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Where:
1 1
K= − ;
( Ae ) D ( Ae )6
1 1
K= −
( 6.115 × 0.8356 ) ( 6.0× 0.8432 )
K= -0.001953
④, α D = ② + ③
⑤, C D NACA 6415= Read from Graph
⑥, 𝚫C D = 0.318 kCL 2
i
⑦, C D = ⑤ + ⑥
D
⑧, cos α D = cos ④
⑨, sin α D = sin ④
⑩, CL cos α D = ① × ⑧
⑪, CD sinα D = ⑦ × ⑨
⑫, CN = ⑩ + ⑪
⑬, CL sinα D = ① × ⑨
⑭, C D cosα D = ⑦ × ⑧
D
⑮, Cc = ⑭ - ⑬
⑯, C.P. = Read from Graph
⑰, C m = (0.25 - ⑯) × ⑫
c
4
⑱, C m = ⑰ + [ ( a . c .−0.25 ) ×⑫ ]
a.c .
2
t
a.c. = 0.25 – 0.4()
c
⑥
⑲ , C D = k A
i
D
⑳ , C D = ⑦ - ⑲
o
NACA 6415 CORRECTED AIRFOIL CHARACTERISTICS
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩
CL ∝ 𝚫α i αD CD 𝚫C D i
CD D
cosα D sinα D CL cosα D
0.00 -5.85 0.00000 -5.85 0.01150 0.00000 0.01150 0.99479 -0.10192 0.00000
0.10 -4.10 -0.00353 -4.10 0.01200 -0.00001 0.01199 0.99744 -0.07156 0.09974
0.20 -2.75 -0.00706 -2.76 0.01500 -0.00002 0.01498 0.99884 -0.04810 0.19977
0.30 -1.80 -0.01059 -1.81 0.01800 -0.00006 0.01794 0.99950 -0.03160 0.29985
0.40 0.00 -0.01412 -0.01 0.02000 -0.00010 0.01990 1.00000 -0.00025 0.40000
0.50 1.30 -0.01765 1.28 0.02500 -0.00015 0.02485 0.99975 0.02238 0.49987
0.60 2.40 -0.02117 2.38 0.03000 -0.00022 0.02978 0.99914 0.04151 0.59948
0.70 4.00 -0.02470 3.98 0.03990 -0.00030 0.03960 0.99759 0.06933 0.69832
0.80 5.75 -0.02823 5.72 0.04890 -0.00039 0.04851 0.99502 0.09970 0.79601
0.90 6.90 -0.03176 6.87 0.05950 -0.00050 0.05900 0.99282 0.11959 0.89354
1.00 8.20 -0.03529 8.16 0.07000 -0.00062 0.06938 0.98986 0.14202 0.98986
1.10 10.00 -0.03882 9.96 0.08200 -0.00074 0.08126 0.98493 0.17298 1.08342
1.20 11.75 -0.04235 11.71 0.10000 -0.00089 0.09911 0.97920 0.20292 1.17503
1.30 13.30 -0.04588 13.25 0.12000 -0.00104 0.11896 0.97336 0.22927 1.26537
1.40 14.85 -0.04941 14.80 0.13980 -0.00121 0.13859 0.96682 0.25546 1.35355
1.50 17.30 -0.05294 17.25 0.17000 -0.00138 0.16862 0.95504 0.29649 1.43255
1.60 21.90 -0.05646 21.84 0.25800 -0.00158 0.25642 0.92820 0.37207 1.48513
NACA 6415 CORRECTED AIRFOIL CHARACTERISTICS
⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭ ⑮ ⑯ ⑰ ⑱ ⑲ ⑳
αD
CD sin CN α
CL sin D CD D
Cc C.P. Cm c
Cm a. c .
