ftFF

PROJECT
1794
FI NAT DEVEI OPMENT
SUMMARY
REPORT
2 APR| I
-
30 MAY t 956
USAF Conr r oct No. AFg3( 600) 30t 6l
t . D. No. S6- RDZ_199s 4
A VR O A /P CRA trT T//T///rED
:U
SECURI TY WARNI NG
Thi s docur nent i s i nt ended sol el y f or t he r eci , pi ent and such per sor r s as have
r ceen
del egat ed t o use i t i n t he cour se of t hei r dut y and r nay be used i n connect i on wi t h
wor k per f or r ned f or or on behal f of t he uni t ed St at es Ai r For ce.
The t ransrni ssi on, unaut hori zed ret ent i on, dest ruct i on, or t he revel at i on of i t s con-
t ent s, i n any r nanner , t o ( an) unaut hor i zed per son( s) i s f or bi dden.
Fai l ure t o cornpl r wi t h any of t he above i nst ruct i ons i s an i nf ract i on of t he Canadi an
Of f i ci al Secr et s Act and i s a vi ol at i on wi t hi n t he r neani ng of t he Uni t ed St at es
Espi onage Laws, t i t l e 18, U. S. C.
,
sect i ons 793 ar ' d 794.
Thi s copy has been i ssued by Avr o Ai r cr af t Li r ni t ed, Mal t on.
To-
Dat e
-
Copy No.
-
1
r . D. 56 RDZ r 99c4
I JUNE, 1956
-SECRBF-
t
PROJECT T794
FI NAL DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY REPORT
Z Apr l l , I 955
-
3I May, 1956
USAF Cont r act No. AF33( 600) 30I 61
I ssued by:
Avro Ai rcraf t Li rni t ed
Mal ton, Ontari o, Canada
Approved by:
Speci al Pr oj ect s Gr oup
Avro Ai rcraf t Li rni t ed.
The nurnber of pages i n t hi s
I l l ust rat i on sheet s i s LL4
I JUNE, 1956
report , i ncl udi ng t he Ti t l e,
Engi neeri ng Manager
Speci al Pr oj ect s Gr oup
Avro Ai rcraf t Li rni t ed.
Tabl e of Contents and
I . D. No. 56- RDz- Lggs$
J; C. M. Fr ost
Chi ef Desi gn Engi neer
H. C. Moody
-ER:E*F-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY
I NTRODUCTI ON
PROGRESS OF THE DESI GN
PROJECT 704
4. L Descr i pt i on
4. 2 Oper at i on
4. 3 Per f or r nance
DI SCUSSI ON OF' ACTI VI TI ES
5. I Test Resul t s
5. Z Desi gn St udy & Theor et i cal Anal ysi s
F' I NANCI AL STATEMENT
DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTI ON ASPECTS
NEW PROGRAMS REQUI RED
8. I Test s Prograrn
8. Z Desi gn St udy and Theor et i cal Anal ysi s
TANULATED SUMMARY & COST FORECAST
-ECR-E{tr
PAGE
I
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3
8
I
1, 1
15
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87
96
98
98
103
I 10
6.
t .
8.
9.
I JUNE, 1956
I . D. No. 56- RDz- 19954
AVRO A'RCRAFT I'/W'TED
PRO| ECI 1794
FINAL DEVELOPMENT S.UMMARY
t . SUMMARY
I n t hi s r epor t t he scope of wor k under t he above cont r act i s r evi ewed and
t he pr ogr ess of t he desi gn i s expl ai ned. An out l i ne of t he pr oposed r esear ch
prot ot ype whi ch t he cont ract or i s bui l di ng i s t hen gi ven, f ol l owed by t he
r esul t s of f easi bi l i t y and per f or r nance pot ent i al st udi es f or t he subj ect ai r -
craf t , and a f i nanci al st at ernent rel at i ng t o t he work accornpl i shed.
I t i s concl uded t hat t he st abi l i zat i on and cont rol of t he ai rcraf t i n t he rnanner
pr oposed
-
t he pr opul si ve j et s ar e used t o cont r ol t he ai r cr af t
-
i s f easi bl e
and t he ai rcraf t can be desi gned t o have sat i sf act ory handl i ng t hrough t he
whol e f l i ght range f rorn ground cushi on t ake-of f t o supersoni c f l i ght at very
hi gh al t i t ude. Supersoni c t est s show t hat t he cal cul at ed t hrust pot ent i al
wi t h t he present desi gn wi l l provi de a rnuch superi or perf orrnance t o t hat
est i rnat ed at t he st art of cont ract negot i at i ons, wi t h a t op speed pot ent i al
bet ween Mach 3 and Mach 4, a cei l i ng of over I 00, 000 f t . and a r naxi r nur n
r ange wi t h al l owances of about I , 000 naut i cal r ni l es.
Addi t i onal t est s t o cornpl et el y subst ant i at e t hi s perf orrnance are shown t o
be r equi r ed. Devel opr nent and pr oduct i on aspect s ar e br i ef l y r evi ewed
and an out l i ne new prograrn broader i n scope t han t he st udy now cot rrpl et ed
i s present ed (t o dovet ai l wi t h t he devel oprnent envi saged), t oget her wi t h an
accor npanyi ng cost est i r nat e. Thi s est i r nat e cover s a per i od of l 8 t o 24
r nont hs i n t he t ot al ar nount of
$3,
I 68, 000.
1 JUNE, 1956
AURO A'RCRAFT I'/W'TED
PROI ECT 1794
2" I NTRODUC TI ON
The work st at ernent
-
Exhi bi t t of t he above cont ract
-
speci f i es
,
anal yt i cal
i nvest i gat i ons and desi gn st udi es t o det errni ne t he perf orrnance capabi l i t i es
and desi gn f eat ur es of a f l at ver t i cal t ake- of f and l andi ng ai r cr af t r ' , of a
new t ype pr oposed by AVRO AI RCRAFT LI MI TED: t oget her wi t h subst an-
t i at i ng t est s. Thi s cont r act i s essent i al l y a f easi bi l i t y st udy and
"
desi gn
conf i gurat i on ef f ort shal l be conf i ned t o t he mi ni rnurn requi red f or dernon-
st r at i on of pr i nci pl es i n a pr act i cal appl i cat i ont t . The ar eas f or t est and
anal ysi s ar e def i ned as:
( 1) Ai r Cushi on ef f ect
(Z) St abi l i t y of rnul t i -engi ne conf i gurat i on
(3) Ai r I nt ake and gas exhaust syst ern t est
(4) Ai rcraf t perf orrrl ance, st abi l i t y and cont rol
( 5)
Radi al { l ow engi ne f easi bi l i t y
The pr ogr ess of wor k has been r epor t ed i n det ai l i n t en r nont hl y pr ogr ess
report s of whi ch t he f i rst group were surnrnari zed i n an i nt eri rn devel op-
r nent sur nr nar y r epor t . The whol e per i od i s cover ed by t hi s f i nal devel op-
rnent sul nrnary and t he work under t hi s cont ract i s now cornpl et ed.
Separ at e t echni cal r epor t s have been pr epar ed on each of t hese f i ve ar eas,
pl us t hree f , urt her separat e report s coveri ng wi nd t unnel rnodel t est s. A
general t echni cal surnrnary I . D. No. 56P. DZ-I 3709 revi ews al i . t he work
done duri ng t he year f rorn t he t echni cal st andpoi nt and out l i nes t he current
st at us of t he desi gn.
I JUNE, I 956
AVRO A'RCRAFT I'/WTTED
PROGRESS OF THE DESI GN
At t he st art of cont ract negot i at i ons t he proposed desi gn (Fi g. I on t he
f ol Lowi ng page) was f or a j et - pr opel l ed al l - wi ng ai r cr af t of ci r cul ar pl an-
f orrn, ernbodyi ng a new arrangernent of a t urbo-j et engi ne and ernpl oyi ng j et
cont rol . I n order t o separat e t he engi ne devel oprnent t ask f rorn t hat of t he
ai rf rarne an i nt errnedi at e research vehi cl e ernpl oyi ng 8 srnal l convent i onal
t ur bo- j et s r adi al l y di sposed l i ke t he spokes of a wheel was al so pr oposed
at t hi s t i rne (Fi g" Z)" An al t ernat i ve f i nal devel oprnent t o t he l arge radi al
engi ne of Fi g. I was al so suggest ed ( f i g. 3) .
At t he begi nni ng of t he cont ract peri od a cornprorni se bet ween t he Fi g. I and
\ _-
Fi g. 3 desi gns was concei ved, havi ng a super i or per f or r nance t o ei t her .
Thi s duct ed f an arrangernent
-
whi l e preservi ng t he radi al f l ow and ci rcul ar
pl anf orrn wi t h ai r cushi on VTOL, avoi ded sorrre consi derabl e obj ect i ons t o
t he earl i er desi gns and al so gave good st at i c t hrust -l i f t ef f i ci ency and a
very t hi n wi ng, usi ng t he ent i re dept h of t he wi ng bet ween ski ns f or engi ne
ai r f l ow. Thi s desi gn was devel oped under cont r act aTea ( 5) t hr ough
several rnechani cal arrangernent s t o t he f orm shown i n Fi g" 4 and has
suppl ant ed t he earl i er desi gns. I n vi ew of t he rel at i vel y rni nor t ask of
devel opi ng t he rnai n rot ors of Fi g. 4 by cornpari son wi t h t he engi ne of Fi g. l ,
t he i dea of an i nt errnedi at e vehi cl e has been di scarded and AVRO AI RCRAFT
LI MI TED i s proceedi ng wi t h t he const ruct i on of t he ai rcraf t i l l ust rat ed i n
Fi g. 4, whi ch i s descr i bed i n gener al t er r ns i n t he next sect i on.
-3.
PRO| ECT 1794
I JUNE, 1956
A VR O A'RCRA FT LT/14' TED
PROI ECT 1794
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FI G. Z I NTERMEDI ATE
RESEARCH Ai RCRAFT
PRO' EC: ] 1794
A UR O A'RCRA FT L'/W'7-EO
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AURO A'RCRAFT T'/W'TED
PROf ECI 1794
4.
PROJECT 704
To di st i ngui sh
undert aki ng
t o
Pr oj ect 704.
i t f rorn t he work
bui l d t he ai rcraf t
cover ed under cont r act on
pr oj ect
l ?94 t he
i s known by AVRO AI RCRAFT
LI MI TED as
4. I Descr i pt i on
Fi g. 5 i s a pl an and sect i on drawi ng of t he ai rcraf t .
I t i s 35. 3 f eet i n
di arnet er;
st ands about 2 f eet of f t he ground, measure s 7. 7 f eet f rom
t he l ower surf ace t o t he t op of t he canopyi i s approxi rnat el y
syrnrnet -
r i cal i n sect i on and i s expect ed
t o wei gh about 20, 000 l b. wi t h 5, 200
l b. f uel . The rnaxi rnurn
f uel capaci t y i s 13, 150 l b. gi vi ng a rnaxi rnurn
wei ght of about ZT, 000 l b.
