Part 3

Example of calculations
(based on SANS 10160-3:2018)

• portal frame: 50m x 25m x 5m (eave height),

• roof slope 8°,
• openings one side
• Located in 40m/s geographical zone,
• terrain B
NB. often terrain category variable with direction

Example I: portal frame

Industrial structure, CT Int. Airport, terrain B
NB. often terrain category variable with direction

8°
5000

25000

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 Generation of loads

large openings, south side

(consider closure options ?)
25000

RIDGE
N
DOOR OPENINGS

10000 15000 15000 10000

Peak wind speed pressure

Fundamental value, basic wind speed: vb,0 = 28
m/s

Return period for structure: 50 years cprob = 1.0

n
æ 1 - K ´ ln( -(ln( 1 - p )) ö
cprob = ç ÷
è 1 - K ´ ln( - ln( 0,98 )) ø
Basic wind speed:

v b = c prob × v b,0

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 Ridge vs eaves

Height of structure at eaves: h = 5m

Height of structure at ridge: h = 6.76m

Terrain category B (given) cr (z) =

a
æ z - z0 ö
1.36 ç
ç z g - z0 ÷÷
è ø
Eaves: Cr(z) = 0,922 Ridge: Cr(z) = 0,949

Peak wind speed at

height z
v p (z) = cr (z) × co (z) × v b,peak

!" (5) = 0,922×1,0×40 = 36,1 1⁄2

!" (6,76) = 0,949×1,0×40 = 37,2 1⁄2

Free-stream dynamic pressure

q p ( z ) = 1/ 2 ´ r ´ v 2 ( z )

r = 1,19kg / m 3
q p (5) = 0,78kN / m 2
q p (6,76) = 0,83kN / m 2

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 Pressure coefficients (loading cases)

Load Door
Wind direction
case openings

Perpendicular to ridge into

LC1 Open
the door openings

LC2 Alongside the ridge Open

LC1 RIDGE

3rd case – wind

WIND

from north less

critical, other with
doors closed

RIDGE WIND
LC2 N

Windward wall:
Height of the wall: h = 5m
Crosswind dimension: b = 50m
h < b thus the reference height is given by ze=h

External pressure coefficients:

Downwind length of the structure: d = 25m
h/d = 5/25 = 0,25
Cpe=+0,7

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 Leeward and sidewalls:
Height of the building: h = 6.76m
Crosswind dimension: b = 50.0m
Downwind length of structure: d = 25.0m
e = b or e = 2h whichever is smaller
e = 2h = 2x6,76=13,52<d
h/d ratio = 6,76/25=0,27

External pressure coefficients side and leeward walls

50000
E
Zone cpe

A -1.20 d-e = 11480

C

B -0.80 RIDGE
4e/5 = 10820
C -0.50
B

E -0.31 e/5 = 2700

A

N D
WIND

Internal pressures
External pressure coefficient for the windward South
wall: cpe = +0.7 (Zone D)

There are no other significant openings in the structure

thus the dominant opening area is:
at least 3 times the size of the remaining opening
areas.

Cpi=0,9 x Cpe= 0,9x(+0,7)= +0,63 (substantial)

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 Roof pressure coefficients –
(interpolate between 5° and 15°)
8-5
c pe = c5pe° + ´ ( c15pe° - c5pe° )
15 - 5
Zone cpe

F -1.46

G -1.08

H -0.51

I -0.54

J -0.72
11150

e/10 = 1350
J RIDGE
11150

G H

e/10 = 1350 F F
43240

N e/4 = 3380 e/4 = 3380

WIND

Resultant pressure coefficients : walls

-0.94
11480

11480

-1.13 -1.13

RIDGE
10820

10820

-1.43 -1.43

-1.83 -1.83
2700

2700
+0.07

N 50000
WIND

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 … and roof
11150

-1.17
-1.35
1350

RIDGE
11150

-1.14
-2.09 -1.71 -2.09
1350

3380 43240 3380

N
WIND

Resultant pressures LC1

Zone qp (ze) kN/m 2 cpr w r kN/m 2
A 0.825 -1.83 -1.51
B 0.825 -1.43 -1.18
C 0.825 -1.13 -0.93
D 0.777 +0.07 +0.05
E 0.777 -0.94 -0.73
F 0.825 -2.09 -1.72
G 0.825 -1.71 -1.41
H 0.825 -1.14 -0.94
I 0.825 -1.17 -0.97
J 0.825 -1.35 -1.11