CD i
CD o
4
- - - - - % - - - -
-0.00117 -0.00117 0.00000 0.01144 0.01144 - - - 0.00000 0.01150
-0.00086 0.09889 -0.00716 0.01196 0.01912 - - - 0.00052 0.01147
-0.00072 0.19905 -0.00962 0.01496 0.02458 79.00 -0.10749 -0.10929 0.00208 0.01289
-0.00057 0.29928 -0.00948 0.01794 0.02741 65.00 -0.11971 -0.12243 0.00468 0.01326
0.00000 0.40000 -0.00010 0.01990 0.02000 55.50 -0.12200 -0.12563 0.00833 0.01157
0.00056 0.50043 0.01119 0.02484 0.01365 49.00 -0.12010 -0.12464 0.01301 0.01183
0.00124 0.60072 0.02490 0.02975 0.00485 45.00 -0.12014 -0.12559 0.01874 0.01104
0.00275 0.70106 0.04853 0.03950 -0.00903 41.00 -0.11217 -0.11853 0.02550 0.01410
0.00484 0.80085 0.07976 0.04826 -0.03149 39.00 -0.11212 -0.11938 0.03331 0.01520
0.00706 0.90060 0.10763 0.05858 -0.04905 37.00 -0.10807 -0.11624 0.04216 0.01684
0.00985 0.99972 0.14202 0.06868 -0.07334 36.00 -0.10997 -0.11904 0.05205 0.01734
0.01406 1.09747 0.19028 0.08003 -0.11025 35.00 -0.10975 -0.11970 0.06298 0.01828
0.02011 1.19515 0.24350 0.09705 -0.14645 34.00 -0.10756 -0.11841 0.07495 0.02417
0.02727 1.29265 0.29805 0.11579 -0.18226 33.00 -0.10341 -0.11514 0.08796 0.03100
0.03540 1.38895 0.35764 0.13400 -0.22364 32.30 -0.10139 -0.11399 0.10201 0.03658
0.04999 1.48255 0.44474 0.16103 -0.28371 32.00 -0.10378 -0.11723 0.11710 0.05151
0.09541 1.58053 0.59532 0.23801 -0.35730 32.80 -0.12328 -0.13762 0.13324 0.12319
Lift Curve
CL
( )
CD MAX
=20.05
NACA 2515
NACA 2515 PROFILE GRAPH CL and ∝ Projection
NACA 2515 PROFILE GRAPH CD and ∝ Projection
NACA 2515 PROFILE GRAPH C.P. and ∝ Projection
FIG. 9.23
Where:
1 1
K= − ;
( Ae ) D ( Ae )6
1 1
K= −
( 6.115 × 0.8356 ) ( 6.0× 0.8432 )
K= -0.001953
④, α D = ② + ③
⑤, C D NACA 2515= Read from Graph
⑥, 𝚫C D = 0.318 kCL 2
i
⑦, C D = ⑤ + ⑥
D
⑧, cos α D = cos ④
⑨, sin α D = sin ④
⑩, CL cos α D = ① × ⑧
⑪, CD sinα D = ⑦ × ⑨
⑫, CN = ⑩ + ⑪
⑬, CL sinα D = ① × ⑨
⑭, C D cosα D = ⑦ × ⑧
D
⑮, Cc = ⑭ - ⑬
⑯, C.P. = Read from Graph
⑰, C m = (0.25 - ⑯) × ⑫
c
4
⑱, C m = ⑰ + [ ( a . c .−0.25 ) ×⑫ ]
a.c .
2
t
a.c. = 0.25 – 0.4 ()
c
⑥
⑲ , C D = k A
i
D
⑳ , C D = ⑦ - ⑲
o
⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭ ⑮ ⑯ ⑰ ⑱ ⑲ ⑳
αD
CD sin CN αD
CL sin CD D
Cc C.P. Cm c
Cm a. c .
CD i
CD o
4
- - - - - % - - - -
Lift Curve
CL
( )
CD MAX
=19.35
NACA 2418
NACA 2418 PROFILE GRAPH CL and ∝ Projection
NACA 2418 PROFILE GRAPH CD and ∝ Projection
NACA 2418 PROFILE GRAPH C.P. and ∝ Projection
FIG. 9.23
Where:
1 1
K= − ;
( Ae ) D ( Ae )6
1 1
K= −
( 6.115 × 0.8356 ) ( 6.0× 0.8432 )
K= -0.001953
④, α D = ② + ③
⑤, C D NACA 2418= Read from Graph
⑥, 𝚫C D = 0.318 kCL 2
i
⑦, C D = ⑤ + ⑥
D
⑧, cos α D = cos ④
⑨, sin α D = sin ④
⑩, CL cos α D = ① × ⑧
⑪, CD sinα D = ⑦ × ⑨
⑫, CN = ⑩ + ⑪
⑬, CL sinα D = ① × ⑨
⑭, C D cosα D = ⑦ × ⑧
D
⑮, Cc = ⑭ - ⑬
⑯, C.P. = Read from Graph
⑰, C m = (0.25 - ⑯) × ⑫
c
4
⑱, C m = ⑰ + [ ( a . c .−0.25 ) ×⑫ ]
a.c .