Si x Ar r nst r ong
Si ddel ey Vi per t ur bo_j et s
-
1, 900 1b. t hr ust , ZZ. Ot l
overal l di amet er
,
525 I b. wei ght each
-
are rnount ed radi al l y i n t he
wi ng, exhaust i ng
i nwards; and used as gas generat ors
t o dri ve a
pai r
of
cont ra-rot at i ng
cent ri f ugal i rnpel l ers by rneans of a radi al i nf l ow
t urbi ne.
The 8 f oot di arnet er i rnpel l ers, whi ch rot at e sl owl y by cornpari son wi t h
convent i onal
cent ri f ugal
t urbo-j et s, d"raw ai r f rorn t he upper and l ower
i nt akes and f orce i t radi al l y out t hrough t he wi ng bet ween
t he Vi per
engi nes'
Sorne of t he ai r t hrown out by t he i rnpel l ers i s d. i rect ed back
t o f eed t he vi per engi nes ( r i g. 6) , whi ch t hus behave st at i cal l y as
t hough t here was rarn
Pressure
f rom f orward f l i ght on t hei r ai ri nt akes.
I JUNE, 1956
A UR O A'PCRA FT T'/14'7EI'
PRO' ECT 1794
UPPER IMPEIIER AND TURBINE
UPPER AND TOWER INTAKES
PILOT'S COCKPIT
INTEGRAT FUEL TANKS
FIAME HOLDERS ENGINE INTAKE
OUTER WING FLIGHT CONTROT SHUTTERS
INNER WING DIFFUSER SECTION ,/ TURBINE EXHAUST \ 6 A.S.M. VIPER 8 ENGINES
LOWER IMPELTER AND TURBINE ENGINE TAILPIPE
SECTION A-A
Pl Al I YI EW A] I D SECTTO] I THROUGH AI RCRAFI
Fl G. 5.
A UR O IT'RCRA FT I'/14'7ET'
PRO, ECT 1794
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A VR O A'RCRA FT I, |/W'7EI'
-4"
r
( Cont ' d)
PROI ECT 1794
The ai r i s di f f usea i ri t f re wi ng t o a hi gh pressure at t he f l arne hol ders
(Fi g. 5), where f uel may be added t o augrnent t he t hrust , and i s t hen
exhaust ed t hrough pneurnat i cal l y cont rol l ed shut t ers or gi l l s (ri g. 7)
whi ch dl rect t he
j et as i t exhaust s al l around t he ai rcraf t peri phery;
ei t her t o rai se t he ai rcraf t vert i cal l y of f t he ground or t o propel i t i n
f orward f l i ght . Thi s cont rol of t he exhaust di rect i on enabl es t he
j et s
t o be used f or rnanoeuvri ng and st abi l i zi ng t he ai rcraf t i n al l f l i ght
condi t i ons, so t hat separat e addi t i onal cont rol s are not requi red t o
cat er f or vert i cal t ake-of f and hoveri ng. Thus, f or i nst ance, t o pul l
up t he rrose of t he ai rcraf t
t he pi l ot wi l l cont rol t he shut t ers by rneans
of a convent i onal cockpi t st i ck cont rol t o di rect t he
j et out at t he t op
of t he wi ng i n t he rear sect or and t hrust t he t ai l down, or t o rol l he
wi l l si rni l arl y di rect the
j et
frorn the top on one wi ng and frorn the
bottorn on the other. For stabi l i zi ng, the rnai n rotors and a di a-
phragrn are used t o sense when t he ai rcraf t pl t ches i n a gust and use
i s rnade of t he
j et cont rol s t o correct i t . St abi l i zat i on t hrough t he
cont r ol s i s essent i al on t hi s ai r cr af t si nce t he cent r e of gr avi t y i s i n
t he rni ddl e of t he wi ng at r/ 2 t he chord f rorn t he l eadi ng edge, whereas
t he ai rcraf t woul d onl y be st abl e wi t hout usi ng t he cont rol s i f t he
cent re of gravi t y were about at t he r/ 4 chord posi t i on. The change
i n j et
di rect i on as t he ai rcraf t pi t ches perf orrns t he sarne f unct i on as
t he f i xed st abi l i zer of a convent i onal ai rcraf t .
4. Z Operat i on
To t ake of f , al l t he shut t er" on i op of t he wi ng are cl osed and
JUNE, 1956
shut t ersf !
I
PRO' ECT 1794
A VRO A'RCRA FT I'/14'7E"
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AURO A'RCRAFT T'/W'TED
4" 2
( Cont ' d)
PRO| ECT 1794
on the bottorn are opened wi de.
' Wi thout
addi ng fuel to augrnent i t,
about 20, 000 l b. t hrust i s produced by t he
j et s poi nt i ng downwards
al l around t he wi ng; however t hi s
j et eround-wi ng
conf i gurat i on pro-
duces a powerf ul t ake-of f ground cushi on so t hat t he l l f t on t he ai rcraf t
i s, i n f act , i ncr eased t o possi bl y 30, 000 l b. , and t he ai r cr af t r i ses t o
about 20 f eet (Fi g. 8), where t he ground cushi on ef f ect f al l s of f
rapi dl y" For pure vert i cal t ake-of f t he t hrust rnust now be augrnent ed
and t he exhaust arrangernent rnodi f i ed by t he pi l ot : however, i t i s
envi saged t hat t ransi t i on t o f orward f l i ght wi l l norrnal l y be f rorn t he
ground cushi on. By operat i ng a t ransi t i on cont rol t he pi l ot l eans t he
j et s backwards gradual l y t o accel erat e t he ai rcraf t , and rai se3 t t re
nose; wi t h t he t hrust Less t han t he wei ght , t he ai rcraf t can accel erat e and
rise into free air a short distance fro"rn the starting point,
I n f orward f l i ght rarn pressure i s col l ect ed i nt o t he ai r i nt ake whi ch
i ncreases t he pressure at t he f l arn t ubes and rnakes burni ng rrl ore
ef f i ci ent " At supersoni c speed augrnent at i on i s al ways used and
because of t he l arge rrrass of ai r t he i rnpel l ers can handl e, a very
l ar ge t hr ust and hi gh t op speed i s possi bl e. The l ar ge i nst al l ed
t hrust al so l eads t o a hi gh t hrust t o wei ght rat i o whi ch rnakes a very
hi gh cei l i ng possi bl e. The ef f i ci ency of t he ai rf rarne at supersoni c
speed appears good and t hat of t he engi ne reasonabl e, so t hat a l ong
super soni c cr ui se r ange i s al so f or ecast "
For l andi ng, ei t her a f ul l y vert i cal descent rnay be rnade, wi t h or
ra
13
I
1 JUI { E, t 956
A UR O A'PCRA FT Z'/'4ITEo
PRO| ECT 1794
FI G. 8 GROUi l D CUSHI O] I EFFECT
L4
a
AVRO A'RCRAFT T'/J4'TET'
4. 2
( Cont ' d)
4. 3
PROI ECT 1794
wi thout thrust augrnentati on frorn a hot rnai n j et,
or a steep approach
path to the ground chosen. Transi ti on to the l andi ng condi ti on frorn
i n-f l i ght i s si rni l ar t o t he t ake-of f t ransi t i on. The nose i s rai sed and
t he
j et s
t r ansf er r ed t o t he under sur f ace and l eaned f or war d col l ec-
t i vel y t o rapi dl y sl ow t he ai rcraf t down; as t he speed f al l s cl ose t o
zero t he nose i s l owered t o bri ng t he ai rcraf t i nt o t he f ul l y hoveri ng
condi t i on. on si nki ng i nt o t he ground cushi on t he pi l ot rnust t hen
cl ose t he t hrot t l e t o reach t he ground.
Perf orrnance
The perf orrnance of t he f i rst prot ot ype wi l l i ni t i al l y be rest ri ct ed due
t o a Mach No. rest ri ct i on on t he Vi per engi nes. The f ol l owi ng surn-
rnary assurnes t hi s rest ri ct i on has been rernoved:
At I 200oK rnai n cornbust i on t ernperat ure,
Max. l evel speed
Super soni c cei l i ng
Al t i t ude f or norrnal accel erat i on
of 7. 33g i n a st eady t ur n 53, 000 f eet
St i l l ai r range (f ul I i nt ernal f uel )
wi th al l owances for take-off cl i rnb and
accel er at i on, cr ui si ng at Mach 2. 25 at
90, 000 f eet ( Fi g I l ) l , 000' naut .
rni l es
( ni g
9)
( r i g t o)
:
Mach
p.
0
94, 000 f eet
I JUNE, I 956 t 5
,4'*PCRAFT 2'/14'TET'
,+"
3
( Cont ' d)
Take-of f and l andi ng
PRO' ECT 1794
VTOL
I JUNE, 1956
16
AVRO A'RCRAFT T'/W'TED
PRO. | ECT 1794
9O,OOO
80,ooo
70,ooo
6O,OOO
5O,OOO
40,OOO
3O,OO0
2O,0OO
ro 000
l'o
FUGHT MAcH No.
2'o
PROI ECT 1794 DRAG AND TI I RUST
35r3OO
. FT.
FI G. 9
3.0
vs ilIACH JlO.
NET THRUST T
MAIN COMBU
\T IZOO"F
ISTION
TEMI
,ERAT
URE
\
/ \
Y
\
tB. TI {RUSI AT2,240"
/
\
/ \ "
V
/
TIIIM TI HRUSI
\
I
Loss
/.
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/ /
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f;;.;i',
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t
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a
F-
DRAG INCTUDING
TRIM THRUST IOSS
//
,/
TO'l
.At
NET DR:AG
I
/
f
6. VI PER
AIRCI
ET\ IGINED
/
TAFT
I
t 7
ALTI TUDE
FT
100, 000
90, 000
80, 000
70, 000
60, 000
50, 000
40, 000
30, 000
200 400 600 800 l 00o 1200 r 400 r 600 1800 2000
RATE OF CLI MB FT/ SEC.
FI G. 1O PROJECT 1794 RATE. OF CLI MB AT MACH Z. 26
\
AIR CRAF
' T
WE GHT
=
zI 700 l b:
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t 9
FI G. I I PROJECT 1794' STI LL AI R RANGE
'q VR O /ZI'R CR.4 F T I T/V'' TED
PROI ECT 1794
DI SCUSSI ON OF ACTI VI TI ES
5. I Test s
A tabul ar surntnary of the fol l owi ng i s gi ven at the end of thi s report
5. r . 1 w' i nd Tunnel Test s: A prograrn of wi nd t unnel t est i ng has been
carri ed t hrough duri ng t he year l n t hree groups as f ol l ows:
5. 1. 1. 1 An i r npor t ant ser i es of subsoni c t est s, i nvol vi ng over 500 hour s
t est i ng t i rne and 34 weeks t unnel occupancy has been carri ed out
on a 1/ 6t h scal e* ref l ect i on pl ane rnodel . I n t hese t est s, whi ch
were done i n t he Z0 f t . di arnet er Massi e Mernori al Wi nd Tunnel at
Wri ght Ai r Devel oprnent Cent re, provi si on was rnade f or si rnu-
l at i ng ai r i nt ake and j et
exhaust f l ows. Fi g. l Z i s an i l l ust rat i on
of t he r nodel , Fi gs. L3, 14 and l 5 ar e phot ogr aphs of t he r nodel and
associ at ed equi prnent .