….similar calculation process for LC2

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 Resultant pressures LC2
Zone qp (ze) kN/m 2 cpr w r kN/m 2
A 0.777 -0.66 -0.51
B 0.777 -0.26 -0.20
C 0.777 +0.04 +0.03
D 0.825 +1.24 +1.02
E 0.825 +0.24 +0.20
F 0.825 -0.97 -0.80
G 0.825 -0.76 -0.63
H 0.825 -0.13 -0.11
I 0.825 -0.03 -0.03
11150

-0.97
-1.11
1350

RIDGE
11150

-0.94
-1.72 -1.41 -1.72
1350

3380 43240 3380

N
WIND

3380
-0.80
-0.03 -0.11
-0.63 WIND
43240

RIDGE
-0.63
-0.03 -0.11
N -0.80 3380

1350
43240 6760

Comparison of roof pressures

• All loads negative – uplift (for higher structures much
larger due to growth of boundary layer and quadratic
relationship between wind speed and pressure)
NB. sheeting design !
• Substantial differences between LC1 and LC2
• Critical direction with wind blowing onto the
openings, ‘wind-sock effect’ (possibility of doors
opened ?)
• Critical magnitude over corners and edges
• Long after-body uplift small

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 -0.73
11480

11480
-0.93 -0.93

RIDGE
10820

10820
-1.18 -1.18

-1.51 -1.51
2700

2700
+0.05

N 50000
11480 10820 2700
WIND
+0.03

-0.20

-0.51

WIND
25000

+0.20 RIDGE +1.02

N
+0.03

-0.20

-0.51

36480 10820 2700

Comparison of wall pressures

• Mostly negative loads – outwards force

• Substantial differences between LC1 and LC2
• Highest negative along leading edges / corners
• LC2 leeward side can be positive ie. against
the flow
• Typically for long after-body small pressures
on side walls (reattachment of the flow)

Other types structures

… few highlights

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 Comparison 8° vs 2° roof slope, LC1
11150

-0.97
-1.11
1350 8°
RIDGE
11150

-0.94
-1.72 -1.41 -1.72
1350

3380 43240 3380

N
WIND

-0.36
19560

-0.36
RIDGE 2°
4350

-1.95 -1.35 -0.86 -1.95

1090

2720 44560 2720

N
WIND

Tall building, LC1; side and leeward walls

-0.39
20000

20000

-0.58 -0.58
8000

8000

-0.94 -0.94

N
qp(ze)

40000
WIND

LC1, windward walls

b = 40000

+0.87
80000

ze= h
b = 40000

ze = b

+0.69

b = 40000

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 LC1, roof
8000

+0.32
16000

-0.49

-1.48 -1.48

-0.94
4000

N 10000 20000 10000

WIND

Roof, LC1 vs L2
7000
8000

+0.32 -1.36

-0.37 WIND
14000

+0.44
16000

-0.49
-0.82
-1.48 -1.48 N
7000

-0.94 -1.36
26000 11200 2800
4000

N 10000 20000 10000

WIND

Hipped roofs – better aerodynamics

1920
770 1920
-0.46 -0.68 -0.16

-1.04
-0.75 -0.6 -0.53
-0.9
N WIND
15000
11160

-0.38 -0.24 -0.01 -0.01

-0.24 -0.82 -0.82
-0.75 -1.04 -0.24
WIND

-0.01
770
2840

-0.68 1920
770 -0.46 N -0.38
9230 -0.46 -0.46
6160
770
1920 1920

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an example of a section of mall

Thank you

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