Take-off Performance Analysis

Item Sea Level (Standard Conditions) Symbols Values Remarks

No.

1 Flap Angle, deg δf Given

0
2 Wing Area, sq. ft Sref Given
97.84
3 Wing Span, ft b Given
24.46
4 Aspect Ratio A Given
6.115
5 Max CL CLmax Taken from Activity No. 3
1.6
6 CL CL VLOF
C L= MAX

2
( LOF)

Lift-off V LOF 1.111

( )
VS
7 CL during ground run (free air) CL √ πAe C D
Taxi(OGE) 0.74 O

7A CL during ground run (IGE) CL CL

C L =C L Δ αO
Taxi α (IGE)
−C L
0.792 ( IGE) (OGE)
CL α (OGE)
α ( IGE)

8 CD during taxi CD
0.0852 CD (OGE)
=0.0 426+ 0.0778 C L 2

9 Coefficient of Friction 𝞵 Assumed

0.03
10 9 x 7A 𝞵 CL Taxi 0.0238

11 Height of MAC above ground, ft h

3.1982
12 h/b h/b
0.131
13 Ground Effect Factor σ' h
1−1.32( )
b
0.41 h
1.05+7.4( )
b
14 CL 2
Δ CDi
ΔC Di=σ ' TAXI( OGE)
-0.0175
πAe
15 CD(CORRECTED)= CD + ΔCDi, CD Taxi

0.0677
8 + 14

16 15 - 10 CD Taxi
- 𝞵C L Taxi
0.0439
Item Sea Level (Standard Conditions) Symbols Values Remarks
No.

17 VS Taken from Activity No. 9

2W 15
Stall Speed
√ x ,mph
ρC L S 22
max
70.003

18 Lift-Off Speed, mph VLOF VLOF = 1.2VS

84.004
19 Dynamic Pressure at Lift-Off, psf q́ LOF 1
q́ LOF = ρ V LOF2
18.041 2
20 Dynamic Pressure at VLOF/ √2 q́ 1 V LOF 2
q́ = ρ( )
9.021 2 √2
21 Take-Off Thrust at VLOF/ √2 T 375 √ 2 THP AV
T=
V LOF
371.53
THP AV = 46.06
22 Net Force for Acceleration at VLOF/ √ 2, lb Fm
293.1685
FLOF = (T - 𝜇W) -(𝐶𝐷𝑇𝐴𝑋𝐼−𝜇𝐶𝐿(𝐼𝐺𝐸))𝑞̅S

23 2 SG
W V LOF
S G=
2 g Fm 1578.148

24 Rotation Distance, ft SR
369.62
25 Thrust at Lift-off, lb T 375 √ 2 THP AV
T=
V LOF
335.301
THP AV =
26 CLTR/CLMAX
0.80
27 Transition Radius, ft R
3103.722
28 Transition CD CDTR
0.17
29 Drag in Transition DTR
300.07
30 T −D 25−29
,
W W 0.018

31 Climb Angle, deg θCL T −D

1.03
θCL=sin−1 [ W ]
at V =V LOF

32 Transition Distance, ft STR STR=RsinθCL

55.79
33 HTR, ft STR
hTR = ( 1−cos θCL )
0.5 sin θCL
34 Climb Distance, ft SCL 50 ft −hTR
SCL=
2753.238 tan θCL
35 Total Take-off Distance, ft ST/O
5145.168
ST / O=SG + S R + STR + SCL

Computation for Total Take-Off Distance

CL
C L =C L Δ αO
α (IGE)
−C L
( IGE) (OGE)
CLα (OGE)
α ( IGE)

Where:ᴧ

CL (OGE )
= Lift Coefficient in the appropriate configuration out of Ground Effect

1
C D =0.0426 , πAe=
O
0.0778

C L =√ πAe C D
(OGE ) O

1
CL = ( (OGE )
√ 0.0778
)(0.0426)

C L =0.7400
(OGE )

C Lα (OGE)

2 πA
C Lα (OGE)=
2+ √ A 2 ¿ ¿ ¿

Where:

A=6.11

ᴧC /2=0°

2 π (6.115)
C Lα (OGE)=
2+ √(6.115)2 (1+ tan 2 0)+4

C Lα (OGE)=4.5557/ rad
For Aeff,

A 2h
=
A eff b

Where:

2h 2(3.1982 ft )
= = 0.2615
b 24.46 ft
From Figure 10.8:

2 h 0.2615 , A =¿
@ = 0.5616
b A eff

Therefore,

A
Aeff =
0.5616

6.115
Aeff =
0.5616

Aeff = 10.8885

For C Lα (IGE):

2 π A eff
C Lα (IGE)= , per rad.
2+ A eff 2 ( 1+tan 2 Λc /2 ) + 4
√
 ( 2)( π )(10.8885)
C Lα (IGE) =
2+ (10.8885)2 [ 1+(tan 0o )2 ]+ 4
√
C Lα (IGE) = 5.2342/rad

For Taper ratio, λ:

Ct
λ=
Cr

Where:

C t =4 ft

C r =4 ft

4 ft
λ=
4 ft

λ=¿1

For MAC, ć :

2 λ2+ λ+1
ć =
3
Cr [ λ+1 ]
(1)2+(1)+1
ć =
2
()
3
( 4 ft) [
(1)+1 ]
ć =4 ft

For Δα o:
 Δα o= ( ct )[ 3.5655
h/ ć
−
0.1177
( h / ć ) ] x2
π
180
, rad. o

3.5655 0.1177 π
Δα o=
( 0.15 )
[ (
3.1982 ft
4 ft
−
) 3.1982 ft
(
4 ft )
2

] x
180 o , rad.

Δα o= 0.0112 rad

Therefore:

C Lα (IGE )
C LTAXI (IGE) = C L(OGE) −C L α ( IGE ) Δ α o
C Lα (OGE)

C LTAXI (IGE) = ( 0.7400 ) ( 5.2342 /rad

4.5557/rad )
−(5.2342/rad)(0.0112 rad)

C LTAXI (IGE) = 0.7916

For C D(OGE):

2
CD (OGE)
=0.0426+0.0778 C L (OGE) (Clean Airplane)

CD (OGE)
=0.0426+0.0778 ¿

CD (OGE)
=0.0852

For ΔC Di :

C L 2(OGE)
ΔC Di = - σ '
( πAe )
Where:

h
1−1.32( )
b
σ=
h
1.05+7.4( )
b
 3.1982 ft
1−(1.32)( )
' 24.46 ft
σ =
3.1982 ft
1.05+(7.4)( )
24.46 ft

σ ' = 0.4101

(0.7400)2
ΔC Di = - (0.4101) ( 1/0.0778 )
ΔC Di = - 0.0175

For Drag Coefficient in Ground Effect, C D(IGE ):

C D(IGE ) = C D(OGE) + Δ C D i

C D(IGE ) = 0.0852 + (-0.0175)

C D(IGE ) = 0.067

For Stall Speed, V s :

V s= (√ Ws )( 2ρ )( C 1 )
LMAX

1961.27 lb 2 1
V s=
√( 97.84 ft 2 )( )( )
3
0.002377 slug/ ft 1.60

V s = 102.6717 fps x ( 1522 )

V s = 70.0035 mph

For Lift-Off Speed, V LOF:

V LOF = 1.2V s

V LOF = (1.2) (70.0035 mph)

V LOF = 84.0042 mph

For Dynamic Pressure at Lift Off, q́ LOF :

 1
q́ LOF = ρ V 2LOF
2
2
1 slug 22
q́ LOF = ( )(
2
0.002377 3 84.0042mph x
ft )(
15 )
q́ LOF =¿ 18.0411 psf

V LOF
For Dynamic Pressure at , q́ :
√2
2
1 V LOF
q́ = ρ
2 √2 ( )
2
1 slug 84.0042mph 22
q́ =( )(
2
0.002377 3
ft ) [( √2 ) ( )]
x
15

q́ = 9.0206 psf

Approximate Method I for SG

Thrust at Lift-Off V LOF

 375THP AV
T=
V LOF

375 ( 75.1110 hp )
T=
84.0042 mph

T =¿335.30 lb

For Static Force, F S

F S=T −μW

F S=335.3002 lb−(0.03)(1961.27 lb)