Test i ng covered al l phases of subsoni c
operat i on, i ncl udi ng st at i c ground cushi on ef f ect t est s wi t h cont rol ,
transi ti on to forward fl i ght wl th control i n proxi mi ty to the ground
and i n f ree ai r, and i n-f l i ght t est s wi t h cont rol i n f ree ai r.
*
NOTE: The geornet ry of Proj ect 704 i s sl i ght l y di f f erent t o t hat
of t he wi nd t unnel rnodel s t est ed, whi ch were based
upon an earl i er l ayout of an ai rcraf t 33 f eet di a. wi t h
I
3
Z
%
t hi ckness/ chord rat i o wi ng. Correct i ons have
been rnade t o t he perf orrnance quot ed t o account f or
5.
I JUNE, Lg56
t he di f f erence.
20
A UPO A'RCRAFT I'/J4'TED
PROf ECI 1794
FI G. t 3 116 SCATE SUBSOI | I C mODEt
z2
A URO /A'RCRAFT I'/W'TET'
PRO| ECr 1794
Z3
Fr G. T+
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PROI ECT I 7I ' 4
'h!&il
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::
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FI G. I 5
z4
A'RCRAFT Z'/W'TE"
5. 1. r . 1
( Cont ' d)
-
PROf ECI t 794
Because of t he l ar ge nur nber of var i abl es
-
speed, t r ansi t i on con-
trol , pi tch control , j et
thrust, i ntake fl ow, ground posi ti on and angl e o1
attack
-
a very cornpl ex prograur was requi red, whi ch took l onger to
cornpl et e t han was ant i ci pat ed. (Test s were cornpl et ed June 14). Thi q. , '
has caused sorne del ay i n the producti on of fi nal techni cal reports.
Nurnerous i rnport ant det ai l s were di scovered or veri f i ed by t hese t est s
broad concl usi ons are as f ol l ows:
(i ) The ai rcraft can be sati sfactori l y control l ed duri ng take-off and
l andi ng, through a srnooth transi ti on to or frorn forward fl i ght
and at al l subsoni c speeds; and l nanoeuvred through a sati sfactory
subsoni c f l i ght envel ope. (f i g. t 6)"
(i i ) It appears that wi th the thrust l ess than the wei ght the ai rcraft
can accel erate and ri se srnoothl v i nto free ai r a short di stance
frorn the starti ng poi nt. However, i nterpretati on of the data i s
di f f i cul t si nce val ues do not col l apse t heoret i cal l yi nt heveryl ow
speed range andno dat a wast aken verycl ose t o zero speed.
(i i i ) The ai rcraf t has a hi gh subsoni c zero l i f t drag coef f i ci ent and
al t hough i t has a rernarkabl e l i f t ef f i ci ency (due t o t he
j et
ef f ect and negat i ve rnargi n) i t s subsoni c crui si ng ef f i ci ency
i s poor, as expect ed. I t appears wel l wort h whi l e t o reduce
subsoni c drag i n order t o i rnprove accel erat i on, and subsoni c
endur ance. ( r - i g. 17) .
Furt her t est s wi t h t hi s rnodei l are requi red.
(i ) To obt ai n t ransi t i on dat a down t o very 1ow speed. Even l ow
I JUNE, L956
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FI G. I 6 PROJECT 1794 FLI GHT ENVELOPE S. L.
AI RCRAFT WEI GHT
=
20000 LB
/ o
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Fi g. l 7
zi
AVRO A'RCRAFT T'/W'TED
5" I . i " I
( Cont ' d)
accur acy dat a woul d be r egar ded
the transi ti on fl i ght path.
PROI ECT 1794
as val uabl e confi rrnati on of
(i i ) To i nvest i gat e t he surf ace pressure di st ri but i on on t he ai r-
craf t i n vari ous f l i ght condi t i ons.
(i i i ) To i nvest i gat e cont rol scherne rnodi f i cat i on t o i rnprove t rans-
i t i on cont rol charact eri st i cs t hrough t he whol e angl e of at t ack-
ground di st ance range, and t o i rnprove subsoni c crui si ng
ef f i ci ency.
(i ' ,.)
To check the effect of si rnul ati ng the exhaust wi th a hot j et on
t he drag and t he aerodynarni c charact eri st i cs, (ori gi nal l y
pl anned, but post poned).
(rr) To i nvest i gat e reduci ng t he subsoni c drag by i nt ake rnodi f i -
cat i on"
5. I . 1. 2 Thr ee super soni c r nodel s have been t est ed i nvol vi ng 76 hour s t est
t i rne and ei ght days t unnel occupancy. These t est s were done i n
t he Massachuset t s I nst i t ut e of Technol ogy Naval Supersoni c
Labor at or y 18" x 24" sect i on super soni c t unnel . These r nodel s
wer e:
(i ) A st i ng rnount ed l / 4O scal e* rnodel bui l t up by cornponent s,
wi t h no f l ow si r nui . at i on" ( Fi gs. l 8 and l 9) .
( i i ) A L/ 23 scal e* r ef l ect i on pl ane f , or ce r nodel , wi t h ai r i nt ake, j et
f l ow and cont rol posi t i on si rnul at i on. (Fi gs. Z0 and ZI ).
*
See f oot not e at bot t orn of page ZO.
JUNE, T956
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FIG. 19 PERFORMANqF MODET NO.4IzI
AVRo/ SPG/ TR 6
FOR\ f , ARD UPPER SURFACE OF THE WRCI D CONFI GURATI ON
AS I NSTALLED I N THE M. I . T.
.
N. S. L. SUPERSONI C \ 4I I ND TUNNEL
1 5 , 1 0 - 1 7 9 . 1 - l
FI G. 18 REAR VI EW OF
I N THE M. I . T.
THE WRcrD CONFTGI TRATTON AS TNSTALLED
-
N. S. L. SUPERSOMC WI ND TUNNEL
29
A'/R O 4'R CRA FT T'/I4'TET'
PRO| ECI 17. 14
FI G. 2I SUPERSO] I I CFORCE TODET
3Z
AVRO A'RCNAFT I'/'4'7ED
5" r " t . 2
( Cont ' d)
Br oad concl usi ons f r or n t hese t est s ar e as f ol l ows:
(i ) The ai rcraf t can be sat i sf act ori l . y cont rol l ed and rnanoeuvred
frorn engi ne i dl i ng to rnaxi rnurn thrust at supersoni c speed
t hrough a sat i sf act ory supersoni c f l i ght envel ope. (ri gs.
24 and 25).
(i i ) The drag of t he ai rcraf t agrees qui t e cl osel y wi t h t he
est i r nat e. ( Fi g 26) .
(i i i ) The supersoni c crui si ng ef f i ci ency appears t o be bet t er t han
had been expect ed" ( f i g" 27) .
(i rr)
The ai r i nt ake pressure recovery i s bet t er t han t he est i rnat e.
( Fi e" 28) .
Fur t her t est s wi t h t hese r nodel s ar e seen t o be r equi r ed:
(i ) To obtai n further confi rrnati on of the ai rcraft drag wi th the
ai r i ntake runni ng ful l . (rne evacuati on systern fai l ed to
operat e t o t he pl anned capaci t y duri ng t he t est s),
(i i ) To general l y ext end t he scope of t he dat a. Due t o t he
rest ri ct ed
t est i ng t i rne a t oo abbrevi at ed prograrn had t o be
accept ed"
(i i i ) To carry out t ransoni c t est s on t he st i ng rnount ed rnodel ,
(Pl anned but not achi eved due t o det ai l t est di f f i cul t i es).
*
See footnote at bottorn of p"g.j ZO.
JUNE, T956
( i i i ) A 2/ 25 scal e* ai r i nt ake pr essur e
zz
-
23).
PROI ECT 1794
r ecover y r nodel " Fi gs.
33
a
A VR O A'R CRA FT T'/]4'TED
PROI ECT 1794
FI G. 23 SUPERSOTI I C ATR I ] I TAKE MODE1 I ] I STATI ED
35
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37
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PROI ECT
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A VR O A'PCRA FT I'/J4'TEI'
PROI ECT 1794
Pt
vs. MACH NUMBER
Po
AVERAGE OF 3 HEADS
TOWER AIR INTAKE
AVERAGE OF 3 HEADS
PRESSURE RECOVERY
FACTOR FROM
ISEMROPHIC TOIAT HEAD
o.9
o.8
o.7
o.6
o.5
r.5 2.O 2.5 3.O
MACH NUMBER Mo
PROI ECT 1794 I ] I TAKE PRESSURE RECOYERY
Fl G. 28
40
5. L. t " Z
( Cont ' d)
5. 1. 1. 3
PROf ECT t 794
(irr) To develop tti. air intake boundary layer bleeding systern.
Thi s i s a si rnpl e cusp bel ow t he ai r ent ry; several shapes
were t est ed wi t h i ndi cat i on t hat consi derabl e f urt her i rnprove-
rnent t s possi bl e.
A nurnber of srnal l scal e t est s was carrl ed out i n t he cont ract orrs
l St r x I St t l ow subsonl c and 8t ' x 11
t t
super soni c open ci r cui t
t unnel (f i gs. 29 and 30) as f oLl ows:
Prel i rni nary subsoni c t ransi t i on charact eri st i cs (Fi g. 31)
Pr el i r nl nar y subsoni c j et - t r i r n
char act er i st i cs ( f i gs. 32, 33
and 34)
Prel i rni nary supersoni c j et -t ri rrr
charact eri st i cs (Fi g. 35)
Dynarnic behaviour of rate and displacernent stability rnodels
( Fi gs" 36 and 3?)
Ai r i nt ake i nt ernal f l ow rnodel (Fi e. 38' ayi d
S9)
The prel i mi nary t est s were carri ed out on bot h hal f -pl ane and f uI I
model s. The resul . t s were such as t o
j ust i f y
t he l arger scal e
program which was then embarked upon, and no important con-
cl usi ons not val l dat ed by t he rnai n program can be drawn. These
t est s have t heref ore not been report ed i n det ai l . I l l ust rat i ons of
t he rnodel s appear i n Fi gs. 3l t hrough 39, as not ed above.
Numerous f urt her prel i mi nary and ad hoc t est s on ot her srnal l
model s wi l l al most cert ai nl y be requi red as desi gn and d. evel op-
ment pr oceeds
I JUNE, t 956 4t
4
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43
a
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FIG. 30 INSIATTAIION OF SUPERSONIC I.INER IN AVRO SUBSONIC EJECTOR WIND TUNNET
o
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FfG. 32 STAB|UTY AND CONTROT MODETS NO. 213/4,2/s/8 AND 2lsls
45
NOTE:
FOR TUNNEL STATI C
REF. SEE I LLUSTRATI ON
OF WI ND TUNNEL
ANGLE OF
,ATTACK
)
\1./
INTAKE
EVACUATION PLENUM
MODEL SUPPORT
Rt G DRWG. NO. 56SK21339
AND 60SK30081
MODEL DRWG. NO. 63SK2I 339
AND SK3OOSI
20" DIA. MODEL
I
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EXHAUST NOZZLE AtR SUPPLY.