2
t
()
a.c. = 0.25 – 0.4
c
⑥
⑲ , C D = k A
i
D
⑳ , C D = ⑦ - ⑲
o
NACA 2418 CORRECTED AIRFOIL CHARACTERISTICS
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩
CL ∝ 𝚫α i αD CD 𝚫C D i
CD D
cosα D sinα D CL cosα D
- deg deg deg - - - - - -
0.00 -2.00 0.00000 -2.00 0.01100 0.00000 0.01100 0.99939 -0.03490 0.00000
0.10 -0.40 -0.00353 -0.40 0.01200 -0.00001 0.01199 0.99998 -0.00704 0.10000
0.20 1.00 -0.00706 0.99 0.01500 -0.00002 0.01498 0.99985 0.01733 0.19997
0.30 2.20 -0.01059 2.19 0.01750 -0.00006 0.01744 0.99927 0.03820 0.29978
0.40 3.80 -0.01412 3.79 0.01990 -0.00010 0.01980 0.99782 0.06603 0.39913
0.50 5.00 -0.01765 4.98 0.02300 -0.00015 0.02285 0.99622 0.08685 0.49811
0.60 6.20 -0.02117 6.18 0.03000 -0.00022 0.02978 0.99419 0.10763 0.59651
0.70 8.00 -0.02470 7.98 0.04000 -0.00030 0.03970 0.99033 0.13875 0.69323
0.80 9.40 -0.02823 9.37 0.05000 -0.00039 0.04961 0.98665 0.16284 0.78932
0.90 10.30 -0.03176 10.27 0.06000 -0.00050 0.05950 0.98398 0.17826 0.88559
1.00 12.00 -0.03529 11.96 0.07200 -0.00062 0.07138 0.97828 0.20731 0.97828
1.10 13.80 -0.03882 13.76 0.08300 -0.00074 0.08226 0.97130 0.23788 1.06843
1.20 14.40 -0.04235 14.36 0.10000 -0.00089 0.09911 0.96877 0.24797 1.16252
1.30 16.90 -0.04588 16.85 0.12000 -0.00104 0.11896 0.95705 0.28994 1.24416
1.40 18.80 -0.04941 18.75 0.14500 -0.00121 0.14379 0.94693 0.32145 1.32570
1.44 20.50 0.05082 20.55 0.16800 -0.00128 0.16672 0.93636 0.35104 1.34836
⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭ ⑮ ⑯ ⑰ ⑱ ⑲ ⑳
α
CD sin D CN αD
CL sin CD D
Cc C.P. Cm c
Cm a. c .
