...

:
.

: &

2012




. :

.



,


2012.

.
, ,

,
.
,
.

..................................................................................................................3
.....................................................................................................................4
.................................................................................................................5
1. -
......................................................................................................................7
......................................................................................................................8
2.
2.1. ....................................................................12
3. crossover
3.1. (crossover) ............................21
3.2. crossover...................................................................24
4.
4.1 .......................................................................27
4.1.1 ................................................. 27
4.1.2 .....................................................28
4.1.3 .....................................................................29
4.1.4 .......................................................30
4.1.5 (AMT HEIL)....31
4.1.6 .................................................................32
4.1.7 ......................................................33
4.1.8 .......................................................................34
4.2 ....................................................35
5. ...........................................................................37

 6. .....40
7. ..............................51
8. . ...................................57
9. .................................................................................58
10. ..................................................................................60

.
.
:
.

(crossover)


.
4,5 bass-reflex
40mm PVC 150mm
3mm.

. (speaker)

.

.
:
1.

().

2.
.
3.
- .
4. crossover

( )

-.
,
,
.
:
i)

(subwoofer), 30 Hz
300 Hz .

ii)

(woofer), 30 Hz 500 Hz.

iii)

(mid-range), 500 Hz
6000 Hz.

iv)

(tweeter), 1500 Hz 60008000 Hz .

v)

(super tweeter),
10000 Hz .

. mid-range,
.
(filter
network), crossover,
.
n n
. woofer tweeter
woofer , mid-range , tweeter.
.

1.

()

2. (woofer)

3. (tweeter)
.
4. crossover ( ) woofer
tweeter .

 1.1. , 3
.

1.2 . .

10

 1.3. .

1.4. .

11


19
. , ,
.
.
1874: Ernst Werner von Siemens

.

Siemens

.
- "

20
1874 . 149.797 14 .
1876: Alexander Graham Bell
(
(intelligible)
1876 .
1877: Bell Siemens
(. 2355) 14
1877 -
transduser .
-
.

12


30 1878
.
4685 1 1878.
Nikola Tesla
1881.

1877:Thomas Edison

1878.

1898: Sir Oliver Lodge, 27

1898 9712, -

transducer .
.
South Kensington,
wireless word 21 1927.
1901: O Stroh
3393 16
1901, 14 1901.
1908: Pollak

939.625 7 1908
9 1909.

13

1911: Edwin S. Pridham Peter

L. Jensen

Magnavox

Woodrow Wilson

1919.

1915: Harold Arnold Bell

.
, , , ,
. ..
. , J.P. Maxfield
project, 1925
.C Wente, Orthophonic.

1916: ,
Kotaro Honda,
.

1921: Phonetron 1.847.935

23 1921, Clair Loring
Farrand,
( )
.

14

1923: Thorophone,

, .

1924: Edward W. Kellogg

Chester W. Rice
.
Rice -Kellogg
.
. ' ,
1.795.214 1931.

1925: Kellogg Rice

,

.
,
,

.
. 1926 Radio
Corporation of America (RCA) Kellogg Rice
Radiola ( ). Radiola 104


.

15

1925:O Wente Albert L. Thuras

Western Electric 555-W, 100
5000 Hz 25%.

1926 :
Warner

Vitaphone
Bros

.

.
. .

1928: Herman . Fanger

,
,
.


.

1929: E.W. Kellogg 1.983.377 17

1929 4 1934,

.
1932 Hans Vogt,
Peter Walker Quad ESL
1957.

1929: JD Seabert Westinghouse ,

. 3 4
.
16

1930: Albert L. Thuras

1869178 15 1930
26 1932,
(bass-reflex),
Bell Labs. bass-reflex

.

1931: Bell Labs

12
.
300013000 Hz, 12

50-10000 Hz 5dB.

1931: Western Electric , Bell

Labs, .

1932: RCA ,
6 -
, 125 - 8000
Hz 10 ft 40 125 Hz.

1933: -

-
1933.

,
.
Wente . L. Thuras.

,

. (Bell Labs, 1953)

17

1935: Daglas Shearer John Hilliard MGM

,
5000- Capitol Broadway.
James Lansing John F. Blackburn Cal
Tech :
3
1,4

15 .
12
Norma Shearer.

1936: Hilliard o Shearer

Horn.
.
1941: John Hilliard
crossover , "Loudspeaker Networks and Frequency
Division," Electronics .

( )
.
(),
.

1945: Shearer
Horn, Hilliard Lansing
(
"VOTT") -4 A-2.



.

.

18

1948: C.A. Ewaskio, Research Laboratory, Harvard ,

.

1950: Bozak B-201, 12

-.

1952: Bartholomew N. Locanthi II

.