?/
7;^.
DY N^M,METEy/,,,,.
::::::::"]2:*.-'
PYLON PI TOTI REFERENCE
AIR INTAKE
.EVACUATION
DUCT
APRI L T5, ] 956
,AIR BEARING
46
FrG.33 srABrury at.to coninot MoDEr. No. 212/4
rn
5
N
N
O, u
=2
6 *
?;
! u ,
1;
90
az
oo
il
g
rn
u
F
N
9-
- \ )
p {
a / ) L
- d ,
a =
i ( 4
x d .
u u
4
oq
t s J
>z
KO
J
r
g
q
F
u
F
d,
s
q
rn
=
:
z
A
d,
47
FfG. 34 STABil.TTY AND CONTROT MODET NO.2l4/r
a>
H6
f F
p6
Y J a
g;
o. ^
. . = Y
u < q
l Z u .
Yd9
F U
U U
/2 | ;
-3-E
-t-3
6 . L
e r
u
F
N
o
z
U'
T
x
u
u
(J
z
u
d,
u
4
r
e
9
al',
U
z
z
Revi sed May I 8, 1956
FfG. 37 STABil.rTy AND CONTROL MODEr NO.2/qt2(WItH TWO DEGREES OF FREEDOM)
u
()
z
r
s
6"\
@l t
*\
50
AVRO 4'RCRAFT T'/W'TED
PROI ECT 1794
FI G. 39 i NTERNAL FLOW I NTAKE MODEL
52
A'/RO A'RCRA FT 2'/14'TE''
5. I . r . 3
( Cont ' d)
Pnof ECT 1794
The dynarni c rnoaf t s are i l l ust rat ed i 4 Fi gs. 36 and 3?. These
didnot give quantitative data; in general the following behaviour was
obser ved:
(i ) The di spl acernent rnodel showed st at i c st abi l i t y over a sat i s-
f act ory angl e of at t ack range, t he angl e of at t ack bei ng con-
troLled by the port setting supplying the controlling
jets.
Damptng was poor, attributed to the restraint in the rnodel
frorn rise and fall.
(ii) The rate rnodel did not show dynamic stability but could easily
be controlled with the additional pitch darnptng provided by
t he
j et s.
The present desi gn i ncorporat es bot h rat e and di spl acexnent si gnal s
(eage 1[ ). Addi t i onal t est s and di rnensi onal anal ysi s of t hi s t ype
of rnodel is desirable to investigate the dual control systern.
The al r l nt ake i nt ernal ai rf l ow rnodel i s l l l ust rat ed i n Fi g. 38-39.
Due to a series of delays this rnodel was not tested until late ln
the contract period. It was designed to obtaln data on the pres-
sure recovery and flow distribution to the eye of tJre lrnpeller.
The f ol l owl ng broad concl usi ons were reached:
(i ) I n t he st at l c case pressure recovery and f Low di st ri but i on
urere satisfactory and ln accordance with the static thrust
estirnate.
1 JUNE, 1956
(i i ) I n f orward f l i ght pressure recovery t o t he f ront and rear
53
A VR O A'RCRA FT TI/14'7EO
5. 1. 1. 3
( Cont ' d)
5" I . 2
-
PROI ECT 1794
sect ors was sat i sf act ory but f l ow di st ri but i on was unsat i s-
f act ory and t he f l ow was not di rect ed i nt o t he eve of t he
i r npel l er at t he si de by t he ver t i cal cascades.
(i i i ) t nt ernal f l ow ai r i nt ake t est s at t he smal l scal e whi ch t he
cont ract orrs
t unnel i rnposes are not sat i sf act ory.
Apart f rorn
t he l ow Reynol ds No. , ( par t i cur ar l y
based on t he chor d of t i nv
cascades)
t f re rnanuf act uri ng
di f f i cul t i es of obt ai ni ng accurat e
f l ow passages ar e sever e.
Fur t her t est s at l ar ger scal e ar e r equi r ed t o devel op t he i nt er nal
ai r i nt ake f l ow. An at t ract i ve al t ernat i ve wi t h radi al cascades
out t o t he i nt ake edge i s envi saged.
I t al so seerns l i kel y t hat t he
i nt ake f l ow wi l l be. rnuch i rnproved i f sorne pre-swi rl i nt o t he
i rnpel l er eye i s al l owed and t hi s i s seen as a di st i nct advant age
i n t he desi gn of t he i rnpel l er.
Ai r cushi on Ef f ect rest s: Apart f rorn t he ai r cushi on ef f ect
phase of t he l / 6t h scal e subsoni c r nodel t est s ( eage z0) t wo
ser i es of t est s have been car r i ed out at Mal t on on a st at i c r i g.
The f i r st ser i es ( r i gs. 40 and 4I ) was done on l 0' di ar net er
rnodel s and t he second (ri gs. 42 and. 43) on 20" d. i arnet er rnod. el s
(f our
t i rnes t he area and rnass f l ow). The appl i cat i on of a peri -
pheral j et
t o a del t a shape (Fi g. 44), t ] , ' . e unsat i sf act ory resul t
+
of havi ng a wi nf l . -around-j et
conf i gurat i on (ri g. 45), and t he
ef f ect of a hot cent r al exhaust have ar so been t est ed. The t est s
I JUNE, 1956
54
FOR ILLUSTRATION
OF TEST RI G REFER
TO MODEL NO. I / 9
PYLON PITOT
REFERENCE PROBE
UPPER SURFACE
EXHAUST NOZZLE
AI R SUPPLY
RrG DRWG. NO. SK2l 295
MODEL DRWG. NO. 9OSK2I 295
TRI ANGULAR MODEL 1I . 22" SI DES
PYLON STATI C REFERENCE TAP
AI R FLOW
GUI DE VANES
PLYON ATTACHMENT FITTING
MODEL PI TOT PROBES
LOWER SURFACE
SPACER AND FLOW
DISTRIBUTOR STRIP
FLOW DEFLECTOR
FtG.44
ArR CUSHfON EFFECTS MODEL NO. r/26/l
MAY 3, 1956
6r
PYLON PI TOT REFERENCE PROBE
RrG DRWG. NO. SK 21295
MODEL DRWG. NO. 77 5K21295
8. 80" DI A. MODEL
PYLON ATTACHMENT FITTING
TAP
RrG DRWG. NO. SK 21295
MODEL DRWG. NO. l 9l SK 21295
TRI ANGULAR MODEL 9. 2I " SI DES
PYLON PI TOT REFERENCE PROBE
EXH,AUST NOZZLE
t
MoDEr No. r/r2lr
r
MoDEr No. r/r3/r
t
FrG. 45 AtR CUSHTON EFFECTS 'T|ODELS NO.l/12 AND t/t3
62
AVRO AIRCRAFT ''/W'TED
5. r . 2
( Cont r d)
t hat have been carri ed out are
and 60"
PROI ECT 1794
l i st ed i n Fi g. 41 and on Pages 59
Br oad concl usi ons ar e as f ol l ows:
(i ) There was very l i t t l e change i n t he ground cushi on due t o t he
change i n scal e.
(i i ) The l i ft augrnentati on extends at a hi gh l evel to between 45
and 60 percent of t he span, as rnuch as I . 8 t i rnes t he
j et
t hrust has been recorded at 45 percent sparr f rorn t he ground.
Af t er t hi s i t f al l s of f rapi dl y t o bet ween 50 and 50 percent of
t he j et
t hr ust i n f r ee ai r . The f r ee ai r t hr ust can be r est or ed
by shut t i ng of f t he
j et
over l ocal arcs around t he peri met er.
(f i i ) The ai r cushi on i s f ound t o be af f ect ed by t he f ol l owi ng:
(.) The angl e the
j et l eaves the nozz\e
(b) The
j et
aspect rat i o (ci rcurnf erence/ wi dt h)
(") The l ower surf ace ai r i nt ake
(d) The l ower surf ace cent ral exhaust (f rorn t he power t urbi ne)
(") The shape of t he l ower surf ace
(f
)
The di stance apart of the exhaust nazzl es
I t has not been f ound t hat rnoderat e changes i n any of t hese
pararnet ers rnakes a drast i c al t erat i on i n t he general ai r
cushi on charact eri st i c, al t hough t he det ai l ef f ect s have been
qui t e consi der abl e.
The desi gn of t he ai rcraf t t o sorne ext ent prej rl di ces t he achi eve-
ral ent of t he opt i rnurn ground cushi on ef f ect . Fi g. 46, showi ng t he
I JUNE, 1956
63
PRO' ECT 1794
I
\
\
\
rl Errvrvl tvr\,4,rEl
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\ \
\
\
r l
PERIPHERAT JET ONt
/ ,
\ Y
\
\
\
\ \
\ \
WITHINTAKE SUCTI oN'
\
2.O
1. 5
z
o
P l.o
llt
\-t
tr
=
o.5
o
o.lo o.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
HEIGHT ABOVE GROUND. AIRCRAFT SPANS
PROI ECT 1794 EFFECT OF I . OWER I NTAKE
SUCTI OI { Ol I GROU] I D CUSHI O] I EFFECT
FTG. 45
64
AVRO A'RCRAFT T'/W'TEI'
5. r " 2
( Cont ' d)
5. 1" 3
PROf ECT 1794
di f f erence due t o t he l ower surf ace ai r i nt ake i s regarded as
t ypi cal . Di f f i cul t i es have been encount ered i n achi evi ng cornpl et e
si rni l ari t y t o f ul l scal e i n t hese t est s, pri nci pal l y t hose of rnat chi ng
t he t hree f l ows on t he l ower surf aces
-
t he ai r i nt ake, t he peri -
pheral j et
and t he cent rat exhaust
-
and of obt ai ni ng a represent a-
t i ve f l ow i nt o t he ai r i nt ake. Furt her t est s are t heref ore neces-
sary so t hat t he exact ground cushi on ef f ect f or t he conf i gurat i on
wi th ful l ai r i ntake, hot central exhaust and exact ai rcraft rrozzl e
geornet ry can be obt ai ned.
st abi l i t y and cont rol Test s: Test s rel at i ng t o t he st abi l i t y and
cont rol area i nvol ved t he col Lect i on of aerodynarri c and cont rol
dat a f rorn wi nd t unnel t est s and have been not ed i n 5. l . I "
Furt her t est s on t hese wi nd t unnel rnodel s have al so been suggest ed
i n t hat sect i on. I n addi t i on t he f ol l owi ng t est s are consi dered
nece s sar y:
(i ) Transoni c aerodynarni c and cont rol dat a i s requi red; f or whi ch
a new f orce rnodel wi t h provi si on f or ai r i nt ake and exhaust
j et
f l ow si rnul at i on i s needed.
