
0
0.032
2
s
R

= =
2 3 2
2
(2 ) 0.050 / 0.434 /
s
s
R
b a k np m dB m

= + = =
3
(2 ) 0.050 / 0.434 /
c
b a k np m dB m
a b k


+
34
Circular Waveguide
Geometry of a circular
waveguide.
35
ELEctromagnetic DIAgnostics Lab.
DIT Universit di Trento DIT - Universit di Trento
Via Sommarive 14, I-38050 Trento Italia
E-mail: massmo.donelli@disi.unitn.it E mail: massmo.donelli@disi.unitn.it
Circular waveguides Circular waveguides Circular waveguides ggg
Master Master Degree Degree Electronic and Telecommunication Electronic and Telecommunication
A.A. 2011 A.A. 2011--2012 2012
2 2
,
z z z z
j E H j E H
E E

= + =

2 2
,
c c
E E
k k
j E H j E H




+




2 2
,
z z z z
c c
j E H j E H
H H
k k





= = +



TE Modes
E
z
= 0
2 2
0 H k H + = 0
z z
H k H +
2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1
( , ) 0
c z
k h


+ + + =

2 2 2
( , )
c z





( ) ( ) ( ) h R P ( , ) ( ) ( )
z
h R P =
37
2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
0,
d R dR d P
k + + + =
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
0,
1
c
k
R d R d P d
d R dR d P
k


+ + +
2 2
2 2
c
k
R d R d P d



+ + =
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
0
d P d P
k k P
P d d


= + =

( )
2
2 2 2 2
2
0
c
d R dR
k k R
d d

+ + =
( )
2
d d


The general solution is
( ) sin cos P A k B k

= +
38
Since
( , ) ( , 2 )
z z
h h n =
( ) sin cos P A n B n = +
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2
0
c
d R dR
k n R
d d


+ + =
d d
( ) ( ) ( )
n c n c
R CJ k DY k = +
But, D = 0
( )
( , ) sin cos ( )
z n c
h A n B n J k = +
BC: Since E
z
= 0,
( , ) 0 at E a

= =
( )
( , , ) sin cos ( )
j z
n c
c
j
E z A n B n J k e
k

= +
39
( ) 0
n c
J k a

=
If the roots of J
n
' (x) are defined as p'
nm
, so that
J
n
'(p'
nm
) = 0, where p'
nm
is the mth root of J
n
', then k
c n
(p
nm
) , p
nm n
,
c
must have the value.
nm
c
p
k
a

=
The Te
mn
modes are defined by the cutoff
a
mn
y
wavenumber, k
cmn
= p'
nm
/a, where n refers to the
number of circumferential () variations, and m refers
t th b f di l ( ) i ti to the number of radial () variations.
40
2
2 2 2
nm c nm
p k p
k k k f


= = = =

,
2 2
nm c cnm
k k k f
a
a

= = = =


TE mode: dominant mode TE
11
mode: dominant mode
j
( )
2
cos sin ( )
j z
n c
c
j n
E A n B n J k e
k

=
( )
sin cos ( )
j z
n c
c
j
E A n B n J k e
k

= +
( )
sin cos ( )
c
j z
n c
j
H A n B n J k e
k

= +
( )
2
cos sin ( )
c
j z
k
j n
H A n B n J k e

=
41
( )
2
cos sin ( )
n c
c
H A n B n J k e
k

The wave impedance

TE
E E
k
Z
H H

= = =


Because of the azimuthal symmetry of the circular waveguide, both sin
n and cos n are terms are valid solutions, and can be present in a
ifi bl d specific problem to any degree.
The actual amplitudes of these terms will be dependent on the excitation
of the waveguide. g
Consider the dominant TE
11
mode with an excitation such that B = 0.
42
1
sin ( ) , 0
j z
z c z
H A J k e E

= =
1 1
2
cos ( ) , sin ( )
j z j z
c c
c c
j n j
E A J k e E A n J k e
k k

= =
1 1
2
sin ( ) , cos ( )
c c
j z j z
c c
j j n
H A J k e H A n J k e
k k

= =
c c
k k
The power flow down the guide
43
2
1
Re
a
P E H z d d

=

0 0
2
Re
2
1
Re [ ]
o
a
P E H z d d
E H E H dydx d d

= =

=
=


0 0
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
4 2
Re [ ]
2
| | Re( ) 1
cos ( ) sin ( )
a
c c c
E H E H dydx d d
A
J k k J k d d

= =

= +



1 1
4 2
0 0
2
2 2 2
( ) ( )
2
| | Re( ) 1
( ) ( )
c c c
c
a
k
A
J k k J k d

= =

= +

1 1
4 2
0
( ) ( )
2
| |
c c c
c
J k k J k d
k
A

=
= +


=

2
2 2
Re( )
( 1) ( ) p J k a

=
11 1
4
( 1) ( )
4
c
c
p J k a
k

44
2
2
| |
s
l s
R
P J ad

=

0
2
2 2
| |
2
| | | |
l s
s
R
H H ad

=

= +

0
2 2
2
2 2 2
| | | |
2
| |
i ( )
z
s
H H ad
A R
J k d

=

+


+

2 2 2
1
4 2
0
2 2
| |
cos sin ( )
2
| |
s
c
c
J k a ad
k a
A R

=
= +

2 2
2
1
4 2
| |
1 ( )
2
s
c
c
A R a
J k a
k a

= +


4 2 2 2
2
( )
( )
l s c s
P R k a R k
k
+
2
2 2
11 11
( )
( )
2 ( 1) 1
l s c s
c c
o
k
P k a p k a p

= = = +


45
TM Modes
2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1
( , ) 0
c z
k e



+ + + =





( )
( , ) sin cos ( )
z n c
e A n B n J k = +
( , ) 0 at
z
E a = =
( ) 0
n c
J k a =
nm
c
p
k
a
=
2
2 2 2
,
nm c nm
p k p
k k k f

= = = =

,
2 2
nm c cnm
k k k f
a
a

46
( )
sin cos ( )
j z
n c
j
E A n B n J k e
k

= +
( )
( )
( )
cos sin ( )
n c
c
j z
k
j n
E A n B n J k e

=
( )
( )
2
cos sin ( )
j
n c
c
j
E A n B n J k e
k
j n

=
( )
2
cos sin ( )
j z
n c
c
j n
H A n B n J k e
k
j

=
( )
sin cos ( )
j z
n c
c
j
H A n B n J k e
k

= +
TM
E E
Z
H H k

= = =
H H k

47
Figure 3.12 (p. 123)
48
Attenuation of various modes in a circular copper waveguide with
a = 2.54 cm.
Ex 3.2
Fi 3 13 ( 123) Figure 3.13 (p. 123)
Cutoff frequencies of the first few TE and TM modes of a circular
49
waveguide, relative to the cutoff frequency of the dominant TE
11
mode.
Field lines for some of the lower order modes of a circular
50
waveguide.
Cutoff
tt ti P ti attenuation Propagation
of mode mn
The cutoff frequency for TEmn modes are:
f
c,mn
a
C p
f
mn
mn
c
28 6
=
n P1n P2n P3n
0 3 832 7 016 10 174
a 28 . 6
0 3.832 7.016 10.174
1 1.841 5.331 8.536
2 3.054 6.706 9.970
The lowest attainable frequency is related to
2 3.054 6.706 9.970
The lowest attainable frequency is related to
the TE11 modes.