1954: Edgar Villchur, Acoustis

Research AR-1
,
( Richard H) .
AR-2 AR-3
1958.

1954:
Leo . Beranek
,

.

1956: Murlan . Corrington

.
1956: EJ ("Ted") Jordan Wireless World
woofer .

19

1957: Peter J. Walker D. Williamson,

Quad ESL
.
Villchur o
o tweeter.

1974: Universal Pictures surround .

.

, .
2,4
, 1,2 1,2 .

1982: Jedi
THX
George Lucas Tomlinson Holman.
THX
.

20

 (crossover)
crossover
.
(crossover filters)

.
(low pass filter), (band pass filters) (high
pass filters).

fc

f fx .

fc
.
crossover
. butterworth, linkwitz riley, bessel,
chebychev..

BUTTERWORTH
Butterworth



.
1930
Stephen
Butterworth

21

 CHEBYSHEV
Chebychev ,

'

.

BESSEL
Bessel
Butterworth
. Bessel
. ,
, ,
Bessel
, , .
,
, .
Bessel crossover .
Friedrich Bessel , (1784-1846),
.
Bessel-Thomson , Thomson,
Bessel
.
22

 LINKWITZ-RILEY
Linkwitz-Riley
Linkwitz-Riley crossovers ,
Siegfried Linkwitz Russ Riley 1978 . crossover LR
low-pass
LR. Butterworth ,
-3 dB .
Linkwitz-Riley -6 dB .
low-pass high-pass , ,
crossover 0 dB, crossover allpass .

23

 Crossover
crossover
crossover Linkwitz Riley
crossover point 4000Hz 12dB/. crossover point

.

crossover
calculator 3.1.

3.1

tweeter

woofer

.

24


. crossover
.

3.2 . crossover 3.3. crossover

.
.

3.4,5.. crossover 8
.

25

 3.5. .

crossover.

3.6

26




. :

,

(Laplace)

.
(magnet)

(pole magnet) .

. (voice coil)


.

(spider)

(surround).







.



.

(paper) .

27




.

(. mylar )
5-30
.



.


.


.



4.1.





( 4.2)
.

.
( 4.2,4.3)
. ( 4.4)


1

. 4.1

. 4.2

28

. 4.3

. 4.4

Quad_ESL-2905

,
.


.


.

,
.

.



29


.
.

.

.
1880 Pierre
Jacques Curie.
( 4.5 ) .
,

.


/ .

.

.
.
.

.

, , PVDF
, Rochelle Seignette (SiO2).

. 4.5

,
tweeter
.
.
30

 (Heil AMT)
(Heil AMT)
Dr Oscar Heil.



. Heil AMT

, .


.
.
.

. . .
- ,

.

.


.
AMT (Air Motion
Transformers, ).

.

( 800 Hz ).

31


.


.
.
,
.
.
Ionophone Plessey
1950. Fane
Acoustics Ionofane (1960). Ionophone

() .

.
.

.

.

.

.

.

32

.



.
( ),
.




.

.

.
Klangfilm
Blatthaller 1920 ( 4.6)
( 4.7) .

. 4.6

. 4.7

(ribbon)
.
ribbon
.

33




().

Veritys

.





( 4.8).

. 4.8

,
.

34



.

. tweeter
3000Hz 22000 Hz
woofer 55 Hz 45000 Hz .

.

woofer
60 W 4 .
35

 tweeter
50 W .

36



.
:
1.

.
2.


.
3.

.
.
5.1

.5.1

37


.

.
() .

.5.2

(bass-reflex)

.


.
Helmholtz .
Helmholtz :

c ,V ,s
, l .

38

 Fs
F
.

.5.3

bass-reflex
.

.5.4

39

.

(bass reflex)
pvc
bass-reflex.

MDF



.
.
. MDF
.
.

6.1. .

40

 6.2. .

41

 6.3. .

.6.4 .

.6.5 . 6.6..
.
.

6.7 . .6.8
.
.

42

6.9.
.
bass reflex.

6.11.
.

6.10. .

6.12.
.

6.13. . 6.14.
.
.

43

 6.15. 6.16.
.
.

6.17. . 6.18.
.

6.19 6.20.
.
.

44

 6..21.
.

6.22..
.

6.23. 6.24..
.

6.25. bass reflex.

6.26.
.

45

 6.27. .
.

6.28.

6.29. . 6.30.
.
.

6.31. . 6.32. .

46

 6.33. .

6.34. .

6..35.
.

6.36. .

47

6.37. .

 6.38. .

6.39.

6.40 .

6.41
crossover.

6.42,3.

48

 6.44,45,46. .

6.46

6.47,48 .

49

 6.49.
.

50

(sensitivity) db
1 m, 1W rms.
, ,
.
, (dB)
"" . ,

, 1 kHz,
.
.
.
,
90dB/w/m.