(i i )
Ri g t est s t o det errni ne
t he behavi our of t he pneunoat i c syst ern
and shut t er s, par t i cul ar l y
t he speed of r esponse, ar e r equi r ed.
A si rnpl e ri g cont ai ni ng one pai r of nozzLes has al ready been
const ruct ed (Fi g. 47) and, t hi s wi l l be used t o obt ai n response
dat a and t o devel op t he shut t er cont rol . The f i nal st age i s
1 JUNE, 1956
o 5
i:'::y,
#44'i::i",
; i ,
.d?'r.
I
"{.
x"
':'""
'r:i::.,.,
" : i
:lii
.l$h
i W
,!!
'sqr '
, .
:i .,,,i fr,,tH
' i i i &
:
. t " .
r , * ' "
t
,f*
1
{
t
FI G" 47 SHI JTTER ] ] EST' & CSCI L, LATI ON RI G
o o
AVRO A'RCRAFT T'/WTTED
5. r . 3
( Cont ' d)
5. r " 4
5. 1. 4. 1
f or eseen as a
t est pi ece t he
i n sect i on 8.
PRO| ECT 1794
peri pheral
segrnent at t ached t o t he rnai n cent ral
cont ract or i s pl anni ng whi ch i s bri ef l y descri bed
NOTE: I t i s poi nt ed out t hat t he work st at ernent f or t he cont ract
cal Ls f or si x cornponent aerodyrrarni c dat a. However, i n
vi ew of t he ext rerne di f f i cul t y of engi neeri ng a si x cornpon-
ent speci al bal ance wi t h provi si on f or i nt ake and j et
f l ow
si rnul at i on,
t he rnodel s
t est ed were desi gned and approved
for the rneasurernent of l i ft, drag and pi tchi ng rnornent
onl y. Measurernent of si de f orce, rol l i ng and yawi ng
rnornent s i s consi dered secondary: part i cul arl y f or t hi s
desi gn because of t he syrnrnet ri cal shape.
Ai r I nt ake and Gas Exhaust svst ern Test : Two of t he rnodel s
pr evi ousl y
r ef er r ed t o i n 5" 1. 1 ar e concer ned wi t h t he ai r i nt ake.
wi t h regard t o t he exhaust syst errr, several t est s have been done,
as f ol l ows:
45o Ful L scal e segrnent rest
-
A segrnent of t he proposed i nt er-
r nedi at e r esear ch ai r cr af t of Fi g. z ( page 5) was const r uct ed and
rnounted on a thrust and rnornent bal ance wi th i nstrurnentati on
f or pr essur e and t er nper at ur e r r l easur er nent . ( r i gs. 4g and 49) .
The obj ect i ves f or t hi s t est pi ece wer e t o obt ai n
-
(i ) A 45o segrnent {ul L scal e ai r cushi on ef ' f ect t est .
( i i ) Hot j et
duct behavi our .
- .
I JUNE" L956
67
.A'RCRAFT TI/I.,'TED
PROf ECT 1794
FI G. 49 45O SEGMENT
69
A VR O A'RCRA FT I'/,''TED
5. r , 4. 1
( Cont ' d)
_
PRO| ECr 1794
( i i i ) Di f f user ef f i ci ency.
(i ") Fl ow and t ernperat ure di st ri but i on"
(")
Ground t ernperat ures.
(vi )
Cont rol operat i on dat a"
Thi s segrnent was cornpl et ed bef ore t he duct ed f an concept had
rendered i t s desi gn obsol et e"
I t was t hen al so f ound f rorn srnal l
scal e t est s t hat t he ai r cushi on ef f ect charact eri st i c was d. rast i c-
al X. y al t ered f or a 45o segrnent so t hat l t s usef ul ness f or f ul l scal e
ai r cushi on t est al so appeared.
rnargi nal and i n vi ew of t he l / 6ri
scal e uri nd t unnel rnodel bei ng avai l abl e f or ground cushi on t hi s
was di scont i nued.
An abbr evi at ed
ser i es of t est s wer e, however , r ur l on t hi s segr nent
t o det errni ne
i t s di f f user ef f i ci ency.
Two seri es were run, t he
f i rst bei ng vi t i at ed by f ai l ure of t he speci rrren.
A re-run af t er
repai r yi el ded
t he general concl usi on
t hat t he di f f user pressure
drop was not rneasurabl e
wi t h t he l ocal i nst rurnent at i on provi ded
and i s probabl y
uni rnportant.
5' I " 4. 2
Thr ust Recover y Test
-
Test s wer e car r i ed out on a t wo di r nenT
si onal f , l ow rnodel (Fi gs.
50 and 5l ) exhaust i ng subst ant i al t ry at
ri ght angl es t o a supersoni c st rearn t o see how rnuch of t he t hrust
of such a t : . ozzLe was recovered. i n t he st rearn di rect i on" These
t est s were ori gi nal l y appl i cabl e
t o t he propul si on
nozzLe scherne
f or t he ai r cr af t of Fi g. 1 ( Page 4) but have a gener al i nt er est and
70
e
1 . TI "I NE, 1956
Instal l ati on of Model and Test Ri g Control Panel and Manorneter Bank
Cl ose- up of Model and Ri g Strai n R eco rdi ng Equi prnent
Shadowgraph Instal l ati on
Cl ose-up of Type 2 Nozzl e
FI G. 5l Thr ust Recover y Test s ( Ser i es
No. I ) at Nobel
72
a
1 3 7 2 - t 7 9 4 - |
A VRO A'RCRA FT 2'/I''78"
5" 1" 4. 2
( Cont ' d)
rei nf orce t he rnornent
supersoni c rnodel "
PRO| ECT 1794
augrnent at i on rneasured on t he |
/ 23
scal e
Broad concl usi ons were as f ol l ows:
(i ) In the regi on of 60To of the thrust of a pl ai n nozzl e faci ng back-
wards i n t he sarne rnodel and havl ng t he sarne pressure rat i o
and rnass f l ow was reco\ rered i n t he st rearn di rect i on by t he
r i ght - angl ed
j et .
(i i ) The rnornent produced by the
j et exhausti ng about at ri ght
angl es t o t he surf ace i nt o t he supersoni c st rearn was 1, 8 t i rnes
the rnornent so obtai ned wi thout the supersoni c strearn bLowi ng"
5" I " 4" 3 End Loss Test
-
Consi der i ng i nt er nal l osses, t he f ol l owi ng r egi ons
rnay be i sol at ed:
( i ) The ai r i nt ake ( sect i on 5" I " 1. 3)
(i i ) The cent ri f ugal corrl pressor
(i i i ) The di f f user duct
(i n) The fl arne hol der and cornbusti on sectl on
(r. ) The nozzl e end l oss
Data exi sts frsrn whi ch the centrl fugal comPress<l r effi ci ency and
f l arne hol der pressure l osses rnay be est i rnat ed wi {h t ol erabl e
accuracy. The di f f user l oss i s not expect ed t o be bt gh si nce t he
di ffusi on angl e 1s optl rnurn and the fl ow strai ght and tests aPPear
t o conf i rm t hi s (sect i on 5" 1. "4. I ). T}ne nozzl e end l oss i s t hus
prorni nent as a poi nt of doubS and data i s l acki ng as to the l oss
I JUNE, 1956
73
A VzO A'RCRA F7 I,'/'4'TED
5. r . 4. 3
( Cont ' d)
5. 1. 5
5. r " 6
PROf ECT t 794
associ at ed wi t h t hi s t ype of sharpl y accel erat i ng vari abl e corner.
Si nce t he 45o segrnent was no l onger represent at i ve, a short seri es
of t est s wererun l at e i n t he cont ract peri od on a rnoderat el y repre-
sent at i ve ri ght angl e bend. Thi s ri g (Fi g. ' 52) consi st ed of t he
thrust recovery rnodel sui tabl y r,nodi fi ed and fi tted to the ground
ef f ect bal ance" Thrust s were l neasured bef ore and af t er bendi ng
at t he sarne pressure and l nass f l ow and t he l oss convert ed t o a
pressure l oss f act or at t he rni ni rnurn area bef ore t he f i naL bend.
Furt her t est s are requi red on a f ul l y represent at i ve l arger scal e
speci rnen. A I / 3rd scal e nozzl e end l oss t est of t he act ual ai r-
craf t r; ozzl e i s proposed and i s now bei ng rnanuf act ured f or t est i ng
at t he cont ract orrs f aci l i t v"
Perf orrnance t est s: Test s i n f avour of eval uat i ng perf orrnance
are pri nci pal l y concerned wi t h wi nd t unnel rnodel , dat a on drag
and ar e descr i bed i n sect i on 5" I . L
Radi al f l ow f easi bi l i t y: No t est s have been carri ed out rel at i ve t o
t he propul si on syst ern per se"
Desi gn St udy al d Theoret i cal Anal ysi s
Ground Effect: An atternpt was rnade to cal cul ate the ground cush-
i on effect theoreti cal l y by assurni ng a fl ow structure si rni l ar to
t hat observed. A curve of t [ e ri ght general f orrn was obt ai ned.
5" 2
5" 2. L
74
a
I JUNE, I 956
BEARI NG
RETAI NER ROD
PYLON PI TOT
REFERENCE PROBE
SHUTTER AND NOZZTE BTOCK
CONFIGURATION MODEI NO, 312712
AI R CUSHI ON
EFFECTS TEST RI G
LIFT DYNAMOMETER
DRAG LI NK
EXHAUST NOZZLE
AI R SUPPLY LI NE
MODEL DRWG NO.
sK 30246
RI G DRWG NO.
sK302l o sHT. l
75
a
FtG.52 AtR TNTAKE AND GAS EXHAUST 5YSIEM-MODET NO. 3/27/\312712AND312713
A'RCRAFT L'/J4'TEI'
5. 2. I
(Cont ' d)
PRO' ECT 1794
However, t he hi gh poi nt at hal f span f rorn t he ground couLd not be
predi ct ed. No det ai l ed ef f ect s, such as t hat of
j et angl e, have
been atternpted theor eti cal l y"
5. ?, . 2 st abl l i t y and cont rol AnaLysi s: For st abi l i t y, aerodynami c and
cont rol deri vat i ves and basi c ai rpl ane dat a were t aken f rorn
prel i rni nary t est s and st udi es si nce t here has not been su{f i ci ent
t i rne t o re-work t he anal yses on t he basi s of t he wi nd t unnel t est s
of sect i on 5. 1. 1, and t he Lat est ai r pl ane quant i t i es. However , t he
prel i mi nary val ues are suf f i ci ent l y accurat e f or a cl ear pi ct ure
of the basic longitudinal stability problern to be obtained. During
t he course of t he year t he pref erred syst ern f or operat i ng t he
shutters to control the
jets
to obtain artificial stability has
devel oped t hrough t he hydraul i c syst ern wi t h rnechani cal l i nkage
to the pneumatic syEtem with the actuation built into the shutter
i t sel f a" nd al eo pr ovi di ng cool i ng. ( Fi g. 7,
page
l P) . Bot h sys-
t ems have been examl ned t heoret i cal l y and i t appears t hat t he
pneumat i c syst em wi l l gi ve a f ast er response al so.