CD i
CD o
4
- - - - - % - - - -
-0.00038 -0.00038 0.00000 0.01099 0.01099 - - - 0.00000 0.01100
-0.00008 0.09991 -0.00070 0.01199 0.01270 62.20 -0.03717 -0.03846 0.00052 0.01147
0.00026 0.20023 0.00347 0.01497 0.01151 41.25 -0.03254 -0.03513 0.00208 0.01289
0.00067 0.30045 0.01146 0.01743 0.00597 36.50 -0.03455 -0.03845 0.00468 0.01276
0.00131 0.40043 0.02641 0.01976 -0.00665 32.35 -0.02943 -0.03462 0.00833 0.01147
0.00198 0.50009 0.04342 0.02276 -0.02066 31.40 -0.03201 -0.03849 0.01301 0.00983
0.00321 0.59972 0.06458 0.02961 -0.03497 30.00 -0.02999 -0.03776 0.01874 0.01104
0.00551 0.69874 0.09712 0.03931 -0.05781 30.30 -0.03703 -0.04609 0.02550 0.01420
0.00808 0.79740 0.13027 0.04894 -0.08133 29.80 -0.03828 -0.04861 0.03331 0.01630
0.01061 0.89619 0.16043 0.05855 -0.10188 29.00 -0.03585 -0.04746 0.04216 0.01734
0.01480 0.99307 0.20731 0.06983 -0.13748 28.80 -0.03774 -0.05061 0.05205 0.01934
0.01957 1.08799 0.26166 0.07989 -0.18177 27.00 -0.02176 -0.03586 0.06298 0.01928
0.02458 1.18710 0.29757 0.09602 -0.20155 26.80 -0.02137 -0.03675 0.07495 0.02417
0.03449 1.27865 0.37692 0.11385 -0.26307 26.70 -0.02174 -0.03831 0.08796 0.03100
0.04622 1.37192 0.45003 0.13616 -0.31387 26.75 -0.02401 -0.04179 0.10201 0.04178
0.05853 1.40689 0.50549 0.15611 -0.34938 26.85 -0.02603 -0.04426 0.10792 0.05880
Lift Curve
CL
( )
CD MAX
=18.67
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
-14.84912
2515 3,080,000 1.53 0.0145 19.35 4.1827 deg. 0.24096
CL ∝
0.40 3.90
0.4257 x
0.50 5.00
x−3.90 0.4257−0.40
=
5.00−3.90 0.50−0.40
x = 4.1827
CL Cma.c.
0.40 -14.31883
0.4257 x
0.50 -16.38221
x−(−14.31883) 0.4257−0.40
=
−16.38221−(−14.31883) 0.50−0.40
x = -14.84912
FOR NACA 6415:
CL ∝
0.40 0.00
0.4281 x
0.50 1.30
x−0.00 0.4281−0.40
=
1.30−0.00 0.50−0.40
x = 0.3653
CL Cma.c.
0.40 -22.10390
0.4257 x
0.50 -24.40095
x−(−22.10390) 0.4257−0.40
=
−24.40095−(−22.10390) 0.50−0.40
x = -22.74937
CL ∝
0.50 5.00
0.5357 x
0.60 6.20
x−5.00 0.5357−0.50
=
6.20−5.00 0.60−0.50
x = 5.4284
CL Cma.c.
0.50 -15.58404
0.5357 x
0.60 -17.84866
x−(−15.58404) 0.5357−0.50
=
−17.84866−(−15.58404) 0.60−0.50
x = -16.39251
JUSTIFICATION
After the computations of the aerodynamic characteristics of the air foils, NACA
2515, NACA 6415 and NACA 2418, I have decided to use NACA 6415 because it had the
highest lift coefficient among the three with 1.60 and the second least drag coefficient
CL
with 0.0115, and a much lower angle of attack at its ( )max. Hence, I consider NACA
CD
WINGS
GIVEN
NACA 6415
WING
0.00 - 0.00
100.00 - 0.00
COMPUTED
NACA 6415
WING
Chord= 4 ft.
0.00 - 0.000
4.00 - 0.000
L.E. Radius: 0.0992 ft., Slope of radius through end of chord: 6/20
SCALED 1:30
NACA 6415
WING
0.00000 - 0.00000
0.13333 - 0.00000
L.E. Radius: 0.00331 ft., Slope of radius through end of chord: 6/20
NACA 0015
0.00 - 0.000
100.00 - 0.000
COMPUTED
NACA 0015
0.00 - 0.000
0.07 0.129 -0.129
5.43 - 0.000
SCALED 1:30
NACA 0015
0.00000 - 0.00000
NACA 0015
(Given)
M.A.C. (V-TAIL)
0.00 - 0.000
100.00 - 0.000
COMPUTED
NACA 0015
M.A.C. (V-TAIL)
0.00 - 0.000
SCALED 1:30
NACA 0015
(Scaled 1:30)
M.A.C. (V-TAIL)
0.00000 - 0.00000
0.00173 0.00327 -0.00327
0.13833 - 0.00000
NACA 0015
0.00 - 0.000
100.00 - 0.000
COMPUTED
NACA 0015
0.00 - 0.000
2.53 - 0.000
SCALED 1:30
NACA 0015
(Scaled 1:30)
0.00000 - 0.00000