.

,

. (0
360) Q (quality
factor) , ,
DI=10*logQ (directivity
index) dB.



(
)

(.
).


.
51

, 360, Q=1
DI=0.
(180), , , , Q=2,
. ,
, DI
DI=10*log2=3. Q,
3 dB.


.

Melissa

, sound power
().
dB (normalized).

(Horizontal off-axis frequency response)

.
earthworks 1 m 12 0 90,
52

 .
0, 30, 45, 60, 75 90 .

0 (,
),
500 Hz .
(f<200 z)
.

7.1

earthworks 1 m
melissa.
( 7.2 )
().
dB 800 Hz
( 2 3 Hz) 50 dB.

53

7.2

(100 800 z),

2 3 KHz.

.
()
(Horizontal off-axis frequency response)
, ,
.

54

 7.3

( 7.4) (
7.2)
.
.

55

 7.4

PC, elissa &

matlab earthworks audio.

7.5 .

56

1/4" tweeter

4" Midrange - Woofer

: 75Hz-20kHz

SPL: 110 dB 1W/1m

: 8 Ohms

: 21,5cm x 16,6cm x 29cm

: 2.2 kg

.
, . ,
.
crossover.

57




.
.
,
,
() .
, ,
.
.
MDF ()
.

.

crossover
.

crossover ,
.

Melissa
.
. ,

,
.
.
,
.

(
). (
) ,
.

58


,
,
.

. ,
.

, ,
,
(
).
, .


.
,

.

, ,
crossover, ,
.

.

59

. , &
2009.
,
& 2009.

ESPI ( )
- 2007.
Gordon J King, hi fi, , ,
. (1982).
.,
2007
Augspurger, George L. "Theory, Ingenuity, and Wizadry in Speaker Design,"
Audio, April 1987 p. 51-55, originally published in Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America 77, No. 4, April 1985, p. 1303-1308, describes five
milestone loudspeaker designs over the last 50 years: Rice-Kellogg 1925,
Altec Lansing Model 604 duplex 1943, Klipsch corner horn 1946, Jensen bass
reflex in the 1940s that was an early version of the vented box enclosure
defined by Thiele-Small 1961, and Villchur acoustic suspension 1954.
Douglas, Alan. Radio Manufacturers of the 1920's. Vestal Press Ltd, 1989.
Hunt, Frederick V. Electroacoustics: the Analysis of Transduction, and its
Historical Background. New York: American Institute of Physics for the
Acoustical Society of America, 1982.
Olson, Harry Ferdinand. Acoustical Engineering. Princeton, N.J.: Van
Nostrand,1957.
Rice, Chester W. and Edward W. Kellogg, "Notes on the Development of a
New Type of Hornless Loudspeaker," Transactions of the American Institute
of Electrical Engineers 44, 1925, p. 461-475.
"Edward C. Wente" biography manuscript, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Sept.
17, 1953, Box 228-07-01, AT&T Archives, Warren, NJ.
Rice, Chester W. and Edward W. Kellogg, "Notes on the Development of a
New Type of Hornless Loudspeaker," Transactions of the American Institute
of Electrical Engineers 44, 1925, p. 461-475.

Links

http://www.ht-audio.com/
http://www.hlektronika.gr/forum/showthread.php?t=40317
http://www.noiz.gr/index.php?topic=170718.0
http://www.trueaudio.com/
http://www.colomar.com/Shavano/cons_structure.html
http://www.daslight.gr/displayITM1.asp?ITMID=11446
http://www.diyaudio.gr/oldnimiel.htm
60

http://www.plasmatweeter.de/eng_plasma.htm
http://www.audiotechnologies.gr/index_files/Page423.htm
http://e-pcmag.gr/forum/ilektrostatika-ixeia
http://electronicslab.eu/index.php/el/texnologia-eksarthmaton-2/220-krystalloi
http://www.piezo.com/tech4history.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweeter
http://www.precide.ch/eng/eheil/eheildetails.htm
http://www.unitedhomeproducts.com/id101.htm
http://www.enjoythemusic.com/magazine/equipment/1002/acapellavoilin.htm
http://digg.com/newsbar/topnews/The_Most_Badass_Speakers_Around_Toda
y_Plasma_Arc_Speakers&usg
http://www.audiocircuit.com/DIY/Ribbon-Speakers/Project:La-Foliamagnetostatic-by-Mogens-Gallardo
http://edisontechcenter.org/speakers.html
http://homepage.mac.com/oldtownman/recording/loudspeaker.html
http://www.acadia.org/competition98/sites/integrus.com/html/library/tech/www.dba-pr.com/mission/technxt.html
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.greenmountainaudio.com
http://www.martinlogan.com

61