The f ol l owt ng anal yses have been made:
(1) Loagitudinal stability of the aircraft using a simple control
equation.
(Z) Longi t udi nal st abi l i t y of t he ai rcraf t usi ng a second order
control equation.
76
I JUNE, 1956
A URO A'RCRAFT I'/W'TEI'
5. 2. 2
( Cont ' d)
5. 2. 3
(") Lat eral st abi l i t y of t he ai rcraf t usi ng
equati on.
PROf ECT t 794
a second or der cont r ol
( 4)
( 5)
Estirnate of the tirne constant of the pneurnatic control systern.
Longi t udi nal t ransi ent response charact eri st i cs of t he ai r-
craft and control systern using a sirnple tirne lag transfer
functi on.
(6) Hoveri ng st abi l i t y and cont rol .
General concl usi ons whi ch can be drawn f rorn t hese st udi es are
as f ol l ows:
(i ) It appears that the stabi l i ty and control systern proposed can
be sat i sf act ori l y devel oped t o provi de f l yi -ng qual i t i es si rni l ar
t o t hose of convent i onal ai rpl anes"
(i i ) There i s suf f i ci ent cont rol power i n t he
j et
cont rol s t o achi eve
stabi l i ty over the whol e fl i ght range up to extrerne al ti tudes
f rorn l ow speed at sea l evel t o very hi gh speed at ext rerne
al t i t ude ( gO - t
00, 000 f eet ) .
( i i i ) I n cont r a- di st i nct i on of t he ai r cr af t of Fi g. 1, Page 4, t her e
are no gyroscopi c react i ons on t he ai rcraf t f rorn t he rnai n
rot ors, si nce t hese are bal anced by t he cont ra-rot at i on; and
onl y used t o provi de a rrl easure of t he rat e of pi t ch or ro11.
Ai r I nt ake and Gas Exhaust Syst erns: The anal yses rnade under
t hi s headi ng have been devot ed t o t he st udy of t est resul t s and
have al r eady been descr i bed- i n sect i on 5" 1. 4.
I JUNE, L956 77
A'/R O 4'NCNA F7 T'/W'TED
5. Z. 3.
( Cont ' d)
.
PROI ECT 1794
NOTE: The Work Staternent for the contract calls for study into
"
The effect of fl ow di storti ons on bl ,ade vi brati on and
engi ne perf orrnancerr . Thi s i s no l onger appl i cabl e t o t he
subj ect ai rcraf t i n i t s present f orrn. Theref ore no anal -
ysi s has been rnade.
5. 2. 4 Ai rcraft
Perforrnarl ce:
Esti rnates for perforrra-rrce have been rnade
f or t he subj ect ai rcraf t at each devel oprrrent st age, consi st i ng
pri nci pal l y of t hrust and drag anal yses and est i rnat es and cal cu-
l at i ons of t he resul t i ng perf orrnance charact eri st i cs"
The per f or qr ance of t he si x vi per r esear ch ai r cr af t
"
pr oj ect
7o4t '
i s superi or t o t he earl i er desi gns by a wi de rnargi n.
5. 2. 5
Drag anal yses have now been conf i rrned by supersoni c t est s and
t he resut t i ng perf orrrrarce has al ready been surnrnari zed earl i er
i n t hi s r epor t under sect i on 4. 3, Fi gs" 9 t hr ough 11.
Radi al Fl ow' Feasi bi l i t y: A consi derabl e arnount of desi gn st udy
has been carri ed out i n devel opi ng t he desi red t ype of propul si on
systern to the forrn shown i n Fi g. 4, Page 7. To i l l ustrate thi s
Fi gs. 53, 54 and 55 are shown on t he f ol l owi ng pages, t oget her
wi t h a repeat ed Fi g" 4 f or cornpari son. These depi ct t he conf i g-
urat i ons expl ored. Bri ef l y, t he i ni t i al proposal of Fi g. 53 f i t t ed
three vi per engi nes wi th thdi r
j ets
faci ng outboard and exhausti ng
over srnal l arcs of t he peri phery. A l arge percent age of t he rnass*
U
I JUNE, 1956
PROf ECT 1794
A URO A'RCRAFT I'/T''TEI'
* *
51
EE
2=
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vt
HZ
t r <
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PROf ECI 1794
A UR O A'RCRA FT T'/'4'TET'
2P-
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82
a
AVPO A'RCRAFT
"/14'TED
5. 2. 5
( Cont ' d)
PROI ECT 1794
f l sw was bLed f rorn t hese engi nes, separat el y cornbust ed and
exhausted through a l arge di arneter turbi ne attached to the ti p of a
si ngl e stage axi al i rnpel l er, as can be seen i n the drawi ng of Fi g.
53. A l arge rrrass f l ow of ai r was dri ven t hrough t he wi ng by t hi s
i rnpel l er and, wi t h provi si on f or secondary cornbust i on, exhaust ed
over t he wi de sect ors i n bet ween t he Vi per engi nes. For f orward
f l i ght t he i mpel l er was by-passed al t oget her and t he ai rcraf t
becarne a pure rarnj et . I t was t hus st ri ct l y a hi ghrnass f l ow duct ed
fan arrangernent for take-off and rarnj et for supersoni c fl i ght. The
di ffi cul ti es wi th the i rnpel l er turbi ne arrangernent, expected poor
t ransi t i on charact eri st i cs, and l ow t hrust at subsoni c speeds were
pri nci pal obj ect i ons t o t hi s scherne.
I n t he ai rcraf t of Fi g. 54 a si ngl e l arge cent ri f ugal i rnpel l er \ nas
used and dr i ven by f our Rol Ls Royce R. B. I 08 engi nes; mount ed
verti cal l y i n a cl ose cl uster i n t,he centre of the ai rcraft wi th thei r
exhaust s f aci ng upwards and used as gas generat ors t o power a
l arge di arneter radi al out-fl ow turbi ne, whi ch forrned an i ntegral
part of t he cent ri f ugal i rnpel l er. Consi derabl e anal ysi s of t hi s
propul si on uni t was rnade (Area Report No. 5
-
AVRO/ SeC/ T A, Z).
The arrangernent appeared very prorni si ng, t he pri nci pal obj ect i on
bei ng centred i n the rnechani cs of the rnai n rotor and the posi ti on
of the turbi ne exhaust.
The ai rcraf t of Fi g. 55 was-t hen st udi ed. I n t hi s t he engi nes were
I JUNE, L956 8:
A'RCRAFT I|/J4'TE"
5. 2. 5
(Cont ' d)
PROI ECT 1794
reversed to exhault downwards through a relatively srnall diarneter
axial flow turbine. This turblne was rrrollnted on a central shaft
and drove a sirnilar large centrifugal irnpeller through a big reduc-
tion gear at the top of the aircraft. This propuLsion systern was
al so anal ysed, ( Ar ea Repor t No. 5 AVRO/ SPG/ TRZ6) . The r educ-
t i on gear was r equi r ed t o t r ansr ni t i n t he r egi on of 15, 000 H. P.
for take-off and the irnpeller structure was sornewhat unwieldy.
These devetoprnent problerrrs appeared quite rnanageable. How-
ever, t he engi ne suppl y posi t i on f or t he Rol l s Royce R. B. I 08, or
any alternative sufficiently short to fit uprlght in the srnall
research ai rpl ane, was rat her doubt f ul . A dgsi gn was t heref ore
!
sought which would enable a bona-fide off-the-sh+illf engine, such
as the Arrnstrong Siddeley Viper to be used and thls resulted in
t he al rcraf t sf Fi g. 4, Page 82.
I n Proj ect ?04, as descrt bed i n sect i on 4, t he rnai n cent ri f ugal
lmpeller has been split lnto two halves rnounted directly off a
central shaft. The Viper engines, which are too long to fit ver-
ttcally ln t"he alrcraft, are laid flat ln tJre wing and drive the
irnpellers through a radlat in-flow turbine exhausting downwards.
Proj ect 704 t hus avoi ds a devel opment probl em of a very l arge
reduct i on gear and provi des a superi or t mpel l er st ruct ure and
bearing arrangernent. This propulsion system is different frorn
t he earl l er desi gn l n t hat t he engi ne t nt akes are pressuri zed by
I JUNE, T956 84
AVRO A'RCRAFT L'/W'TED
5. 2. 5
( Cont t d)
-
PROI ECT 1794
t he rnai n i rnpel l ers so t hat t he propul si on uni t t herrnodynarni cal l y
r eser nbl es a t wo spool by- pass gas t ur bi ne. To pr ovi de hi gh st at i c
t hrust ef f i ci ency, and t he very l arge ai r swal l owi ng capaci t y
r equi r ed, t he by- pass r at i o i s ver y hi gh ( 5 t o 1) . An anal ysi s of
t he t hrust and speci f i c f uel consurnpt i on t o t hi s power pl ant over a
wi de r ange of oper at i ng condi t i ons i s pr esent ed i n Ar ea Repor t
No" s ( AVRo/ spc/ TR14) "
The st at i c t hrust ef f i ci encv i s i l l ust rat ed bv
t hi s chart shows f our rnet hods of obt ai ni ng I
t he char t Fi g. 56:
2, 000 l b. ver t i cal
i l l ust rat i ng t he vari -
l i f t (wi t hout ground ef f ect s) l yi ng on a curve
at i on of H. P. r equi r ed wi t h
"
j et '
r nass f l ow. Most ef f i ci ent l y,
a ver y l ar ge r nass f l ow i s used, as i n t he hel i copt er i n whi ch t he
j et
i s t he whol e f l ow passi ng t hrough t he rot or. The next al t er-
nat i ve i s t he convert apl ane shown whi ch has a rnuch srnal l er rot or
andr t j et "
but al so has a gr eat er speed r ange. I n di r ect j et l i f t
( 4)
"
ver y concent r at ed j et
i s used but t hi s i s seen t o be ext r av-
agant i n H. P. r equi r ed and f uel consur ned. Pr oj ect 704 i s r epr e-
sent ed as r equi r i ng l ess t han hal f t he H" P. of di r ect hi gh ener gy
j et l i f t . I t i s cl ear f r or n t hi s cur ve, however , t hat sor ne cr oss-
over poi nt occurs where t he
"
j et t t i s duct ed wi t hi n rat her t han
around t he ai rcraf t and a l arge i nt ernal rnass f l ow can st i l l be used
f or st at i c l i f t . Equal l y when. t he l arge mass f l ow can be duct ed
t hr ough t he ai r cr af t i t can al so be r eheat ed t o pr oduce a ver y l ar ge
i nst al l ed t hrust .
