Formulari d` optica

Manel Bosch
I.
`
OPTICA ONDULAT
`
ORIA
Equacions de Maxwell:

H =
4
c
+
1
c

D
t

D = 4

E =
1
c

B
t

H = 0

D =

E

B =

H =

E
Diel. hom. i is`otr. descarr.: = 0, = cte, = cte, = 0

E =

c
2

E
t
2

2

H =

c
2

2

H
t
2
v =
c

n =

n =
c
v

E =

E
0
e
i(tkr s)

H =

H
0
e
i(tkr s)

E =

E
0
r
e
i(tkr)
k =
2

v =

T
v =

k
= 2 p =

c
d = r s

H s = n

E s

E =
1
n

H s

E = 0 s

H = 0
Vector de Poynting i Energia:

S =
c
4
(

E

H)
U
t
=

Sd

o
[

S[ =
cn
4
E
2
=
cn
4
E
2
0
cos
2
(t + )
I = S =
1

0
[

S[dt I =
cn
8
E
2
0
Polaritzacio:
E
x
= A
1
cos(t)
E
y
= A
2
cos(t + )

E
2
x
A
2
1
+
E
2
y
A
2
2

2E
x
E
y
A
1
A
2
cos = sin
2

tan(2) =
2A
1
A
2
cos
A
2
1
A
2
2

0 < < dextr`ogira

< < 2 lev`ogira
Llum polaritzada circular: A
x
= A
y
i =

2
o =
3
2
I =
cn
8
(A
2
1
+ A
2
2
)
Contrast `optic i par`ametres dStokes:
C = G =
I
M
I
m
I
M
+ I
m
I

= A
2
1
+ A
2
2
, M

= A
2
1
A
2
2
,
C

= 2A
1
A
2
cos , S

= 2A
1
A
2
sin
II. PROPAGACI

O DE LA LLUM EN MEDIS
Conservacio de la component tangencial:
s = (, , ) s

= (

) s

)
s = (sin , 0, cos ) s

= (sin

, 0, cos

) s

= (sin

, 0, cos

E
t
+

E

t
=

E

E
x
+ E

x
= E

x
E
y
+ E

y
= E

y
t, x, y
E
y
= A
y
e
ip[ctn(x+y+z)]
E

y
= A

y
e
ip

[ctn(

x+

y+

z)]
E

y
= A

y
e
ip

[ctn(

x+

y+

z)]
1. t
p = p

= p

,=

2. y
n = n

= n

si = 0 =

s, s

, s

coplanaris.
3. x:
n = n

= n

= sin = sin

= REFLEXI

O
n = n

nsin = n

sin

SNELL
Equacions de Fresnel:
t

=
A

=
2 sin

cos
sin(

+ ) cos(

)
r

=
A

=
tan(

)
tan(

+ )
t

=
A

=
2 sin

cos
sin(

+ )
r

=
A

=
sin(

)
sin(

+ )
Incid`encia normal: = 0
t

= t

=
2n
n + n

= r

=
n n

n + n

Angle de Brewster: +

= /2 A

= 0
tan
B
=
n

n
Signes:
trans. : +
re.

n < n

|:

<
B
:
>
B
: +
CF :
:
n > n

|:

<
B
: +
>
B
:
CF : 0
:
Conservacio de lEnergia:
R

= r
2

=
n

cos

ncos
t
2

+ T

= 1
Reexi o total: n > n

sin

=
n

n
N sin

=
1
N
sin
>

sin

> 1 cos

=
i
N

sin
2
N
2
A

= A

e
i2
A

= A

e
2i
= 2( )
tan =

sin
2
N
2
N
2
cos
tan =

sin
2
N
2
cos
Refr: ona evanescent.

R
=

A

e
z
cos

t
xsin
v

Medis conductors
= i
4

n = n i n
2

2
= n = T
Drude: n

T
Refr:

E =

E
0
e

c
r s
e
i(t
n
c
r s)
Re:
R =

1 n
1 + n

2
Amplituds:
A

= Me
i
Medis anis`otrops:
n =

D =

H =
1
c

D
t

E =
1
c

H
t
n(

H s) =

D n( s

E) =

H

H s = 0

D s = 0

D = n
2
(

E s(

E s)) n =
c
v
n
v
i
=
c

i
D
i
=
c
2

E s
v
i
v
2
n
s
i

D s = 0
s
2
x
v
2
x
v
2
n
+
s
2
y
v
2
y
v
2
n
+
s
2
z
v
2
z
v
2
n
= 0

v
n1
v
n2

D
1

D
2
= 0
III.INTERFER
`
ENCIES
Experiment de Young:
I = A
2
1
+A
2
2
+2A
1
A
2
cos A
1
= A
2
I = 4A
2
cos
2
/2
=
2

= S
2
S
1
=
xd
D
xd D
Max : cos
2
/2 = k Min: cos
2
(/2) = (2k + 1)/2
Interfranja: x = D/d Biprisma Fresnel: d = 2(n1)a
Mirall Lloyd:
= (2k + 1) = (2k + 1)

2
x
k
= (2k + 1)
D
2d
Interfer`encies en l`amines planoparalleles
= 2nd cos

Trans:
I
t
=
a
2
1 +
4r
2
(1r
2
)
2
sin
2
2
Max:

2
= k Min : = (2k + 1)
Re: desf
I =
a
2
sin

2
(1r
2
)
2
4r
2
+ sin
2
2
Min:

2
= k Max : = (2k + 1)
Anells: numerar per fora
Max : 2nd cos

= k Min : 2nd cos

= (2k + 1)

2
k
max
=
2nd

Fabry-Perot: poder resol. [/[ = (kr)/(1 r

2
)
Anells Newton:
d = k

2
r
k
d
k
=
2R d
k
r
k
2d
k
+

2
= (2k+1)

2
R =
r
2
k
k
Michelson:
d =
2

1
= 2d Max : 2d = k = f

tan
IV. DIFRACCI

O
I
p
= C16a
2
b
2

sin k

a
k

sin k

b
k

2
I
p
= C(R
2
)
2

2J
1
(z)
z

2
z
kR

= 1, 22

I
p
= C
sin
2
(Nk

d)
sin
2
k

sin k

a
k

=
x

=
y

= a y

= b
2a a

= f

2d = f

Nd = f

n.fr. = =
2a

= M N min N 1 max.
tan = x

/D tan = /f

= mN