F S=¿ 276.46 lbs

For Lift – Off Force, F Lof

 1
F Lof =T −μW−(C D(IGE )−μ C L(IGE )) ρV Lof 2 s at V =V Lof
2

1
F Lof =T −μW−(C D(IGE )−μ C L(IGE )) ρV Lof 2 s
2

1 slug 22 2
F Lof =335.3002lb−(0.03)(1961.27 lb)−(0.0677−(0.03)(0.7916))
2( )( )(
0.002377 3 84.0042mph x
ft 15 ) (97.8

F Lof =¿ 198.37 lb

For Net Force for Acceleration, F m

F m=k F s

F Lof
1−
Fs
k=
F
ln s
F Lof

198.88 lbs
k=
1−( 276.46 lbs )
276.46 lbs
ln (
198.88 lbs )

k =¿0.8510

Therefore:

F m=k F s

F m=(0.8520)( 276.46lbs)

F m=¿ 235.27 lbs

For Ground Distance, SG

W V Lof 2
SG = ( )(
2g Fm )
 2
22
SG =
[(
1961.27lb
2 32.174
ft
sec 2
[) ] ( 84.0042 mph x

235.54 lbs
15 ) ]
SG =¿ 1966.52 ft

Approximate Method II for SG

Thrust at Take-off

375 √2 THP AV
T=
V Lof

375 ( 58.8503 hp ) √ 2
T=
84.0042mph

T =¿371.53 lbs

Static Force, F S

F S=T −μW
F S=¿371.5301 lb−( 0.03 ) ( 1961.27 lb)

F S=312.69 lbs

For Lift – Off Force, F Lof

F Lof =T −μW −( C D( IGE )−μ C L( IGE ) ) ( q́ s ) at V =V Lof / √ 2

F Lof =220.6885 lb−( 0.03 ) ( 1961.27lb )−¿

F Lof =¿ 276.76 lbs

For Net Force for Acceleration, F m

F m=( F s + F Lof ) /2

F m=( 312.69 lbs+276.76 lbs ) /2

F m=¿292.73 lbs

For Ground Distance, SG

W V Lof 2
SG = ( )(
g F s + F Lof )
22 2
SG =
[(
1961.27 lb
32.174
ft
sec 2
[)] ( 84.0042 mph x
15
312.69lbs+276.76 lbs
) ]
SG =¿ 1580.53 ft

For Transition Radius, R

 V Lof 2
R=
2
CL
g
Vs[( ) ( ) ]
V Lof
CL MAX
TR
−1

Where:

CL
( )
CL
TR

MAX
=0.8

R=¿ ¿

R=¿3103.72 ft

Transition C D , C D TR

C D =0.0426+0.0778 C 2L
TR TR

Where:

C L =0.8 C L
TR MAX

C L =0.8(1.60)
TR

C L =¿1.28
TR

C D =0.0426+0.0778(1.28)2
TR

C D =¿0.1701
TR

Drag in Transition

D TR =C D q́ LOF s
TR

DTR =(0.1701)(9.0206 psf )(97.84 ft 2)

DTR =¿300.07 lbs

Figure 10.3 Geometry to Take off Flare Path

Take-off Flare Path Geometry

Climb Angle Angle, deg

θCL=sin−1 |T −D
W | at V =V Lof

371.5301 lbs−300.07 lbs

=sin | |
−1
θCL
1961.27 lbs at V =V Lof

θCL=¿1.03 °

Transition Distance, STR

STR =R sin θCL

STR =(3103.72 ft)sin(1.03 °)

STR =¿ 55.79 ft

Climb Distance, SCL

50 ft −hTR
SCL=
tan θCL

Where:

STR
hTR = ¿
sin θCL
 55.79 ft
hTR = ¿
sin(1.03 ° )

hTR =0.50 ft

50 ft −0.50 ft
SCL= x180/π
tan ⁡((1.03 ° ))

SCL=2753.24 ft

Total Take – Off Distance, ST / O

Approximate Method I for SG

ST / O=SG + S R + STR + SCL

ST / O=1966.52 ft +369.26 ft+ 55.79 ft +2753.24 ft

ST / O=¿ 5145.17 ft

Total Take – Off Distance, ST / O

Approximate Method II for SG

ST / O=SG + S R + STR + SCL

ST / O=1580.53 ft + 369.26 ft +55.79 ft +2753.24 ft

ST / O=¿ 4756.80 ft