85
I JUNE, T956
- ,
AVRO A'RCRAFT I'/W'TED
4, OOO
3, OOO
2, OOO
l , ooo
o
705- t ?94- 1
F
tlt
=
o
IL
=
(\,
tll
atl
o
2O, OOO
C I I ART
PROI ECT I ' 94
2 5, OOO 3O, OOO
HORSE POWER
o
5, OOO I O, OOO l 5, O0O
Y. T. O. EFFI CI El I CY
FTG. 55
86
a
(r)
CONVE
APPROX
t l
NTI ONAL HETI COPT
. 200 M. P. H. HM| T
t t t t r l
R
FOUR METHODS OF OBTAI NI NG
A NORMAI I 2, OOO t B. VERTI CAT I . I FT
(no
onouruo errecr)
I
I
( TURB
\ 2)
coh
o- coNTl
q n f l
M
VI
I A
D
RTAPTANE
. pnop)
AP
I J I I MI T
R )x.
-rl l t t
\
\
/
2,
( 3
)
DUc
oo- 2, 50
Y AFP( )
TE
o
DY
) FAN RA' V
n. P. H. OR
NAMI ' I { E!
.l sr
I
I MI TED
TI NI ?
\
\ - tl ttl
4 it:
q
,(! K
)
G
( 4) Di l
A5 TURB
CA PA RI I
ECT JET.
NE I , 5O(
TY PPr ) I
UI
tr
AI
: T]
t. P,
l t F
H.
\
\ / t I
\
coNSUMP r oN ru
geu/
HR.
I
ROCKET
85 660 t 780
7
BIACK PIATE
FI NANCI AL STATEMENT
I JUNE, T956
TABULATED LABOUR & COST SUMMARY
PRO, ECT 1794
6.
The cost sur nr nar y cover s t he per i od Jul y I st , 1954 t o June l st , 1955 and det ai l s
separ at el y t he cost s i ncur r ed dur i ng t he ant i ci pat or y per i od
-
Jul y l st , 1954 t o
Apr i l l st , L955. The r nanhour s and cost s of each of t he f i ve ar eas of I nvest i gat i on
i ncur r ed dur i ng t he cont r act per i od
-
Apr i l Znd, 1955 t o June 1st , 1956
-
ar e as
f ol l ows:
AREA OF I NVESTI GATI ON MANHOURS cosT TOTAL
Ai r cushi on Ef f ect
: r: """rt ",
Manufacturing
z, 395. 00
r , 877 . 50
#t z, ozr . 76
Lr , 507. 23
4, 272. 50
S
z+, szl . 99
Stability &
& Test
Air Intake &
Syst em Test
Cont r ol Anal ysi s
-
Engi neer i ng
-
l vl anufacturi ng
Gas Exhaust
-
Engi neer i ng
-
Manufacturi ng
24, 080. 00
33, 77 5. 00
f i
t n, 430. l r
r 87, 50?. 27
i l
t n, z3g. 85
3, L59. ZZ
#
z+, 933. 88
( r 3. , 6Z^)
57, 855. 00 324, 932. 38
4, 246. 25
f l
r g, 406. 63
6, 870. 75 42, 710. 44
t l , 117. 00 62, Lr 7. 07
Ai r pl ane Per f or mance Anal ysi s
& rest
:
i,H.l,::l[l",
R adial Flow'":
Hild:r[{":
These cost s ( $453, 897. 77) t oget her
( $Z87, 9ZI . ZZ) aggr egat e t o t he t ot al
I JUNE, 1956
4, 097. 25 24, 920. 26
80, 7Zt . 25
$
+55, 897. 77
t l_-___' -*
cost s f or t he ant i ci pat or y per i od
818. 99
-
l eavi ng a bal ance of f unds at
2, 776. 25
603. ?5
4, 097. 25
with the
of .
$74\
3, 379. 50 17, 399. 07
87
A UPO A tRCnA F7 tl/vttrEO
i
the end of May L956 arnounting to
t o cover t he cost of produci ng t he
the contract.
PROI ECT 1794
and thi s i s anti ci pated to be adequate
reports requi red under the terrns of
$t 9,
BZ. t . oo
rernaining
I JUNE, L956 88
A VRO A'RCRA FT IT/J4'TEO
7. DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTI ON ASPECTS
Proj ect 704 i s rnuch si mpl er t o rnanuf act ure t han rnore convent i onal t ype
ai rcraf t and can t heref ore be produced at a rnuch l ower cost . Due t o i t s
syrnrnet ry of f orrn, t here are a great er nurnber of i dent i cal det ai l part s
and cornponent assernbl i es t han t here are i n a convent i onal t ype of ai rcraf t ,
Fi g. 4, Page 7 Thi s rneans t hat a rnuch srnat l er range of t ool s i s re-
qui r ed t o bui l d t he r nachi ne. Pr ocessi ng t i r ne i s r educed and a ver y
econorni cal rat i o of t ool s
per
det ai l
part
i s achi eved.
The ai rpl ane i s broken down i nt o si x i dent i cal segrnent s, each cont ai ni ng
one of t he Vi per engi nes and each of whi ch can be bui l t i n t he sarne corn-
ponent j i g.
A si ngl e l ar ge j i g
can t hen be used t o asser nbl e t he i dent i cal
segrnent s and t hese, when rnarri ed up, const i t ut e about
90% o| t he t ot al
ai rf rarne. The symrnet ry of f orrn and repet i t i ve const ruct i on l eads t o
econof i I y t hroughout devel oprnent ; not onl y i s t ool i ng econorni cal but desi gn,
pl anni ng and al l phases of devel oprnent t i rne are reduced.
Devel opr nent of Pr oj ect 704, as cur r ent l y envi saged, i s t o pr oceed wi t h t he
const ruct i on of a si ngl e prot ot ype i n t he short est possi bl e t i rne wi t h onl y
essent i al pr e- f l i ght devel opr nent t est s bei ng car r i ed out . The pr ot ot ype
wi l l i ni t i al l y be const ruct ed wi t hout t he out er cornbust i on; t he i ni t i al t est
f l yi ng wi l l be done
' r col dr r ,
pr ovi ng t he ai r cr af t t hr ough t he ver t i cal t ake-
of f , ground cushi on t ransi t i on and l ow subsoni c speed regi rnes. I t i s
envi saged t hat devel oprnent of t he rnai h cornbust i on syst ern wi l l proceed
concurrent l y however, and cornbust i oa wi l l event ual l y be f i t t ed t o t hi s
I JUNE, 1956
PROf ECT r f 94
96
AVRO A'RCRAFT I'/W'TED
PROI ECT 1794
prototype aircraft which should then be capable of developing high thrust and
reachi ng supersoni c speed; but wi l l be l i rni t ed t o a t op speed of Mach 1. 74
by t he Vi per engl ne.
Devel oprnent of the ful l top speed potenti al i s unl i kel y to be achi eved unti l
a second or t hi rd prot ot ype has been cornpl et ed. The subsequent ai rcraf t
rrl ay errrpl oy devel oped Vi per engi nes or al t ernat i ve power pl ant s i n a
si rni l ar cat egory and wi l l probabl y be of al l st eel const ruct i on.
The fi rst prototype wi l L have a steel outer wi ng and steel rnai n rotors and
t urbi ne, but t he cent ral port i on of t he ai rcraf t wi l l be const ruct ed pri nci -
pal l y of l i ght al l oy. A prograrnrne of work coveri ng t he t est s expect ed t o
be requi red, i ncl udi ng a ri g t o cover t he qual i f i cat i on of t he power pl ant
as a con' rpl et e uni t , i s gi ven i n t he next sect i on.
I JUNE, 1956
97
8.
A URO A'PCRA FT I'/W'TET'
NEW PROGRAMS REQUI RED
A t abul ar surrrnary and cost f orecast f or t he f ol l owi ng i s gi ven i n sect i on 9.
Test Prograrn
Wi nd Tunnel Test s
8. t . l . I Supersoni c Test s and Anal ysi s
-
Overhaul and rnodi f y t he exi st i ng
t / Z3r a scal e super soni c f or ce r nodel . Re- desi gn t he ai r evacuat i on
systern, coordi nate i nstal l ati on and conduct tests to cornpl ernent
t he prograrn al ready cornpl et ed. Reduce dat a and prepare report s
(approxi rnatel y 60 hours tunnel ti rne requi red).
Furt her t est i ng i s requi red on Supersoni c st i ng rnount ed r
/ 40
scal e
rnodel to obtai n transoni c corrl ponent drag data.
8. 1. 1. 2
-
Desi gn and rnanufacture a hal f-
pl ane transoni c force rnodel si rni Lar to the exi sti ng l /6t1n scal e
subsoni c and I
/ ZZra
scal e supersoni c rnodel s. (A l / I Zt h scal e
rnodel for i nstal l ati on l n the l 0 foot di arneter transoni c tunnel at
' Wri ght
Ai r Devel oprnent Cent re i s suggest ed). Desi gn a^n i nst al -
l ati on ri g to sui t the tunnel faci l i ti es, cornpl ete wi th rnodel control
rnounti ng, bal ance devi ces and sui tabl e i nstrurnentati on for force
and pressure rneasurernent s. Coordi nat e i nst al l at i on and conduct
t est s i n accordance wi dh a prepared prograrrr. Reduce dat a and
prepare report s. (Approxi rnat el y 200 hours t unnel t i rne requi red).
Subsoni c Test s and Anal ysi s
-
Overhaul and rnodi f y t he exi st i ng
r/ 6r] n scal e subsoni c f orce rnodel and. al so t he exi st i ng rnodel con-
trol rnounti ng and i nstai l ati oi r. ri g. Revi se the i nstrurnentati on,
8. r
8. 1. 1
8. r . 1. 3
PROI ECT 1794
I JUNE, 1956
98
8, l . 1. 3
( Cont t d)
A VR O A'RCRA FT I'/J4'TED
PRO| ECT 1794
coordi nat e i nst al l at i on and conduct t est s i n t he 20 f oot Massi e
Mernori al tunnel at Wri ght Ai r Devel opment Centre to cornpl ernent
t he prograrn al ready cornpLet ed" Reduce dat a and prepare report s.
(Approxi rnatel y 200 hours tunnel ti rne requi red).
8. t . 1. 4 I nt ernal Ai r I nt ake Fl ow Mo{e1
-
Desi gn and rnanuf act ure an l nt er-
nal fl ow ai r i ntake rnodel for devel oprnent of the ai r i ntake fl ow up
t o t he eye of t he i rnpel l er. (e t / S* scal e hal f rnodel (upper ai r
i ntake onl y) for i nstal l ati on i n the l 0 foot di arneter tunnel at the
l f f ri ght
Ai r Devel oprnent Cent re i s suggest ed). Desi gn and rnanu-
facture an i nstal l ati on ri g to sui t the tunnel faci l i ti es and i nstru-
rnent at i on f or pressure and rnass f l ow rneasurernent s. Coordi nat e
i nst al l at i on and conduct t est s i n accordance wi t h a prepared pro-
gral n. Reduce dat a and prepare report s. (Approxi rnat el y 50
hours t unnel t i rne requi red)"
8. 1. 1. 5 Sr nal l Scal e Wi nd Tunnel Test s
-
Desi gn and r nanuf act ur e sr nal l
scal e r nodel s as r equi r ed f or t est i ng i n t he Cor npanyt s l St r x 18"
l ow subsoni c and 8r r x l l t ' super soni c wi nd t unnel . These t est s
wi l l be of a rni nor nat ure and no general prograrnrne i s envi saged
at t hi s t i rne but dat a wi l l be anal ysed and report s prepared.
8. L. Z Gr ound Ef f ect Test s: Desi gn and rnanuf act ure a Z0
"
scal e rnodel
i ncorporat i ng di scret e ci rcurnf erent i al
j et s wi t h ai r i nt ake and
cent re exhaust , and an i nst al l at i on ri g t o sui t t he Cornpanyrs ai r
I JUNE, L956 99
AVRO A'RCRAFT IT/W'TED
8. 1. 2
( Cont r d)
l .
t .
8.
8.
3
3. L
PRO| ECT 1794
suppl y f aci l i t i es, cornpl et e wi t h bal ance devi ces and adj ust abl e
ar t i f i ci al gr ound"
conduct t est s, r educe dat a and pr epar e r epor t s.
I nt ernal Fl ow Test s:
Ai r I nt ake rnt ernal Fl ow
-
Desi gn and rnanuf act ure a r/ st i n scal e
i nt ernal f l ow hal f rnodel (upper ai r i nt ake onl y) f or st at i c suct i on
t est s, usi ng a vi per engi ne at t he cornpany' s f aci ri t y. Desi gn
a sui t abl e i nst al l at i on ri g and i nst rurnent at i on f or pressure and
rrl ass f l ow rneasurernent s.
conduct t est s, reduce dat a and prepare
r epor t s.
Nozzl e End Loss
Test
Model
-
Desi gn and r nanuf act ur e
a I / 3r d,
scal e i nternal fl ow rnodel of an outer wi ng shutter segrnent,
to
sui t t he cornpany' s ai r suppl y f aci l i t y, and an
i nst al l at i on ri g wi t h
rnodel rnounti ng, bal ance devi ces and sui tabl e i nstrurnentati on
for
f or ce and pr essur e r neasur er nent s.
conduct t est s, r educe dat a
and pr epar e r epor t s.
si ngl e Engi ne I nt ake and Exhaust rest s
-
Desi gn and. rnanuf act ure
a reverse f l ow cascaded ai r i nt ake duct and an engi ne exhaust f ul l
scal e di f f user f ant ai l , bot h f or i nst al l at i on on t he vi per engi ne at
t he cornpany' s t est f aci l i t y. Desi gn and. rnanuf act ure sui t abl e
i nst rurnent at i on
f or pressure and t ernperat ure rneasurernent .
Conduct t est s, r educe dat a and pr epar e r epor t s.
Propul si on syst ern Test s aneo*gl i t i ggt i g-:
Desi gn, manuf act ure
8. r . 3.
8. r . 3. 3
8. 1. 4
I JUNE, t g56
100
AVRO A'RCRAFT T'/WTTED
8. 1. 4
( Cont ' d)
PRO' ECT 179{t
and erect at t he Cornpanyt s f aci l i t y a f ul l scal e 6 Vi per t est ri g,
consi st i ng of a cornpl et e represent at i ve i nner port i on of t he ai r-
craft structure, together wi th the 6 engi nes and the upper and l ower
cent ri f ugal i rnpel l ers. Thi s wi l l i ncl ude t he cornpl et e i nner wi ng
assernbl y, t he cornpl et e upper and l ower f uel t ank assernbl i es and
t he cent re part of t he upper and l ower ai r i nt ake assernbl i es.
Desi gn and rnanuf act ure engi ne rnount i ngs, i nt akes, exhaust di f -
f users accessori es l ocat i on et al , t o perrni t t he i nst al l at i on of t he
6 Vi per gas t urbi ne engi nes i n t he st ruct ure erect i on, and a f uel
systern to perrni t test operati on of the 5 engi nes frorn the
Cor npanyr s t est house.
Desi gn and rnanuf act ure f i re prot ect i on syst ern; t he cont rol syst ern
t o be capabl e i ni t i al l y of operat i ng t he 5 engi nes f rom t he t est
house and ul ti rnatel y frorn a ternporary ai rcraft cockpi t set up on
t he st ruct ure erect i on"
Desi gn and rnanuf act ure t he necessary el ect ri cal syst em capabl e
of handl i ng t he engi ne accessori es and f i re prot ect i on cont rol f rorn
t he Cornpany' s t est house, (and ul t i rnat el y f rorn t he t ernporary ai r-
cr af t cockpi t ) .
Desi gn and bui l d a t est si t e and t est st and wi t h sui t abl e securi t y
and saf et y precaut i ons at t he' Cornpany' s f a. ci l i t y, cornpl et e wi t h
f uel st orage and ot her servi ces as rnay be requi red. Redesi gn and
I JUNE, T956 l 0r
A URO A'ACRA FT I'/14'7ED
8. r . 4
( Cont ' d)
1.
1.
8. 1. 5. 2
rnodi f y, as necessary, t he Cornpanyt s exi st i ng
:
Desi gn and rnanuf act ure sui t abl e i nst rurnent at i on f or pressure, rnass
fl ow and ternperature rneasurernents and engi ne i rnpel l er control . Pro-
vi de for i nstal l ati on of the upper and l ower centri fugal -i mpel l er
and t urbi ne assernbl i es. Conduct t est s i n accordance wi t h a pre-
pared prograrnrne, reduce dat a and prepare report s.
Redesi gn and r nodi f y, as necessar y, i n t he l i ght of t est r esul t s
obtai ned, and conduct qual i fyi ng tests for experi rnentaL fl yi ng,
,
Osci l l ati on Ri g and Shutter Box
-
Desi gn and rnanufa.cture a j et
control shutter testi ng ri g wi th si rnul ated ai rcraft control systern.,
t he cont rol st i ck, or i t s equi val ent , operat ed by a power dri ven
osci l l at or, and usi ng t he Cornpanyt s ai r suppl y f aci l i t y. Conduct
devel oprnent t est s of t he shut t er cont rol syst ern, as requi red,
reduce dat a and prepare report s.
outer
' l Yi ng
Segrnent and Control Systern
-
Desi gn and rnanufacture
a f ul l scdl e out er wi ng segrnent assernbl y, i ncl -udi ng upper and
l ower shut t ers f or i nst al l at i on on t he f u1l scal e 6 Vi per propul si on
syst ern t est ri g. Desi gn and rnanuf act ure t he ai rcraf t shut t er con-
trol systern for i nstal l ati on i n the outer wi ng segrnent, cornpl ete
wi t h rnai n cont rol val ve and pi l ot st i ck i n t he t ernporary ai rcraf t
cockpi t .
PROf ECT 1794
t est house.
)
5. I
B.
8.
] . JUNE, T956 L0z
A'/R O A'RCNA FT I'/J4'TED
8. 1. 5. 2
( Cont ' d)
8. r . 6
8. 2
8. 2. 1
Desi gn and rnanuf act ure a sui t abl e osci l l at or
f or pressure and f requency rneasurernent s t o
st i ck.
PROI ECT 1794
and instrurnentation
connect t o t he pi l ot t s
Conduct t est s i n accordance wi t h a prepared prograrnnre, reduce
dat a and prepare report s. Redesl gn and rnodi f y, as necessar| : i n
t he l i ght of t est resul t s obt ai ned, and conduct qual i f yi ng t est s f or
experi rnental fl yi ng.
C ornbustor Systern Devel oprnent:
Desi gn and rnanuf act ure a cornbust i on syst ern t est i ng ri g, basi c-
al l y consi sti ng of an outer wi ng segrnent contai ni ng one set of fl arne
hol ders and one pai r of nozzl es t o be t est ed at Orenda Engi nes
Li rni ted, Nobel faci l i ty. Desi gn and rnanufacture a sui tabl e fuel
syst ern" wi t h cont rol syst ern and st orage. Provi de sui t abl e i nst ru-
rnent at i on f or t he rneasurernent of pressure t ernperat ure and rnass
f l ow. Conduct t est s i n accordance wi t h a prepared prograrrl me,
reduce dat a and prepare report s. Redesi gn and rnodi f y as neces-
sary i n t he l i ght of t est resul t s obt ai ned and conduct qual i f yi ng t est s
for experi rnental fl yi ng.
Desi gn St udy and Theoret i cal Anal ysi s
The f ol l owi ng desi gn st udy and t heoret l cal anal yses are consi dered
appropri ate to the next phase of devel oprnent,
Weapon Syst ern Desi gn St udi es: Carry out prel i rni nary desi gn st udy
I JUNE, 1956 r 03
A VR O A'RCRA FT T'/J4'TEO
8. 2. 1
( Cont ' d)
8. 2. 2
8. 2. 3
to appl y the AVRO AIRCRAFT LIMITED
concept to the fol l owi ng weapon systerns:
( i ) Reconnai ssance
(i i ) I nt ercept or
(i i i ) Tact i cal Bornber
PROI ECT 1794
vert i cal t ake-of f desi gn
Prepare report s whi ch wi l l i ncl ude drawi ngs showi ng sui t abl e space
provi si on for carryi ng equi prnent appropri ate
to the above rol es,
wei ght anal ysi s to i ncl ude such equi prnent and performance data.
The l atter vri l l dernonstrate
speed and al ti tude capabi Li ty, take-off
l andi ng and turni ng perforrrrance and range profi l es wi th appropri ate
al l owances and payl oad.
' \ i Yeapon
syst ern Devel oprnent
pl ani prepare
a report gi vi ng est i -
rnated ti rni ng and costs for the rnanufacture and devel oprnent of
prot ot ype reconnai ssance ai rcraf t broadl y as speci f i ed by (i ) above.
The report wi l l speci f y and descri be t he ai rcraf t , rnat eri al f aci l i -
t i es and t est s requi red i n accordarrce wi t h ARDC Mg0-4, and gi ve
data on the abi l i ty of AVRo AIRCRAFT LIMITED to carry out the
Devel oprnent
Pl an.
stabi l i tv and control Anal vsi s: Anal yse and deterrni ne the fl i ght
behavi our of the ai rcraft i n response to gusts or pi Lot dernand
orrer the whol e fl i ght range, usi ng avai l abl e wi nd tunnel data and
rnechani cal cornponent perforrnance as obtai ned frorn tests
descr i bed i n sect i on 8. l . 5. -
I JUNE, 1956
r 04
.ltncPAFr Lt/l4rrED
.
PROf ECI 1794
8. 2. 4 P""p"l "i "r Syut ut r a Ext end t he exi st i ng propul si sn
systern analysis to cover the off-design perforrna:nce of the systern
using data obtained frorn tests under 8. 1.3 above" measured flow
characteristics for the Viper engines and rnore cornprehensive
analysls of expected power turbfuse characteristies.
I JUNE, 1956 105
PRO' ECT 1794
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I JUNE, 1956
PRO| ECT 1794
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I JUNE, 1956
PRO' ECT 1794
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101
1 JUNE,
1956
PROI ECT 1794
6
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I JUNE, 1956
AURO A'NCRAFT Z'/W'TED
PROf ECT 1794
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I JUNE, L956
AURO A'RCRAFT I'/W'TE"
PROI ECT 1794
o
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